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ECE397A - Operating Systems Computer System Components: Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne

This document provides an overview of the ECE397A - Operating Systems course taught by Professor Csaba Andras Moritz. It outlines the course components including 3 homeworks, 4 projects/labs, and 2 exams worth 60% of the grade. The class webpage contains additional information and is referenced. The document also introduces operating system concepts like hardware, software components, and different types of operating systems used in various computing environments such as mainframes, desktops, parallel and distributed systems.

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43 views

ECE397A - Operating Systems Computer System Components: Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne

This document provides an overview of the ECE397A - Operating Systems course taught by Professor Csaba Andras Moritz. It outlines the course components including 3 homeworks, 4 projects/labs, and 2 exams worth 60% of the grade. The class webpage contains additional information and is referenced. The document also introduces operating system concepts like hardware, software components, and different types of operating systems used in various computing environments such as mainframes, desktops, parallel and distributed systems.

Uploaded by

vipuls_021
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE397A Operating Systems

Welcome!
Instructor: Professor Csaba Andras Moritz
Class webpage:

http://www.ecs.umass.edu/ece/andras/courses/ECE397
Instructors webpage:

http://www.ecs.umass.edu/ece/andras
3 homeworks (10%), 4 projects/labs in Java/C (30%)
2 exams and pop quizzes (60%)
All information will be put on the web, check the class

webpage regularly.
Acknowledgements: material leveraged from

Computer System Components

1. Hardware provides basic computing resources (CPU,


cache, memory, disk, I/O devices).
2. Operating system controls and coordinates the use of
the hardware among the various application programs for
the various users.
3. Applications programs define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users (compilers, database systems,
video games, business programs).
4. