PUBLIC SPEAKING

Andrea

Priego

CHAPTER 1: PUBLIC SPEAKING AND COMMUNICATION IN THE

REAL WORLD
Technological innovations have given rise to new terminology.
New technology could be a reason why more and more students
seems to fear public speaking?

Misconceptions about Public Speaking:

a) Not only talk

b) Also listening and responding

Public Speaking and Conversation:

Differences

between

public

speaking

and

conversation;

both

formal/informal:
Public Speaking: In front of people (stage)
Conversation: Not planned

Study of Rhetoric:

As long as humans have been able to talk

Rhetoric is the study, art and practice of efficient and effective

use of language or symbolic expression

Public Speaking: Communication in the real world

Connect the real world of public speaking and communication to ones

academic, professional and daily life experiences.

CHAPTER 2: WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?

Act of sharing something with others.
Communication Process: is a process that runs the gamut from
informal to formal settings, from personal to impersonal, intimate (we
know) or impersonal (we dont know), interpersonal (as dyadic,
interaction between two persons)
Message
SENDER ------------------- Receiver
Channel
Feedback

Basic Interpersonal Communication Model:

Sender: Initiates the communication process
Receiver: person with whom the sender has initiated the
communication
Channel: Verbal/ Nonverbal Language/ Body communication
Channel Noise: Interference that occurs due to some physical
and receiver dont share the meaning.

Listening is one of the most important facts in communication

process.

Lasswells: All of communication

Used content analysis to investigate World War I propaganda
messages
Describe an act of communication is to answer this: Who? Says
What? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?

Speaking situation and context

Context affects the nature and intent of ones message

Ethical Considerations in Public Speaking

Ethics involve moral principles or rules of conduct
Put ethics are concerned with philosophical issues of what is
right and what is wrong

CHAPTER

3:

THE

FEAR

FACTOR.

DEALING

WITH

COMMUNICATION ANXIETY

What are the reasons for being fear public speaking?

-

Anxiety and nervous are normal, a certain amount of this can

keep one alert, sharp and fresh

Motivation is important; Use the fears as motivation

Fear of failure and unrealistic expectations

Even the best in the world foul up from time to time, public
speaking is no different once you realize and accept that no one
is perfect

Imperfection Equals Audience Identification

Even if you seem to do everything perfectly trying to lead the
audience to believe youre the picture of perfection may back
fire.

Check your Ego

The message is the important thing, is what matters to them.
Focus on your words not on your fear.

Suggestions for overcoming anxiety

Imagining that audience member are in their underwear or are

naked, focus on a favourite quiet place, focus on a person, be
prepared practice and rehearse you behaviour, when your time
comes get up there and speak

CHAPTER 4: THE INTERRELATED ELEMENTS OF PURPOSE

TOPIC AND AUDIENCE

Purpose
- General: depending on whom one asks. Ex: to inform, to
persuade, to entertain...
-Specific: takes the form of and infinitive phrase and full
sentence, statement, single idea. Ex: To convince, to explain
about something...

Topic
Look around to draw on their own experience and to seek
answer.
A) Finding and selecting speech topics
-Try to come up with one that is of interest both to the
speaker and to the audience.
1. Brain Storming: make a list
2. Bounce your ideas for speech topics
3. Come up with a topic from your own background and
interests, caution is advised
B) The central Ideal or Proposition
-Keeps the effective speaker from wondering or trying to
cover too much ground.
-Types: FACT something that exists or has occurred

VALUE focuses on a judgment or subjective

evaluation about an object
POLICY involves the need for a plan or specific
course of action that should be taken by business leaders,
legislators, politicians
C) Tittle
-A good one can get the attention of the audience before
they even arrive to hear the speech.
D) Audience
-Speech contains two messages: One sent by the speaker
and one received by the listeners.

CHAPTER 5: BEGINNING AND ENDING SPEECHES

Introductions: appetizer before the meal and can even be a

menu (preview) of what is to come in the speech.
Identification Important to build a rapport or common
ground with the audience from the get-go.

Openings: Gain the attention of the audience

Humour,

storytelling,

quotations,

rhetorical

questions,

statistics, shocking or dramatic statements, physical activities

and/or appearance, familiar concepts
Make the connection, direct attention to the subject, specific
purpose statement, central idea

Conclusions: The speaker need to make it clear that the speech

has ended. Never introduce new material.

Transitions: links, transitions Use: transitional words,

numbers and letters, internal review

CHAPTER 6: ORGANIZING THE BODY SPEECHES

Is the bulk of the speech where the main points will be addressed,
developed and supported.
Body: A) Point one + Supporting Material
B) Point two + Supporting Material
C) Etc.
You can use patterns:
-

Chronological: yesterday, today, tomorrow

Spatial: place

Process: visual aids to explain in step by step manner

Topical: divide in a sub topical

Causal

Elimination

Journalistic

Problem/Solution

CHAPTER 7: GATHERING AND IMPLEMENTING SUPPORTING

MATERIALS
Whether speeches are informative, research comes in many shapes
and forms:
-

Look within themselves for information: ones knowledge and

experience but caution is advised

Personal Interviews and/or correspondence can be sources

Effectives Speakers should take advantage of the library:

library remains the ultimate place to gather information

Electronic resources can be good or bad, there are a lot of

inaccurate material in cyberspace

Categories of Supporting Materials:

Once the information is gathered, it should be organized. And
example dividing in categories of supporting materials that we will
consider, such as:
-

Illustration and narration the most useful effective and

versatile of all the supporting devices (anecdote, allegory,
parable)

Association best way someone can learn something new is to

be able to make a comparison with something already know

Explanation

making

an

idea

clear

or

understandable

answering questions by addressing who, what, when...

