MSX2 TECHNICAL HANDBOOK

-----------------------

Edited by: ASCII Systems Division

Published by: ASCII Coprporation - JAPAN
First edition: March 1987

Text file typed by: Nestor Soriano (Konami Man) - SPAIN

October 1997

Changes from the original in APPENDIX 1:

- In description of ENASLT, the needed input in HL has been added.

- In description of GETYPR, the Input field has been added.

- In description of INITXT (MAIN), the reference to "INIPLOT" has been

corrected to "INIPLT".

- In description of SUBROM routine, the mark "*1" has been erased.

- In description of INITXT (SUB), the needed input in LINL40 has been added.

- Description of PHYDIO routine has been added.

Changes from the original in APPENDIX 2:

- In the explanation before Figure A.3, the indication about the excess 64
method has been added.

- In Figure A.3, in the third byte, "63rd power of 10" has been corrected to
"-63rd power of 10".

- In the explanation before Figure A.3, the indication about the excess 64
method has been added.

- In Figure A.3, in the third byte, "63rd power of 10" has been corrected to
"-63rd power of 10".

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

APPENDIX 1 - BIOS LISTING

This section lists the 126 BIOS entries available to the user.

There are two kinds of BIOS routines, the ones in MAIN-ROM and the ones in
SUB-ROM. They each have different calling sequences which will be described
later. The following is the entry notation.

Label name (address) *n

Function: descriptions and notes about the function
Input: parameters used by call
Output: parameters returned by call
Registers: registers which will be used (original contentes are lost)

The value of *n has the following meanings.

 *1 ... same as MSX1
*2 ... call SUB-ROM internally in screen modes 5 to 8
*3 ... always call SUB-ROM
*4 ... do not call SUB-ROM while screen modes 4 to 8 are changed

Routines without "*n" are appended for MSX2.

MAIN-ROM
-----------------------------------------------------------------

To call routines in MAIN-ROM, the CALL or RTS instruction is used as an

ordinary subroutine call.

* RSTs

Among the following RSTs, RST 00H to RST 28H are used by the BASIC
interpreter. RST 30H is used for inter-slot calls and RST 38H is used for
hardware interrupts.

CHKRAM (0000H) *1
Function: tests RAM and sets RAM slot for the system
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

SYNCHR (0008H) *1
Funtcion: tests whether the character of [HL] is the specified
character. If not, it generates SYNTAX ERROR, otherwise it
goes to CHRGTR (0010H).
Input: set the character to be tested in [HL] and the character to
be compared next to RST instruction which calls this routine
(inline parameter).

Example: LD HL,LETTER
RST 08H
DB "A"
.
.
.
LETTER: DB "B"

Output: HL is increased by one and A receives [HL]. When the tested

character is numerical, the CY flag is set; the end of the
statement (00H or 3AH) causes the Z flag to be set.
Registers: AF, HL

RDSLT (000CH) *1
Function: selects the slot corresponding to the value of A and reads
one byte from the memory of the slot. When this routine is
called, the interrupt is inhibited and remains inhibited
 even after execution ends.
Input: A for the slot number.

F000EEPP
- ----
| ||++-------------- Basic slot number (0 to 3)
| ++---------------- Expansion slot number (0 to 3)
+--------------------- "1" when using expansion slot

HL for the address of memory to be read

Output: the value of memory which has been read in A
Registers: AF, BC, DE

CHRGTR (0010H) *1
Function: gets a character (or a token) from BASIC text
Input: [HL] for the character to be read
Output: HL is incremented by one and A receives [HL]. When the
character is numerical, the CY flag is set; the end of the
statement causes the Z flag to be set.
Registers: AF, HL

WRSLT (0014H) *1
Function: selects the slot corresponding to the value of A and writes
one byte to the memory of the slot. When this routine is
called, interrupts are inhibited and remain so even after
execution ends.
Input: specifies a slot with A (same as RDSLT)
Output: none
Registers: AF, BC, D

OUTDO (0018H) *2
Funtion: sends the value to current device
Input: A for the value to be sent
sends output to the printer when PTRFLG (F416H) is other
than 0
sends output to the file specified by PTRFIL (F864H) when
PTRFIL is other than 0
Output: none
Registers: none

CALSLT (001CH) *1
Function: calls the routine in another slot (inter-slot call)
Input: specify the slot in the 8 high order buts of the IY register
(same as RDSLT). IX is for the address to be called.
Output: depends on the calling routine
Registers: depends on the calling routine

DCOMPR (0020H) *1
Function: compares the contents of HL and DE
Input: HL, DE
Output: sets the Z flag for HL = DE, CY flag for HL < DE
Registers: AF
ENASLT (0024H) *1
Function: selects the slot corresponding to the value of A and enables
the slot to be used. When this routine is called, interrupts
are inhibited and remain so even after execution ends.
Input: specify the slot by A (same as RDSLT)
specify the page to switch the slot by 2 high order bits
of HL
Output: none
Registers: all

GETYPR (0028H) *1
Function: returns the type of DAC (decimal accumulator)
Input: none
Output: S, Z, P/V flags are changed depending on the type of DAC:

integer type single precision real type

C = 1 C = 1
S = 1 * S = 0
Z = 0 Z = 0
P/V = 1 P/V = 0 *

string type double precision real type

C = 1 C = 0 *
S = 0 S = 0
Z = 1 * Z = 0
P/V = 1 P/V = 1

Types can be recognised by the flag marked by "*".

Registers: AF

CALLF (0030H) *1
Function: calls the routine in another slot. The following is the
calling sequence:

RST 30H
DB n ;n is the slot number (same as RDSLT)
DW nn ;nn is the called address

Input: In the method described above

Output: depends on the calling routine
Registers: AF, and other registers depending on the calling routine

KEYINT (0038H) *1
Function: executes the timer interrupt process routine
Input: none
Output: none
Register: none

* I/O initialisation

INITIO (003BH) *1
 Function: initialises the device
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

INIFNK (003EH) *1
Function: initialises the contents of function keys
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

* VDP access

DISSCR (0041H) *1
Function: inhibits the screen display
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: AF, BC

ENASCR (0044H) *1
Function: displays the screen
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

WRTVDP (0047H) *2
Function: writes data in the VDP register
Input: C for the register number, B for data; the register number
is 0 to 23 and 32 to 46
Output: none
Registers: AF, BC

RDVRM (004AH) *1
Function: reads the contents of VRAM. This is for TMS9918, so only the
14 low order bits of the VRAM address are valid. To use all
bits, call NRDVRM.
Input: HL for VRAM address to be read
Output: A for the value which was read
Registers: AF

WRTVRM (004DH) *1
Function: writes data in VRAM. This is for TMS9918, so only the 14 low
order bits of the VRAM address are valid. To use all bits,
call NWRVRM.
Input: HL for VRAM address, A for data
Output: none
Registers: AF

SETRD (0050H) *1
 Function: sets VRAM address to VDP and enables it to be read. This is
used to read data from the sequential VRAM area by using the
address auto-increment function of VDP. This enables faster
readout than using RDVRM in a loop. This is for TMS9918, so
only the 14 low order bits of VRAM address are valid. To use
all bits, call NSETRD.
Input: HL for VRAM address
Output: none
Registers: AF

SETWRT (0053H) *1
Function: sets VRAM address to VDP and enables it to be written. The
purpose is the same as SETRD. This is for TMS9918, so only
the 14 low order bits of VRAM address are valid. To use all
bits, call NSETRD.
Input: HL for VRAM address
Output: none
Registers: AF

FILVRM (0056H) *4
Function: fills the specified VRAM area with the same data. This is for
TMS9918, so only the 14 low order bits of the VRAM address
are valid. To use all bits, see BIGFIL.
Input: HL for VRAM address to begin writing, BC for the length of
the area to be written, A for data.
Output: none
Registers: AF, BC

LDIRMV (0059H) *4
Function: block transfer from VRAM to memory
Input: HL for source address (VRAM), DE for destination address
(memory), BC for the length. All bits of the VRAM address
are valid.
Output: none
Registers: all

LDIRVM (005CH) *4
Function: block transfer from memory to VRAM
Input: HL for source address (memory), DE for destination address
(VRAM), BC for the length. All bits of the VRAM address are
valid.
Output: none
Registers: all

CHGMOD (005FH) *3
Function: changes the screen mode. The palette is not initialised. To
initialise it, see CHGMDP in SUB-ROM.
Input: A for the screen mode (0 to 8)
Output: none
Registers: all

CHGCLR (0062H) *1
 Function: changes the screen colour
Input: A for the mode
FORCLR (F3E9H) for foreground color
BAKCLR (F3EAH) for background color
BDRCLR (F3EBH) for border colour
Output: none
Registers: all

NMI (0066H) *1
Function: executes NMI (Non-Maskable Interrupt) handling routine
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: none

CLRSPR (0069H) *3
Function: initialises all sprites. The sprite pattern is cleared to
null, the sprite number to the sprite plane number, the
sprite colour to the foregtound colour. The vertical location
of the sprite is set to 209 (mode 0 to 3) or 217
(mode 4 to 8).
Input: SCRMOD (FCAFH) for the screen mode
Output: none
Registers: all

INITXT (006CH) *3
Function: initialises the screen to TEXT1 mode (40 x 24). In this
routine, the palette is not initialised. To initialise the
palette, call INIPLT in SUB-ROM after this call.
Input: TXTNAM (F3B3H) for the pattern name table
TXTCGP (F3B7H) for the pattern generator table
LINL40 (F3AEH) for the length of one line
Output: none
Registers: all

INIT32 (006FH) *3
Function: initialises the screen to GRAPHIC1 mode (32x24). In this
routine, the palette is not initialised.
Input: T32NAM (F3BDH) for the pattern name table
T32COL (F3BFH) for the colour table
T32CGP (F3C1H) for the pattern generator table
T32ATR (F3C3H) for the sprite attribute table
T32PAT (F3C5H) for the sprite generator table
Output: none
Registers: all

INIGRP (0072H) *3
Function: initialises the screen to the high-resolution graphics mode.
In this routine, the palette is not initialised.
Input: GRPNAM (F3C7H) for the pattern name table
GRPCOL (F3C9H) for the colour table
GRPCGP (F3CBH) for the pattern generator table
GRPATR (F3CDH) for the sprite attribute table
GRPPAT (F3CFH) for the sprite generator table
 Output: none
Registers: all

INIMLT (0075H) *3
Function: initialises the screen to MULTI colour mode. In this routine,
the palette is not initialised.
Input: MLTNAM (F3D1H) for the pattern name table
MLTCOL (F3D3H) for the colour table
MLTCGP (F3D5H) for the pattern generator table
MLTATR (F3D7H) for the sprite attribute table
MLTPAT (F3D9H) for the sprite generator table
Output: none
Registers: all

SETTXT (0078H) *3
Function: set only VDP in TEXT1 mode (40x24)
Input: same as INITXT
Output: none
Registers: all

SETT32 (007BH) *3
Function: set only VDP in GRAPHIC1 mode (32x24)
Input: same as INIT32
Output: none
Registers: all

SETGRP (007EH) *3
Function: set only VDP in GRAPHIC2 mode
Input: same as INIGRP
Output: none
Registers: all

SETMLT (0081H) *3
Function: set only VDP in MULTI colour mode
Input: same as INIMLT
Output: none
Registers: all

CALPAT (0084H) *1
Funtion: returns the address of the sprite generator table
Input: A for the sprite number
Output: HL for the address
Registers: AF, DE, HL

CALATR (0087H) *1
Function: returns the address of the sprite attribute table
Input: A for the sprite number
Output: HL for the address
Registers: AF, DE, HL
GSPSIZ (008AH) *1
Function: returns the current sprite size
Input: none
Output: A for the sprite size (in bytes). Only when the size is
16 x 16, the CY flag is set; otherwise the CY flag is reset.
Registers: AF

GRPPRT (008DH) *2
Function: displays a character on the graphic screen
Input: A for the character code. When the screen mode is 0 to 8,
set the logical operation code in LOGOPR (FB02H).
Output: none
Registers: none

* PSG

GICINI (0090H) *1
Function: initialises PSG and sets the initial value for the PLAY
statement
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

WRTPSG (0093H) *1
Function: writes data in the PSG register
Input: A for PSG register number, E for data
Output: none
Registers: none

