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Multiple Antennas for MIMO

Communications - Channel Correlation
1 Introduction
The performance of a multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) is critically dependent on the availability of
independent multiple channels. It is well known that
channel correlation will downgrade the performance of a
MIMO system, especially its capacity. Channel correlation
is a measure of similarity or likeliness between the
channels. In the extreme case that if the channels are fully
correlated, then the MIMO system will have no difference
from a single-antenna communication system.
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2 Types of channel correlation

The capacity of a MIMO system not only depends on the
number of channels (N M), but also depends on the
correlation between the channels. In general, the greater
the channel correlation, the smaller is the channel
capacity. The channel correlation of a MIMO system is
mainly due to two components:
(1) spatial correlation
(2) antenna mutual coupling.

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2.1 Spatial correlation

In a practical multipath wireless communication
environment, the wireless channels are not independent
from each other but due to scatterings in the propagation
paths, the channels are related to each other with different
degrees. This kind of correlation is called spatial
correlation. For a given channel matrix H, the spatial
correlation between the channels are defined as:

ij , pq

Hon Tat Hui

E hij h*pq

E hij hij* E h pq h*pq

i, p 1,2,, N

j, q 1,2,, M

(1)

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The spatial correlation depends on the multipath signal

environment.
Multipath signals tend to leave the
transmitter in a range of angular directions (called angles
of departure, AOD) rather than a single angular direction.
This is the same for the multipath signals arriving at the
receiver (called angles of arrival, AOA). Usually, the
spatial correlation increases when AOD and AOA are
reduced and vice versa.
y

= AOD

= AOA

Receiving
array

Transmitting
array
Hon Tat Hui

Scatterers

Scatterers

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Example 1
Find the spatial correlation, 11,21, of the channels h11 and h21
of a MIMO system with N = 2 and M = 1. All the antennas
are dipole antennas. The channels are random with a
Gaussian distribution (zero mean and unit variance). Assume
that the AOA at the receiver is 360 on the plane (H-plane)
perpendicular to the dipole antennas and the radiation patterns
of the dipole antennas are omni-directional. Furthermore,
assume that the incident fields at the receiver are polarization
dr
matched.
h11
Z
V
g

o1

Vin ~
Hon Tat Hui

h21

Vo2

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Solutions
As there is only one transmitting antenna, the AOD is not
relevant for the calculation of the spatial correlation.
We define a channel as the open-circuit voltage Vo developed
at a receiving antenna to the excitation voltage Vin at a
transmitting antenna. Therefore,

Vo1
Vo 2
h11 , h21
Vin
Vin
Note that Vo1 and Vo2 are random complex numbers because
the channels h11 and h21 are random. However, Vin is
deterministic. Thus the correlation coefficient 11,21 can be
written as:
Hon Tat Hui

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11,21

E h h* E h h*
E V V * E V V *
*
E h11h21
11 11

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E Vo1Vo*2

21 21

o1 o1

o2 o2

As the AOA at the receiver is 360 on the H-plane and the

incident field is polarization matched to the dipole antennas,
the multipath signals at the receiving antennas are as
illustrated on the next page. Note that although the far fields
come from the same scatterers (assuming aligned in a
circular form), the far fields received by dipole 1 and dipole
2 have a phase difference between them because their spatial
locations are not the same. Hence we denote them by E1 and
E2, respectively.
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Scatterers in the farfield region of the

receiver
plane waves
from the
transmitter

E1, E2

Receiving dipoles
(top view)

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Therefore the open-circuit voltages Vo1 and Vo2 can be

expressed as:
2

1
*
E Vo1Vo 2 E I z E1 dzd

I m 0 0

*
1

I I z E2 dzd
m 0 0

where I(z) is the current distribution on a dipole antennas
when it is in the transmission mode, E1() and E2() are the
incident fields on the receiving dipole antennas. Note that
E1() and E2() are random complex Gaussian numbers due
to the random nature of the channels.
2

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We can write
E V V*

o1 o 2

E1 E0

E2 E0 e jkdr cos

Costant

2
2

1
*
*
2 I z I z dzdz E E1 d E2 d
Im 0 0

0
0

1
*
2 I z I z dzdz E E1 E2* d
Im 0 0
0

1
2
*

2 I z I z dzdz E E0
Im 0 0

CJ 0 kd r

Hon Tat Hui

jkd r cos

E0 = path gain
from transmitter
to receiver (a
Gaussian random
number with
each scatterer)

