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FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN DAN BAHASA

HBEL 3203
TEACHING OF GRAMMAR
SEPTEMBER 2014

NAMA

NO. MATRIKULASI

NO. KAD PENGENALAN

NO. TELEFON

E-MEL

PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
For information, essays are generally scholarly pieces of writing giving the
author's own argument, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a
pamphlet and a short story. This mean that essays can consist of a number of elements,
including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of
daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. Almost all the modern essays are
written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays. While the brevity usually
defines an essay, voluminous works like John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population are
counterexamples.
The concept of an "essay" has been extended to other of the mediums beyond
writing. A film an essay is a movie that often incorporates documentary film making
styles and which focuses more on the evolution of a theme or an idea. A good
photographic essay is an attempt to cover a topic with a linked series of photographs it
may or may not have an accompanying text or captions. In some countries, an essays
have become a major part of formal education. Primary students are taught structured
essay formats to improve their writing skills, and admission essays are often used by
universities in selecting applicants and, in the humanities and social sciences, as a way of
assessing the performance of students during final exams.

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2.0 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

The use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past. This means that sometime the speaker may not actually mention
the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

Did you have dinner last night?

She washed her car.

He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These
actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

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Examples :

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the
others at 10:00.

Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

3.0 Description and justification of Methods of Grammar Instruction (Implicit

and/or Explicit)

Based on my 5 years of teaching experience, the statement "grammar teaching

should be implicit, not explicit" could be argued both for and against. Whether to teach
grammar as an extracted focus on the essay writting or more passively as an inductive,
integral topic has been the theme of countless debates on the part of institutions,
professors, grammarians and language researchers for decades. As for me, a grammar is
the branch of linguistics dealing with the form and structure of words or morphology, and
their interrelation in sentences, called syntax. The study of grammar reveals how
language works, an important aspect in both English acquisition and learning also.

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Explicit is means that to precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable;

leaving nothing to implication while an implicit in the dictionary entry I learned that
"Explicit" means "something that is easily understood or told directly and clearly"
whereas "Implicit" means "something that is not expressed clearly, thus not clearly
understood". This means that, up to this it is clear to me. Then the another entry in
dictionary against "implicit" says that it means "complete and not doubted" and it has an
example "She had the implicit trust of her staff, plied though not directly expressed
inherent in the nature of something. An aspects of English language grammar that may
offer exceptional challenge to EFL students include use of word order, determiners (this,
that, these, those, a, an, the), prepositions (in, on, at, by, for, from, of), auxiliaries (do, be,
have), conjunctions (but, so, however, therefore, though, although), interrogatives,
intensifiers (some, any, few, more, too) and distinctions between modal verbs (can, could,
would, should, may, might, must). Phrasal verbs also present considerable difficulty to
Spanish speakers learning communicative English.
Present Tense

Past Tense

I have

We have

I had

We had

You have

You have

You had

You had

He has
She has

He had
They have

It has

She had

They had

It had

Examples ;I have a garden in my backyard.

(present tense)
I had a garden in my backyard
last year, too. (past tense)

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You have some schoolwork to

do.
You also had some work to do
yesterday.
He has a beehive full of bees.
He had a beehive when he was a
child.
Do you have any interest in
bees?

She has a fear of spiders.

Do you have a fear of anything?

They have fun playing in the

water.
They had a good time in the
pool last week, too.

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4.0 Analysis of essays :- Use of Present Tense And The Use of Past Tense

Student 1 :I will always remember my last holidays. They were my longest holidays, and I
think that I learnt how to spend the time. I enjoyed a lot with my friends, my family, and I
met new people too, because I was in different places during the summer, and I wanted to
meet people everywhere. The first place I visited was Karachi town, because I was
invited for some days by a cousin who has a house there.
I went with some friends and cousins and we spend there just five days, but it was
enough time to want to come back next summer! We stayed on the beach for hours, in the
mornings, just lying and asleep, taking enough energy for the rest of the day and for the
night! At night, we went out until next morning. We dance, met people, walked near the
beach... while we watched the moon in silence. Next, I went to Muree with my parents
and my sister. Actually, I do not go to Muree, I went to Islamabad. We stayed there for
four days, and it was really unforgettable.

Correction :-

Present Tense

Past Tense

Spend

Spended

Dance

Danced

Do Not

Does Not

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Student 2 :-

Last winter, with my family I had goes to Shimla for holidays. That was a very
memorable moment for me. It was a three day vacation in Shimla. With my parents, my
brother and one of my cousin had goes away. It was winter of December and we went
northwards to north it became cold. It was very enjoyable in the toy train and was very
excited. The roads were wide and the train was slow. The hills were beautiful. We were
going up in the Himalayas. Below it was lush green, with some terrace cultivation and
some forests , and above the lofty Himalayas, with snow peaks. It took us almost 12
hours to reach Shimla from New Delhi.
I was tired and took a nap. Suddenly my cousin, Neha wake me up. It was
evening, she insisted me to see outside. Wow ! it was very beautiful. It was very bright.
All the bulbs were on. It seemed to me like heaven. I felt good and all my tiredness was
gone. At 8 0 clock in the evening , we reached Shimla. It was very cold. My father had
booked a hotel. We took our dinner and slept. It was very cold. My mother has put three
blankets and I slept quite well due to the tiredness. By 7 a. m. we woke up. It was very
cold so the water pipes were jam, so we had to finish our work with little water.

