The Altaro

PowerShell

Hyper-V

Cookbook

Brought to you by Altaro Software,

developers of Altaro Hyper-V Backup
by Jeffery Hicks

Table of contents
Introduction

Requirements and Setup

Hyper-V Cmdlet Basics

Creating a Virtual Machine

Using a Template

Using an ISO File

12
20

Virtual Machine Inventory

Virtual Machines

20

Get-Newest Virtual Machines

24

Hard Disk Report

24

Memory Usage

29

Get VM Last Use

34

Get VM Operating System

37

Get Mounted ISO files

41

Identifying Orphaned VHD/VHDX Files

42

Deleting Obsolete Snapshots

45

Querying Hyper-V Event Logs

49

A Hyper-V Health Report

57

Tips and Tricks

60

Additional Resources

61

About the Author

62

About Altaro

62

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Introduction
For most Windows administrators, the Hyper-V management console is more than sufficient.
However you are limited to what the console is designed to handle. For more complex tasks,
or those that might extend beyond the scope of the management console, you need an
alternative. That alternative is Windows PowerShell.
With PowerShell, if you can work with one item, such as a virtual machine, VHD or snapshot,
you can work with 10, 100 or 1000 with practically very little extra effort. This e-book will
include a number of recipes for managing Hyper-V using Windows PowerShell. Some of the
recipes are one or two line commands. Others, are more complicated scripts. You dont have
to be a PowerShell expert to use the recipes, although certainly the greater your PowerShell
experience, the more you will be able to take this recipes and customize them to meet your
requirements. All of the recipes are included in an accompanying ZIP file. Many of these
recipes were originally published on the Altaro Hyper-V blog (http://www.altaro.com/hyper-v/)
but I have revised and/or made some minor adjustments to many of the scripts.

Accompanying ZIP with scripts

DOWNLOAD

To get to work with the recipes described

in this eBook you can download all the
scripts in a ZIP file here:

Requirements and Setup

Most of these recipes will require at least PowerShell 3.0, the Hyper-V PowerShell module and
a Hyper-V server running Windows Server 2012. You are welcome to try any recipe using a
Hyper-V server running an older operating system, but there are no guarantees they will work.
All of the recipes were tested from a Windows 8.1 client running the Hyper-V role, which will
give you the PowerShell cmdlets, and a Hyper-V server running Windows Server 2012 R2. Both
the client and server are running PowerShell 4.0.
Ideally, you will want to do as much as you can from your client desktop. You dont have to
have a local hypervisor, just the PowerShell tools. In Control Panel Programs, click on Turn
Windows features on or off and navigate down to Hyper-V. Be sure to check the box for the
Hyper-V module for Windows PowerShell as shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1

An alternative is to install the Remote Server Administration Tools and specify the Hyper-V
role. Just remember to include the Hyper-V PowerShell module. http://www.microsoft.com/enus/search/DownloadResults.aspx?q=remote%20server%20administration%20tools
I also recommend that your Hyper-V servers have PowerShell remoting enabled. The Hyper-V
commands dont require it, but there will be some recipes where it is more efficient to run the
command through a PSSession.
Many of the recipes consist of a PowerShell function that resides in a PowerShell script. In
order to execute the function, you must first have a script execution policy that will allow you
to run scripts. Then you will need to dot source the script file into your PowerShell session.
PS C:\> . .\scripts\New-VMFromTemplate.ps1

Now you can invoke any functions defined inside the script.
Please take note that none of these scripts or functions require anything other than
the Hyper-V module, unless noted. These commands have not been tested in an
environment with System Center Virtual Machine Manager, which has similar command
names to the Hyper-V PowerShell module.

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Finally, and Id like to think it goes without saying, but you should test all of these recipes in
a non-production environment. Neither I nor Altaro Software make any claims, warranties
or guarantees about how these recipes will perform or behave in your environment. This is
definitely use at your own risk.

Hyper-V Cmdlet Basics

When you add the Hyper-V PowerShell module you get a number of commands. These
commands follow the same syntax and structure as other PowerShell commands. The
commands all have help and examples so learning how to use them is not that much different
than any other PowerShell command. You can see all of the available cmdlets with this
expression:
Get-Command -Module Hyper-V

Many of the cmdlets can be used in pairs such as Get-VM and Start-VM. For example, you can
get a set of virtual machines that meet some criteria and then start them.
Get-VM chi* | where {$_.state -eq Off} | Start-VM -AsJob

This command gets all virtual machines that start with CHI and that are not running and then
starts them. The startup process runs as a background job so you get your PowerShell prompt
back immediately. The Hyper-V cmdlets are using the local computer. Most of the Hyper-V
cmdlets let you specify a remote Hyper-V server using the Computername parameter.
Get-VM chi* -ComputerName chi-hvr2 | where {$_.state -eq Off} | Start-VM -asjob

This is the exact same command except it will use virtual machines running on the server CHIHVR2. The recipes throughout this book will use many of the Hyper-V cmdlets in the Hyper-V
module. Sometimes as simple one-line commands and other times in more complex scripts or
functions. Dont forget that to use any of the Hyper-V cmdlets, you must be running PowerShell
in an elevated session as an administrator. If you feel that your PowerShell skills could use a
little improving, I have some resources at the end of the book.
Lets start cooking.

Creating a Virtual Machine

One of the best uses of PowerShell is to provision a new virtual machine. The Hyper-V module
has a cmdlet called New-VM. There is also a cmdlet for creating new virtual disks, New-VHD.
Theres nothing wrong with using these commands interactively, but I think you will get more
out of them by using scripts and functions that utilize these commands.

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Using a Template
Often you may have virtual machines that fall into different categories. The first recipe is a
function that will create a virtual machine based on a pre-defined type of Small, Medium or
Large. You will have to edit the script if you would like to change any of the settings.
New-VMFromTemplate.ps1
#requires -version 3.0
Function New-VMFromTemplate {
<#
.Synopsis
Provision a new Hyper-V virtual machine based on a template
.Description
This script will create a new Hyper-V virtual machine based on a template or hardware
profile. You can create a Small, Medium or Large virtual machine. You can specify the virtual
switch and paths for the virtual machine and VHDX files.
All virtual machines will be created with dynamic VHDX files and dynamic memory. The virtual
machine will mount the specified ISO file so that you can start the virtual machine and load
an operating system.
VM Types
Small (default)
MemoryStartup=512MB
VHDSize=10GB
ProcCount=1
MemoryMinimum=512MB
MemoryMaximum=1GB
Medium
MemoryStartup=512MB
VHDSize=20GB
ProcCount=2
MemoryMinimum=512MB
MemoryMaximum=2GB
Large
MemoryStartup=1GB
VHDSize=40GB
ProcCount=4
MemoryMinimum=512MB
MemoryMaximum=4GB
This script requires the Hyper-V 3.0 PowerShell module.
.Parameter Path
The path for the virtual machine.
.Parameter VHDRoot
The folder for the VHDX file.
.Parameter ISO
The path to an install ISO file.
.Parameter VMSwitch
The name of the Hyper-V switch to connect the virtual machine to.
.Parameter Computername
The name of the Hyper-V server. If you specify a remote server, the command will attempt
to make a remote PSSession and use that. Any paths will be relative to the remote computer.
Parameter Start

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Start the virtual machine immediately.

.Example
PS C:\> New-VMFromTemplate WEB2012-01 -VMType Small -passthru
Name
State CPUUsage(%) MemoryAssigned(M) Uptime
Status
-------- ----------- ----------------- ----------WEB2012-01 Off
0
0
00:00:00 Operating normally
.Example
PS C:\> New-VMFromTemplate -name DBTest01 -VMType Medium -ISO G:\ISO\Win2k12R2.iso
-computername SERVER02 -VHDRoot F:\VHDS -start
This will create a Medium sized virtual machine on SERVER01 called DBTest. The VHDX file will
be created in F:\VHDS. The virtual machine will be stored in the default location. An ISO
file will also be mounted. After the virtual machine is created, it will be started.
.Notes
Version 2.0
Last Updated June 17, 2014
****************************************************************
* DO NOT USE IN A PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT UNTIL YOU HAVE TESTED *
* THOROUGHLY IN A LAB ENVIRONMENT. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. IF
*
* YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND WHAT THIS SCRIPT DOES OR HOW IT WORKS, *
* DO NOT USE IT OUTSIDE OF A SECURE, TEST SETTING.
*
****************************************************************
.Link
New-VM
Set-VM
#>
[cmdletbinding(SupportsShouldProcess)]
Param(
[Parameter(Position=0,Mandatory,HelpMessage=Enter the name of your new virtual machine)]
[ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
[string]$Name,
[ValidateSet(Small,Medium,Large)]
[string]$VMType=Small,
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$Path = (Get-VMHost).VirtualMachinePath,
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$VHDRoot=(Get-VMHost).VirtualHardDiskPath,
[Parameter(HelpMessage=Enter the path to an install ISO file)]
[string]$ISO,
[string]$VMSwitch = Work Network,
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$Computername = $env:COMPUTERNAME,
[switch]$Start,
[switch]$Passthru
)
if ($Computername -eq $env:computername) {

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#validate parameters here

if (-Not (Test-Path $Path)) {
Write-Warning Failed to verify VM path $path
#bail out
Return
}
if (-Not (Test-Path $VHDRoot)) {
Write-Warning Failed to verify VHDRoot $VHDRoot
#bail out
Return
}
if ($ISO -AND (-Not (Test-Path $ISO))) {
Write-Warning Failed to verify ISO path $ISO
#bail out
Return
}
if (-Not (Get-VMSwitch -Name $VMSwitch -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)) {
Write-warning Failed to find VM Switch $VMSwitch on $computername
Return
}
Write-Verbose Running locally on $Computername
#path for the new VHDX file. All machines will use the same path.
$VHDPath= Join-Path $VHDRoot $($name)_C.vhdx
Write-Verbose Creating new $VMType virtual machine
#define parameter values based on VM Type
Switch ($VMType) {
Small {
Write-Verbose Setting Small values
$MemoryStartup=512MB
$VHDSize=10GB
$ProcCount=1
$MemoryMinimum=512MB
$MemoryMaximum=1GB
Break
}
Medium {
Write-Verbose Setting Medium values
$MemoryStartup=512MB
$VHDSize=20GB
$ProcCount=2
$MemoryMinimum=512MB
$MemoryMaximum=2GB
Break
}
Large {
Write-Verbose Setting Large values
$MemoryStartup=1GB
$VHDSize=40GB
$ProcCount=4
$MemoryMinimum=512MB
$MemoryMaximum=4GB
Break
}
Default {

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Write-Verbose why are you here?