1
J 0 kd
2

jkd r cos
e
d

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where C is a complex constant with the expression:

1
*
*

C
I
z
I
z
dzdz
E
E

2
Im 0 0

By a similar derivation procedure, we can find:

E Vo1Vo*1 E Vo 2Vo*2 C
Hence the correlation coefficient is then:
*
E Vo1Vo 2
CJ 0 kd r
11,21

J 0 kd r
CC
*
*
E V V E V V

o1 o1

Hon Tat Hui

o2 o2

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Example 2
Similar to Example 1 but now find the spatial correlation,
11,12, of the channels h11 and h12 of a MIMO system with N =
1 and M = 2, i.e., one receiving antenna and two transmitting
antennas. Assume that the AOD at the transmitter is 360.
Zg
Vin ~

dt

Zg
Vin ~

Hon Tat Hui

h11
Vo

h12

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Solutions
Now there is only one receiving antenna, the AOA is not
relevant for the calculation of the spatial correlation. The
channels are now:
Vo
Vo
h11 , h12
Vin
Vin
Thus the correlation coefficient 11,12 is:

11,12

E h h* E h h*
E V V * E V V *
*
E h11h12
11 11

Hon Tat Hui

E VoVo*

12 12

o o

o o

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Scatterers in the
far-field region of
the transmitter
(assuming in a
circular form)

plane waves
travelling to
the receiver

e1 , e2
transmitting dipoles
(top view)

g = path gain from a

transmitter scatterer to
receiver (a Gaussian
random number with
each scatterer)

1
*
E VoVo E I z ge1 dzd

I m 0 0
* e1,e2 = far fields
2
1
generated by the
I I z ge 2 dzd transmitting antennas
m 0 0

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e1 e0 e2 e0 e jkdt cos

E VoVo

e0 far field amplitude

2
2

1
*
*
*

2 I z I z dzdz E ge1 d g e2 d

Im 0 0

0
0

1
2 I z I * z dzdz E ge1 g*e*2 d

Im 0 0
0

1
2
*

2 I z I z dzdz E g
Im 0 0

C J 0 kd t

jkd t cos

A constant
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Similarly,

E VoVo* E VoVo* C
Hence the correlation coefficient is then:

11,12

J kd
*
*

E V V E V V
*

E VoVo

o o

Hon Tat Hui

11,21

o o

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Example 3
Similar to Examples 1 and 2 but now find the spatial
correlation, 11,22, of the channels h11 and h22 of a MIMO
system with N = 2 and M = 2, i.e., two receiving antennas and
two transmitting antennas. Assume that the AOD at the
transmitter and AOA at the receiver are both 360.
Zg
Vin ~

dt

Vo1

dr
Zg
Vin ~

Hon Tat Hui

h11
h22

Vo2

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Solutions
Now the output voltages at the two receiving antennas Vo1
and Vo2 can be expressed in terms of the channels as:

Vo1 h11Vin h12Vin

Vo 2 h21Vin h22Vin
Thus the correlation coefficient 11,22 is:

11,22

E h h* E h h*
E V V * E V V *
*
E h11h22

11 11

Hon Tat Hui

*
E Vo11Vo 22

22 22

o11 o11

o 22 o 22

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where Vo11 and Vo22 are the partial output voltages at antenna
1 and antenna 2 that are due to signals passed through,
respectively, channels h11 and h22.
Combining the
expressions in Examples 1 and 2, we have:

E Vo11Vo*22

1 2

E I z ge1 d E1 dzd
0

Im 0 0
*
2
2
1

I I z ge 2 d E2 dzd
0

m 00

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As it is assumed that all the fields are polarization matched

to the antennas (all aligned in the z direction), we have:

E Vo11Vo*22

1
* z dzdz

I
z
I

2
Im 0 0

2
2
2
2

*
*
*

E ge1 d g e2 d E1 d E2 d

0
0
0

1
*

I z I z dzdz

2
Im 0 0

2
2
jkd t cos
E
g
e
d
E
E

0
C J 0 kd t J 0 kd r

Hon Tat Hui

jkd r cos
e
d

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Similarly,

*
*

E Vo11Vo11 E Vo 22Vo 22 C
Hence the correlation coefficient is then:

11,22

Hon Tat Hui

E Vo11Vo*22

E Vo11Vo*11 E Vo 22Vo*22

J 0 kd t J 0 kd r 11,12 11,21

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Notes:
In a MIMO system with arbitrary numbers of transmitting
(M) and receiving (N) dipole antennas and the antenna
separations are dt in the transmitter and dr in the receiver, the
correlation coefficients can be calculated two-by-two at a
time. The general formula is:

ij ,k J 0 kd t j J 0 kd r k i

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2.1.1 Generation of a channel matrix H with specified

spatial correlation
If the channel correlation is known, we can use a
method [1] to generate the channel matrix H whose
elements have the required correlation.
(1) Suppose H has the following form:
h11 h12
h
h22
21
H

h
N 1 hN 2
Hon Tat Hui

h1M
h2 M

hNM

(2)

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(2) Form the following vector vec(H) by stacking

the column vectors of H one-by-one:
h11

hN 1
h
12

vec(H )
(the dimension of vec(H ) is NM ? )
hN 2
(3)

h1M

hNM
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(3) Obtain the covariance matrix RH of vec(H):

R H =E vec( H)vec( H) H

(4)

(4) Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of RH.

(5) Then the channel matrix H can be expressed as:
vec(H )=VD1/2r

(5)

where r (NM1) is a vector containing i.i.d.

complex Guassian random numbers with a unit
variance and a zero mean, V is the matrix
whose column vectors are the eigenvectors of
RH, and D is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal
elements are the eigenvalues of RH.
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(6) Hence once the desired correlation is given (by

specifying RH), H can be obtained by (5). The
example on next page demonstrates how this is
done.

Hon Tat Hui

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Example 4
Write a Matlab program to obtain the channel matrix of a 33
MIMO system equipped with dipole antennas aligned as
uniform linear arrays (ULAs). The antenna separations at the
transmitter and receiver are 0.2 and 0.15, respectively. The
AOD at the transmitter and the AOA at the receiver of the
multipath signals are all 360. Assume that the channels are
Gaussian random channels with a unit variance and a zero
mean, and the antenna mutual coupling can be ignored.
Calculate the channel capacity when the SNR = 20dB.
Solutions
dt = 0.2, dr = 0.15
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h11 h12
H h21 h22

h31 h32

h13
h23 , hij CN 0,1

h33

As the channels are Gaussian random number with a unit

variance, the covariance matrix RH can be expressed as:
R H =E vec( H)vec( H) H

Instead of calculating RH directly using the above formula, it

can be generated by a simple method. Since the antennas are
dipoles, the channel correlation matrix r at the receiver (with
a fix transmitting antenna, for example antenna 1) can be
calculated first.
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*
E
h
h

*
E
h
h

E h h*
11 11

r E h21h11*

E h h*
31 11

J 0 0.3

J 0 0.6

*
E h11h21

21 21

31 21

J 0 0.3
1
J 0 0.3

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*
E h11h31

*
E h21h31

*
E h31h31

J 0 0.6
J 0 0.3

Then calculate the channel correlation matrix t at the

transmitter (with a fix receiving antenna, for example antenna
1).
Hon Tat Hui

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*
E
h
h

E h h*

E h h*
11 11

*
t E h12 h11

E h h*
13 11

*
E h11h12

12 12

13 12

*
E h11h13

1
J 0 0.4 J 0 0.8

* J 0.4
1
E h12 h13
J 0 0.4
0

J 0.8 J 0.4
1

0
0

E h13h13

Then it can be shown that RH is the Kronecker product of t

and r. That is,
R H =t r

In Matlab, the Kronecker product is obtained by the

command kron(t,r).
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The Matlab codes are shown below (filename: correlated_H):

clear all;
M=3; % number of transmit antennas
N=3; % number of receive antennas
k=2*pi;
dr=0.15 %lambda
dt=0.20 %lambda
%-----------spatial channel correlations generation
for i=1:N;
for j=1:N;
pr(i,j)=bessel(0,k*dr*abs(j-i));
end;
end;

