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EC2251 U1 Notes

The document discusses feedback amplifiers. It defines negative and positive feedback and describes their effects, which include reducing gain, stabilizing gain, and reducing noise and distortion. It also discusses the different types of feedback including voltage and current series and shunt feedback. The key effects of different feedback types on gain are summarized. Steps for analyzing feedback amplifiers are outlined, including identifying the feedback type and determining parameters like the feedback ratio and desensitivity factor. The Nyquist criterion for stability is described along with gain and phase margins.

Uploaded by

Erica Smith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
63 views

EC2251 U1 Notes

The document discusses feedback amplifiers. It defines negative and positive feedback and describes their effects, which include reducing gain, stabilizing gain, and reducing noise and distortion. It also discusses the different types of feedback including voltage and current series and shunt feedback. The key effects of different feedback types on gain are summarized. Steps for analyzing feedback amplifiers are outlined, including identifying the feedback type and determining parameters like the feedback ratio and desensitivity factor. The Nyquist criterion for stability is described along with gain and phase margins.

Uploaded by

Erica Smith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EC2251

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Electronic circuits-II

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Unit-1
Feedback amplifiers

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Feedback

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Consists of returning part of the output of a system to the input


Negative Feedback: a portion of the output signal is returned to the input in
opposition to the original input signal
Positive Feedback: the feedback signal aids the original input signal
Negative Feedback Effects:
Reduces gain
Stabilizes gain
Reduces non linear distortion
Reduces certain types of noise
Controls input and output impedances
Extends bandwidth

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The disadvantage of reducing the gain can be overcome by adding few more
stages of amplification

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Feedback amplifier. Note that the signals are denoted as xi, xf, xo, and so on.

Af

A
1 A

Negative feedback(Af<A)

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A
1 A

Positive feedback (Af>A)

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Af

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The signals can be either currents or voltages

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Positive feedback provides an easy way to obtain large gain.


It leads to poor gain stability , a slight shift in power supply
Or temp can change the magnitude of loop gain to unity &
cause the Amplifier to break into oscillation .

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Af--- closed
loop gain
A---Open loop

gain
A----loop gain

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Types of Feedback
There are 4 basic types of feedback that have different effects:
series

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Voltage

Current series

Current shunt

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Voltage

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The units of are the inverse of the units of the amplifier gain
For series-voltage feedback A=Av and
is unit less
For series-current feedback A=Gm and

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is in W
For voltage shunt feedback A=Rm and
is in Siemens
For current shunt feedback A=Ai and
is unit less

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The four basic feedback topologies: (a) voltage-sampling series-mixing (series-shunt) topology; (b) currentsampling shunt-mixing (shunt-series) topology; (c) current-sampling series-mixing (series-series) topology; (d)
voltage-sampling shunt-mixing (shunt-shunt) topology.

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x0
A

xs 1 A

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x0
Rm

xs 1 Rm

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Rmf

x0
Gm

xs 1 Gm

Aif

we design the amplifier so that A >> 1, then the


closed loop gain Af is approximately 1/
Under

this condition Af depends only on the stable


passive components (resistor or capacitors) used in the
feedback network, instead of depending on the open loop
gain A which in turn depends on active device parameters
(gm) which tend to be highly variable with operating point
and temperature

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v
Av
Avf 0
vs 1 Av

Gain Stabilization

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Af

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Effects of various types of feedback on gain

x0
Ai

xs 1 Ai

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Summary (Effects on feedback)

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Analysis of feedback amplifiers

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Steps
1.Identify the type of feedback
2.Redraw the amplifier circuit without the effect of feedback .
3.Use a thevenins source at the input for series mixing and use a Nortons
source at the input for shunt mixing.
4.After drawing the amplifier circuit without feedback determine the ac
parameters of the circuit using the h parameter model.
5.Determine the feedback ratio = xf / xo from the original circuit.
6. Find he desensivity factor(D).
7.Knowing A,D,Ri,and Ro , Find Af, Rif , Rof.

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Nyquist criterion
Criterion Of Nyquist:

Re (A)

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-1+j0

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1+ A
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Im(A)

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The amplifier is unstable if this


curve encloses the point 1+j0
and the amplifier is stable if
the curve does not enclose
this point

f
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Gain and
phase margins
These are a measure
of the stability of a
circuit

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