RDPSG (0096H) *1
Function: reads the PSG register value
Input: A for PSG register number
Output: A for the value which was read
Registers: none

STRTMS (0099H) *1
Function: tests whether the PLAY statement is being executed as a
background task. If not, begins to execute the PLAY statement
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

* Keyboard, CRT, printer input-output

CHSNS (009CH) *1
Function: tests the status of the keyboard buffer
Input: none
Output: the Z flag is set when the buffer is empty, otherwise the
 Z flag is reset
Registers: AF

CHGET (009FH) *1
Function: one character input (waiting)
Input: none
Output: A for the code of the input character
Registers: AF

CHPUT (00A2H) *1
Function: displays the character
Input: A for the character code to be displayed
Output: none
Registers: none

LPTOUT (00A5H) *1
Function: sends one character to the printer
Input: A for the character code to be sent
Output: if failed, the CY flag is set
Registers: F

LPTSTT (00A8H) *1
Function: tests the printer status
Input: none
Output: when A is 255 and the Z flag is reset, the printer is READY.
when A is 0 and the Z flag is set, the printer is NOT READY.
Registers: AF

CNVCHR (00ABH) *1
Function: test for the graphic header and transforms the code
Input: A for the character code
Output: the CY flag is reset to not the graphic header
the CY flag and the Z flag are set to the transformed code
is set in A
the CY flag is set and the CY flag is reset to the
untransformed code is set in A
Registers: AF

PINLIN (00AEH) *1
Function: stores in the specified buffer the character codes input
until the return key or STOP key is pressed.
Input: none
Output: HL for the starting address of the buffer minus 1, the CY
flag is set only when it ends with the STOP key.
Registers: all

INLIN (00B1H) *1
Function: same as PINLIN except that AUTFLG (F6AAH) is set
Input: none
Output: HL for the starting address of the buffer minus 1, the CY
flag is set only when it ends with the STOP key.
 Registers: all

QINLIN (00B4H) *1
Function: executes INLIN with displaying "?" and one space
Input: none
Output: HL for the starting address of the buffer minus 1, the CY
flag is set only when it ends with the STOP key.
Registers: all

BREAKX (00B7H) *1
Function: tests Ctrl-STOP key. In this routine, interrupts are
inhibited.
Input: none
Output: the CY flag is set when pressed
Registers: AF

BEEP (00C0H) *3
Function: generates BEEP
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

CLS (00C3H) *3
Function: clears the screen
Input: set zero flag
Output: none
Registers: AF, BC, DE

POSIT (00C6H) *1
Function: moves the cursor
Input: H for the X-coordinate of the cursor, L for the Y-coordinate
Output: none
Registers: AF

FNKSB (00C9H) *1
Function: tests whether the function key display is active (FNKFLG).
If so, displays them, otherwise erases them.
Input: FNKFLG (FBCEH)
Output: none
Registers: all

ERAFNK (00CCH) *1
Function: erases the function key display
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

DSPFNK (00CFH) *2
Function: displays the function keys
Input: none
 Output: none
Registers: all

TOTEXT (00D2H) *1
Function: forces the screen to be in the text mode
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

* Game I/O access

GTSTCK (00D5H) *1
Function: returns the joystick status
Input: A for the joystick number to be tested
Output: A for the joystick direction
Registers: all

GTTRIG (00D8H) *1
Function: returns the trigger button status
Input: A for the trigger button number to be tested
Output: When A is 0, the trigger button is not being pressed.
When A is FFH, the trigger button is being pressed.
Registers: AF

GTPAD (00DBH) *1
Function: returns the touch pad status
Input: A for the touch pad number to be tested
Output: A for the value
Registers: all

GTPDL (00DEH) *2
Function: returns the paddle value
Input: A for the paddle number
Output: A for the value
Registers: all

* Cassette input-output routine

TAPION (00E1H) *1
Function: reads the header block after turning the cassette motor ON.
Input: none
Output: if failed, the CY flag is set
Registers: all

TAPIN (00E4H) *1
Function: reads data from the tape
Input: none
 Output: A for data. If failed, the CY flag is set.
Registers: all

TAPIOF (00E7H) *1
Function: stops reading the tape
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: none

TAPOON (00EAH) *1
Function: writes the header block after turning the cassette motor ON
Input: A = 0, short header; A <> 0, long header
Output: if failed, the CY flag is set
Registers: all

TAPOUT (00EDH) *1
Function: writes data on the tape
Input: A for data
Output: if failed, the CY flag is set
Registers: all

TAPOOF (00F0H) *1
Function: stops writing to the tape
Input: A for data
Output: if failed, the CY flag is set
Registers: all

STMOTR (00F3H) *1
Function: sets the cassette motor action
Input: A = 0 -> stop
A = 1 -> start
A = 0FFH -> reverse the current action
Output: none
Registers: AF

* Miscellaneous

CHGCAP (0132H) *1
Function: alternates the CAP lamp status
Input: A = 0 -> lamp off
A <>0 -> lamp on
Output: none
Registers: AF

CHGSND (0135H) *1
Function: alternates the 1-bit sound port status
Input: A = 0 -> OFF
A <>0 -> ON
Output: none
 Registers: AF

RSLREG (0138H) *1
Function: reads the contents of current output to the basic slot
register
Input: none
Output: A for the value which was read
Registers: A

WSLREG (013BH) *1
Function: writes to the primary slot register
Input: A for the value to be written
Output: none
Registers: none

RDVDP (013EH) *1
Function: reads VDP status register
Input: none
Output: A for the value which was read
Registers: A

SNSMAT (0141H) *1
Function: reads the value of the specified line from the keyboard
matrix
Input: A for the specified line
Output: A for data (the bit corresponding to the pressed key will
be 0)
Registers: AF, C

PHYDIO (0144H)
Function: Physical input/output for disk devices
Input: A for the drive number (0 = A:, 1 = B:,...)
B for the number of sector to be read from or written to
C for the media ID
DE for the first sector number to be read rom or written to
HL for the startinga address of the RAM buffer to be
read from or written to specified sectors
CY set for sector writing; reset for sector reading
Output: CY set if failed
B for the number of sectors actually read or written
A for the error code (only if CY set):
0 = Write protected
2 = Not ready
4 = Data error
6 = Seek error
8 = Record not found
10 = Write error
12 = Bad parameter
14 = Out of memory
16 = Other error
Registers: all
ISFLIO (014AH) *1
Function: tests whether the device is active
Input: none
Output: A = 0 -> active
A <>0 -> inactive
Registers: AF

OUTDLP (014DH) *1
Function: printer output.Different from LPTOUT in the following points:
1. TAB is expanded to spaces
2. For non-MSX printers, hiragana is transformed to
katakana and graphic characters are transformed to
1-byte characters.
3. If failed, device I/O error occurs.
Input: A for data
Output: none
Registers: F

KILBUF (0156H) *1
Function: clears the keyboard buffer
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: HL

CALBAS (0159H) *1
Function: executes inter-slot call to the routine in BASIC interpreter
Input: IX for the calling address
Output: depends on the called routine
Registers: depends on the called routine

* Entries appended for MSX2

SUBROM (015CH)
Function: executes inter-slot call to SUB-ROM
Input: IX for the calling address and, at the same time, pushes IX
on the stack
Output: depends on the called routine
Registers: background registers and IY are reserved

EXTROM (015FH)
Function: executes inter-slot call to SUB-ROM
Input: IX for the calling address
Output: depends on the called routine
Registers: background registers and IY are reserved

EOL (0168H)
Function: deletes to the end of the line
Input: H for X-coordinate of the cursor, L for Y-coordinate
Output: none
Registers: all
BIGFIL (016BH)
Function: same function as FILVRM. Differences are as follows:
In FILVRM, it is tested whether the screen mode is 0 to 3.
If so, it treats VDP as the one which has only 16K bytes
VRAM (for the compatibility with MSX1). In BIGFIL, the
mode is not tested and actions are carried out by the
given parameters.
Input: same as FILVRM
Output: same as FILVRM
Registers: same as FILVRM

NSETRD (016EH)
Function: enables VRAM to be read by setting the address
Input: HL for VRAM address
Output: none
Registers: AF

NSTWRT (0171H)
Function: enables VRAM to be written by setting the address
Input: HL for VRAM address
Output: none
Registers: AF

NRDVRM (0174H)
Function: reads the contents of VRAM
Input: HL for VRAM address to be read
Output: A for the value which was read
Registers: F

NWRVRM (0177H)
Function: writes data in VRAM
Input: HL for VRAM address, A for data
Output: none
Registers: AF

SUB-ROM
-----------------------------------------------------------------

The calling sequence of SUB-ROM is as follows:

.
.
.
LD IX, INIPLT
; Set BIOS entry address
CALL EXTROM
; Returns here
.
.
.
When the contents of IX should not be destroyed, use the call as shown below.

.
.
.
INIPAL: PUSH IX
; Save IX
LD IX, INIPLT
; Set BIOS entry address
JP SUBROM
;Returns caller of INIPAL
.
.
.

GRPRT (0089H)
Function: one character output to the graphic screen (active only in
screen modes 5 to 8)
Input: A for the character code
Output: none
Registers: none

NVBXLN (00C9H)
Function: draws a box
Input: start point: BC for X-coordinate, DE for Y-coordinate
end point: GXPOS (FCB3H) for X-coordinate
GYPOS (FCB5H) for Y-coordinate
colour: ATRBYT (F3F3H) for the attribute
logical operation code: LOGOPR (FB02H)
Output: none
Registers: all

NVBXFL (00CDH)
Function: draws a painted box
Input: start point: BC for X-coordinate, DE for Y-coordinate
end point: GXPOS (FCB3H) for X-coordinate
GYPOS (FCB5H) for Y-coordinate
colour: ATRBYT (F3F3H) for the attribute
logical operation code: LOGOPR (FB02H)
Output: none
Registers: all

CHGMOD (00D1H)
Function: changes the screen mode
Input: A for the screen mode (0 to 8)
Output: none
Registers: all

INITXT (00D5H)
Function: initialises the screen to TEXT1 mode (40 x 24)
Input: TXTNAM (F3B3H) for the pattern name table
TXTCGP (F3B7H) for the pattern generator table
 LINL40 (F3AEH) for the length of one line
Output: none
Registers: all

INIT32 (00D9H)
Function: initialises the screen to GRAPHIC1 mode (32x24)
Input: T32NAM (F3BDH) for the pattern name table
T32COL (F3BFH) for the colour table
T32CGP (F3C1H) for the pattern generator table
T32ATR (F3C3H) for the sprite attribute table
T32PAT (F3C5H) for the sprite generator table
Output: none
Registers: all

INIGRP (00DDH)
Function: initialises the screen to the high-resolution graphics mode
Input: GRPNAM (F3C7H) for the pattern name table
GRPCOL (F3C9H) for the colour table
GRPCGP (F3CBH) for the pattern generator table
GRPATR (F3CDH) for the sprite attribute table
GRPPAT (F3CFH) for the sprite generator table
Output: none
Registers: all

INIMLT (00E1H)
Function: initialises the screen to MULTI colour mode
Input: MLTNAM (F3D1H) for the pattern name table
MLTCOL (F3D3H) for the colour table
MLTCGP (F3D5H) for the pattern generator table
MLTATR (F3D7H) for the sprite attribute table
MLTPAT (F3D9H) for the sprite generator table
Output: none
Registers: all

SETTXT (00E5H)
Function: sets VDP in the text mode (40x24)
Input: same as INITXT
Output: none
Registers: all

SETT32 (00E9H)
Function: ses VDP in the text mode (32x24)
Input: same as INIT32
Output: none
Registers: all

SETGRP (00EDH)
Function: sets VDP in the high-resolution mode
Input: same as INIGRP
Output: none
Registers: all
SETMLT (00F1H)
Function: sets VDP in MULTI COLOUR mode
Input: same as INIMLT
Output: none
Registers: all

CLRSPR (00F5H)
Function: initialises all sprites. The sprite pattern is set to null,
sprite number to sprite plane number, and sprite colour to
the foregtound colour. The vertical location of the sprite
is set to 217.
Input: SCRMOD (FCAFH) for the screen mode
Output: none
Registers: all

CALPAT (00F9H)
Funtion: returns the address of the sprite generator table
(this routine is the same as CALPAT in MAIN-ROM)
Input: A for the sprite number
Output: HL for the address
Registers: AF, DE, HL

CALATR (00FDH)
Function: returns the address of the sprite attribute table
(this routine is the same as CALATR in MAIN-ROM)
Input: A for the sprite number
Output: HL for the address
Registers: AF, DE, HL

GSPSIZ (0101H)
Function: returns the current sprite size
(this routine is the same as GSPSIZ in MAIN-ROM)
Input: none
Output: A for the sprite size. The CY flag is set only for the size
16 x 16.
Registers: AF

GETPAT (0105H)
Function: returns the character pattern
Input: A for the character code
Output: PATWRK (FC40H) for the character pattern
Registers: all

WRTVRM (0109H)
Function: writes data in VRAM
Input: HL for VRAM address (0 TO FFFFH), A for data
Output: none
Registers: AF

RDVRM (010DH)
 Function: reads the contents of VRAM
Input: HL for VRAM address (0 TO FFFFH) to be read
Output: A for the value which was read
Registers: AF

CHGCLR (0111H)
Function: changes the screen colour
Input: A for the mode
FORCLR (F3E9H) for the foreground color
BAKCLR (F3EAH) for the background color
BDRCLR (F3EBH) for the border colour
Output: none
Registers: all

CLSSUB (0115H)
Function: clears the screen
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

DSPFNK (011DH)
Function: displays the function keys
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

WRTVDP (012DH)
Function: writes data in the VDP register
Input: C for the register number, B for data
Output: none
Registers: AF, BC

VDPSTA (0131H)
Function: reads the VDP register
Input: A for the register number (0 to 9)
Output: A for data
Registers: F

SETPAG (013DH)
Function: switches the page
Input: DPPAGE (FAF5H) for the display page number
ACPAGE (FAF6H) for the active page number
Output: none
Registers: AF

INIPLT (0141H)
Function: initialises the palette(the current palette is saved in VRAM)
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: AF, BC, DE
RSTPLT (0145H)
Function: restores the palette from VRAM
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: AF, BC, DE

GETPLT (0149H)
Function: obtains the colour code from the palette
Input: D for the palette number (0 to 15)
Output: 4 high order bits of B for red code
4 low order bits of B for blue code
4 low order bits of C for green code
Registers: AF, DE

SETPLT (014DH)
Function: sets the colour code to the palette
Input: D for the palette number (0 to 15)
4 high order bits of A for red code
4 low order bits of A for blue code
4 low order bits of E for green code
Output: none
Registers: AF

BEEP (017DH)
Function: generates BEEP
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

PROMPT (0181H)
Function: displays the prompt
Input: none
Output: none
Registers: all

NEWPAD (01ADH)
Function: reads the status of mouse or light pen
Input: call with setting the following data in A;
descriptions in parenthesis are return values.
8 .......... light pen check (valid at 0FFH)
9 .......... returns X-coordinate
10 .......... returns Y-coordinate
11 .......... returns the light pen switch status
(0FFH, when pressed)
12 .......... whether the mouse is connected to the
port 1 (valid at 0FFH)
13 .......... returns the offset in X direction
14 .......... returns the offset in Y direction
15 .......... (always 0)
16 .......... whether the mouse is connected to the
port 2 (valid at 0FFH)
17 .......... returns the offset in X direction
 18 .......... returns the offset in Y direction
19 .......... (always 0)
Output: A
Registers: all

CHGMDP (01B5H)
Function: changes VDP mode. The palette is initialised.
Input: A for the screen mode (0 to 8)
Output: none
Registers: all

KNJPRT (01BDH)
Function: sends a kanki to the graphic screen (modes 5 to 8)
Input: BC for JIS kanji code, A for the display mode. The display
mode has the following meaning, similar to the PUT KANJI
command of BASIC.
0 .......... display in 16 x 16 dot
1 .......... display even dots
2 .......... display odd dots

REDCLK (01F5H)
Function: reads the clock data
Input: C for RAM address of the clock

00MMAAAA
------
||++++--- Address (0 to 15)
++------- Mode (0 to 3)
Output: A for the data which were read (only 4 low order bits are
valid)
Registers: F

WRTCLK (01F9H)
Function: writes the clock data
Input: A for the data to be written, C for RAM address of the clock
Output: none
Registers: F

=============================================================================

Changes from the original in APPENDIX 2:

- In the explanation before Figure A.3, the indication about the excess 64
method has been added.

- In Figure A.3, in the third byte, "63rd power of 10" has been corrected to
"-63rd power of 10".

- In the explanation before Figure A.3, the indication about the excess 64
method has been added.

- In Figure A.3, in the third byte, "63rd power of 10" has been corrected to
"-63rd power of 10".
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

APPENDIX 2 - MATH-PACK

The Math-Pack is the core for the mathematical routines of MSX-BASIC and, by
calling these routines from an assembly language program, floating-point
operations and trigonometrical functions are available.

Any operations involving real numbers in Math-Pack are done in BCD (Binary
Coded Decimal). There are two ways of expressing a real number, "single
precision" and "double precision"; a single precision real number (6 digits)
is expressed by 4 bytes and a double precision real number (14 digits) by 8
bytes (see Figure A.1 and Figure A.2).

Figure A.1 BCD format for expressing real numbers

MSB 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 LSB
--- --- -------------------------------------------------
^ ^ |sign | exponent | 0
| | -------------------------------------------------
| | -------------------------------------------------
| | | mantissa 1st place | mantissa 2nd place | 1
| single -------------------------------------------------
| precision -------------------------------------------------
| | | mantissa 3rd place | mantissa 4th place | 2
| | -------------------------------------------------
| | -------------------------------------------------
| V | mantissa 5th place | mantissa 6th place | 3
double --- -------------------------------------------------
precision -------------------------------------------------
| | mantissa 7th place | mantissa 8th place | 4
| -------------------------------------------------
| -------------------------------------------------
| | mantissa 9th place | mantissa 10th place | 5
| -------------------------------------------------
| -------------------------------------------------
| | mantissa 11th place | mantissa 12th place | 6
| -------------------------------------------------
| -------------------------------------------------
V | mantissa 13th place | mantissa 14th place | 7
--- -------------------------------------------------

Figure A.2 Examples of expressions for real numbers

Example of the single precision expression

123456 --> 0.123456 E+6

1 2 3 4
-------------------------
DAC | 46 | 12 | 34 | 56 |
-------------------------

Example of the double precision expression

 123456.78901234 --> 0.12345678901234 E+6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-------------------------------------------------
DAC | 46 | 12 | 34 | 56 | 78 | 90 | 12 | 34 |
-------------------------------------------------

A real number consists of a sign, an exponent, and a mantissa. The sign

represents the sign of the mantissa; 0 for positive, 1 for negative. The
exponent is a binary expression and can be expressed as a power from +63 to
-63, with an excess of 64 (see Figure A.3). Figure A.4 shows the valid range
of double precision real numbers.

Figure A.3 Exponent format

|sign |<--------------- exponent -------------->| meaning

-------------------------------------------------
| 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | ..... 0
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
| 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | ..... undefined (-0?)
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
| x | 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | ..... -63rd power of 10
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
| x | 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 | ..... 0th power of 10
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
| x | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | ..... +63rd power of 10
-------------------------------------------------

Note: "x" is 1 or 0, both of which are allowed.

Figure A.4 Valid range for double precision real numbers

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 (byte)
-------------------------------------------------
DAC | FF | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | -0.99999999999999 E+63
-------------------------------------------------
.
.
.
-------------------------------------------------
| 81 | 10 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | -0.10000000000000 E-63
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
| 00 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
| 01 | 10 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | +0.10000000000000 E-63
-------------------------------------------------
.
.
 .
-------------------------------------------------
| 7F | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | +0.99999999999999 E+63
-------------------------------------------------

In Math-Pack, the memory is predefined for operation. This memory area is

called "DAC (Decimal ACumulator (F7F6H)" and the area which reserves the
numerical value to be operated is called "ARG (F847H)". For example, in
multiplication, the product of the numbers in DAC and ARG is calculated and
the result is returned in the DAC.

In the DAC, single precision real numbers, double precision real numbers, and
two-byte integers can be stored. In order to distinguish them, "VALTYP
(F663H)" is used and its value is 4 for single precision real numbers, 8 for
double precision real numbers, and 2 for two-byte integers.

Single and double precision numbers must be stored from the top of the DAC.
For two-byte integers, the low and high bytes should be stored in DAC + 2 and
DAC + 3.

Since Math-Pack is an internal routine of BASIC, when an error occurs (such

as division by 0 or overflow), control automatically jumps to the
corresponding error routine, then returns to BASIC command level. To prevent
this, change H.ERRO (FFB1H).

* Math-Pack work area

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Size | Meaning |
|-----------+-----------+--------+------------------------------------------|
| VALTYP | F663H | 1 | format of the number in DAC |
| DAC | F7F6H | 16 | floating point accumulator in BCD format |
| ARG | F847H | 16 | argument of DAC |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

* Math-Pack entry

Basic operation

-------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Function |
|-----------+-----------+-----------------------|
| DECSUB | 268CH | DAC <-- DAC - ARG |
| DECADD | 269AH | DAC <-- DAC + ARG |
| DECNRM | 26FAH | normalises DAC (*1) |
| DECROU | 273CH | rounds DAC |
| DECMUL | 27E6H | DAC <-- DAC * ARG |
| DECDIV | 289FH | DAC <-- DAC / ARG |
-------------------------------------------------

Note: These operations treat numbers in DAC and ARG as the double precision
number. Registers are not preserved.
*1 Excessive zeros in mantissa are removed. (0.00123 --> 0.123 E-2)
Function 1

----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Function | Register modified |
|-----------+-----------+----------------------+---------------------|
| COS | 2993H | DAC <-- COS(DAC) | all |
| SIN | 29ACH | DAC <-- SIN(DAC) | all |
| TAN | 29FBH | DAC <-- TAN(DAC) | all |
| ATN | 2A14H | DAC <-- ATN(DAC) | all |
| LOG | 2A72H | DAC <-- LOG(DAC) | all |
| SQR | 2AFFH | DAC <-- SQR(DAC) | all |
| EXP | 2B4AH | DAC <-- EXP(DAC) | all |
| RND | 2BDFH | DAC <-- RND(DAC) | all |
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: These processing routines all have the same function names as those in
BASIC. "All" registers are A, B, C, D, E, H, and L.

Function 2

----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Function | Register modified |
|-----------+-----------+----------------------+---------------------|
| SIGN | 2E71H | A <-- sign of DAC | A |
| ABSFN | 2E82H | DAC <-- ABS(DAC) | all |
| NEG | 2E8DH | DAC <-- NEG(DAC) | A,HL |
| SGN | 2E97H | DAC <-- SGN(DAC) | A,HL |
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: Except for SIGN, these processing routines all have the same function
names as those in BASIC. Registers are A, B, C, D, E, H, and L.
Note that for SGN, the result is represented as a 2-byte integer.

Movement

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Function | Object | Reg. mod. |
|-----------+-----------+---------------------+--------------+-------------|
| MAF | 2C4DH | ARG <-- DAC | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| MAM | 2C50H | ARG <-- (HL) | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| MOV8DH | 2C53H | (DE) <-- (HL) | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| MFA | 2C59H | DAC <-- ARG | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| MFM | 2C5CH | DAC <-- (HL) | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| MMF | 2C67H | (HL) <-- DAC | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| MOV8HD | 2C6AH | (HL) <-- (DE) | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| XTF | 2C6FH | (SP) <--> DAC | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| PHA | 2CC7H | ARG <-- (SP) | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| PHF | 2CCCH | DAC <-- (SP) | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| PPA | 2CDCH | (SP) <-- ARG | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| PPF | 2CE1H | (SP) <-- DAC | double prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| PUSHF | 2EB1H | DAC <-- (SP) | single prec. | D,E |
| MOVFM | 2EBEH | DAC <-- (HL) | single prec. | B,C,D,E,H,L |
| MOVFR | 2EC1H | DAC <-- (CBED) | single prec. | D,E |
| MOVRF | 2ECCH | (CBED) <-- DAC | single prec. | B,C,D,E,H,L |
| MOVRMI | 2ED6H | (CBED) <-- (HL) | single prec. | B,C,D,E,H,L |
| MOVRM | 2EDFH | (BCDE) <-- (HL) | single prec. | B,C,D,E,H,L |
| MOVMF | 2EE8H | (HL) <-- DAC | single prec. | A,B,D,E,H,L |
| MOVE | 2EEBH | (HL) <-- (DE) | single prec. | B,C,D,E,H,L |
| VMOVAM | 2EEFH | ARG <-- (HL) | VALTYP | B,C,D,E,H,L |
| MOVVFM | 2EF2H | (DE) <-- (HL) | VALTYP | B,C,D,E,H,L |
| VMOVE | 2EF3H | (HL) <-- (DE) | VALTYP | B,C,D,E,H,L |
| VMOVFA | 2F05H | DAC <-- ARG | VALTYP | B,C,D,E,H,L |
| VMOVFM | 2F08H | DAC <-- (HL) | VALTYP | B,C,D,E,H,L |
| VMOVAF | 2F0DH | ARG <-- DAC | VALTYP | B,C,D,E,H,L |
| VMOVMF | 2F10H | (HL) <-- DAC | VALTYP | B,C,D,E,H,L |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: (HL), (DE) means the values in memory pointed to by HL or DE. Four
register names in the parentheses are the single precision real numbers
which indicate (sign + exponent), (mantissa 1st and 2nd places),
(mantissa 3th and 4th places), (mantissa 5th and 6th places) from left
to right. Where the object is VALTYP, the movement (2, 4, 8 bytes) is
according to the type indicated in VALTYP (F663H).

Comparison

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Object | Left | Right |Reg. mod.|
|-----------+-----------+--------------------------+------+-------+---------|
| FCOMP | 2F21H | single prec. real number | CBED | DAC | HL |
| ICOMP | 2F4DH | 2-byte integer | DE | HL | HL |
| XDCOMP | 2F5CH | double prec. real number | ARG | DAC | all |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: Results will be in A register. Meanings of A register are:

A = 1 --> left < right

A = 0 --> left = right
A = -1 --> left > right

In the comparison of single precision real numbers, CBED means that

each register has single precision (sign + exponent),
(mantissa 1st and 2nd places), (mantissa 3th and 4th places), and
(mantissa 5th and 6th places).

Floating-point input/output

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Function |
|-----------+-----------+---------------------------------------------------|
| FIN | 3299H | Stores a string representing the floating-point |
| | | number in DAC, converting it in real. |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Entry condition HL <-- Starting address of the string |
| A <-- First character of the string |
| Return condition DAC <-- Real number |
| C <-- FFH: without a decimal point |
| 0: with a decimal point |
| B <-- Number of places after the decimal point |
| D <-- Number of digits |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Function |
|-----------+-----------+---------------------------------------------------|
| FOUT | 3425H | Converts the real number in DAC to the string |
| | | (unformatted) |
| PUFOUT | 3426H | Converts the real number in DAC to the string |
| | | (formatted) |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Entry condition A <-- format |
| bit 7 0: unformatted 1: formatted |
| bit 6 0: without commas 1: with commas every three digits |
| bit 5 0: meaningless 1: leading spaces are padded with "." |
| bit 4 0: meaningless 1: "$" is added before the numerical value |
| bit 3 0: meaningless 1: "+" is added even for positive values |
| bit 2 0: meaningless 1: the sign comes after the value |
| bit 1 unused |
| bit 0: 0: fixed point 1: floating-point |
| B <-- number of digits before and not including the decimal point |
| C <-- number of digits after and including the decimal point |
| Return condition HL <-- starting address of the string |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Function |
|-----------+-----------+---------------------------------------------------|
| FOUTB | 371AH | Converts 2-byte integer in DAC+2, 3 to a |
| | | binary expression string. |
| FOUTO | 371EH | Converts 2-byte integer in DAC+2, 3 to an |
| | | octal expression string. |
| FOUTH | 3722H | Converts 2-byte integer in DAC+2, 3 to a |
| | | hexadecimal expression string. |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Entry condition DAC + 2 <-- 2-byte integer |
| VALTYP <-- 2 |
| Return condition HL <-- starting address of the string |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: no strings are reserved. The starting address of the string in the
output routine is normally in FBUFFR (from F7C5H). In some cases it
may differ slightly. For the integer in DAC + 2, VALTYP (F663H) must
be 2, even in cases other than FOUTB, FOUTO and FOUTH.

Type conversion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Function |
|-----------+-----------+---------------------------------------------------|
| FRCINT | 2F8AH | Converts DAC to a 2-byte integer (DAC + 2, 3) |
| FRCSNG | 2FB2H | Converts DAC to a single precision real number |
| FRCDBL | 303AH | Converts DAC to a double precision real number |
| FIXER | 30BEH | DAC <-- SGN(DAC) * INT(ABS(DAC)) |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: after execution, VALTYP (F663H) will contain the number (2, 4 or 8)
representing DAC type. No registers are reserved.
Integer operation

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Function | Registers modified |
|-----------+-----------+----------------------+----------------------|
| UMULT | 314AH | DE <-- BC * DE | A, B, C, D, E |
| ISUB | 3167H | HL <-- DE - HL | all |
| IADD | 3172H | HL <-- DE + HL | all |
| IMULT | 3193H | HL <-- DE * HL | all |
| IDIV | 31E6H | HL <-- DE / HL | all |
| IMOD | 323AH | HL <-- DE mod HL | alle |
| | | (DE <-- DE/HL) | |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Power

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Label | Address | Function | Base | Exp. | Result |
|-----------+-----------+----------------------------+------+------+--------|
| SGNEXP | 37C8H | power of single-prec. real | DAC | ARG | DAC |
| DBLEXP | 37D7H | power of double-prec. real | DAC | ARG | DAC |
| INTEXP | 383FH | power of 2-byte integer | DE | HL | DAC |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: No registers are reserved.

=============================================================================

Changes from the original in APPENDIX 3:

none

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

APPENDIX 3 - BIT BLOCK TRANSFER

The bit block transfer corresponds to the COPY command in BASIC and is used
to transfer data from RAM, VRAM, and the disk. It is easily executed by the
routine in expansion ROM and available from the assembly language program.
Since it is in expansion ROM, use SUBROM or EXTROM of BIOS for this routine.

1. Transferring in VRAM

* BLTVV (0191H/SUB)

Function: transfers data in VRAM area

Input: HL register <-- F562H

The following parameters should be set:

* SX (F562H, 2) X-coordinate of the source

* SY (F564H, 2) Y-coordinate of the source
* DX (F566H, 2) X-coordinate of the destination
 * DY (F568H, 2) Y-coordinate of the destination
* NX (F56AH, 2) number of dots in the X direction
* NY (F56CH, 2) number of dots in the Y direction
* CDUMMY (F56EH, 1) dummy (not required to be set)
* ARG (F56FH, 1) selects the direction and expansion
RAM (same as VDP R#45)
* LOGOP (F570H, 1) logical operation code (same as the
logical operation code of VDP)

Output: the CY flag is reset

Registers: all

2. Transferring data between RAM and VRAM

To use the routines below, the following memory space should be allocated as
graphic area for screen modes.

* screen mode 6
number of dots in X direction times number of dots in Y direction/4 + 4

* screen mode 5 or 7
number of dots in X direction times number of dots in Y direction/2 + 4

* screen mode 8
number of dots in X direction times number of dots in Y direction/2 + 4

Note to raise fractions.

For disk or RAM, data to indicate the size is added as the array data. The
first two bytes of data indicate the number of dots in X direction; the next
two bytes indicate the number of dots in the Y direction.

* BLTVM (0195H/SUB)

Function: transfers the array to VRAM

Input: HL register <-- F562H

The following parameters should be set:

* DPTR (F562H, 2) source address of memory

* DUMMY (F564H, 2) dummy (not required to be set)
* DX (F566H, 2) X-coordinate of the destination
* DY (F568H, 2) Y-coordinate of the destination
* NX (F56AH, 2) number of dots in the X direction
(not required to be set; this is
already in the top of data to be
transferred)
* NY (F56CH, 2) number of dots in the Y direction
(not required to be set; this is
already in the top of data to be
transferred)
* CDUMMY (F56EH, 1) dummy (not required to be set)
* ARG (F56FH, 1) selects the direction and expansion
RAM (same as VDP R#45)
 * LOGOP (F570H, 1) logical operation code (same as the
logical operation code of VDP)

Output: the CY flag is set when the number of data bytes to be

transferred is incorrect

Registers: all

* BLTMV (0199H/SUB)

Function: transfers to the array from VRAM

Input: HL register <-- F562H

The following parameters should be set:

* SX (F562H, 2) X-coordinate of the source

* SY (F564H, 2) Y-coordinate of the source
* DPTR (F566H, 2) destination address of memory
* DUMMY (F568H, 2) dummy (not required to be set)
* NX (F56AH, 2) number of dots in the X direction
* NY (F56CH, 2) number of dots in the Y direction
* CDUMMY (F56EH, 1) dummy (not required to be set)
* ARG (F56FH, 1) selects the direction and expansion
RAM (same as VDP R#45)

Output: the CY flag is reset

Registers: all

3. Transferring between the disk and RAM or VRAM

The filename should be set first to use the disk (specify the filename as
BASIC). The following is an example:

.
.
.
LD HL,FNAME ; Get pointer to file name
LD (FNPTR),HL ; Set it to parameter area
.
.
.
FNAME: DB 22H,"B:TEST.PIC",22H,0 ; "TEST.PIC", end mark

When an error occurs, control jumps to the error handler of the BASIC
interpreter. Set the hook to handle the error in the user program or to call
this routine from MSX-DOS or a ROM cartridge. This hook is H.ERRO (FFB1H).

* BLTVD (019DH/SUB)

Function: transfers from disk to VRAM

Input: HL register <-- F562H

The following parameters should be set:
 * FNPTR (F562H, 2) address of the filename
* DUMMY (F564H, 2) dummy (not required to be set)
* DX (F566H, 2) X-coordinate of the destination
* DY (F568H, 2) Y-coordinate of the destination
* NX (F56AH, 2) number of dots in the X direction
(not required to be set; this is
already in the top of data to be
transferred)
* NY (F56CH, 2) number of dots in the Y direction
(not required to be set; this is
already in the top of data to be
transferred)
* CDUMMY (F56EH, 1) dummy (not required to be set)
* ARG (F56FH, 1) selects the direction and expansion
RAM (same as VDP R#45)
* LOGOP (F570H, 1) logical operation code (same as the
logical operation code of VDP)

Output: the CY flag is set when there is an error in the parameter

Registers: all

* BLTDV (01A1H/SUB)

Function: transfers from VRAM to disk

Input: HL register <-- F562H

The following parameters should be set:

* SX (F562H, 2) X-coordinate of the source

* SY (F564H, 2) Y-coordinate of the source
* FNPTR (F566H, 2) address of the filename
* DUMMY (F568H, 2) dummy (not required to be set)
* NX (F56AH, 2) number of dots in the X direction
* NY (F56CH, 2) number of dots in the Y direction
* CDUMMY (F56EH, 1) dummy (not required to be set)

Output: the CY flag is reset

Registers: all

* BLTMD (01A5H/SUB)

Function: loads array data from disk

Input: HL register <-- F562H

The following parameters should be set:

* FNPTR (F562H, 2) address of the filename

* SY (F564H, 2) dummy (not required to be set)
* SPTR (F566H, 2) the starting address for loading
* EPTR (F568H, 2) the end address for loading

Output: the CY flag is reset

Registers: all
* BLTDM (01A9H/SUB)

Function: saves array data to disk

Input: HL register <-- F562H

The following parameters should be set:

* SPTR (F562H, 2) the starting address for saving

* EPTR (F564H, 2) the end address for saving
* FNPTR (F566H, 2) address of the filename

Output: the CY flag is reset

Registers: all

=============================================================================

Changes from the original in APPENDIX 4:

- Address of FLAGS variable is corrected from FB1BH to FB1CH.

- Address of MCLLEN variable is corrected from FB39H to FB3BH.

- Address of H.FIEL hook is corrected from DE2BH to FE2BH.

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

APPENDIX 4 - WORK AREA LISTING

Figure A.5 shows the map of the MSX2 work area. In this section, the system
work area and hook from F380H to FFCAH in the figure are described. The
following notation is used. Length is in bytes.