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for i=1:M;
for j=1:M;
pt(i,j)=bessel(0,k*dt*abs(j-i));
end;
end;
RH=kron(pt,pr);
[V,D] = eig(RH);
G=V*sqrt(D);
%-----------channel matrix generation
snrdB=20;
snr=10^(snrdB/10);
for n=1:5000;
r=sqrt(0.5)*(randn(N,M)+1j*randn(N,M));

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for j=1:M;
for i=1:N;
vec_r(i+(j-1)*N)=r(i,j);
end;
end;
vec_H=G*vec_r';
for j=1:M;
for i=1:N;
H(i,j)=vec_H(i+(j-1)*N);
end;
end;
%-----------capacity calculation
C(n)=log2(real(det(eye(N)+snr/M*(H'*H))));
end;
cdfplot(C)
Average_C=mean(C)
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The average capacity is found to be 12.3 bits/s/Hz. The cdf

of the capacity, C, is shown below.
1
0.9
0.8
0.7

c df(C)

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
4

Hon Tat Hui

10

12

14

C (bits /s /Hz)

16

18

20

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2.2 Antenna mutual coupling

For MIMO systems, except the spatial correlation will
contribute to the channel correlation, antenna mutual
coupling will also contribute [2], [3]. In the transmitter
antenna array, antenna mutual coupling causes the input
signals being coupled into neighbouring antennas. This
effect can be represented by a mutual coupling impedance
matrix Zt (see Lecture Notes on Mutual Coupling in
Antenna Arrays):
(6)
v tot Zt1v s
where vs is the excitation voltage vector with mutual
coupling not taken into account, vtot is the excitation
voltage vector when mutual coupling is taken into
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account, and Zt is given by:

Z12
Z1M

Z g 2 Z 22
Z gM Z MM

Z 21

Z2M
1

Z Z

(7)
Z
Z

Zt g1
11
gM
MM

ZM 2
ZM1

Z g1 Z11 Z g 2 Z 22

Similarly, for the output signals, they are also modified by

the antenna mutual coupling effect in the receiving
antenna arrays. The actual output coupled voltage vector
vc is related to the uncoupled output voltage vector vu as:

Hon Tat Hui

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v c Z r 1v u
(8)
where Zr is the mutual impedance matrix containing the
receiving mutual impedances (see Lecture Notes on
Mutual Coupling in Antenna Arrays):

Z t21

Zr Z L

N1
Z
t
Z L
Hon Tat Hui

Z t12

ZL
1

Z tN 2

ZL

Z t1N

ZL

Z t2 N

ZL

(9)

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In (8), vc and vu are terminal voltage vectors across the

antenna terminal loads. If the uncoupled output voltages
refer to the open-circuit voltages, then vu is related to the
open-circuit voltage vector voc as:

ZL
vu
v oc
Zin Z L

(10)

In (10), it is assumed that all the antenna elements have

the same internal impedance Zin and terminal impedance
ZL. Eq. (8) then becomes:

ZL
vc
Z r 1v oc
Zin Z L
Hon Tat Hui

(11)

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But in order for comparison with the performance of the

uncoupled system whose output is expressed as opencircuit voltages, we need to change the terminal coupled
voltage vector vc to the open-circuit coupled voltage
vector voc. That is:

Zin Z L
voc
vc
ZL

(12)

Combining (6), (11), and (12), we have the signal model

for a MIMO system under both spatial correlation and
antenna mutual coupling as well as channel noise as:

voc Z r1HZt1v s v n
Hon Tat Hui

(13)

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where vn is the vector of noise voltages which are assumed

to be not affected by antenna mutual coupling. Note that
the spatial correlation is included inside the channel
matrix H while the antenna mutual coupling is included
inside the matrices Zt and Zr.

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Example 5
Re-do Example 4 but now take the antenna mutual coupling
into account. It is given that the mutual impedance between
two transmitting antennas are:
dt = 0.2, Z12 = 25.91-j15.34 , Z21 = 25.28-j15.78
dt = 0.4, Z12 = -0.90-j20.30 , Z21 = -1.42-j20.11
The mutual impedance between two receiving antennas are:
dr = 0.15, Zt12 = -17.73+j2.75 , Zt21 = -17.48+j2.94
dr = 0.30, Zt12 = -8.29+j10.44 , Zt21 = -7.96+j10.51
The internal impedance of the dipole antennas is:
Zin = 39.00+j7.17 = Z11 = Z22 = = ZMM
The terminal load impedance of the dipole antennas is:
ZL = 50
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Solutions
N=M=3
dt = 0.2, dr = 0.15