}
} #end switch
Write-Verbose Mem: $MemoryStartup
Write-verbose VHD: $VHDSize
Write-Verbose Proc: $ProcCount
#define a hash table of parameters for New-VM
$newParam = @{
Name=$Name
SwitchName=$VMSwitch
MemoryStartupBytes=$MemoryStartup
Path=$Path
NewVHDPath=$VHDPath
NewVHDSizeBytes=$VHDSize
ErrorAction=Stop
}
#define a hash table of parameters for Set-VM
$setParam = @{
ProcessorCount=$ProcCount
DynamicMemory=$True
MemoryMinimumBytes=$MemoryMinimum
MemoryMaximumBytes=$MemoryMaximum
ErrorAction=Stop
}
if ( $PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey(Passthru)) {
Write-Verbose Adding Passthru to Set parameters
$setParam.Add(Passthru,$True)
Write-Verbose ($setParam | out-string)
}
Try {
Write-Verbose Creating new virtual machine $name
Write-Verbose ($newParam | out-string)
$VM = New-VM @newparam
}
Catch {
Write-Warning Failed to create virtual machine $Name
Write-Warning $_.Exception.Message
#bail out
Return
}
if ($VM) {
If ($ISO) {
#mount the ISO file
Try {
Write-Verbose Mounting DVD $iso
Set-VMDvdDrive -vmname $vm.name -Path $iso -ErrorAction Stop
}
Catch {
Write-Warning Failed to mount ISO for $Name
Write-Warning $_.Exception.Message
#dont bail out but continue to try and configure virtual machine
}
} #if iso

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Try {
Write-Verbose Configuring new virtual machine $name
Write-Verbose ($setParam | out-string)
$VM | Set-VM @setparam
}
Catch {
Write-Warning Failed to configure virtual machine $Name
Write-Warning $_.Exception.Message
#bail out
Return
}
If ($Start) {
Write-Verbose Starting the virtual machine
Start-VM -VM $VM
}
} #if $VM
} #if local
else {
Write-Verbose Running Remotely
#create a PSSession
Try {
$sess = New-PSSession -ComputerName $Computername -ErrorAction Stop
Write-Verbose copy the function to the remote session
$thisFunction = ${function:New-VMFromTemplate}
Invoke-Command -ScriptBlock {
Param($content)
New-Item -Path Function:New-VMFromTemplate -Value $using:thisfunction -Force |
Out-Null
} -Session $sess -ArgumentList $thisFunction
Write-Verbose invoke the function with these parameters
Write-Verbose ($PSBoundParameters | Out-String)
Invoke-Command -ScriptBlock {
Param([hashtable]$Params)
New-VMFromTemplate @params
} -session $sess -ArgumentList $PSBoundParameters
} #Try
Catch {
Write-Warning Failed to create a remote PSSession to $computername. $($_.Exception.
message)
}
#remove the PSSession
Write-Verbose Removing pssession
$sess | Remove-PSSession -WhatIf:$False
}
Write-Verbose Ending command
} #end function

This command can be run locally or you can specify a computer name. If you specify a remote
computer name, the command will create a temporary PSSession and invoke necessary
commands remotely. The function will use the default location for the new VHDX file and

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10

virtual machine unless you specify alternate locations. Optionally, you can also specify an ISO
file. This file will be loaded into the virtual machines DVD drive which will be configured
to boot from the media. The end result is that when you start the virtual machine, the setup
process will kick off immediately. Be aware that any paths are relative to the computer.
Heres the command in action. Because this is the first time using the function, I need to dot
source it.
PS C:\> . C:\scripts\New-VMFromTemplate.ps1

The function has complete help like any other cmdlet, including examples. Here is how I
created a small virtual machine on a remote server that also automatically mounted the
Windows Server 2012 ISO file that is on the remote Hyper-V server. After the virtual machine is
created it is automatically started.
PS C:\> New-VMFromTemplate -Name Web03 -VMType Small -ISO d:\iso\windows_server_2012_
r2_x64.iso -computername chi-hvr2 -verbose -start

Like many of the recipes, this command has verbose output if you want to trace the command
as you can see in Figure 2.

Figure 2

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11

Using an ISO File

A potential drawback to the last recipe is that you still need to setup Windows in the virtual
machine. Another option is to create a virtual machine directly from an ISO file. In order to do
this, you will need to know name of the Windows edition on the ISO file. Here is a PowerShell
function that uses the Storage and DISM modules in PowerShell 4 available on Windows 8/
Windows Server 2012 and later.
Get-ImageFromISO.ps1
#requires -version 4.0
#requires -module Storage,DISM
Function Get-ImageFromISO {
<#
.Synopsis
List Windows editions from an ISO file.
.Description
This command will list the available Windows images from an ISO file.
.Example
PS C:\> Get-ImageFromISO G:\iso\en_windows_server_2012_x64_dvd_915478.iso
ISOPath
Name
Description
Index
SizeMB

:
:
:
:
:

G:\iso\en_windows_server_2012_x64_dvd_915478.iso
Windows Server 2012 SERVERSTANDARDCORE
Windows Server 2012 SERVERSTANDARDCORE
1
6862

ISOPath
Name
Description
Index
SizeMB

:
:
:
:
:

G:\iso\en_windows_server_2012_x64_dvd_915478.iso
Windows Server 2012 SERVERSTANDARD
Windows Server 2012 SERVERSTANDARD
2
11444

ISOPath
Name
Description
Index
SizeMB

:
:
:
:
:

G:\iso\en_windows_server_2012_x64_dvd_915478.iso
Windows Server 2012 SERVERDATACENTERCORE
Windows Server 2012 SERVERDATACENTERCORE
3
6844

ISOPath
Name
Description
Index
SizeMB

:
:
:
:
:

G:\iso\en_windows_server_2012_x64_dvd_915478.iso
Windows Server 2012 SERVERDATACENTER
Windows Server 2012 SERVERDATACENTER
4
11440

Generally, the only part of the image name you need is what is in upper case.
.Notes
Last Updated:
Version
: 1.0
.Link
Get-WindowsImage
#>

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12

[cmdletbinding()]
Param(
[Parameter(Position=0,Mandatory,HelpMessage=Enter the path to the ISO file.,
ValueFromPipeline,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName)]
[ValidateScript({ Test-Path -path $_})]
[Alias(FullName)]
[string]$Path
)
Process {
Write-Verbose Mounting $path as read-only
$iso = Mount-DiskImage -ImagePath $path -Access ReadOnly -PassThru -StorageType ISO
$drive = {0}:\ -f ($iso | Get-DiskImage | Get-Volume).DriveLetter
$wimPath = Join-Path -Path $drive -ChildPath sources\install.wim
Write-Verbose Reading image information from $wimPath
#add the ISO path to the output and make sure to sort by index.
#The image size is also formatted in MB.
Get-WindowsImage -ImagePath $wimPath |
Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name ISOPath -Value $path -PassThru |
Select ISOPath,@{Name=Name;Expression={$_.ImageName}},
@{Name=Description;Expression={$_.ImageDescription}},
@{Name=Index;Expression={$_.ImageIndex}},
@{Name=SizeMB;Expression={$_.ImageSize /1MB -as [int]}} | Sort Index
Write-Verbose Dismounting disk image
$iso | Dismount-DiskImage
} #end process
} #end function

In the help example you can see how to use this command. Next, you will need to download
a script from Microsoft called Convert-WindowsImage.ps1. The most recent version
supports Windows 8 and later (http://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/ConvertWindowsImageps1-0fe23a8f). My script will call this script to apply a Windows image from an
ISO to a new VHD or VHDX file.
New-VMFromISO.ps1
#requires -version 3.0
<#
.Synopsis
Create a Hyper-V virtual machine from an ISO file.
.Description
This script This script requires the Convert-WindowsImage.ps1 script which you can download
from Microsoft:
http://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/Convert-WindowsImageps1-0fe23a8f

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13

The default location for the script is C:\Scripts or edit this script file accordingly.
The script will create a virtual memory with disk, memory and processor specifications. The
VHDX file will be created and Convert-WindowsImage will apply the specified Windows image
from the ISO. You can use the -ShowUI parameter for a GUI to create the VHDX file, select
the ISO and apply the image.
.Parameter Name
The name of your new virtual machine.
.Parameter Path
The path to store your new virtual machine. The default is the server default location.
.Parameter ISOPath
The name and path to the ISO file.
.Parameter DiskName
The name of your new virtual disk. Include the VHD or VHDX extension.
.Parameter DiskPath
The folder for the new virtual disk. The default is the server default location for disks.
.Parameter Size
The size of the new virtual disk file.
.Parameter Memory
The amount of memory for the new virtual machine.
.Parameter Switch
The name of the virtual switch for the new virtual machine.
.Parameter ProcessorCount
The number of processors for the new virtual machine.
.Parameter Edition
The name of the Windows image from the ISO.
.Parameter Unattend
The filename and path of an unattend.xml file to be inserted into new virtual disk.
.Parameter ShowUI
Run the Convert script using the ShowUI parameter. You will be prompted to re-enter the
path you specified for the new virtual disk. You might also need to manually remove the
virtual drive that is created. DO NOT use this parameter if running this script in a remote
PSSession.
.Example
PS C:\> $iso = G:\iso\en_windows_server_2008_r2_standard_enterprise_datacenter_and_web_
x64_dvd_x15-59754.iso
PS C:\> $newParams=@{
Name = 2008Web
DiskName = WebDemo-01.vhdx
ISOPath = $Iso
Edition = ServerWeb
Size = 10GB
Memory = 1GB
Switch = Work Network
ProcessorCount = 2
}
PS C:\> c:\scripts\new-vmfromiso.ps1 @newparams
This example creates a hashtable of parameters to splat to the script which will create a
new virtual machine running the Web edition of Windows Server 2008.
.Example
PS C:\> c:\scripts\new-vmfromiso.ps1 -name DemoVM -ShowUI
This command will launch the script and create a virtual machine called DemoVM using all

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14

of the default settings. The convert GUI will displayed.

.Example
PS C:\> invoke-command {c:\scripts\new-vmfromiso.ps1 -name Dev01 -diskname Dev01_C.vhdx
-isopath f:\iso\windows2012-x64.iso -edition serverstandardcore -verbose} -comp SERVER01
This command will remotely run this script on SERVER01 to create the desired virtual
machine. This script and the Microsoft script have to reside on the remote server.
.Notes
Last Updated: June 18, 2014
Version
: 2.0
****************************************************************
* DO NOT USE IN A PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT UNTIL YOU HAVE TESTED *
* THOROUGHLY IN A LAB ENVIRONMENT. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. IF
*
* YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND WHAT THIS SCRIPT DOES OR HOW IT WORKS, *
* DO NOT USE IT OUTSIDE OF A SECURE, TEST SETTING.
*
****************************************************************
.Link
New-VM
#>
[cmdletbinding(DefaultParameterSetName=Manual,SupportsShouldProcess)]
Param(
[Parameter (Position = 0,Mandatory,
HelpMessage = Enter the name of the new virtual machine)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$Name,
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$Path = (Get-VMHost).VirtualMachinePath,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName=Manual,Mandatory,HelpMessage=Enter the path to the ISO file)]
[ValidateScript({Test-Path $_ })]
[string]$ISOPath,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName=Manual,Mandatory,HelpMessage=Enter the name of the install
edition, e.g. Windows Server 2012 R2 SERVERSTANDARD)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$Edition,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName=Manual,Mandatory,HelpMessage=Enter the file name of the new
VHD or VHDX file including the extension.)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$DiskName,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName=Manual,HelpMessage=Enter the directory name of the new VHD
file.)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$DiskPath=(Get-VMHost).VirtualHardDiskPath,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName=Manual)]
[ValidateScript({$_ -ge 10GB})]

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[int64]$Size = 20GB,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName=Manual)]
[ValidateScript({Test-Path $_ })]
[string]$Unattend,
[ValidateScript({$_ -ge 256MB})]
[int64]$Memory = 1GB,
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
#set your default switch
[string]$Switch = Work Network,
[ValidateScript({$_ -ge 1})]
[int]$ProcessorCount = 2,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName=UI)]
[switch]$ShowUI
)
#!!! DEFINE THE PATH TO THE CONVERT-WINDOWSIMAGE.PS1 SCRIPT !!!
$convert = c:\scripts\Convert-WindowsImage.ps1
if (-Not (Test-Path -Path $convert)) {
Write-Warning Failed to find $convert which is required.
Write-Warning Please download from:
Write-Warning http://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/Convert-WindowsImageps10fe23a8f
Write-Warning and try again.
#bail out
Return
}
#region creating the VHD or VHDX file
if ($pscmdlet.ParameterSetName -eq UI) {
if ($pscmdlet.ShouldProcess(ShowUI)) {
&$convert -showUI
Write-Warning You may need to manually use Dismount-DiskImage to remove the mounted ISO
file.
$ok= $False
do {
[string]$vhdPath = Read-Host `nWhat is the complete name and path of the virtual disk
you just created? Press enter without anything to abort
if ($vhdPath -notmatch \w+) {
Write-warning No path specified. Exiting.
Return
}
if (Test-Path -Path $vhdPath) {
$ok = $True
}
else {

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16

Write-Host Failed to verify that path. Please try again. -ForegroundColor Yellow
}
} Until ($ok)
} #should process
}
else {
#manually create the VHD
#region Convert ISO to VHD
Write-Verbose Converting ISO to VHD(X)
$vhdPath = Join-path -Path $DiskPath -ChildPath $DiskName
#parse the format from the VHDPath parameter value
[regex]$rx = \.VHD$|\.VHDX$
#regex pattern is case-sensitive
if ($vhdpath.ToUpper() -match $rx) {
#get the match and strip off the period
$Format = $rx.Match($vhdpath.toUpper()).Value.Replace(.,)
}
else {
Throw The extension for VHDPath is invalid. It must be .VHD or .VHDX
#Bail out
Return
}
#define a hashtable of parameters and values for the Convert-WindowsImage
$convertParams = @{
SourcePath = $ISOPath
SizeBytes = $size
Edition = $Edition
VHDFormat = $Format
VHDPath = $VHDPath
ErrorAction = Stop
}
if ($Unattend) {
$convertParams.Add(UnattendPath,$Unattend)
}
Write-Verbose ($convertParams | Out-String)
#define a variable with information to be displayed in WhatIf messages
$Should = VM $Name from $ISOPath to $VHDPath
#region -Whatif processing
If ($pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($Should)) {
Try {
#call the convert script splatting the parameter hashtable
&$convert @convertParams
}
Catch {
Write-Warning Failed to convert $ISOPath to $VHDPath

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Write-Warning $_.Exception.Message
}
} #should process
#endregion
#endregion
}
#endregion
#region Creating the virtual machine
Write-Verbose Creating virtual machine $Name
Write-Verbose VHDPath = $VHDPath
Write-Verbose MemoryStartup = $Memory
Write-Verbose Switch = $Switch
Write-Verbose ProcessorCount = $ProcessorCount
Write-Verbose Path = $Path
#new vm parameters
$newParam = @{
Path = $Path
Name = $Name
VHDPath = $VHDPath
MemoryStartupBytes = $Memory
SwitchName = $Switch
}
New-VM @NewParam | Set-VM -DynamicMemory -ProcessorCount $ProcessorCount -Passthru
#dismount the disk image if still mounted
if ($ISOPath -AND (Get-DiskImage -ImagePath $ISOPath).Attached) {
Write-Verbose dismounting $isopath
Dismount-DiskImage -ImagePath $ISOPath
}
Write-Verbose New VM from ISO complete
#endregion

My script assumes you put the Convert-WindowsImage script in C:\Scripts. Otherwise, you will
need to change this line:
$convert = c:\scripts\Convert-WindowsImage.ps1

To reflect the new location.

To use the script you will specify the name of a new virtual machine, the name of the virtual
disk to create (including the VHD or VHDX extension), the path to the ISO file and the name
of the Windows edition to apply. The script will use default locations, unless you specify
otherwise. You can accept the defaults for disk size, memory and processor count or modify
them via parameters. Finally, if you have an unattend.xml file, you can specify that path and the
script will copy that to the virtual machine so that the first time you boot, the settings will be
applied.

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PS C:\> c:\scripts\new-vmfromiso.ps1 -name Dev01 -diskname Dev01_C.vhdx -isopath f:\iso\

windows2012-x64.iso -edition serverstandardcore processor 4 memory 4GB DiskPath D:\
DevDisks

This is a script, not a function, so you need to specify the full name to run it. In this example
I am creating locally a new virtual machine called Dev01 with a new virtual disk that will be
created in D:\DevDisks\Dev01_C.vhdx from the SERVERSTANDARDCORE image on the
specified ISO. This may take about 5 minutes to complete, but when finished the virtual
machine is ready to go. By the way, my script has a default setting for the virtual switch. I
recommend modifying the script to set a new default or remember to specify a switch when
running the command.
As an alternative, you Convert-WindowsImage.ps1 script has a ShowUI parameter. I have
added that to my script so that you can run a command like this:
PS C:\> C:\scripts\New-VMfromISO.ps1 -Name Test01 ShowUI

You will get a form which makes it easier to browse for the ISO, select the Windows edition
and create the virtual disk.

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The working directory is where I want to create the VHDX file. When you create the name, be
sure to include the extension that matches your format type. Otherwise, everything else is
essentially the same.
This script doesnt have a provision to connect to a remote server. However, if you copy the
necessary scripts to the remote server, you can invoke it with PowerShell remoting from a client.
PS C:\> invoke-command {c:\scripts\new-vmfromiso.ps1 -name Dev02 -diskname Dev02_C.vhdx
-isopath d:\iso\windows2012-x64.iso -edition serverstandardcore memory 4GB} -computername
chi-hvr2

The remote server must have the Storage and DISM modules which if it is running Windows
Server 2012 or later should not be an issue. Of course, another option is to create the virtual
machine locally on a Windows 8 client with Hyper-V enabled, export the virtual machine and
then import it on the server.

Virtual Machine Inventory

One of the best uses of PowerShell with Hyper-V is to discover or display information about
virtual machines or the Hyper-V host. Yes, you have a graphical management console, but
PowerShell allows you to get at information that isnt as readily accessible in the management
console, and rarely for a group of virtual machines.

Virtual Machines
The easiest way to see your virtual machines from PowerShell is to run Get-VM. From a client
you can specify the name of a Hyper-V host.
PS C:\> get-vm -ComputerName chi-hvr2

You will get output like Figure 4.

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Unfortunately, the Get-VM cmdlet doesnt have any filtering parameters. So if you wanted to
see only running virtual machines you would need a command like this.
PS C:\> get-vm -ComputerName chi-hvr2 | where { $_.state -eq running}

Figure 5

To simplify things, here is a function that combines these steps into a single command.
Get-MyVM.ps1
#requires -version 3.0
#requires -module Hyper-V
Function Get-MyVM {
<#
.Synopsis
Get VM by state
.Description
This command is a proxy function for Get-VM. The parameters are identical to that command
with the addition of a parameter to filter virtual machines by their state. The default is
to only show running virtual machines. Use * to see all virtual machines.
.Example
PS C:\> get-myvm -computername chi-hvr2

Name
---CHI-CORE01
CHI-DC04
CHI-FP02
CHI-Win81

State
----Running
Running
Running
Running

CPUUsage(%)
----------0
0
0
0

MemoryAssigned(M)
----------------512
1024
512
1226

Uptime
-----2.01:47:42
2.01:48:10
2.01:47:40
2.01:47:11

Status
-----Operating
Operating
Operating
Operating

normally
normally
normally
normally

Get all running virtual machines on server CHI-HVR2.

.Example
PS C:\scripts> get-myvm -State saved -computername chi-hvr2
Name
State CPUUsage(%) MemoryAssigned(M) Uptime
Status
-------- ----------- ----------------- ----------CHI-FP01 Saved 0
0
00:00:00 Operating normally

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CHI-Win8 Saved 0

00:00:00 Operating normally

Get saved virtual machines on server CHI-HVR2.

.Notes
Last Updated: June 20, 2014
Version
: 2.0
.Link
Get-VM
#>
[CmdletBinding(DefaultParameterSetName=Name)]
param(
[Parameter(ParameterSetName=Id, Position=0, ValueFromPipeline=$true, ValueFromPip
elineByPropertyName=$true)]
[ValidateNotNull()]
[System.Nullable[guid]]$Id,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName=Name, Position=0, ValueFromPipeline=$true)]
[Alias(VMName)]
[ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
[string[]]$Name=*,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName=ClusterObject,
Mandatory=$true,
ValueFromPipeline=$true)]
[ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
[PSTypeName(Microsoft.FailoverClusters.PowerShell.ClusterObject)]
[psobject]$ClusterObject,

Position=0,

[Parameter(ParameterSetName=Id)]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName=Name)]
[ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
[string[]]$ComputerName = $env:computername,
[Microsoft.HyperV.PowerShell.VMState]$State=Running
)
begin
{
Write-Verbose Getting virtual machines on $($computername.ToUpper()) with a state of
$state
try {
$outBuffer = $null
if ($PSBoundParameters.TryGetValue(OutBuffer, [ref]$outBuffer))
{
$PSBoundParameters[OutBuffer] = 1
}
$wrappedCmd = $ExecutionContext.InvokeCommand.GetCommand(Get-VM, [System.
Management.Automation.CommandTypes]::Cmdlet)
#remove my custom parameter because Get-VM wont recognize it.
$PSBoundParameters.Remove(State) | Out-Null
$scriptCmd = {& $wrappedCmd @PSBoundParameters | Where {$_.state -like $state} }
$steppablePipeline = $scriptCmd.GetSteppablePipeline($myInvocation.CommandOrigin)
$steppablePipeline.Begin($PSCmdlet)
} catch {

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throw
}
}
process
{
try {
$steppablePipeline.Process($_)
} catch {
throw
}
}
end
{
try {
$steppablePipeline.End()
} catch {
throw
}
}
} #end function

Without getting too deep into the technical details, this function is a proxy function based on
Get-VM. Ive inserted a Where-Object command so that you can run it like this:
PS C:\> get-myvm -ComputerName chi-hvr2

Name

State

CPUUsage(%) MemoryAssigned(M) Uptime

----

-----

----------- ----------------- ------

Status
------

CHI-CORE01 Running 0

512

2.01:59:23 Operating normally

CHI-DC04

Running 0

1024

2.01:59:51 Operating normally

CHI-FP02

Running 0

512

2.01:59:22 Operating normally

CHI-Win81

Running 0

1226

2.01:58:52 Operating normally

The default is to display running virtual machines. But you can specify different states.
PS C:\> get-myvm -State saved computername chi-hvr2 | select Name

Name
---CHI-FP01
CHI-Win8

Use a value of * for the State parameter to get all virtual machines, or use the original GetVM.