Label name (address, length)

Initial value, contents, purpose

Figure A.5 Work area

FFFF ---------------------------
| slot selection register |
FFFC |-------------------------|
| reserved |
FFF8 |-------------------------|
FFF7 | MAIN-ROM slot address |
|-------------------------|
| register reservation |
| area for new |
FFE7 | VDP (9938) |
|-------------------------|
| program for |
FFCA | expansion BIOS calls |
|-------------------------|
 | |
| hook area |
FD9A | |
|-------------------------|
| |
| system work area |
F380 | |
---------------------------

* Subroutines for read/write calls of the inter-slot

RDPRIM (F380H, 5)
contents: read from basic slot

WRPRIM (F385H, 7)
contents: write to basic slot

CLPRIM (F38CH, 14)

contents: basic slot call

* Starting address of assembly language program of USR function, text screen

USRTAB (F39AH, 20)

initial value: FCERR
contents: starting address of assembly language program of USR function
(0 to 9); the value before defining assembly language program
points to FCERR (475AH).

LINL40 (F3AEH, 1)
initial value: 39
contents: screen width per line at SCREEN 0 (set by WIDTH statement
at SCREEN 0)

LINL32 (F3AfH, 1)
initial value: 32
contents: screen width per line at SCREEN 1 (set by WIDTH statement
at SCREEN 1)

LINLEN (F3B0H, 1)
initial value: 29
contents: current screen width per line

CRTCNT (F3B1H, 1)
initial value: 24
contents: number of lines of current screen
CLMLST (F3B2H, 1)
initial value: 14
contents: horizontal location in the case that items are divided by
commas in PRINT statement

* Work for initialisation

- SCREEN 0

TXTNAM (F3B3H, 2)
initial value: 0000H
contents: pattern name table

TXTCOL (F3B5H, 2)
contents: unused

TXTCGP (F3B7H, 2)
initial value: 0800H
contents: pattern generator table

TXTATR (F3B9H, 2)
contents: unused

TXTPAT (F3BBH, 2)
contents: unused

- SCREEN 1

T32NAM (F3BDH, 2)
initial value: 1800H
contents: pattern name table

T32COL (F3BFH, 2)
initial value: 2000H
contents: colour table

T32CGP (F3C1H, 2)
initial value: 0000H
contents: pattern generator table

T32ATR (F3C3H, 2)
initial value: 1B00H
contents: sprite attribute table
T32PAT (F3C5H, 2)
initial value: 3800H
contents: sprite generator table

- SCREEN 2

GRPNAM (F3C7H, 2)
initial value: 1800H
contents: pattern name table

GRPCOL (F3C9H, 2)
initial value: 2000H
contents: colour table

GRPCGP (F3CBH, 2)
initial value: 0000H
contents: pattern generator table

GRPATR (F3CDH, 2)
initial value: 1B00H
contents: sprite attribute table

GRPPAT (F3CFH, 2)
initial value: 3800H
contents: sprite generator table

- SCREEN 3

MLTNAM (F3D1H, 2)
initial value: 0800H
contents: pattern name table

MLTCOL (F3D3H, 2)
contents: unused

MLTCGP (F3D5H, 2)
initial value: 0000H
contents: pattern generator table

MLTATR (F3D7H, 2)
initial value: 1B00H
contents: sprite attribute table

MLTPAT (F3D9H, 2)
initial value: 3800H
 contents: sprite generator table

* Other screen settings

CLIKSW (F3DBH, 1)
initial value: 1
contents: key click switch (0 = OFF, otherwise = ON), set by
<key click switch> of SCREEN statement

CSRY (F3DCH, 1)
initial value: 1
contents: Y-coordinate of cursor

CSRX (F3DDH, 1)
initial value: 1
contents: X-coordinate of cursor

CNSDFG (F3DEH, 1)
initial value: 0
contents: function key display switch (0 = display, otherwise = no
display), set by KEY ON/OFF statement

* Area to save VDP registers

RG0SAV (F3DFH, 1)
initial value: 0

RG1SAV (F3E0H, 1)
initial value: E0H

RG2SAV (F3E1H, 1)
initial value: 0

RG3SAV (F3E2H, 1)
initial value: 0

RG4SAV (F3E3H, 1)
initial value: 0

RG5SAV (F3E4H, 1)
initial value: 0

RG6SAV (F3E5H, 1)
 initial value: 0

RG7SAV (F3E6H, 1)
initial value: 0

STATFL (F3E7H, 1)
initial value: 0
contents: stores VDP status (contents of status register 0, in MSX2)

TRGFLG (F3E8H, 1)
initial value: FFH
contents: stores trigger button status of joystick

FORCLR (F3E9H, 1)
initial value: 15
contents: foreground colour; set by colour statement

BAKCLR (F3EAH, 1)
initial value: 4
contents: background colour; set by colour statement

BDRCLR (F3EBH, 1)
initial value: 7
contents: border colour; set by colour statement

MAXUPD (F3ECH, 3)
initial value: JP 0000H (C3H, 00H, 00H)
contents: used by CIRCLE statement internally

MINUPD (F3EFH, 3)
initial value: JP 0000H (C3H, 00H, 00H)
contents: used by CIRCLE statement internally

ATRBYT (F3F2H, 1)
initial value: 15
contents: colour code in using graphics

* Work area for PLAY statement

QUEUES (F3F3H, 2)
initial value: QUETAB (F959H)
contents: points to queue table at the execution of PLAY statement

FRCNEW (F3F5H), 1)
initial value: 255
 contents: used by BASIC interpreter internally

* Work area for key input

SCNCNT (F3F6H, 1)
initial value: 1
contents: interval for the key scan

REPCNT (F3F7H, 1)
initial value: 50
contents: delay until the auto-repeat of the key begins

PUTPNT (F3F8H, 2)
initial value: KEYBUF (FBF0H)
contents: points to address to write in the key buffer

GETPNT (F3FAH, 2)
initial value: KEYBUF (FBF0H)
contents: points to address to read from key buffer

* Parameters for Cassette

CS120 (F3FCH, 5*2)

- 1200 baud

contents: 83 (LOW01) ............ Low width representing bit 0

92 (HIGH01) ........... High width representing bit 0
38 (LOW11) ............ Low width representing bit 1
45 (HIGH11) ........... High width representing bit 1
HEADLEN * 2/256 ....... High bytes (HEDLEN = 2000)
of header bits for short
header

- 2400 baud

contents: 37 (LOW02) ............ Low width representing bit 0

45 (HIGH02) ........... High width representing bit 0
14 (LOW12) ............ Low width representing bit 1
22 (HIGH12) ........... High width representing bit 1
HEADLEN * 4/256 ....... High bytes (HEDLEN = 2000)
of header bits for short
header

LOW (F406H, 2)
initial value: LOW01, HIGH01 (by default, 1200 baud)
contents: width of LOW and HIGH which represents bit 0 of current baud
rate; set by <cassette baud rate> of SCREEN statement
HIGH (F408H, 2)
initial value: LOW11, HIGH11 (by default, 1200 baud)
contents: width of LOW and HIGH which represents bit 1 of current baud
rate; set by <cassette baud rate> of SCREEN statement

HEADER (F40AH, 1)
initial value: HEADLEN * 2/256 (by default, 1200 baud)
contents: header bit for the short header of current baud rate
(HEADLEN = 2000); set by <cassette baud rate> of SCREEN
statement

ASPCT1 (F40BH, 1)
contents: 256/aspect ratio; set by SCREEN statement to use in CIRCLE
statement

ASPCT2 (F40DH, 1)
contents: 256 * aspect ratio; set by SCREEN statement to use in CIRCLE
statement

ENDPRG (F40FH, 5)
initial value: ":"
contents: false end of program for RESUME NEXT statement

* Work used by BASIC internally

ERRFLG (F414H, 1)
contents: area to store the error number

LPTPOS (F415H, 1)
initial value: 0
contents: printer head location

PRTFLG (F416H, 1)
contents: flag whether to send to printer

NTMSXP (F417H, 1)
contents: printer (0 = printer for MSX, otherwise not)

RAWPRT (F418H, 1)
contents: non-zero when printing in raw-mode

VLZADR (F419H, 2)
contents: address of character to be replaced by VAL function
VLZDAT (F41BH, 1)
contents: character to be replaced with 0 by VAL function

CURLIN (F41CH, 2)
contents: currently executing line number of BASIC

KBUF (F41FH, 318)

contents: crunch buffer; translated into intermediate language from
BUF (F55EH)

BUFMIN (F55DH, 1)
initial value: ","
contents: used in INPUT statement

BUF (F55EH, 258)

contents: buffer to store characters typed; where direct statements
are stored in ASCII code

ENDBUF (F660H, 1)
contents: prevents overflow of BUF (F55EH)

TTYPOS (F661H, 1)
contents: virtual cursor location internally retained by BASIC

DIMFLG (F662H, 1)
contents: used by BASIC internally

VALTYP (F663H, 1)
contents: used to identify the type of variable

DORES (F664H, 1)
contents: indicates whether stored word can be crunched

DONUM (F665H, 1)
contents: flag for crunch

CONTXT (F666H, 2)
contents: stores text address used by CHRGET

CONSAV (F668H, 1)
contents: stores token of constant after calling CHRGET

CONTYP (F669H, 1)
contents: type of stored constant
CONLO (F66AH, 8)
contents: value of stored constant

MEMSIZ (F672H, 2)
contents: highest address of memory used by BASIC

STKTOP (F674H, 2)
contents: address used as stack by BASIC; depending on CLEAR statement

TXTTAB (F676H, 2)
contents: starting address of BASIC text area

TEMPPT (F768H, 2)
initial value: TEMPST (F67AH)
contents: starting address of unused area of temporary descriptor

TEMPST (F67AH, 3 * NUMTMP)

contents: area for NUMTEMP

DSCTMP (F698H, 3)
contents: string descriptor which is the result of string function

FRETOP (F69BH, 2)
contents: starting address of unused area of string area

TEMP3 (F69DH, 2)
contents: used for garbage collection or by USR function

TEMP8 (F69FH, 2)
contents: for garbage collection

ENDFOR (F6A1H, 2)
contents: stores next address of FOR statement (to begin execution from
the next of FOR statement at loops)

DATLIN (F6A3H, 2)
contents: line number of DATA statement read by READ statement

SUBFLG (F6A5H, 1)
contents: flag for array for USR function

FLGINP (F6A6H, 1)
contents: flag used in INPUT or READ
TEMP (F6A7H, 2)
contents: location for temporary reservation for statement code; used
for variable pointer, text address, and others

PTRFLG (F6A9H, 1)
contents: 0 if there is not a line number to be converted,otherwise not

AUTFLG (F6AAH, 1)
contents: flag for AUTO command validity (non-zero = valid, otherwise
invalid)

AUTLIN (F6ABH, 2)
contents: last input line number

AUTINC (F6ADH, 2)
initial value: 10
contents: increment value of line number of AUTO command

SAVTXT (F6AFH, 2)
contents: area to store address of currently executing text; mainly
used for error recovery by RESUME statement

ERRLIN (F6B3H, 2)
contents: line number where an error occurred

DOT (F6B5H, 2)
contents: last line number which was displayed in screen or entered

ERRTXT (F6B7H, 2)
contents: text address which caused an error; mainly used for error
recovery by RESUME statement

ONELIN (F6B9H, 2)
contents: text address to which control jumps at error; set by ON
ERROR GOTO statement

ONEFLG (F6BBH, 1)
contents: flag which indicates error routine execution
(non-zero = in execution, otherwise not)

TEMP2 (F6BCH, 2)
contents: for temporary storage

OLDLIN (F6BEH, 2)
 contents: line number which was terminated by Ctrl+STOP, STOP
instruction, END instruction, or was executed last

OLDTXT (F6C0H, 2)
contents: address to be executed next

VARTAB (F6C2H, 2)
contents: starting address of simple variable; executing NEW statement
causes [contents of TXTTAB(F676H) + 2] to be set

ARYTAB (F6C4H, 2)
contents: starting address of array table

STREND (F6C6H, 2)
contents: last address of memory in use as text area or variable area

DATPTR (F6C8H, 2)
contents: text address of data read by executing READ statement

DEFTBL (F6CAH, 26)

contents: area to store type of variable for one alphabetical
character; depends on type declaration such as CLEAR, DEFSTR,
!, or #

* Work for user function parameter

PRMSTK (F6E4H, 2)
contents: previous definition block on stack (for garbage collection)

PRMLEN (F6E6H, 2)
contents: number of bytes of objective data

PARM1 (F6E8H, PRMSIZ)

contents: objective parameter definition table; PRMSIZ is number of
bytes of definition block, initial value is 100

