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Lecture 35: Surface Area Surface Integrals

1. The document discusses surface area and surface integrals. It defines the surface area of a parametric surface S as a double integral over the surface and provides a formula for computing the surface area of a graph. 2. Examples are provided to illustrate computing the surface area of a spherical cap and the torus using the provided formulas. 3. Surface integrals are defined as integrals over parametric surfaces of scalar functions defined on the surfaces. Formulas are given for evaluating surface integrals in terms of parameters of the surface. Examples demonstrate computing specific surface integrals.

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59 views

Lecture 35: Surface Area Surface Integrals

1. The document discusses surface area and surface integrals. It defines the surface area of a parametric surface S as a double integral over the surface and provides a formula for computing the surface area of a graph. 2. Examples are provided to illustrate computing the surface area of a spherical cap and the torus using the provided formulas. 3. Surface integrals are defined as integrals over parametric surfaces of scalar functions defined on the surfaces. Formulas are given for evaluating surface integrals in terms of parameters of the surface. Examples demonstrate computing specific surface integrals.

Uploaded by

shiladity
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 35 : Surface Area; Surface Integrals


In the previous lecture we defined the surface area a(S) of the parametric surface S, defined by
r(u, v) on T , by the double integral RR
a(S) =
k ru rv k dudv.
(1)
T

We will now drive a formula for the area of a surface defined by the graph of a function.
Area of a surface defined by a graph: Suppose a surface S is given by z = f (x, y), (x, y) T ,
thatp
is, S is the graph of the function f (x, y). (For example, S is the unit hemisphere defined by
z = 1 x2 y 2 where (x, y) lies in the circular region T : x2 +y 2 1.) Then S can be considered
as a parametric surface defined by:
r(x, y) = xi + yj + f (x, y)k,

(x, y) T.

In this case the surface area becomes


RR q
1 + fx2 + fy2 dxdy.
T q
because k ru rv k = k fx i fy j + k k =
1 + fx2 + fy2 .
a(S) =

(2)

Example 1: Let us find the area of the surface of the portion of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4a2
that lies inside the p
cylinder x2 + y 2 = 2ax. Note that the sphere can be considered as a union of
2 x2 y 2 . We will use the formula given in (2) to evaluate the surface
two graphs: z = 4ap
area. Let z = f (x, y) = 4a2 x2 y 2 . Then
q
q
4a2
fx = 2x 2 2 , fy = 2y 2 2 and
1 + fx2 + fy2 = 4a2 x
2 y 2 .
4a x y

4a x y

Let T be the projection of the surface z = f (x, y) on the xy-plane (see Figure 1). Then, because
of the symmetry, the surface area is
a(S) = 2

RR q
T

4a2
dxdy
4a2 x2 y 2

=22

R2

2aRcos

2ardrd

.
4a2 r2

Remark: Since
k ru rv k2 = k ru k2 k rv k2 sin2 = k ru k2 k rv k2 (1 cos2 ) = k ru k2 k rv k2 (ru rv )2 ,
the formula given in (1) can be written as RR
a(S) =
EG F 2 dudv
where E = ru ru , G = rv rv and F = ru

T
rv .

(3)

2
Example 2: Let us compute the area of the torus
x = (a + b cos ) cos , y = (a + b cos ) sin , z = b sin
where 0 2, 0 2, and a and b are constants such that 0 < b < a. Since the surface is
given in the parametric form with the parameters and , we can either use the formula given in
(1) or (3) and find the surface area. We do not have to know how the surface looks like. However
the surface is given in Figure 2 for understanding. Note that
r = (a + b cos ) sin i + (a + b cos ) cos j + 0k, rv = b sin cos i b sin sin j + b cos k.

This implies that E = ru ru = (a + b cos )2 , F = 0, G = b2 and hence EG F 2 = b(a + b cos ).


Therefore, by (3), the surface area is
RR
R 2 R 2
a(S) = b(a + b cos )dd = 0 0 b(a + b cos )dd = 4 2 ab.
T

Note that this problem can also be solved using the Pappus theorem : a(S) = 2L = 2 a 2b.
Surface Integrals: We will define the concept of integrals, called surface integrals, to the scalar
functions defined on parametric surfaces. Surface integrals are used to define center of mass and
moment of inertia of surfaces, and the surface integrals occur in several applications. We will not
get in to the applications of the surface integrals in this course. We will define the surface integrals
and see how to evaluate them.
Let S be a parametric surface defined by r(u, v), (u, v) T . Suppose rRRu and rv are continuous.
Let g : S R be bounded. The surface integral of g over S, denoted by gd, is defined by
S

RR

g d =

RR

g(r(u, v)) k ru rv k dudv =

RR

g(r(u, v)) EG F 2 dudv

provided the RHS double integral exists. If S is defined by z = f (x, y), then
q
RR
RR
g d = g[x, y, f (x, y)] 1 + fx2 + fy2 dxdy.
S

(4)

(5)

where T is the projection of the surface S over the xy-plane.


Example 3: Let S be the hemispherical surface z = (a2 x2 y 2 )1/2 . Let us evaluate

RR
S

We first parameterize the surface S as follows:

d
.
[x2 +y 2 +(z+a)2 ]1/2

S := r(, ) = (a sin cos , a sin sin , a cos ), 0 2, 0 .

Simple calculation shows that EG F 2 = a2 sin and [x2 +y 2 +(z+a)2 ]1/2 = 2a cos 2 . Therefore,
by equation (4), the surface integral is
RR
S

d
[x2 +y 2 +(z+a)2 ]1/2

R 2 R /2
0

a2 sin
2a cos
2

dd.

RR
Example 4: Let us evaluate the surface integral S g d where g(x, y, z) = x+y+z and the surface
S is described by z = 2x+3y, x 0, y 0 and x+y 2. We use the formula given in (5) to evaluate
the surface integral. Note that the projection T of the surface is {(x, y) : x 0, y 0, x + y 2}.
The surface integral is
q

RR
RR
R 2 R 2y
g d = (x + y + z) 1 + fx2 + fy2 dxdy = 0 0 (x + y + 2x + 3y) 14 dxdy.
S

Remark: Under certain general conditions (we deal with surfaces satisfying such conditions) the
value of the surface integral is independent of the representation.

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