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Get-Newest Virtual Machines

If you manage a Hyper-V server where other people might be creating virtual machines, youll
probably want to keep an eye on newly created virtual machines. This is pretty easy because
the virtual machine object includes a CreationTime property, which means you can filter with it:
PS C:\> get-vm -computer chi-hvr2 | where {$_.CreationTime -ge (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)}

Name

State CPUUsage(%) MemoryAssigned(M) Uptime

----

----- ----------- ----------------- ------

Status
------

Dev02 Off

00:00:00 Operating normally

Web02 Off

00:00:00 Operating normally

Web03 Off

00:00:00 Operating normally

These are the virtual machines on CHI-HVR2 that have been created in the last 7 days. There
is one caveat with this technique: it appears that virtual machines that have been imported
will have a CreationTime of 12/31/1600 7:00:00 PM, or something very similar depending on
your time zone. But anything created with the management console, the New-VM cmdlet, and
presumably the associated APIs should have a valid CreationTime value.

Hard Disk Report

Another typical management task should be to keep track of virtual disks associated with each
virtual machine. The Hyper-V module includes a Get-VHD cmdlet which only really needs the
path to a VHD file.
PS C:\> get-vm web01 -computername chi-hvr2 | select -expand harddrives | get-vhd -ComputerName chi-hvr2

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If for some reason the file doesnt exist you will get an error. Getting an error about a missing
file on one hand is useful, but it makes it a bit more difficult to get a feel for the big picture.
Also, from my testing I believe that when you use Get-VHD remotely, it translates the path to
use the hidden administrative shares. That could be problematic as many admins are disabling
those shares and it is likely not to be very cloud friendly. So here is my solutions for you.
Get-VHDInfo.ps1
#requires -version 4.0
#requires -modules Hyper-V
#requires -RunAsAdministrator
Function Get-VHDInfo {
<#
.Synopsis
Get virtual disk information.
.Description
This command will get virtual disk information for a given set of virtual machines on a
Hyper-V server. The default is all virtual machines.
The command uses PowerShell remoting to verify that the virtual disk file exists.
.Example
PS C:\> Get-VHDInfo -VMName chi-fp02 -Computername chi-hvr2
Getting disk file information on chi-hvr2 for virtual machine chi-fp02

VM
: CHI-FP02
Path
: C:\VM\CHI-FP02\Virtual Hard Disks\CHI-FP02_C.vhdx
VhdFormat
: VHDX
VhdType
: Dynamic
Size
: 21474836480
FileSize
: 20069744640
FragmentationPercentage : 5
ParentPath
:
Attached
: True
Verified
: True
ComputerName
: CHI-HVR2
VM
: CHI-FP02
Path
: C:\vhd\chi-fp02-disk2.vhdx
VhdFormat
: VHDX
VhdType
: Dynamic
Size
: 10737418240
FileSize
: 306184192
FragmentationPercentage : 7
ParentPath
:
Attached
: True
Verified
: True
ComputerName
: CHI-HVR2
.Example
PS C:\> Get-VHDInfo -computername chi-hvr2 | export-csv c:\work\DiskReport.csv -notype

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Get virtual disk information for all VMs on server CHI-HVR2 and export to a CSV file.
.Example
PS C:\scripts> Get-VHDInfo -Computername chi-hvr2 | sort FragmentationPercentage -Descending
| select -first 3 -Property VM,Path,Frag*,*size
Getting disk file information on chi-hvr2 for virtual machines *
VM
Path
FragmentationPercentage
Size
FileSize

: Dev02
: C:\Users\Public\Documents\Hyper-V\Virtual Hard Disks\Dev02_C.vhdx
: 33
: 21474836480
: 5641338880

VM
Path
FragmentationPercentage
Size
FileSize

: CHI-FP02
: C:\vhd\chi-fp02-disk2.vhdx
: 27
: 10737418240
: 306184192

VM
Path
FragmentationPercentage
Size
FileSize

: CHI-FP02
: C:\VM\CHI-FP02\Virtual Hard Disks\CHI-FP02_C.vhdx
: 15
: 21474836480
: 20069744640

Get the 3 most fragmented VHD files.

.Example
PS C:\scripts> Get-VHDInfo -comp chi-hvr3 | where {! $_.verified}
Getting disk file information on chi-hvr3 for virtual machines *
VM
: Dev01
Path
: D:\VHD\Dev01_C.vhdx
VHDFormat
: VHDX
VHDType
: UNKNOWN
Size
: 0
FileSize
: 0
FragmentationPercentage :
ParentPath
:
Attached
: False
Verified
: False
Computername
: CHI-HVR3
Identify VHD files that are referenced but missing.
.Notes
Last Updated: June 20, 2014
Version
: 2.0
.Link
Get-VHD
#>
[cmdletbinding()]
Param(

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[Parameter(Position=0)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[alias(Name)]
[string[]]$VMName=*,
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$Computername = $env:computername
)
Write-Host Getting disk file information on $computername for virtual machines $VMName
-ForegroundColor Cyan
Try {
$disks = Get-VM -name $VMname -computername $computername -ErrorAction Stop |
Select-Object -ExpandProperty harddrives | Select-Object VMName,Path,Computername
}
Catch {
Throw $_
}
#continue if there are some disks
if ($disks) {
#create a temporary PSSession to the remote computer so we can test the path
Try {
if ($computername -ne $env:computername) {
Write-Verbose Creating a temporary PSSession top $computername
$sess = New-Pssession -ComputerName $Computername -ErrorAction Stop
}
}
Catch {
#failed to create PSSession
Throw $_
#bail out
Return
}
Write-Verbose Processing disks...
foreach ($disk in $disks) {
Write-Verbose (VM {0} : {1} -f $disk.VMName,$disk.path)
Try {
$disk | Get-VHD -ComputerName $computername -ErrorAction Stop |
Select-Object -property @{Name=VM;Expression={$disk.vmname}},
Path,VHDFormat,VHDType,Size,FileSize,FragmentationPercentage,ParentPath,Attached,
@{Name=Verified;Expression={
if ($computername -eq $env:computername) {
Test-Path -path $_.path
}
else {
$diskpath = $_.path
Invoke-command -ScriptBlock {Test-Path -path $using:diskpath} -session $sess
}
}},Computername
} #Try
Catch {

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write-warning Failed to find $($disk.path)

#write a mostly empty custom object for the missing file
$hash=[ordered]@{
VM = $disk.VMName
Path = $disk.path
VHDFormat = (split-path $disk.path -Leaf).split(.)[1].ToUpper()
VHDType = UNKNOWN
Size = 0
FileSize = 0
FragmentationPercentage=$null
ParentPath=$null
Attached=$False
Verified=$False
Computername =$disk.Computername
}
[pscustomobject]$hash
} #catch
} #foreach disk
}
#clean up
if ($sess) {
Write-Verbose Removing PSSession
Remove-PSSession $sess
}
} #end function

The script wraps up the one line command I showed earlier and adds some code to use TestPath to verify if the file exists. If you are querying a remote computer, the function will create a
temporary PSSession. You can use it like this:
PS C:\> get-vhdinfo chi* -Computername chi-hvr2 | out-gridview -title Chicago VMs

This example gets all of the virtual machines that start with chi on the server CHI-HVR2 and
sends the results to Out-Gridview (figure 7).

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Now I can easily find virtual machines with missing files.

PS C:\> get-vhdinfo -computername win81-ent-01 | where {-Not $_.Verified}
Getting disk file information on win81-ent-01 for virtual machines *
WARNING: Failed to find D:\VHD\Dev01_C.vhdx

VM

: Dev01

Path

: D:\VHD\Dev01_C.vhdx

VHDFormat

: VHDX

VHDType

: UNKNOWN

Size

: 0

FileSize

: 0

FragmentationPercentage :
ParentPath

Attached

: False

Verified

: False

Computername

: win81-ent-01

I intentionally renamed one of the disk files on a Windows 8.1 box to test. Because PowerShell
is writing an object to the pipeline, you can do just about anything you want with it. Here is a
one-line command to get the total file size in GB for all virtual disks.
PS C:\> get-vhdinfo -computername chi-hvr2
| measure Filesize -sum | Format-Table
Count,@{Name=SizeGB;Expression={$_.Sum/1gb}} AutoSize

Which gives me this result:

Count

SizeGB

-----

------

14 85.4192204475403

There is really no end to what you can do with this information.

Memory Usage
Another useful metric to monitor is memory. The Hyper-V module includes a cmdlet that will
display memory information.
PS C:\> Get-VMMemory -VMName CHI-FP02 -ComputerName chi-hvr2
VMName
DynamicMemoryEnabled Minimum(M) Startup(M) Maximum(M)
------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------CHI-FP02 True
512
512
2048

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As with most things in PowerShell, there is more to this object that what you see on the screen.
PS C:\> Get-VMMemory -VMName CHI-FP02 -ComputerName chi-hvr2 | Select *
Startup
DynamicMemoryEnabled
Minimum
Maximum
Buffer
Priority
MaximumPerNumaNode
ResourcePoolName
ComputerName
Name
Id

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

IsDeleted
VMId
VMName
VMSnapshotId
VMSnapshotName
Key

:
:
:
:
:
:

536870912
True
536870912
2147483648
20
50
5952
Primordial
chi-hvr2
Memory
Microsoft:5FE62AF7-CE0A-477C-8DB4-E133CBC31C8F\4764334de001-4176-82ee-5594ec9b530e
False
5fe62af7-ce0a-477c-8db4-e133cbc31c8f
CHI-FP02
00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000

To provide a more meaningful report, I created this PowerShell function.

Get-VMMemoryReport.ps1
#requires -version 3.0
#requires -module Hyper-V
Function Get-VMMemoryReport {
<#
.Synopsis
Get a VM memory report
.Description
This command gets memory settings for a given Hyper-V virtual machine. All memory values
are in MB. The command requires the Hyper-V module.
.Parameter VMName
The name of the virtual machine or a Hyper-V virtual machine object. This parameter has an
alias of Name.
.Parameter VM
A Hyper-V virtual machine object. See examples.
.Parameter Computername
The name of the Hyper-V server to query. The default is the local host.
.Example
PS C:\> Get-VMMemoryReport chi-dc04 -ComputerName chi-hvr2
Computername
Name
Dynamic
Assigned
Demand
Startup

:
:
:
:
:
:

CHI-HVR2
CHI-DC04
True
1024
849
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Minimum
Maximum
Buffer
Priority

:
:
:
:

1024
2048
20
50

Get a memory report for a single virtual machine.