PRMPRV (F74CH, 2)
initial value: PRMSTK
contents: pointer to previous parameter block (for garbage collection)

PRMLN2 (F74EH, 2)
contents: size of parameter block

PARM2 (F750H, 100)

 contents: for parameter storage

PRMFLG (F7B4H, 1)
contents: flag to indicate whether PARM1 was searched

ARYTA2 (F7B5H, 2)
contents: end point of search

NOFUNS (F7B7H, 1)
contents: 0 if there is not an objective function

TEMP9 (F7B8H, 2)
contents: location of temporary storage for garbage collection

FUNACT (F7BAH, 2)
contents: number of objective functions

SWPTMP (F7BCH, 8)
contents: location of temporary storage of the value of the first
variable of SWAP statement

TRCFLG (F7C4H, 1)
contents: trace flag (non-zero = TRACE ON, 0 = TRACE OFF)

* Work for Math-Pack

FBUFFR (F7C5H, 43)

contents: used internally by Math-Pack

DECTMP (F7F0H, 2)
contents: used to transform decimal integer to floating-point number

DECTM2 (F7F2H, 2)
contents: used at division routine execution

DECCNT (F7F4H, 2)
contents: used at division routine execution

DAC (F7F6H, 16)

contents: area to set the value to be calculated

HOLD8 (F806H, 48)

contents: register storage area for decimal multiplication
HOLD2 (F836H, 8)
contents: used internally by Math-Pack

HOLD (F83EH, 8)
contents: used internally by Math-Pack

ARG (F847H, 16)

contents: area to set the value to be calculated with DAC (F7F6H)

RNDX (F857H, 8)
contents: stores last random number in double precision real number;
set by RND function

* Data area used by BASIC interpreter

MAXFIL (F85FH, 1)
contents: maximum file number; set by MAXFILES statement

FILTAB (F860H, 2)
contents: starting address of file data area

NULBUF (F862H, 2)
contents: points to buffer used in SAVE and LOAD by BASIC interpreter

PTRFIL (F864H, 2)
contents: address of file data of currently accessing file

RUNFLG (F866H, 2)
contents: non-zero value if program was loaded and executed; used
by R option of LOAD statement

FILNAM (F866H, 11)

contents: area to store filename

FILNM2 (F871H, 11)

contents: area to store filename

NLONLY (F87CH, 1)
contents: non-zero value if program is being loaded

SAVEND (F87DH, 2)
contents: end address of assembly language program to be saved
FNKSTR (F87FH, 160)
contents: area to store function key string (16 character x 10)

CGPNT (F91FH, 3)
contents: address to store character font on ROM

NAMBAS (F922H, 2)
contents: base address of current pattern name table

CGPBAS (F924H, 2)
contents: base address of current pattern generator table

PATBAS (F926H, 2)
contents: base address of current sprite generator table

ATRBAS (F928H, 2)
contents: base address of current sprite attribute table

CLOC (F92AH, 2)
contents: used internally by graphic routine

CMASK (F92CH, 1)
contents: used internally by graphic routine

MINDEL (F92DH, 1)
contents: used internally by graphic routine

MAXDEL (F92FH, 2)
contents: used internally by graphic routine

* Data area used by CIRCLE statement

ASPECT (F931H, 2)
contents: aspect ratio of the circle; set by <ratio> of CIRCLE
statement

CENCNT (F933H, 2)
contents: used internally by CIRCLE statement

CLINEF (F935H, 1)
contents: flag whether a line is drawn toward the center; specified
by <angle> of CIRCLE statement
CNPNTS (F936H, 2)
contents: point to be plotted

CPLOTF (F938H, 1)
contents: used internally by CIRCLE statement

CPCNT (F939H, 2)
contents: number of one eight of the circle

CPNCNT8 (F93BH, 2)
contents: used internally by CIRCLE statement

CPCSUM (F93DH, 2)
contents: used internally by CIRCLE statement

CSTCNT (F93FH, 2)
contents: used internally by CIRCLE statement

CSCLXY (F941H, 1)
contents: scale of x and y

CSAVEA (F942H, 2)
contents: reservation area of ADVGRP

CSAVEM (F944H, 1)
contents: reservation area of ADVGRP

CXOFF (F945H, 2)
contents: x offset from the center

CYOFF (F947H, 2)
contents: y offset from the center

* Data area used in PAINT statement

LOHMSK (F949H, 1)
contents: used internally by PAINT statement

LOHDIR (F94AH, 1)
contents: used internally by PAINT statement
LOHADR (F94BH, 2)
contents: used internally by PAINT statement

LOHCNT (F94DH, 2)
contents: used internally by PAINT statement

SKPCNT (F94FH, 2)
contents: skip count

MIVCNT (F951H, 2)
contents: movement count

PDIREC (F953H, 1)
contents: direction of the paint

LFPROG (F954H, 1)
contents: used internally by PAINT statement

RTPROG (F955H, 1)
contents: used internally by PAINT statement

* Data area used in PLAY statement

MCLTAB (F956H, 2)
contents: points to the top of the table of PLAY macro or DRAW macro

MCLFLG (F958H, 1)
contents: assignment of PLAY/DRAW

QUETAB (F959H, 24)

contents: queue table
+0: PUT offset
+1: GET offset
+2: backup character
+3: queue length
+4: queue address
+5: queue address

QUEBAK (F971H, 4)
contents: used in BCKQ

VOICAQ (F975H, 128)

contents: queue of voice 1 (1 = a)
VOICBQ (F9F5H, 128)
contents: queue of voice 2 (2 = b)

VOICCQ (FA75H, 128)

contents: queue of voice 3 (3 = c)

* Work area added in MSX2

DPPAGE (FAF5H, 1)
contents: display page number

ACPAGE (FAF6H, 1)
contents: active page number

AVCSAV (FAF7H, 1)
contents: reserves AV control port

EXBRSA (FAF8H, 1)
contents: SUB-ROM slot address

CHRCNT (FAF9H, 1)
contents: character counter in the buffer; used in Roman-kana
translation (value is 0 <=n <=2)

ROMA (FAFAH, 2)
contents: area to store character in the buffer; used in Roman-kana
translation (Japan version only)

MODE (FAFCH, 1)
contents: mode switch for VRAM size

(0000WVV0)
---
|||
|++--- 00 = 16K VRAM
| 01 = 64K VRAM
| 11 = 128K VRAM
|
+----- 1 = mask, 0 = no mask
Flags whether to specify VRAM address
ANDed with 3FFFH in SCREEN 0 to 3;
in SCREEN 4 to 8, never masked

NORUSE (FAFDH, 1)
contents: unused
XSAVE (FAFEH, 2)
contents: [ I OOOOOOO XXXXXXXX ]

YSAVE (FB00H, 2)
contents: [ x OOOOOOO YYYYYYYY ]

I = 1 lightpen interrupt request

OOOOOOO = unsigned offset
XXXXXXX = X-coordinate
YYYYYYY = Y-coordinate

LOGOPR (FB02H, 1)
contents: logical operation code

* Data area used by RS-232C

RSTMP (FB03H, 50)

contents: work area for RS-232C or disk

TOCNT (FB03H, 1)
contents: used internally by RS-232C routine

RSFCB (FB04H, 2)
contents: FB04H + 0: LOW address of RS-232C
FB04H + 1: HIGH address of RS-232C

RSIQLN (FB06H, 5)
contents: used internally by RS-232C routine

MEXBIH (FB07H, 5)
contents: FB07H +0: RST 30H (0F7H)
FB07H +1: byte data
FB07H +2: (Low)
FB07H +3: (High)
FB07H +4: RET (0C9H)

OLDSTT (FB0CH, 5)
contents: FB0CH +0: RST 30H (0F7H)
FB0CH +1: byte data
FB0CH +2: (Low)
FB0CH +3: (High)
FB0CH +4: RET (0C9H)

OLDINT (FB12H, 5)
contents: FB12H +0: RST 30H (0F7H)
FB12H +1: byte data
FB12H +2: (Low)
FB12H +3: (High)
 FB12H +4: RET (0C9H)

DEVNUM (FB17H, 1)
contents: used internally by RS-232C routine

DATCNT (FB18H, 3)
contents: FB18H +0: byte data
FB18H +1: byte pointer
FB12H +2: byte pointer

ERRORS (FB1BH, 1)
contents: used internally by RS-232C routine

FLAGS (FB1CH, 1)
contents: used internally by RS-232C routine

ESTBLS (FB1DH, 1)
contents: used internally by RS-232C routine

COMMSK (FB1EH, 1)
contents: used internally by RS-232C routine

LSTCOM (FB1FH, 1)
contents: used internally by RS-232C routine

LSTMOD (FB20H, 1)
contents: used internally by RS-232C routine

* Data area used by DOS

reserved (FB21H to FB34H)

contents: used by DOS

* Data area used by PLAY statement

(the following is the same as with MSX1)

PRSCNT (FB35H, 1)
contents: D1 to D0 string parse
D7 = 0 1 pass

SAVSP (FB36H, 2)
contents: reserves stack pointer in play
VOICEN (FB38H, 1)
contents: current interpreted voice

SAVVOL (FB39H, 2)
contents: reserves volume for the pause

MCLLEN (FB3BH, 1)
contents: used internally by PLAY statement

MCLPTR (FB3CH, 1)
contents: used internally by PLAY statement

QUEUEN (FB3EH, 1)
contents: used internally by PLAY statement

MUSICF (FC3FH, 1)
contents: interrupt flag for playing music

PLYCNT (FB40H, 1)
contents: number of PLAY statements stored in the queue

* Offset from voice static data area

(offset is in decimal)

METREX (+0, 2)
contents: timer count down

VCXLEN (+2, 1)
contents: MCLLEN for this voice

VCXPTR (+3, 2)
contents: MCLPTR for this voice

VCXSTP (+5, 2)
contents: reserves the top of the stack pointer

QLENGX (+7, 1)
contents: number of bytes stored in the queue

NTICSX (+8, 2)
contents: new count down
TONPRX (+10, 2)
contents: area to set tone period

AMPPRX (+12, 1)
contents: discrimination of volume and enveloppe

ENVPRX (+13, 2)
contents: area to set enveloppe period

OCTAVX (+15, 1)
contents: area to set octave

NOTELX (+16, 1)
contents: area to set tone length

TEMPOX (+17, 1)
contents: area to set tempo

VOLUMX (+18, 1)
contents: area to set volume

ENVLPX (+19, 14)

contents: area to set enveloppe wave form

MCLSTX (+33, 3)
contents: reservation area of stack

MCLSEX (+36, 1)
contents: initialisation stack

VCBSIZ (+37, 1)
contents: static buffer size

* Voice static data area

VCBA (FB41H, 37)

contents: static data for voice 0

VCBB (FB66H, 37)

contents: static data for voice 1

VCBC (FB8BH, 37)

contents: static data for voice 2
* Data area

ENSTOP (FBB0H, 1)
contents: flag to enable warm start by [SHIFT+Ctrl+Kana key]
(0 = disable, otherwise enable)

BASROM (FBB1H, 1)
contents: indicates BASIC text location (0 = on RAM, otherwise in ROM)

LINTTB (FBB2H, 24)

contents: line terminal table; area to keep information about
each line of text screen

FSTPOS (FBCAH, 2)
contents: first character location of line from INLIN (00B1H) of BIOS

CODSAV (FBCCH, 1)
contents: area to reserve the character where the cursor is stacked

FNKSW1 (FBCDH, 1)
contents: indicates which function key is displayed at KEY ON
(1 = F1 to F5 is displayed, 0 = F6 to F10 is displayed)

FNKFLG (FBCEH, 10)

contents: area to allow, inhibit, or stop the execution of the line
defined in ON KEY GOSUB statement, or to reserve it for each
function key; set by KEY(n)ON/OFF/STOP statement
(0 = KEY(n)OFF/STOP, 1= KEY(n)ON)

ONGSBF (FBD8H, 1)
contents: flag to indicate whether event waiting in TRPTBL (FC4CH)
occurred

CLIKFL (FBD9H, 1)
contents: key click flag

OLDKEY (FBDAH, 11)

contents: key matrix status (old)

NEWKEY (FBE5H, 11)

contents: key matrix status (new)

