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DC Motor Control

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© © All Rights Reserved
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DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER:

Control a DC Motor without Tachometer Feedback


by Bruce Trump
DC motor speed is often regulated with a closed-loop speed
controller using tachometer feedback (Figure 1). It is possible, however, to control dc motor speed without tachometer feedback.
Figure 2 shows an open-loop type speed control circuit that
drives a dc motor at a speed proportional to a control
voltage, VIN. It does this by exploiting a basic characteristic
of dc motorsits speed-dependent reverse EMF voltage.
The motor is modeled as a series winding resistance, RM,
and a reverse EMF generator. The op amp circuitry provides
a negative resistance drive equal to the winding resistance.
This causes the reverse EMF to be proportional to the input
control voltage. Motor speed and direction are determined
by the magnitude and polarity of the control voltage.
Operation can be visualized by first imagining a perfect
frictionless motor with no mechanical load. An input voltage provides a proportional op amp output voltage, VO.
Without a mechanical load, the motor draws no current
because the reverse EMF exactly matches motor drive
voltage.
When a mechanical load is applied, current flows through
the motor and the sense resistor, RS. This creates a voltage,
VS, that is summed with the input control signal at the noninverting op amp input. This positive feedback increases the
drive voltage applied to the motor, maintaining constant
speed. Proper speed control is achieved by setting the gain
at the non-inverting input so that it compensates for the
voltage drop in the series winding resistance and the sense
resistor.

Circuit values are calculated with the following design procedure. Example values correspond to Figure 1.
1. Determine gain. The input control voltage must be capable
of producing the needed output voltage swing to drive the
motor. In the example circuit, a 2V input must deliver
20V to the motor with no mechanical load. R1 and R2 are
chosen to provide the required gain of 10. G = R2/R1.
2. Determine the winding resistance, RM, by measuring with
an ohmmeter. Use the average of several readings taken at
different rotor positions.
3. Choose the value of the sense resistor, RS. Use a convenient
value that is less than RMR1/R2. This assures that a reasonable value of R3 can be used to adjust the speed regulation
behavior. In the example (12)(1k)/10k = 1.2, a
standard value of 1 is chosen.
4. Calculate the nominal value of R3:
R3 =

10 k
R2
=
= 5k
R M / R S R 2 / R1 12 / 1 10 k / 1k

+25V
(1)

R2
10k

R1
1k
VIN

OPA548

R3
5k

RM = 12

(2)

RM

RCL

dc
Motor

(1)

EMF
25V

Control
Voltage
dc
Motor

1
RS

Tachometer

NOTES: (1) 4.7F tantalum recommended. (2) Current limit


set resistor 14.7k = 2.5A.

FIGURE 1. Tachometer-Feedback Speed Controller.

FIGURE 2. Open-Loop Motor Speed Controller.

The information provided herein is believed to be reliable; however, BURR-BROWN assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies or omissions. BURR-BROWN assumes
no responsibility for the use of this information, and all use of such information shall be entirely at the users own risk. Prices and specifications are subject to change
without notice. No patent rights or licenses to any of the circuits described herein are implied or granted to any third party. BURR-BROWN does not authorize or warrant
any BURR-BROWN product for use in life support devices and/or systems.

SBOA043

1999 Burr-Brown Corporation

AB-152

Printed in U.S.A. October, 1999

The speed regulation can be fine-tuned. A tendency to slow


down under load means that the gain through the positive
feedback path is insufficient (undercompensated)decrease
the value of R3 to increase positive feedback. Too much gain
in the positive feedback path causes the motor speed to surge
or increase with load (overcompensated)increase the value
of R3. If the speed regulation is overcompensated with R3
removed, the value of RS must be reduced.
Motor resistance increases with temperature, so the compensation should be tuned at operating temperature. Although
performance may fall somewhat short of a well-designed
tachometer feedback system, this approach is cost-effective
and often yields adequate regulation. It provides a dramatic
improvement over simple uncompensated voltage drive.

CHOOSING AMPLIFIER A1
The op amp, A1, is chosen for an appropriate voltage and
current rating. A variety of monolithic op amps are capable
of extended voltage and current outputs (see Table I).
Single-supply types have an input common-mode voltage
range that includes the negative power supply voltage.
These devices can be operated from dual () supplies or a
single power supply (with unidirectional motor rotation). A
negative input control voltage is required.
PRODUCT
OPA544
OPA547
OPA548
OPA549

VS MAX (V)

MAX CURRENT (A)

SINGLE SUPPLY

35
30
30
30

2
0.5
3
9

TABLE I. Power Op Amp Selection.

IMPORTANT NOTICE
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any product or service without notice, and advise customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information
to verify, before placing orders, that information being relied on is current and complete. All products are sold
subject to the terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment, including those
pertaining to warranty, patent infringement, and limitation of liability.
TI warrants performance of its semiconductor products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in
accordance with TIs standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are utilized to the extent
TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Specific testing of all parameters of each device is not necessarily
performed, except those mandated by government requirements.
Customers are responsible for their applications using TI components.
In order to minimize risks associated with the customers applications, adequate design and operating
safeguards must be provided by the customer to minimize inherent or procedural hazards.
TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. TI does not warrant or represent
that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any patent right, copyright, mask work right, or other
intellectual property right of TI covering or relating to any combination, machine, or process in which such
semiconductor products or services might be or are used. TIs publication of information regarding any third
partys products or services does not constitute TIs approval, warranty or endorsement thereof.

Copyright 2000, Texas Instruments Incorporated

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