.Example
PS C:\> Get-VM -computer chi-hvr2 | where {$_.state -eq running} | Get-VMMemoryReport |
format-table -autosize
Computername Name
Dynamic Assigned Demand Startup Minimum Maximum Buffer Priority
------------ ---------- -------- ------ ------- ------- ------- ------ -------CHI-HVR2
CHI-CORE01
True
512
332
512
512
1024
20
50
CHI-HVR2
CHI-DC04
True
1024
849
1024
1024
2048
20
50
CHI-HVR2
CHI-FP02
True
512
389
512
512
2048
20
50
CHI-HVR2
CHI-Win81
True
1216
1021
1024
1024 1048576
20
50
Get a memory report for all running virtual machines formatted as a table.
.Example
PS C:\> get-content d:\MyVMs.txt | get-vmmemoryreport | Export-CSV c:\work\VMMemReport.csv
-notypeinformation
Get virtual machine names from the text file MyVMs.txt and pipe them to Get-VMMemoryReport.
The results are then exported to a CSV file.
.Example
PS C:\> get-vm -computer chi-hvr2 | get-vmmemoryreport | Sort Maximum | convertto-html
-title VM Memory Report -css c:\scripts\blue.css -PreContent <H2>Hyper-V Memory Report</
H2> -PostContent <br>An assigned value of 0 means the virtual machine is not running. |
out-file c:\work\vmmemreport.htm
Get a memory report for all virtual machines, sorted on the maximum memory property. This
command then creates an HTML report.
.Notes
Last Updated: June 20, 2014
Version
: 2.0
.Link
Get-VM
Get-VMMemory
.Inputs
Strings
Hyper-V virtual machines
.Outputs
Custom object
#>
[cmdletbinding(DefaultParameterSetName=Name)]
Param(
[Parameter(Position=0,HelpMessage=Enter the name of a virtual machine,
ValueFromPipeline,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName,
ParameterSetName=Name)]
[alias(Name)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$VMName=*,
[Parameter(Position=0,Mandatory,HelpMessage=Enter the name of a virtual machine,
ValueFromPipeline,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName,

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ParameterSetName=VM)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[Microsoft.HyperV.PowerShell.VirtualMachine[]]$VM,
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[Parameter(ValueFromPipelinebyPropertyName)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$Computername=$env:COMPUTERNAME
)
Begin {
Write-Verbose Starting $($MyInvocation.Mycommand)
} #begin
Process {
if ($PSCmdlet.ParameterSetName -eq Name) {
Try {
$VMs = Get-VM -name $VMName -ComputerName $computername -ErrorAction Stop
}
Catch {
Write-Warning Failed to find VM $vmname on $computername
#bail out
Return
}
}
else {
$VMs = $VM
}
foreach ($V in $VMs) {
#get memory values
Try {
Write-Verbose Querying memory for $($v.name) on $($computername.ToUpper())
$memorysettings = Get-VMMemory -VMName $v.name
-ComputerName $Computername
-ErrorAction Stop
if ($MemorySettings) {
#all values are in MB
$hash=[ordered]@{
Computername = $v.ComputerName.ToUpper()
Name = $V.Name
Dynamic = $V.DynamicMemoryEnabled
Assigned = $V.MemoryAssigned/1MB
Demand = $V.MemoryDemand/1MB
Startup = $V.MemoryStartup/1MB
Minimum = $V.MemoryMinimum/1MB
Maximum = $V.MemoryMaximum/1MB
Buffer = $memorysettings.buffer
Priority = $memorysettings.priority
}
#write the new object to the pipeline
New-Object -TypeName PSObject -Property $hash
} #if $memorySettings found
} #Try
Catch {

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Throw $_
} #Catch
} #foreach $v in $VMs
} #process
End {
Write-Verbose Ending $($MyInvocation.Mycommand)
} #end
} #end Get-VMMemoryReport

To use you can specify either the name or names of a virtual machine or pipe the results of a
Get-VM comma
PS C:\scripts> Get-VMMemoryReport chi-dc04 -Computername chi-hvr2
Computername
Name
Dynamic
Assigned
Demand
Startup
Minimum
Maximum
Buffer
Priority

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

CHI-HVR2
CHI-DC04
True
1024
849
1024
1024
2048
20
50

All of the memory values are formatted as MB. Heres another example that takes the output
and creates an HTML report:
PS C:\> get-vm -computer chi-hvr2 | Where { $_.state -eq running }| get-vmmemoryreport
| Sort Maximum | convertto-html -title VM Memory Report -css c:\scripts\blue.
css -PreContent <H2>Hyper-V Memory Report</H2> -PostContent <i>report created by
$env:username</i> | out-file c:\work\vmmemreport.htm

This command is getting all of the running virtual machines on CHI-HVR2, getting memory
information, sorting on the Maximum size and then creating an HTML report which you can
see in Figure 8.

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Get VM Last Use

Another task that I have is to discover when a virtual machine was last used. There is nothing
in the virtual machine object that will provide that information. But the next best thing appears
to be getting the last write time property of the associated disk file. Here is a PowerShell
function that does just that.
Get-VMLastUse.ps1
#requires -version 3.0
#requires -modules Hyper-V
Function Get-VMLastUse {
<#
.Synopsis
Find a virtual machine last use date.
.Description
This command will write a custom object to the pipeline which should indicate when the
virtual machine was last used. The command finds all hard drives that are associated with
a Hyper-V virtual machine and selects the first one.
The assumption is that if the virtual machine is running the hard drive file will be
changed. The function retrieves the last write time property from the first VHD or VHDX
file.
You can pipe a collection of Hyper-V virtual machines or specify a virtual machine name.
Wildcards are supported. The default is to display last use data for all virtual machines.
This command must be run on the Hyper-V server in order to get file system information
from the disk file. Therefore, it uses PowerShell remoting to query remote servers.
The command requires the Hyper-V module running in PowerShell 3.0 or later.
.Example
PS C:\> get-vmlastuse chi* -computername chi-hvr2 | sort LastUseAge -Descending
VMName
-----CHI-Client02
CHI-DCTEST
CHI-Win81
CHI-FP02
CHI-DC04
CHI-CORE01

LastUse
------4/8/2014 12:17:03 PM
6/17/2014 1:32:52 PM
6/23/2014 2:03:41 PM
6/23/2014 2:04:03 PM
6/23/2014 2:04:28 PM
6/23/2014 2:04:30 PM

LastUseAge
---------76.01:47:30.2752590
6.00:31:40.7218754
00:00:52.3668297
00:00:30.2643841
00:00:04.9566880
00:00:03.0382539

Computername
-----------chi-hvr2
chi-hvr2
chi-hvr2
chi-hvr2
chi-hvr2
chi-hvr2

Get last use information for any virtual machine starting wit CHI and sort by LastUseAge
in descending order.
.Example
PS C:\> get-vm -computer chi-hvr2 | where {$_.state -eq off} | get-vmlastuse
VMName
-----CHI-Client02
CHI-DCTEST
Dev02

LastUse
------4/8/2014 12:17:03 PM
6/17/2014 1:32:52 PM
6/19/2014 2:04:18 PM

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LastUseAge
---------76.01:47:50.6724602
6.00:32:01.7385359
4.00:00:36.5491423

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-----------chi-hvr2
chi-hvr2
chi-hvr2

34

Web01
Web02
Web03

6/17/2014 2:05:27 PM
6/17/2014 9:28:46 PM
6/17/2014 9:28:44 PM

5.23:59:28.6523976
5.16:36:10.5266729
5.16:36:12.6050236

chi-hvr2
chi-hvr2
chi-hvr2

Get last use information for any virtual machine that is currently off on server CHIHVR2.
.Notes
Last Updated: June 23, 2014
Version
: 2.0
.Inputs
String or Hyper-V Virtual Machine
.Outputs
custom object
.Link
Get-VM
#>
[cmdletbinding()]
Param (
[Parameter(Position=0,
HelpMessage=Enter a Hyper-V virtual machine name,
ValueFromPipeline,ValueFromPipelinebyPropertyName)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[alias(vm)]
[object]$Name=*,
[Parameter(ValueFromPipelineByPropertyname)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$Computername=$env:COMPUTERNAME
)
Begin {
Write-Verbose -Message Starting $($MyInvocation.Mycommand)
} #begin
Process {
if ($name -is [string]) {
Write-Verbose -Message Getting virtual machine(s)
Try {
$vms = Get-VM -Name $name -ComputerName $computername -ErrorAction Stop
}
Catch {
Write-Warning Failed to find a VM or VMs with a name like $name on
$($computername.ToUpper())
#bail out
Return
}
}
else {
#otherwise well assume $Name is a virtual machine object
Write-Verbose Found one or more virtual machines matching the name
$vms = $name
}
if ($vms) {

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if ($vms[0].ComputerName -ne $env:computername) {

#create a temporary PSSession
Try {
Write-Verbose Creating a temporary session to $($vms[0].ComputerName)
New-PSSession -ComputerName $vms[0].ComputerName -Name $vms[0].
ComputerName -ErrorAction Stop | Out-Null
}
Catch {
Write-warning Failed to create a PSSession to $($vms[0].ComputerName)
Throw $_
#bail out
Return
}
}
foreach ($vm in $vms) {
Write-Verbose Processing $($vm.name)
if ($vm.harddrives) {
$sb = {
Param($v)
#get first drive file
Try {
$diskFile = Get-Item -Path $v.path -ErrorAction Stop
Write-Verbose ..found $($diskFile.fullname)
$diskfile | Select-Object -property @{Name=VMName;Expression={$v.
vmname}},
@{Name=LastUse;Expression={$DiskFile.LastWriteTime}},
@{Name=LastUseAge;Expression={(Get-Date) - $diskFile.LastWriteTime}},
@{Name=Computername;Expression={$v.computername}}
}
Catch {
Write-Warning Failed to find $($v.Path) for $($v.vmname) on $($v.
computername)
}
} #scriptblock
if ($vm.computername -eq $env:computername) {
Invoke-Command -ScriptBlock $sb -ArgumentList $vm.HardDrives[0]
}
else {
Invoke-Command -ScriptBlock $sb -ArgumentList $vm.HardDrives[0]
-HideComputerName -session (Get-PSSession -Name $vm.computername) |
Select VMName,LastUse,LastUseAge,Computername
}
} #if VM has hard drive files
else {
Write-Warning Failed to find any hard drive files for $($vm.vmname) on $($vm.
computername)
}
}#foreach
} #if $vms
else {
#this should never happen
Write-Warning No virtual machines.

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}
#clean up any PSSessions
Remove-PSSession -Name $vm.computername -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
} #process
End {
Write-Verbose -Message Ending $($MyInvocation.Mycommand)
} #end
} #end function

The function selects the first virtual disk file associated with a virtual machine, using the
assumption that this disk holds the operating system and is likely to change when the virtual
machine is powered on. You can use it like this:
PS C:\> get-vmlastuse -computer chi-hvr2

Or you can pipe the results of a Get-VM expression:

PS C:\> get-vm chi* -computer chi-hvr2 | where {$_.state -eq off} | get-vmlastuse |
sort LastUseAge -descending
Name

LastUse

LastUseAge

Computername

------

-------

----------

------------

CHI-Client02

4/8/2014 12:17:03 PM

76.01:49:37.8312351

chi-hvr2

CHI-DCTEST

6/17/2014 1:32:52 PM

6.00:33:47.7675333

chi-hvr2

You could even remove very old virtual machines.

PS C:\> get-vmlastuse chi* -computer chi-hvr2 | where {$_.lastuseage.totalDays -gt 75} |
Select -expand vmname | remove-vm -ComputerName chi-hvr2 -whatif
What if: remove-vm will remove virtual machine CHI-Client02.

If I had wanted, I could have removed any virtual machine starting with CHI on server CHIHVR2 that hasnt been used in more than 75 days.

Get VM Operating System

Another piece of information you might find useful is to know what operating system
is running on your virtual machines. This information is buried deep in WMI (Windows
Management Instrumentation) and for right now I can only retrieve information for running
virtual machines and only if they are running a Windows operating system.