KEYBUF (FBF0H, 40)

 contents: key code buffer

LINWRK (FC18H, 40)

contents: temporary reservation location used by screen handler

PATWRK (FC40H, 8)
contents: temporary reservation location used by pattern converter

BOTTOM (FC48H, 2)
contents: installed RAM starting (low) address; ordinarily 8000H
in MSX2

HIMEM (FC4AH, 2)
contents: highest address of available memory; set by <memory upper
limit> of CLEAR statement

TRAPTBL (FC4CH, 78)

contents: trap table used to handle interrupt; one table consists of
three bytes, where first byte indicates ON/OFF/STOP status
and the rest indicate the text address to be jumped to

FC4CH to FC69H (3 * 10 bytes) used in ON KEY GOSUB

FC6AH to FC6CH (3 * 1 byte) used in ON STOP GOSUB
FC6DH to FC6FH (3 * 1 byte) used in ON SPRITE GOSUB
FC70H to FC7EH (3 * 5 bytes) used in ON STRIG GOSUB
FC7FH to FC81H (3 * 1 byte) used in ON INTERVAL GOSUB
FC82H to FC99H for expansion

RTYCNT (FC9AH, 1)
contents: used internally by BASIC

INTFLG (FC9BH, 1)
contents: if Ctrl+STOP is pressed, setting 03H here causes a stop

PADY (FC9CH, 1)
contents: Y-coordinate of the paddle)

PADX (FC9DH, 1)
contents: X-coordinate of the paddle)

JIFFY (FC9EH, 2)
contents: used internally by PLAY statement

INTVAL (FCA0H, 2)
contents: interval period; set by ON INTERVAL GOSUB statement
INTCNT (FCA2H, 2)
contents: counter for interval

LOWLIM (FCA4H, 1)
contents: used during reading from cassette tape

WINWID (FCA5H, 1)
contents: used during reading from cassette tape

GRPHED (FCA6H, 1)
contents: flag to send graphic character (1 = graphic character,
0 = normal character)

ESCCNT (FCA7H, 1)
contents: area to count from escape code

INSFLG (FCA8H, 1)
contents: flag to indicate insert mode (0 = normal mode,
otherwise = insert mode)

CSRSW (FCA9H, 1)
contents: whether cursor is displayed (0 = no, otherwise = yes);
set by <cursor swicth> of LOCATE statement

CSTYLE (FCAAH, 1)
contents: cursor shape (0 = block, otherwise = underline)

CAPST (FCABH, 1)
contents: CAPS key status (0 = CAP OFF, otherwise = CAP ON)

KANAST (FCACH, 1)
contents: kana key status (0 = kaka OFF, otherwise = kana ON)

KANAMD (FCADH, 1)
contents: kana key arrangement status (0 = 50-sound arrangement,
otherwise = JIS arrangement)

FLBMEM (FCAEH, 1)
contents: 0 when loading BASIC program

SCRMOD (FCAFH, 1)
contents: current screen mode number

OLDSCR (FCB0H, 1)
contents: screen mode reservation area
CASPRV (FCB1H, 1)
contents: character reservation area used by CAS:

BRDATR (FCB2H, 1)
contents: border colour code used by PAINT; set by <border colour>
in PAINT statement

GXPOS (FCB3H, 2)
contents: X-coordinate

GYPOS (FCB5H, 2)
contents: Y-coordinate

GRPACX (FCB7H, 2)
contents: graphic accumulator (X-coordinate)

GRPACY (FCB9H, 2)
contents: graphic accumulator (Y-coordinate)

DRWFLG (FCBBH, 1)
contents: flag used in DRAW statement

DRWSCL (FCBCH, 1)
contents: DRAW scaling factor (0 = no scaling, otherwise = scaling)

DRWANG (FCBDH, 1)
contents: angle at DRAW

RUNBNF (FCBEH, 1)
contents: flag to indicate BLOAD in progress, BSAVE in progress,
or neither

SAVENT (FCBFH, 2)
contents: starting address of BSAVE

EXPTBL (FCC1H, 4)
contents: flag table for expansion slot; whether the slot is expanded

SLTTBL (FCC5H, 4)
contents: current slot selection status for each expansion slot
register

SLTATR (FCC9H, 64)

 contents: reserves attribute for each slot

SLTWRK (FD09H, 128)

contents: allocates specific work area for each slot

PROCNM (FD89H, 16)

contents: stores name of expanded statement (after CALL statement) or
expansion device (after OPEN); 0 indicates the end

DEVICE (FD99H, 1)
contents: used to identify cartridge device

* Hooks

H.KEYI (FD9AH)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO interrupt handling
purpose: adds the interrupt operation such as RS-232C

H.TIMI (FD9FH)
meaning: MSXIO timer interrupt handling
purpose: adds the timer interrupt handling

H.CHPH (FDA4H)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO CHPUT (one character output)
purpose: connects other console device

H.DSPC (FDA9H)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO DSPCSR (cursor display)
purpose: connects other console device

H.ERAC (FDAEH)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO ERACSR (erase cursor)
purpose: connects other console device

H.DSPF (FDB3H)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO DSPFNK (function key display)
purpose: connects other console device

H.ERAF (FDB8H)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO ERAFNK (erase function key)
purpose: connects other console device

H.TOTE (FDBDH)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO TOTEXT (set screen in text mode)
purpose: connects other console device
H.CHGE (FDC2H)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO CHGET (get one character)
purpose: connects other console device

H.INIP (FDC7H)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO INIPAT (character pattern initialisation)
purpose: uses other character set

H.KEYC (FDCCH)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO KEYCOD (key code translation)
purpose: uses other key arrangement

H.KYEA (FDD1H)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO NMI routine (Key Easy)
purpose: uses other key arrangement

H.NMI (FDD6H)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO NMI (non-maskable interrupt)
purpose: handles NMI

H.PINL (FDDBH)
meaning: beginning of MSXIO PINLIN (one line input)
purpose: uses other console input device or other input method

H.QINL (FDE0H)
meaning: beginning of MSXINL QINLIN (one line input displaying "?")
purpose: uses other console input device or other input method

H.INLI (FDE5H)
meaning: beginning of MSXINL INLIN (one line input)
purpose: uses other console input device or other input method

H.ONGO (FDEAH)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS INGOTP (ON GOTO)
purpose: uses other interrupt handling device

H.DSKO (FDEFH)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS DSKO$ (disk output)
purpose: connects disk device

H.SETS (FDF4H)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS SETS (set attribute)
purpose: connects disk device

H.NAME (FDF9H)
 meaning: beginning of MSXSTS NAME (rename)
purpose: connects disk device

H.KILL (FDFEH)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS KILL (delete file)
purpose: connects disk device

H.IPL (FE03H)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS IPL (initial program loading)
purpose: connects disk device

H.COPY (FE08H)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS COPY (file copy)
purpose: connects disk device

H.CMD (FE0DH)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS CMD (expanded command)
purpose: connects disk device

H.DSKF (FE12H)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS DSKF (unusde disk space)
purpose: connects disk device

H.DSKI (FE17H)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS DSKI (disk input)
purpose: connects disk device

H.ATTR (FE1CH)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS ATTR$ (attribute)
purpose: connects disk device

H.LSET (FE21H)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS LSET (left-padded assignment)
purpose: connects disk device

H.RSET (FE26H)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS RSET (right-padded assignment)
purpose: connects disk device

H.FIEL (FE2BH)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS FIELD (field)
purpose: connects disk device

H.MKI$ (FE30H)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS MKI$ (create integer)
purpose: connects disk device
H.MKS$ (FE35H)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS MKS$ (create single precision real)
purpose: connects disk device

H.MKD$ (FE3AH)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS MKD$ (create double precision real)
purpose: connects disk device

H.CVI (FE3FH)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS CVI (convert integer)
purpose: connects disk device

H.CVS (FE44H)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS CVS (convert single precision real)
purpose: connects disk device

H.CVD (FE49H)
meaning: beginning of MSXSTS CVS (convert double precision real)
purpose: connects disk device

H.GETP (FE4EH)
meaning: SPDSK GETPTR (get file pointer)
purpose: connects disk device

H.SETF (FE53H)
meaning: SPCDSK SETFIL (set file pointer)
purpose: connects disk device

H.NOFO (FE58H)
meaning: SPDSK NOFOR (OPEN statement without FOR)
purpose: connects disk device

H.NULO (FE5DH)
meaning: SPCDSK NULOPN (open unused file)
purpose: connects disk device

H.NTFL (FE62H)
meaning: SPCDSK NTFLO (file number is not 0)
purpose: connects disk device

H.MERG (FE67H)
meaning: SPCDSK MERGE (program file merge)
purpose: connects disk device

H.SAVE (FE6CH)
meaning: SPCDSK SAVE (save)
 purpose: connects disk device

H.BINS (FE71H)
meaning: SPCDSK BINSAV (save in binary)
purpose: connects disk device

H.BINL (FE76H)
meaning: SPCDSK BINLOD (load in binary)
purpose: connects disk device

H.FILE (FD7BH)
meaning: SPCDSK FILES (displey filename)
purpose: connects disk device

H.DGET (FE80H)
meaning: SPCDSK DGET (disk GET)
purpose: connects disk device

H.FILO (FE85H)
meaning: SPCDSK FILOU1 (file output)
purpose: connects disk device

H.INDS (FE8AH)
meaning: SPCDSK INDSKC (disk attribute input)
purpose: connects disk device

H.RSLF (FE8FH)
meaning: SPCDSK; re-select previous drive
purpose: connects disk device

H.SAVD (FE94H)
meaning: SPCDSK; reserve current disk
purpose: connects disk device

H.LOC (FE99H)
meaning: SPCDSK LOC function (indicate location)
purpose: connects disk device

H.LOF (FE9EH)
meaning: SPCDSK LOC function (file length)
purpose: connects disk device

H.EOF (FEA3H)
meaning: SPCDSK EOF function (end of file)
purpose: connects disk device
H.FPOS (FEA8H)
meaning: SPCDSK FPOS function (file location)
purpose: connects disk device

H.BAKU (FEADH)
meaning: SPCDSK BAKUPT (backup)
purpose: connects disk device

H.PARD (FEB2H)
meaning: SPCDEV PARDEV (get peripheral name)
purpose: expands logical device name

H.NODE (FEB7H)
meaning: SPCDEV NODEVN (no device name)
purpose: sets default device name to other device

H.POSD (FEBCH)
meaning: SPCDEV POSDSK
purpose: connects disk device

H.DEVN (FEC1H)
meaning: SPCDEV DEVNAM (process device name)
purpose: expands logical device name

H.GEND (FEC6H)
meaning: SPCDEV GENDSP (FEC6H)
purpose: expands logical device name

H.RUNC (FECBH)
meaning: BIMISC RUNC (clear for RUN)

H.CLEAR (FED0H)
meaning: BIMISC CLEARC (clear for CLEAR statement)

H.LOPD (FED5H)
meaning: BIMISC LOPDFT (set loop and default value)
purpose: uses other default value for variable

H.STKE (FEDAH)
meaning: BIMISC STKERR (stack error)

H.ISFL (FEDFH)
meaning: BIMISC ISFLIO (file input-output or not)

H.OUTD (FEE4H)
meaning: BIO OUTDO (execute OUT)
H.CRDO (FEE9H)
meaning: BIO CRDO (execute CRLF)

H.DSKC (FEEEH)
meaning: BIO DSKCHI (input disk attribute)

H.DOGR (FEF3H)
meaning: GENGRP DOGRPH (execute graphic operation)

H.PRGE (FEF8H)
meaning: BINTRP PRGEND (program end)

H.ERRP (FEFDH)
meaning: BINTRP ERRPTR (error display)

H.ERRF (FF02H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.READ (FF07H)
meaning: BINTRP READY

H.MAIN (FF0CH)
meaning: BINTRP MAIN

H.DIRD (FF11H)
meaning: BINTRP DIRDO (execute direct statement)

H.FINI (FF16H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.FINE (FF1BH)
meaning: BINTRP

H.CRUN (FF20H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.CRUN (FF20H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.CRUS (FF25H)
meaning: BINTRP
H.ISRE (FF2AH)
meaning: BINTRP

H.NTFN (FF2FH)
meaning: BINTRP

H.NOTR (FF34H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.SNGF (FF39H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.NEWS (FF3EH)
meaning: BINTRP

H.GONE (FF43H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.CHRG (FF48H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.RETU (FF4DH)
meaning: BINTRP