Correction :Present Tense

Past Tense

Goes

Gone

Exciting

Excited

Wake

Woke

Jam

Jammed

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Student 3:I will attended to some arrears of school work like copying of notes, getting the
recorded up to-date and so on. Exercises which were not done in the class will be
completed. I will go to the library regularly, both in the morning and evening and do
some useful supplementary reading. After all one cannot always be reading. For a change
I attended to some garden work. I am keen on gardening. It may be preparing the soil for
a new plant or weeding out grass; it may be pruning the fence. The plants require regular
watering, that I shall do myself. Now I have made up my mind to learn chess. I have
already bought chessmen and a board for that. I will try to answered the problems on
chess given in the newspapers. It is not always work for me. When I feel I must have a
change, I mingle with my friends and enjoy some time in fun and frolic.
This time I wanted to learn some trade. I have made up my mind to learn watch
repairing. So, I shall go and sit in the watch maker's shop. My father has promised to
introduce me to one. I think it will take a good part of my time and it will fit me up to be
a watch maker and repairer. Not that I want to took it as a profession but it is worth
knows such a trade.
Correction :-

Present Tense

Past Tense

Attend

Attended

Records

Recorded

Answer

Answered

Want

Wanted

Take

Took

Know

Knows

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Student 4 :For my last school holidays, I spended a few days at my cousins house at Nabila,
a well-known sea resort. I shall never forget that visit. In the evening we put the raft on
the sea. The water was still high, but the raft float quite well. My cousin and I sit on it
and began to row it by using the oars that we had made ourselves. We felt very happy
indeed and continue to row it. We remained on it for a long time, but as it was already
getting dark we did not go far. We returned to the shore and tied the raft to a tree.
On the next day, we went out to catch some crabs and fish. We use the net that we
had bought and catch a lot of fish. Then, we had our lunch and went out again on the raft.
We continued to row it as far as we could. It was really a pleasure to be away from the
shored. The sea was calm and we could row with ease. My cousin told me many
interesting things about Morib. We then returned to the shore. In this way, I spent my
holidays happily at Morib, a place I shall never forget.

Correction :-

Present Tense

Past Tense

Spent

Spended

Float

Floated

Shore

Shored

Continue

Continued

Use

Used

Catch

Catched

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Student 5:During my last school holidays, I spent a few days at my cousins house at Morib,
a well-known sea resort. I shall never forget that visit. On the day I arrived at Morib, my
cousin tell me that he would do to make my stay there a very interesting one. He said that
he would make a raft to use it in the sea. Then he would buy fishing net to catch some
fish in the shallow water near the coast. When I heard all this, I was very delighted
because it was one of the reasons that I had decided to visit my cousin. We then walked
up to the beach which is near his house.
While we were there, sometime in the evening, the sea look extremely beautiful. I
saw the islands and hills in the distance, the birds in the air, and a few boys and girls
playing on the beach. I also saw some fishermen coming out of the water with their catch.
All this was indeed very interesting to look at.
On the next day, my cousin and I collect some tree trunks from the forest nearby.
As my cousins house is close to the sea, we decided to make the raft on the beach itself.
It took us almost the whole morning to make the raft. We then had our lunch and went to
Banting, the nearest town, to buy fishing net. After that we return to my cousins house.

Correction :-

Present Tense

Past Tense

Tell

Told

Look

Looked

Collect

Collect

Return

Returned

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5.0 CONCLUSION
It is very common to see people scared to put down their thoughts into words. For
many college students, the first writing assignment is often the toughest one. In fact,
some would even admit of not knowing what they were doing now. Indeed, nothing beats
working for three hours a night for a few weeks to construct a piece that you are happy to
submit. Although that the task might be difficult at first as it requires thorough
understanding of technical jargons, putting ideas into academic language is usually the
harder part. Ones education is one thing to blame why many primary students are not
quite confident about going to write a good essay. However, academic skill coordinators
believe it is absolutely wrong to think that non-traditional students cannot wrestle with
such things as writing English essays. For one, working hard to come up with a thorough
and independent research is one way to tip the scales to your talent.
One recipe for an academic essay that will surely make your life easier is to have
a good concept of the arguments that you will be making. Otherwise, the entire of a piece
will turn out to be purely descriptive. By using your ability to give meticulous analysis,
you will be surprised to discover an overwhelming source of ideas flowing through. As
for information, a good command of English goes a long way in concretising your
thoughts. And the good thing is that there is now an intensive language programme that
will help you prepare for university studies. This will also help our students to improve
well and have a confident in writing an essay after all.

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REFFERENCE

Book with Single Author:-

Gore, A.(2006). An inconvenient truth: The Good Essay Writting and what we can do
about it.

Emmaus, PA.(Gore, 2006)Book with Two Authors : MD: Wildlife Society.In-text

reference.

Michaels, P. J., & Balling, R. C., Jr. (2000). The Past And Present Tense. Washington,
DC: Cato Institute.In-text reference.

Galley. K. E. (Ed.). (2004). Global climate change and wildlife in North

America.Bethesda.

Brochure or Pamphlet :-

New York State Department of Health. (2002). A Good Essay Writting. [Brochure].

An Anonymous Book :-

Environmental resource handbook. (2001). Millerton, NY: Grey House.Intext reference :- ( Environmental Resource Handbook, 2001 )

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