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Get-VMOS.ps1
#requires -version 3.0
Function Get-VMOS {
<#
.Synopsis
Get the installed Windows operating system on a virtual machine.
.Description
This command will display the installed Windows operating system on a Hyper-V virtual
machine. The virtual machine must be running.
The function uses WMI to query remote computers.
.Example
PS C:\> Get-VMOS CHI-core01 -Computername chi-hvr2
VMName
-----CHI-CORE01

OperatingSystem
Computername
-------------------------Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter CHI-HVR2

Get a single virtual machine operating system.

.Example
PS C:\> get-vm -computername chi-hvr2 | where {$_.state -eq running} | get-vmos
VMName
-----CHI-CORE01
CHI-DC04
CHI-FP02
CHI-Win81

OperatingSystem
--------------Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter
Windows Server 2012 Datacenter
Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard
Windows 8.1 Pro

Computername
-----------CHI-HVR2
CHI-HVR2
CHI-HVR2
CHI-HVR2

Get operating system information for all running virtual machines.

.Notes
Last Updated: June 23, 2014
Version
: 2.0
.Link
Get-WMIObject
#>
[cmdletbinding()]
Param(
[Parameter(Position=0,HelpMessage=Enter the name of a virtual machine,
ValueFromPipeline,ValueFromPipelinebyPropertyName)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[Alias(Name)]
[string]$VMName=*,
[Parameter(ValueFromPipelinebyPropertyName)]
[string]$Computername=$env:COMPUTERNAME
)
Begin {
Write-Verbose Starting $($MyInvocation.Mycommand)
} #begin

Process {

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Write-Verbose Querying virtual machines on $($Computername.ToUpper())

$wmiParam=@{
Namespace= root/virtualization/v2
ClassName= Msvm_VirtualSystemManagementService
ComputerName= $Computername
errorAction= Stop
errorVariable= myErr
}
Try {
$vsm = Get-WmiObject @wmiparam
}
Catch {
$myerr.errorrecord.exception.message
}
#modify the parameter hash
$wmiParam.ClassName= MSVM_Computersystem
if ($VMName -eq *) {
$filter = Caption=Virtual Machine
}
elseif ($VMName -match \*) {
#replace * with %
$elementname = $VMName.Replace(*,%)
$filter = elementname LIKE $elementname
}
else {
$filter = elementname=$VMName
}
$wmiParam.filter= $filter
Write-verbose Querying virtual machine $VMName
write-Verbose ($wmiParam | Out-String)
Try {
$vm = Get-WmiObject @wmiparam
}
Catch {
$myerr.errorrecord.exception.message
}
if ($vm) {
#get virtual system data and filter out checkpoints
$vsd = $vm.GetRelated(MSVM_VirtualSystemSettingData) | where {$_.Description -notmatch
^Checkpoint}
#an array of items to get
#http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh850062(v=vs.85).aspx
[uint32[]]$requested = @(1,106)
$result = $vsm.GetSummaryInformation($vsd,$requested)
#display the result
$result.summaryinformation |
select @{Name=VMName;Expression={$_.Elementname}},
@{Name=OperatingSystem;Expression={$_.GuestOperatingSystem}},
@{Name=Computername;Expression={$vsm.pscomputername}}

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}
else {
Write-Warning Failed to find virtual machine $VMName
}
} #Process
End {
Write-Verbose -Message Ending $($MyInvocation.Mycommand)
} #end
} #end function

This function relies on Get-WMIObject which means you must have WMI access to any remote
computer, which you probably already do. The default behavior is to return information for all
virtual machines on the local host, but you can limit your query to a single virtual machine:
PS C:\> get-vmos chi-dc04 -computername chi-hvr2
VMName

OperatingSystem

Computername

------

---------------

------------

CHI-DC04

Windows Server 2012 Datacenter

CHI-HVR2

Or you can query multiple virtual machines:

PS C:\> get-vmos chi* -computername chi-hvr2
VMName

OperatingSystem

Computername

------

---------------

------------

CHI-Win81

Windows 8.1 Pro

CHI-HVR2

CHI-DCTEST

CHI-HVR2

CHI-FP02

Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard

CHI-Client02

CHI-HVR2
CHI-HVR2

CHI-DC04

Windows Server 2012 Datacenter

CHI-HVR2

CHI-CORE01

Windows Server 2012 R2 Datace... CHI-HVR2

Notice that some virtual machines have no operating system, because the VM is not running.
Youll want to do something like this:
PS C:\> get-vm chi* -computername chi-hvr2 | where {$_.state -eq running} | get-vmos |
format-table -auto
VMName

OperatingSystem

Computername

------

---------------

------------

CHI-Win81

Windows 8.1 Pro

CHI-HVR2

CHI-FP02

Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard

CHI-HVR2

CHI-DC04

Windows Server 2012 Datacenter

CHI-HVR2

CHI-CORE01 Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter CHI-HVR2

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Get Mounted ISO files

I love being able to mount ISO files in virtual DVD drives. However, sometimes they can be
left mounted which could cause problems. Or perhaps you just like knowing how your virtual
machines are currently configured. This is a very simple one-line PowerShell command.
PS C:\> Get-VM -computername chi-hvr2 | select -expand dvddrives | where Path

There is plenty of useful information as you see in Figure 9.

Figure 9

Although most likely you will want to select a subset of properties.

PS C:\> Get-VM -computername chi-hvr2 | select -expand dvddrives | where Path | Select
Computername,VMName,Path,DVDMediaType | out-gridview -title Loaded ISO.

The result is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10

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Identifying Orphaned VHD/VHDX Files

In an earlier recipe I showed you how to list virtual disk information. In that situation we were
verifying the virtual disks from the virtual machines perspective. If you are like me, you may
store all of your virtual disks in one or more locations. How about checking those locations for
files that are not associated with any virtual machines? Thats what this recipe is all about.
Get-ObsoleteVHD.ps1
#requires -version 3.0
#requires -module Hyper-V
Function Get-ObsoleteVHD {
<#
.Synopsis
Get orphaned or obsolete virtual disk files.
.Description
This command will search a directory for VHD or VHDX files that are not attached to any
existing Hyper-V virtual machines. The default behavior is to search the default virtual
hard disk path on the local computer.
The function uses PowerShell remoting to query paths on remote computers.
.Example
PS C:\> get-obsoletevhd -computer chi-hvr2
Directory: C:\Users\Public\Documents\Hyper-V\Virtual Hard Disks
Mode
----a---

LastWriteTime
Length Name
------------------ ---6/26/2013
8:51 PM 9399435264 Win8.1PreviewBase.vhdx

Getting unused virtual disk files on server CHI-HVR2 in the default location.
.Example
PS C:\> get-obsoletevhd -computer chi-hvr2 -Path c:\vhd
Directory: C:\vhd

Mode
----a---

LastWriteTime
Length Name
------------------ ---5/9/2014
1:59 PM 10842275840 Essentials.vhdx

An unused file in a different location on server CHI-HVR2.

.Example
PS C:\> get-obsoletevhd -path g:\vhds -computer Server01 | measure -sum Length | Select
Count,@{Name=SizeGB;Expression={$_.sum/1GB}}
Count
----11

SizeGB
-----82.3568634986877

This example is finding all unused virtual disk files in G:\VHDS on SERVER01 and then
calculating how much disk space they are consuming.
.Notes
Last Updated: June 25, 2014
Version
: 1.0

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.Link
Get-VHD
#>
[cmdletbinding()]
Param(
[Parameter(Position=0)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
#use the value for -Computername is specified, otherwise the local computer
[string]$Path=(Get-VMHost -computername ( &{if ($computername) { $computername} else {
$env:computername}})).VirtualHardDiskPath,
[Alias(CN)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$Computername=$env:computername
)
Write-Verbose -Message Starting $($MyInvocation.Mycommand)
Write-Verbose Searching for obsolete virtual disk files in $Path on $($Computername.
ToUpper())
#initialize an array to hold file information
$files = @()
Try {
#get currently used virtual disk files
Get-VM -computername $computername -ErrorAction Stop | Select -ExpandProperty
HardDrives |
Get-VHD -ComputerName $computername |
foreach {
$files+=$_.path
if ($_.parentPath) {
$files+=$_.parentPath
} #if path
} #foreach
} #try
Catch {
Throw $_
#bail out
}
if ($files) {
#filter out duplicates
$diskfiles = $files | Sort | Get-Unique -AsString
write-verbose Attached files
$diskfiles | Write-Verbose
write-verbose Orphaned files in $path
$sb = {
Param($path)
if (Test-Path -path $Path) {
dir -Path $path -file -filter *.vhd? -Recurse
}
else {
Write-Warning Failed to find path $path on $($env:computername)
}
}

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$found = if ($Computername -ne $env:computername) {

Invoke-Command -ScriptBlock $sb -ComputerName $computername -HideComputerName
-ArgumentList @($path)
}
else {
&$sb $path
}
if ($found) {
Write-Verbose Found $($found.count) files
$found.fullname | write-verbose
$found | where {$files -notcontains $_.fullname}
}
else {
Write-Host No files found in $path on $computername -ForegroundColor Red
}
} #if files were found
Write-Verbose -Message Starting $($MyInvocation.Mycommand)
} #end function

This function, by default, will search the local computer using the default location for virtual
disk files. When you query a remote computer, the function will use a temporary PSSession
with Invoke-Command in order to get a directory listing on the remote computer. You may be
wondering why I dont use Get-VHD to identify obsolete or unused files. It is true that GetVHD results will show an Attached property, but that will be false if the virtual machine is not
running, so that isnt a valid property to use in this situation.
PS C:\> get-obsoletevhd computer server01
Directory: D:\VHD
Mode
----a---a---a---a---a---a---a---a---a---

LastWriteTime
Length Name
------------------ ---4/27/2014
2:19 PM 102760448 Demo2.vhdx
6/17/2014 12:37 PM
4194304 small2_C.vhdx
6/17/2014
1:23 PM
4194304 small3_C.vhdx
6/17/2014
1:28 PM
4194304 small4_C.vhdx
6/17/2014
1:29 PM
4194304 small5_C.vhdx
6/17/2014 12:32 PM
4194304 small_C.vhdx
4/9/2014
8:22 AM
4194304 temp.vhdx
5/3/2014 12:54 PM 5362417664 test2.vhdx
6/18/2014
4:29 PM 5574230016 xDev01_C.vhdx

This example shows the unused virtual disk files in the default location on Hyper-V server
SERVER01. Remember, the output you see is on the remote server. If you wanted to delete
these files, you could use commands like this:
PS C:\> $old = get-obsoletevhd -computer server01

This saves the results to a variable. Then, use Invoke-Command to delete them remotely.

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PS C:\> invoke-command { $using:old | del -whatif } -computername server01

What if: Performing the operation Remove File on target D:\VHD\Demo2.vhdx.
What if: Performing the operation Remove File on target D:\VHD\small2_C.vhdx.
What if: Performing the operation Remove File on target D:\VHD\small3_C.vhdx.
What if: Performing the operation Remove File on target D:\VHD\small4_C.vhdx.
What if: Performing the operation Remove File on target D:\VHD\small5_C.vhdx.
What if: Performing the operation Remove File on target D:\VHD\small_C.vhdx.
What if: Performing the operation Remove File on target D:\VHD\temp.vhdx.
What if: Performing the operation Remove File on target D:\VHD\test2.vhdx.
What if: Performing the operation Remove File on target D:\VHD\xDev01_C.vhdx.