H.PRTF (FF52H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.COMP (FF57H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.FINP (FF5CH)
meaning: BINTRP

H.TRMN (FF61H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.FRME (FF66H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.NTPL (FF6BH)
meaning: BINTRP

H.EVAL (FF70H)
meaning: BINTRP
H.OKNO (FF75H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.FING (FF7AH)
meaning: BINTRP

H.ISMI (FF7FH)
meaning: BINTRP ISMID$ (MID$ or not)

H.WIDT (FF84H)
meaning: BINTRP WIDTHS (WIDTH)

H.LIST (FF89H)
meaning: BINTRP LIST

H.BUFL (FF8EH)
meaning: BINTRP BUFLIN (buffer line)

H.FRQI (FF93H)
meaning: BINTRP FRQINT

H.SCNE (FF98H)
meaning: BINTRP

H.FRET (FF9DH)
meaning: BINTRP FRETMP

H.PTRG (FFA2H)
meaning: BIPTRG PTRGET (get pointer)
purpose: uses variable other than default value

H.PHYD (FFA7H)
meaning: MSXIO PHYDIO (physical disk input-output)
purpose: connects disk device

H.FORM (FFACH)
meaning: MSXIO FORMAT (format disk)
purpose: connects disk device

H.ERRO (FFB1H)
meaning: BINTRP ERROR
purpose: error handling for application program
H.LPTO (FFB6H)
meaning: MSXIO LPTOUT (printer output)
purpose: uses printer other than default value

H.LPTS (FFBBH)
meaning: MSXIO LPTSTT (printer status)
purpose: uses printer other than default value

H.SCRE (FFC0H)
meaning: MSXSTS SCREEN statement entry
purpose: expands SCREEN statement

H.PLAY (FFC5H)
meaning: MSXSTS PLAY statement entry
purpose: expands PLAY statement

* For expanded BIOS

FCALL (FFCAH)
contents: hook used by expanded BIOS

DISINT (FFCFH)
contents: used by DOS

ENAINT (FFD4H)
contents: used by DOS

=============================================================================

Changes from the original in APPENDIX 5:

- The original VRAM mapping figures have been converted to simple text
tables.

- In SCREEN 0 (WIDTH 80) map, different end addresses for the blink table are
indicated for 24 lines mode and 26.5 lines mode.

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

APPENDIX 5 - VRAM MAP

* SCREEN 0 (WIDTH 40) / TEXT 1

0000H - 03BFH --> Pattern name table

0400H - 042FH --> Palette table
0800H - 0FFFH --> Pattern generator table
* SCREEN 0 (WIDTH 80) / TEXT 2

0000H - 077FH --> Pattern name table

0800H - 08EFH --> Blink table (24 lines mode)
090DH (26.5 lines mode)
0F00H - 0F2FH --> Palette table
1000H - 17FFH --> Pattern generator table

* SCREEN 1 / GRAPHIC 1

0000H - 07FFH --> Pattern generator table

1800H - 1AFFH --> Pattern name table
1B00H - 1B7FH --> Sprite attribute table
2000H - 201FH --> Colour table
2020H - 204FH --> Palette table
3800H - 3FFFH --> Sprite generator table

* SCREEN 2 / GRAPHIC 2

0000H - 07FFH --> Pattern generator table 1

0800H - 0FFFH --> Pattern generator table 2
1000H - 17FFH --> Pattern generator table 3
1800H - 18FFH --> Pattern name table 1
1900H - 19FFH --> Pattern name table 2
1A00H - 1AFFH --> Pattern name table 3
1B00H - 1B7FH --> Sprite attribute table
1B80H - 1BAFH --> Palette table
2000H - 27FFH --> Colour table 1
2800H - 2FFFH --> Colour table 2
3000H - 37FFH --> Colour table 3
3800H - 3FFFH --> Sprite generator table

* SCREEN 3 / MULTI COLOUR

0000H - 07FFH --> Pattern generator table

0800H - 0AFFH --> Pattern name table
1B00H - 1B7FH --> Sprite attribute table
2020H - 204FH --> Palette table
3800H - 3FFFH --> Sprite generator table

* SCREEN 4 / GRAPHIC 3

0000H - 07FFH --> Pattern generator table 1

0800H - 0FFFH --> Pattern generator table 2
1000H - 17FFH --> Pattern generator table 3
1800H - 18FFH --> Pattern name table 1
1900H - 19FFH --> Pattern name table 2
1A00H - 1AFFH --> Pattern name table 3
1B80H - 1BAFH --> Palette table
1C00H - 1DFFH --> Sprite colour table
1E00H - 1E7FH --> Sprite attribute table
2000H - 27FFH --> Colour table 1
2800H - 2FFFH --> Colour table 2
3000H - 37FFH --> Colour table 3
3800H - 3FFFH --> Sprite generator table

* SCREEN 5, 6 / GRAPHIC 4, 5

0000H - 5FFFH --> Pattern name table (192 lines)

69FFH (212 lines)
7400H - 75FFH --> Sprite colour table
7600H - 767FH --> Sprite attribute table
7680H - 76AFH --> Palette table
7A00H - 7FFFH --> Sprite generator table

* SCREEN 7, 8 / GRAPHIC 6, 7

0000H - BFFFH --> Pattern name table (192 lines)

D3FFH (212 lines)
F000H - F7FFH --> Sprite generator table
F800H - F9FFH --> Sprite colour table
FA00H - FA7FH --> Sprite attribute table
FA80H - FAAFH --> Palette table

=============================================================================

Changes from the original in APPENDIX 6:

none

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

APPENDIX 6 - I/O MAP

00H to 3FH user defined

40H to 7FH reserved

80H to 87H for RS-232C

80H 8251 data
81H 8251 status/command
82H status read/interrupt mask
83H unused
84H 8253
85H 8253
86H 8253
87H 8253

88H to 8BH VDP (9938) I/O port for MSX1 adaptor

This is V9938 I/O for MSX1. To access VDP directly,
examine 06H and 07H of MAIN-ROM to confirm the port
address

8CH to 8DH for the modem

8EH to 8FH reserved

90H to 91H printer port
90H bit 0: strobe output (write)
bit 1: status input (read)
91H data to be printed

92H to 97H reserved

98H to 9BH for MSX2 VDP (V9938)

98H VRAM access
99H command register access
9AH palette register access (write only)
9BH register pointer (write only)

9CH to 9FH reserved

A0H to A3H sound generator (AY-3-8910)

A0H address latch
A1H data read
A2H data write

A4H to A7H reserved

A8H to ABH parallel port (8255)

A8H port A
A9H port B
AAH port C
ABH mode set

ACH to AFH MSX engine (one chip MSX I/O)

B0H to B3H expansion memory (SONY specification) (8255)

A8H port A, address (A0 to A7)
A9H port B, address (A8 to A10, A13 to A15), control R/"
AAH port C, address (A11 to A12), data (D0 - D7)
ABH mode set

B4H to B5H CLOCK-IC (RP-5C01)

B4H address latch
B5H data

B6H to B7H reserved

B8H to BBH lightpen control (SANYO specification)

B8H read/write
B9H read/write
BAH read/write
BBH write only

BCH to BFH VHD control (JVC) (8255)

BCH port A
BDH port B
BEH port C

C0H to C1H MSX-Audio

C2H to C7H reserved

C8H to CFH MSX interface

D0H to D7H floppy disk controller (FDC)

The floppy disk controller can be interrupted by an
external signal. Interrupt is possible only when the
FDC is accessed. Thus, the system can treat different
FDC interfaces.

D8 to D9H kanji ROM (TOSHIBA specification)

D8H b5-b0 lower address (write only)
D9H b5-b0 upper address (write)
b7-b0 data (read)

DAH to DBH for future kanji expansion

DCH to F4H reserved

F5H system control (write only)

setting bit to 1 enables available I/O devices
b0 kanji ROM
b1 reserved for kanji
b2 MSX-AUDIO
b3 superimpose
b4 MSX interface
b5 RS-232C
b6 lightpen
b7 CLOCK-IC (only on MSX2)
Bits to void the conflict between internal I/O
devices or those connected by cartridge. The bits
can disable the internal devices. When BIOS is initialised,
internal devices are valid if no external devices are
connected. Applications may not write to or read from here.

F8H colour bus I/O

F7H A/V control

b0 audio R mixing ON (write)
b1 audio L mixing OFF (write)
b2 select video input 21p RGB (write)
b3 detect video input no input (read)
b4 AV control TV (write)
b5 Ym control TV (write)
b6 inverse of bit 4 of VDP register 9 (write)
b7 inverse of bit 5 of VDP register 9 (write)

F8H to FBH reserved

FCH to FFH memory mapper

=============================================================================

Changes from the original in APPENDIX 8:

none

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
APPENDIX 8 - CONTROL CODES

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Code | Code | | Corresponding |
| (dec)| (hex)| Function | key(s) |
|------+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------|
| 0 | 00H | | CTRL + @ |
| | | | |
| 1 | 01H | header at input/output of graphic | CTRL + A |
| | | characters | |
| | | | |
| 2 | 02H | move cursor to the top of the | CTRL + B |
| | | previous word | |
| | | | |
| 3 | 03H | end the input-waiting state | CTRL + C |
| | | | |
| 4 | 04H | | CTRL + D |
| | | | |
| 5 | 05H | delete below cursor | CTRL + E |
| | | | |
| 6 | 06H | move cursor to the top of the | CTRL + F |
| | | next word | |
| | | | |
| 7 | 07H | speaker output | CTRL + G |
| | | (same as the BEEP statement) | |
| | | | |
| 8 | 08H | delete a character before cursor | CTRL + H or BS |
| | | | |
| 9 | 09H | move to next horizontal tab stop | CTRL + I or TAB |
| | | | |
| 10 | 0AH | line feed | CTRL + J |
| | | | |
| 11 | 0BH | home cursor | CTRL + K or HOME |
| | | | |
| 12 | 0CH | clear screen and home cursor | CTRL + L or CLS |
| | | | |
| 13 | 0DH | carriage return | CTRL + M or RETURN |
| | | | |
| 14 | 0EH | move cursor to the end of line | CTRL + N |
| | | | |
| 15 | 0FH | | CTRL + O |
| | | | |
| 16 | 10H | | CTRL + P |
| | | | |
| 17 | 11H | | CTRL + Q |
| | | | |
| 18 | 12H | insert mode ON/OFF | CTRL + R or INS |
| | | | |
| 19 | 13H | | CTRL + S |
| | | | |
| 20 | 14H | | CTRL + T |
| | | | |
| 21 | 15H | delete one line from screen | CTRL + U |
| | | | |
| 22 | 16H | | CTRL + V |
| | | | |
| 23 | 17H | | CTRL + W |
| | | | |
| 24 | 18H | | CTRL + X or SELECT |
| | | | |
| 25 | 19H | | CTRL + Y |
| | | | |
| 26 | 1AH | | CTRL + Z |
| | | | |
| 27 | 1BH | | CTRL + [ or ESC |
| | | | |
| 28 | 1CH | move cursor right | CTRL + \ or RIGHT |
| | | | |
| 29 | 1DH | move cursor left | CTRL + ] or LEFT |
| | | | |
| 30 | 1EH | move cursor up | CTRL + ^ or UP |
| | | | |
| 31 | 1FH | move cursor down | CTRL + _ or DOWN |
| | | | |
| 127 | 7FH | delete character under cursor | DEL |
| | | | |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

=============================================================================

Changes from the original in APPENDIX 10:

none

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

APPENDIX 10 - ESCAPE SEQUENCES

* Cursor movement

<ESC> A move cursor up

<ESC> B move cursor down
<ESC> C move cursor right
<ESC> D move cursor left
<ESC> H move cursor home
<ESC> Y <Y-coordinate+20H> <X-coordinate+20H>
move cursor to (X, Y)

* Edit, delete

<ESC> j clear screen

<ESC> E clear screen
<ESC> K delete to end of line
<ESC> J delete to end of screen
<ESC> L insert one line
<ESC> M delete one line

* Miscellaneous

<ESC> x4 set block cursor

<ESC> x5 hide cursor
<ESC> y4 set underline cursor
<ESC> y5 display cursor

============================================================================

APPENDIX 7 - CARTRIDGE HARDWARE

and

APPENDIX 9 - CHARACTER SET

are not available here