-

Statistics can be effective in gaining attention in the

introduction of your speech

Expert Power no one can know everything. In a speech it can

be very beneficial to offer the authenticity through the words or
testimony of experts or authorities

Quotations are good supporting materials in introductions,

bodies or conclusions

Definition may be helpful for the audience understand what

the words means

Description similar to definition but with your own words

Personal experiences can be wonderful supporting device if

used properly

Reinforcement or themes emphasize something by using

repetition or reiteration of a particular theme.

Visual Aids are excellent supporting materials best-laid plans,

computers,

overhead

projectors,

flip

charts,

videotapes,

audiotapes, digital presenters...

CHAPTER

8:

EFFECTIVE

DELIVERY

STYLE.

VOICE

AND

APPEARANCE
-

A speech is more than ideas, is sound, performance.. The

speaker must decide how the speech will be delivered verbally
and nonverbally.

Methods of delivery:
o Impromptu, offhand or Off-the Cuff Speaking is the
hardest speech of all, the most experienced are those
who know what to do without having much time to think
about it.
o Reading from a prepared manuscript one would be
better off not reading a speech.
o Memorization

Memorized

Speech

or

presentation

sounds connect and unnatural.

o Extemporaneous Speaking the most preferred method
of speaking be it combines the best elements of the
others three forms of speech. You should make notes on
note cards.

Your speaking voice:

o Pitch is ones vocal frequency range and its limits can
be stretched tremendously. Monotonic means one pitch.
o Loudness (volume) level of your voice, you should
always be sensitive to managing your own volume.
o Pace (rate) the speed at which someone speaks. An
effective communicator will vary voice speed.
o Enunciation

(or

Articulation)

diphthongs and consonants.

Study

of

vowels

o Pronunciation

combines

vowels,

diphthongs

and

consonants to form words.

o Emphasis one stresses certain words or sounds to
make them more noticeable.
o Inflection use of all of the aforementioned in emphasis,
pace, dynamics and pitch.
o Conversation quality can be applied to public speaking,
may

be

formal,

speakers

should

try

to

sound

conversational.
o Physical Appearance Body communication is very
important, how we look, gesturing...

CHAPTER 9: INFORMATIVE SPEECHES. THE FOUNDATION OF

PUBLIC SPEAKING
o Description Speeches can be considered the base form of
informative

speaking

as

demonstration,

definition

and

exposition speeches all describe something.

o Demonstration Speeches shows how to do something.
o Definition Speeches literal or abstract in nature is a concise
explanation or clarification of the meaning of words phrases or
symbols.
o Exposition Speeches makes thing clear or understandable, are
used for analysis or to dissect a problem, a set of circumstances
a notion, an idea, or an occurrence

CHAPTER

10:

PERSUASIVE

SPEECHES:

ENGINEERING

CONSENT
Two basic reasons to understand persuasion:
1. We need how to persuade effectively to meet our own objectives.

2. We need to understand persuasion so that we can understand the

persuasive tactics that others use on us.
Persuasion:
-

Might be considered painfully presumptuous anyone knows that

the real meaning of a word is unique to a given individual at a
given time in a given set of circumstances.

Might be the act or process or an instance of persuading, a

persuading argument and the ability to persuade.

To move action to plead with.

Persuasion and argumentation are both positive concepts but many

people tend to view them negatively, the distinction between both
can be hard to sustain. Arguments are found where there is some
controversy to resolve that disagreement, when they put forward
arguments, they offer reasons to try to persuade others of their
beliefs.
Persuasive and expository speaking to influence attitudes, beliefs,
actions, that are consistent with the speakers specific purpose.
Speech to convince the speaker hopes to change the audiences
opinion about something and/or to get them to commit to a certain
point of view or perspective.
Speech to actuate tries to get the audience past the belief stage and
attempts to get the listener to do something, such as vote...
Speech to reinforce, inspire, motive...
Classical rhetoric and persuasive speaking construction of persuasive
speeches in five steps:
1. Invention
2. Arrangement (organization)
3. Expression or style (use of proper and impressing)
4. Memory (utilization of devices such as note cards to help us)

5. Action
Propositions of fact when the speaker states the proposition, it should
be understood that some facts are easily verified on proved and
others are not.
Propositions of value are concerned with principles, standards
qualities or concepts that are deemed by the speaker to be
worthwhile or desirable.
Propositions of policy can take either an affirmative or negative
position.

CHAPTER

11:

OCCASIONAL

SPEECHES:

SINCERITY,

ORIGINALITY AND BREVITY

We are asked to speak on occasions that do not call for purely
informative or persuasive speeches.
1) Unique considerations for occasional speeches: sincere, original
and brief
o Atmosphere: take place

in situations in which the

audience really isnt in the mood to listen or take speaker

seriously.
o Content: the content of the speech should be appropriate,
fair and accurate.
o Organization:

should

be

easily

understood

by

the

audience.
o Length: the bottom line is that it is probably better to err
on the side of brevity when making an occasional speech.
o Presentation style: speaker should always be aware of the
occasion and location of the speech.
2) Types:

o For sociality and courtesy: introducing someone, making

an announcement or announcements, presenting a gift or
award or accepting a gift or award, welcoming or
responding to a welcome, making or responding to a
welcome
o For commemoration: to eulogize, to bid farewell, to
dedicate something...
o For

counselling:

inaugural

addresses,

commencement addresses, sermons

nominations,