Deleting Obsolete Snapshots

Another typical management task is to clean up old or obsolete snapshots. The GetVMSnapshot cmdlet can easily retrieve snapshots for one or more virtual machines. Wrapping
it up in PowerShell, it doesnt take much to get a quick report of snapshots. This is a one-line
PowerShell expression.
Get-VMSnapshot -VMName * -ComputerName chi-hvr2 | Select Computername,VMName,Name,Snapsh
otType,CreationTime,@{Name=Age;Expression={ (Get-Date) - $_.CreationTime }}

You can see my results in Figure 11.

Figure 11

You might also want to know how much space the snapshot files are consuming. This will
require PowerShell remoting to query a remote server, but really isnt that much more difficult.

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Invoke-Command {
Get-VMSnapshot -VMName * |Select -ExpandProperty HardDrives | Get-Item |
Measure-Object -Property Length -sum |
Select Count,@{Name=SizeGB;Expression={$_.Sum/1GB}}
} -ComputerName chi-hvr2 | Select * -ExcludeProperty runspaceId

In this command, Im creating a custom property called SizeGB that takes the sum of all the
associated disk files and converts the value to GB, which you can see in Figure 12.

Figure 12

In fact, why dont we combine the two?

Get-VMSnapshotUsage.ps1
#requires -version 3.0
#requires -module Hyper-V
Param(
[string[]]$VMName=*,
[string]$Computername=$env:computername)
Invoke-Command -scriptblock {
Get-VMSnapshot -VMName $using:VMName |
Select Computername,VMName,Name,SnapshotType,CreationTime,
@{Name=Age;Expression={ (Get-Date) - $_.CreationTime }},
@{Name=SizeGB;
Expression = { ($_.HardDrives | Get-Item | Measure-Object -Property length -sum).sum/1GB
}}
} -computername $computername -HideComputerName | Select * -ExcludeProperty RunspaceID

This is a quick script but you could easily turn it into a function or expand upon it. Figure 13
depicts the script in action.

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Figure 13

If you look at help examples for Remove-VMSnapshot, youll see an example for removing old
snapshots. I took that idea and expanded it into a more full-fledged Powershell function.
Remove-OldVMSnapshot.ps1
#requires -version 3.0
#requires -module Hyper-V

Function Remove-OldVMSnapshot {
<#
.Synopsis
Remove old Hyper-V snapshots.
.Description
This command will find and remove snapshots older than a given number of days, the default
is 90, on a Hyper-V server. You can limit the removal process to specific virtual machines
as well as specific types of VM snapshots.
This command will remove all child snapshots as well so use with caution. The command
supports -Whatif and -Confirm.
.Example
PS C:\> Remove-OldVMSnapshot -VMName Ubunto-Demo -computername SERVER01
This command removed all snapshots for the Ubunto-Demo virtual machine on SERVER01 that
is older than 90 days.
.Example
PS C:\> Remove-OldVMSnapshot -computername chi-hvr2 -days 14 -whatif
What if: Remove-VMSnapshot will remove snapshot Profile Cleanup Test.
These are the snapshots older than 14 days on server CHI-HVR2 that would be removed.
.Example
PS C:\> Remove-OldVMSnapshot -computer chi-hvr2 -days 14 -confirm

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Confirm
Are you sure you want to perform this action?
Remove-VMSnapshot will remove snapshot Profile Cleanup Test.
[Y] Yes [A] Yes to All [N] No [L] No to All [S] Suspend [?] Help (default is Y):Y
Answering Y to the prompt will delete the snapshot.
.Notes
Last Updated: June 25, 2014
Version
: 1.0
.Link
Remove-VMSnapshot
#>
[cmdletbinding(SupportsShouldProcess,ConfirmImpact=High,DefaultParameterSetName=A
ll)]
Param (
[Parameter(Position=0)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[string]$VMName=*,
[Parameter(Position=1)]
[ValidateScript({$_ -ge 1 })]
[Alias(days)]
[int]$Age=90,
[Parameter(Position=1,ParameterSetName=ByType)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[Alias(type)]
[Microsoft.HyperV.PowerShell.SnapshotType]$SnapshotType = Standard,
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[Alias(CN)]
[string]$computername = $env:computername
)
Write-Verbose -Message Starting $($MyInvocation.Mycommand)
#parameters for Get-VMSnapshot
$getParams= @{
Computername = $computername
ErrorAction = Stop
VMName = $VMName
}
if ($PSCmdlet.ParameterSetName -eq ByType) {
Write-Verbose Limiting snapshots to type $SnapshotType
$getParams.Add(SnapshotType,$SnapshotType)
}
Try {
[datetime]$Cutoff = ((Get-Date).Date).AddDays(-$Age)
Write-Verbose Searching for snapshots equal to or older than $cutoff on $computername
$snaps = Get-VMSnapshot @getParams | Where {$_.CreationTime -le $Cutoff }
}

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Catch {
Throw $_
}
if ($snaps) {
Write-Verbose Found $($snaps.count) snapshots to be removed
$snaps | Remove-VMSnapshot -IncludeAllChildSnapshots
}
Write-Verbose -Message Ending $($MyInvocation.Mycommand)
} #end function

By default the function will return all snapshots for all virtual machines older than 90 days.
You can specify a different number of days, filter the virtual machines by name or limit the
snapshots to a certain snapshot type. Because the command could potentially remove a lot of
files, it has support for WhatIf and Confirm.
PS C:\> remove-oldvmsnapshot -days 7 -computername chi-hvr2 -whatif
What if: Remove-VMSnapshot will remove snapshot Profile Cleanup Test.
What if: Remove-VMSnapshot will remove snapshot CHI-CORE01 Check 1.
What if: Remove-VMSnapshot will remove snapshot DCTEST Check 1.

If I re-ran the command without Whatif, these snapshots, including any child snapshots,
would be removed.

Querying Hyper-V Event Logs

Of course, managing a Hyper-V server means keeping an eye on logged events. With
PowerShell this is pretty simple once you know what you are looking for.
PS C:\> Get-EventLog -LogName system -Source Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V* -newest 100 -ComputerName Chi-HVr2 | Sort Source | Format-Table -GroupBy Source -property
TimeGenerated,EntryType,Message -Wrap AutoSize

This command will use the standard Get-EventLog cmdlet to search the System event log
for anything logged from a Hyper-V source and select the first 100 entries. In this example, I
formatted the results as a table grouped by the source. You can see my results in Figure 14.

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Figure 14

Or, you might want to limit your search.

PS C:\> Get-EventLog -LogName system -Source Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V* -EntryType
Error,Warning -ComputerName Chi-HVr2 -After (Get-Date).AddDays(-3)

This command will find all Hyper-V related errors and warnings on server CHI-HVR2 that have
been recorded in the last 3 days. Get-Eventlog searches classic event logs. Hyper-V also has
its own set of operational logs which you can query with Get-WinEvent.
PS C:\> Get-WinEvent -ListLog *Hyper-V*
LogMode

MaximumSizeInBytes RecordCount LogName

-------

------------------ ----------- -------

Circular

1052672

146 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Config-Admin

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Config-Operational

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-EmulatedNic-Admin

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Hypervisor-Admin

Circular

1052672

283 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-HypervisorOperational

Circular

1052672

887 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Integration-Admin

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Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-SynthFc-Admin

Circular

1052672

Circular

1052672

1 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-SynthStor-Admin

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-SynthStor-

654 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-SynthNic-Admin

Operational
Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-VID-Admin

Circular

1052672

Circular

1052672

38 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-VMMS-Networking

Circular

1052672

60 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-VMMS-Operational

Circular

1052672

40 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-VMMS-Storage

Circular

1052672

2277 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-VMMS-Admin

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-VmSwitchOperational

Circular

1052672

1187 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Worker-Admin

In order to query a remote computer, you must configure a firewall exception for remote event
log management or use PowerShell remoting with Invoke-Command.
PS C:\> invoke-command {Get-WinEvent -ListLog *Hyper-V*} -ComputerName chi-hvr2
LogMode

MaximumSizeInBytes RecordCount LogName

PSComputerName

-------

------------------ ----------- -------

--------------

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

246 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

1278 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

871 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

685 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

30 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

36 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

4 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

0 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

Circular

1052672

817 Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-... chi-hvr2

You may want to limit your search to those logs that have entries.
PS C:\> invoke-command {Get-WinEvent -ListLog *Hyper-V* | where {$_.recordcount -gt 0} |
Select Logname,RecordCount} -ComputerName chi-hvr2

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LogName

: Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Hypervisor-Operational

RecordCount

: 246

PSComputerName : chi-hvr2
RunspaceId

: b1ce1c35-4476-4684-9991-b9487f60bb51

LogName

: Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Integration-Admin

RecordCount

: 1278

PSComputerName : chi-hvr2
RunspaceId

: b1ce1c35-4476-4684-9991-b9487f60bb51

...

Once you know the name of the log to query, you can run a simple command like this:
PS C:\> Invoke-Command {Get-WinEvent -LogName Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Hypervisor-Operational -MaxEvents 10 } -computername chi-hvr2 | format-list

TimeCreated

: 6/19/2014 2:04:48 PM

ProviderName

: Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Hypervisor

Id

: 16642

Message

: Hyper-V successfully deleted a partition (partition 8).

PSComputerName : chi-hvr2

TimeCreated

: 6/19/2014 8:42:40 AM

ProviderName

: Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Hypervisor

Id

: 16641

Message

: Hyper-V successfully created a new partition (partition 8).

PSComputerName : chi-hvr2
...

Here, Ive retrieved the 10 most recent entries from the Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-VHypervisor-Operational log. If you need to get more granular, you have a few options, but I
think using a hashtable of filtering options is the easiest approach. You can use code like this.
$filterHash = @{
LogName = Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Config-Admin
Level = 2
StartTime = (Get-Date).AddDays(-7)
}
get-winevent -FilterHashtable $filterhash | format-list

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My result, which is all errors logged in the specified log over the last 7 days for the local host,
is shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15

Information messages are type 4 and warnings are type 3. Ive wrapped all of this into a
PowerShell function.
Get-HyperVEvents.ps1
#requires -version 3.0
Function Get-HyperVEvents {
<#
.Synopsis
Get errors and warnings from Hyper-V Operational logs.
.Description
This command will search a specified server for all Hyper-V related Windows Operational
logs and get all errors and warnings that have been recorded in the specified number of
days which is 7 by default.
The command uses PowerShell remoting to query event logs and resolve SIDs to account
names. The remote event log management firewall exception is not required to use the
command.
.Example
PS C:\> Get-HyperVEvents -Days 30 -computer CHI-HVR2 | Select LogName,TimeCreated,Type,
ID,Message,Username | Out-Gridview -title Events
Get all errors and warnings within the last 30 days on server CHI-HVR2 and display with
Out-Gridview.