1
0.28-j0.19 -0.03-j0.23

1
0.28-j0.19
Z t 0.27-j0.20

1
-0.03-j0.22 0.27-j0.20

Z r 0.35-j0.06

0.16-j0.21
Hon Tat Hui

0.35-j0.05 0.17-j0.21
1
0.35-j0.06

0.35-j0.05
1

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The Matlab codes

mu_correlated_H):

are

shown

below

(filename:

clear all;
M=3; % number of transmit antennas
N=3; % number of receive antennas
k=2*pi;
dr=0.15 %lambda
dt=0.2 %lambda
%-----------spatial channel correlations generation
for i=1:N;
for j=1:N;
pr(i,j)=bessel(0,k*dr*abs(j-i));
end;
end;
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for i=1:M;
for j=1:M;
pt(i,j)=bessel(0,k*dt*abs(j-i));
end;
end;

RH=kron(pt,pr);
[V,D] = eig(RH);
G=V*sqrt(D);

%--transmitting and receiving mutual impedance matrixes creation

zin=39.00+1j*7.17;
zl=50;

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z12=25.9059+1j*(-15.3365);
z21=25.2796+1j*(-15.7831);
z13=-0.8920+1j*(-20.3036);
z31=-1.4192+1j*(-20.1113);

zt12=-17.73449488+1j*(2.74569212);
zt21=-17.47727875+1j*(2.94131405);
zt13=-8.28960286+1j*(10.43902986);
zt31=-7.96114038+1j*(10.50848904);

zt=[
1
z21/(zl+zin)
z31/(zl+zin)
]

Hon Tat Hui

z12/(zl+zin)
1
z12/(zl+zin)

z13/(zl+zin)
z21/(zl+zin)
1

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zr=[
1
-zt21/zl
-zt31/zl
]

-zt12/zl
1
-zt12/zl

-zt13/zl
-zt21/zl
1

%-----------channel matrix generation

snrdB=20;
snr=10^(snrdB/10);
for n=1:5000;
r=sqrt(0.5)*(randn(N,M)+1j*randn(N,M));
for j=1:M;
for i=1:N;
vec_r(i+(j-1)*N)=r(i,j);
end;
end;
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vec_H=G*vec_r';
for j=1:M;
for i=1:N;
H(i,j)=vec_H(i+(j-1)*N);
end;
end;
H1=inv(zr)*H*inv(zt);
%-----------capacity calculation
C(n)=log2(real(det(eye(N)+snr/M*(H1*H1'))));
end;
cdfplot(C)
Average_C=mean(C)

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The average capacity is found to be 11.3 bits/s/Hz. The cdf

of the capacity, C, is shown below.
1
0.9

cdf (bits/s/Hz)

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
4

Hon Tat Hui

10

12

14

C (bits/s/Hz)

16

18

20

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Final remarks:
Computer modeling and simulation of channels plays an
important role in MIMO system design. Except the channel
modulation method as discussed in Examples 4 and 5 (in
which the scatterer effect and the antenna mutual coupling
effect are modeled separately), we can also adopt a holistic
modeling approach in which the scatterer effect and the
antenna mutual coupling effect are built into the channel
matrix H using a single-step modeling method, without the
need for separate calculations of the spatial correlation and
antenna mutual coupling. This holistic approach combines
antenna EM simulation with random channel modeling.
Interested students can read reference [4].
Hon Tat Hui

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References:
[1] J. W. Wallace and M. A. Jensen, Modeling the indoor MIMO wireless
channel, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 50, no. 5, pp.
591-599, 2002.
[2] R. Janaswamy, Effect of element mutual coupling on the capacity of fixed
length linear arrays, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 1,
pp. 157-160, 2002.
[3] H. T. Hui, "Influence of antenna characteristics on MIMO systems with
compact monopole arrays," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,
vol. 8, pp. 133-136, 2009.
[4] H. T. Hui and Xuan Wang, Building antenna characteristics into MIMO
channel simulation, International Journal of Electronics, vol. 97, no. 6, pp.
703-714, 2010.

Hon Tat Hui

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