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.Notes
Last Updated: June 25, 2014
Version
: 2.0
.Link
Get-WinEvent
Get-Eventlog
.Inputs
[String]
.Outputs
[System.Diagnostics.Eventing.Reader.EventLogRecord]
Technically this will be a deserialized version of this object.
#>
[cmdletbinding()]
Param(
[Parameter(Position=0,HelpMessage=Enter the name of a Hyper-V host)]
[ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
[Alias(CN,PSComputername)]
[string]$Computername=$env:COMPUTERNAME,
[ValidateScript({$_ -ge 1})]
[int]$Days=7,
[Alias(RunAs)]
[System.Management.Automation.Credential()]$Credential = [System.Management.Automation.
PSCredential]::Empty
)
Write-Verbose Starting $($MyInvocation.MyCommand)
Write-Verbose Querying Hyper-V logs on $($computername.ToUpper())
#define a hash table of parameters to splat to Invoke-Command
$icmParams=@{
ErrorAction=Stop
ErrorVariable=MyErr
Computername=$Computername
HideComputername=$True
}
if ($credential.username) {
Write-Verbose Adding a credential for $($credential.username)
$icmParams.Add(Credential,$credential)
}
#define the scriptblock to run remotely and get events using Get-WinEvent
$sb = {
Param([string]$Verbose=SilentlyContinue)
#set verbose preference in the remote scriptblock
$VerbosePreference=$Verbose
#calculate the cutoff date
$start = (Get-Date).AddDays(-$using:days)
Write-Verbose Getting errors since $start
#construct a hash table for the -FilterHashTable parameter in Get-WinEvent
$filter= @{
Logname= Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V*

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Level=2,3
StartTime= $start
}
#search logs for errors and warnings
#turn off errors to ignore exceptions about no matching records, which would be ok.
Try {
#add a property for each entry that translates the SID into
#the account name
Get-WinEvent -filterHashTable $filter -ErrorAction Stop | foreach {
#add some custom properties
$_ | Add-Member -MemberType AliasProperty -Name Type -Value LevelDisplayName
$_ | Add-Member -MemberType ScriptProperty -Name Username -Value {
[WMI]$Resolved = root\cimv2:Win32_SID.SID=$($this.UserID)
#write the resolved name to the pipeline
$($Resolved.ReferencedDomainName)\$($Resolved.Accountname)
} -PassThru
}
}
Catch {
Write-Warning No matching events found.
}
} #close scriptblock
#add the scriptblock to the parameter hashtable for Invoke-Command
$icmParams.Add(Scriptblock,$sb)
if ($VerbosePreference -eq Continue) {
#if this command was run with -Verbose, pass that to the scriptblock
#which will be running remotely.
Write-Verbose Adding verbose scriptblock argument
$sbArgs=Continue
$icmParams.Add(Argumentlist,$sbArgs)
}
Try {
#invoke the scriptblock remotely and pass properties to the pipeline, except
#for the RunspaceID from the temporary remoting session which we dont need.
Invoke-Command @icmParams
}
Catch {
#Invoke-Command failed
Write-Warning Failed to connect to $($computername.ToUpper())
Write-Warning $MyErr.errorRecord
#bail out of the function and dont do anything else
Return
}
#All done here
Write-Verbose Ending $($MyInvocation.MyCommand)
} #end function

This function assumes you will use PowerShell remoting to query the operational event logs.
By default, it gets all errors and warnings recorded in the last 7 days. I have included code to

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add an alias of Type (e.g. error) instead of having to know to use LogDisplayName, which isnt
exactly intuitive. There is also code to convert the user SID to a friendly name.
PS C:\> get-hypervevents -computername chi-hvr2

Figure 16 shows the default output.

Figure 16

Heres an example that takes advantage of my username addition.

PS C:\> get-hypervevents -computername chi-hvr2 -Days 180 | where {$_.username -match
globomantics} | Select Logname,TimeCreated,Username,Type,Message
LogName

: Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-VMMS-Storage

TimeCreated : 6/17/2014 2:07:49 PM

Username

: GLOBOMANTICS\Administrator

Type

: Error

Message

: The system failed to create C:\Users\Public\Documents\Hyper-V\Virtual Hard

Disks\Web01_C.vhdx: The file exists. (0x80070050).

So, it seems I only have 1 entry recorded by a domain user as opposed to a system account.
This is what Im referring to:

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PS C:\> get-hypervevents -computername chi-hvr2 -days 180 | group Username -NoElement |

sort Count | format-table -AutoSize

Count Name
----- ---1 GLOBOMANTICS\Administrator
4 NT VIRTUAL MACHINE\5FE62AF7-CE0A-477C-8DB4-E133CBC31C8F
4 NT VIRTUAL MACHINE\6164B819-D828-425C-823A-561D96EC0975
5 NT VIRTUAL MACHINE\E5099F2C-6489-4646-BD27-D0D519D6B0ED
5 NT VIRTUAL MACHINE\62E6858B-3B73-410E-8AF1-BA2B6F93ACA3
6 NT VIRTUAL MACHINE\60423BAE-36A4-441A-93B6-F2B2ABD9DBBC
18 NT VIRTUAL MACHINE\149E1B91-2B52-43E1-BDA6-BD6D89504BE1
40 NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM

A Hyper-V Health Report

By now you can see that PowerShell is a fantastic Hyper-V reporting tool. In fact, I have
a reporting script that I run weekly that generates a Hyper-V health report an HTML file.
The script is called New-HVHealthReport.ps1. Ill admit it is a rather lengthy and complex
PowerShell script. In fact, it is really too long to list here in its entirety. The script is included in
the accompanying zip file download.
The script can be run locally to query remote servers. You will need the Hyper-V, Storage and
NetAdapter PowerShell modules.
The syntax isnt that complicated:
<path>\New-HVHealthReport.ps1 [[-Computername] <String>] [-Path <String>]
[-RecentCreated <Int32>] [-LastUsed <Int32>] [-Hours <Int32>] [-Performance]
[-Metering] [<CommonParameters>]

The script includes full help.

PS C:\> help c:\scripts\new-hvhealthreport.ps1 full

Specify the full path to the script file. By default, the script will create an HTML report for the
local computer using the specified path. The RecentCreated parameter is used to find virtual
machines that have been created in the last X number of days. The default is 30. The value
for LastUsed will show you virtual machines that have not been used in that number of days.

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The script will display all errors and warnings from all Hyper-V event logs recorded in the last X
number of hours. The default is 24.
The script will optionally return Hyper-V performance counter information (-Performance). If
you have metering enabled you can use Metering to display that information as well. Even
though the intent of metering is for monitoring usage, I think it offers another glimpse into the
overall health of the Hyper-V server and virtual machines.
Using the script, it is as easy as this to create the report:
PS C:\> C:\scripts\New-HVHealthReport.ps1 -Computername chi-hvr2 -path c:\work\hvr2.htm
-performance

Figure 17 shows my report.

Figure 17

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If you use Internet Explorer, you might be prompted to allow blocked content. Go ahead and
do so, as the page includes some code to collapse sections. You can click on a heading title to
toggle that section or on the +/- link at the top to toggle all sections.

Figure 18

Once collapsed, you can click on any heading to expand.

Figure 19

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The report primarily shows data based on running virtual machines as you can see in Figure 19.
There is a lot of information in the report and you will have to run it for yourself.

Tips and Tricks

Let me wrap up by leaving you with a few tips and tricks for getting the most out of
PowerShell. First, set a default value for the ComputerName parameter of the Hyper-V
cmdlets. Youll find this very useful if you are running the cmdlets from a client against a
remote Hyper-V server. So instead of having to remember to always type:
Get-VM -ComputerName chi-hvr2

You could define a normal variable in your profile and use that in your commands:
$hv = chi-hvr2
Get-VM -ComputerName $hv

Or you could use the new preference variable technique:

$PSDefaultParameterValues.Add(*-VM:Computername,chi-hvr2)

Now, when I run Get-VM or any cmdlet that ends in VM, the ComputerName parameter will
automatically use the default value. You can always specify a different value.
This default parameter value only lasts for as long as your PowerShell session is open, so add
this command to your PowerShell profile if you always want this default.
Another tip, especially if you are new to PowerShell, is to expand nested properties or
collections of objects. Youve seen this in some recipes already. You might run a command
like this:
PS C:\> get-vm chi-win81 -computername chi-hvr2 | select VMIntegrationService
VMIntegrationService
-------------------{Time Synchronization, Heartbeat, Key-Value Pair Exchange, Shutdown...}

The value in side {} is your clue that this can be expanded.

PS C:\> get-vm chi-win81 -computername chi-hvr2 | select -expandproperty VMIntegrationService

PowerShell will expand the property and write each nested object to the pipeline.

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Figure 20

Finally, even though you can directly modify virtual machines and other objects using the Set-*
cmdlets, I prefer to first use a Get-* command to verify I am selecting the right objects.
PS C:\> get-vm -Name Demo*

Once I am satisfied, I can press the up arrow to bring the last command back and append the
necessary Set, Start, Stop or whatever command.
PS C:\> get-vm -Name Demo* | Start-VM

And as an added level of safety, dont forget to see if the cmdlet supports the WhatIf
parameter.

Additional Resources
I hope the first place you go to for additional PowerShell and Hyper-V resources is the Altaro
Hyper-V blog at http://www.altaro.com/hyper-v/. As you might expect, my own blog (http://
jdhitsolutions.com/blog) includes a great deal of PowerShell content. If you are struggling
to get started with PowerShell you can find my most current listing of essential books and
training material at http://jdhitsolutions.com/blog/essential-powershell-resources/.

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About the Author

Jeffery Hicks is an IT veteran with over 25 years of experience, much of it
spent as an IT infrastructure consultant specializing in Microsoft server
technologies with an emphasis in automation and efficiency. He is a
multi-year recipient of the Microsoft MVP Award in Windows PowerShell.
He works today as an independent author, trainer and consultant. Jeff
has written for numerous online sites and print publications, is a contributing editor at Petri.
com, and is a frequent speaker at technology conferences and user groups. His latest book
is PowerShell In Depth: An Administrators Guide 2nd Ed. You can keep up with Jeff at his
blog http://jdhitsolutions.com/blog, on Twitter (@jeffhicks) and on Google Plus (https://plus.
google.com/+JefferyHicks).

About Altaro
Altaro Software (www.altaro.com) is a fast growing developer of easy to use backup solutions
targeted towards SMBs and focused on Microsoft Hyper-V. Altaro take pride in their software
and their high level of personal customer service and support, and it shows; Founded in 2009,
Altaro already service over 15,000 satisfied customers worldwide and are a Gold Microsoft
Partner for Application Development.

About Altaro Hyper-V Backup

Altaro Hyper-V Backup is an easy to use, yet powerful backup solution for Microsoft Hyper-V,
which takes the guesswork out of backing up VMs and does all the complex Hyper-V backup
configuration for the admin. This means best in class technology at the most competitive price
on the market.
Demonstrating Altaros dedication to Hyper-V, they were the first backup provider for Hyper-V
to support Windows Server 2012 and 2012 R2 and also continues support Windows Server
2008 R2.
For more information on features and pricing, please visit:
http://www.altaro.com/hyper-v-backup/

Dont take our word for it Take it for a spin!

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and enjoy unlimited functionality for 30 days. After your 30-day trial expires you can continue
using the product for up to 2 VMs for free, forever. No catch!

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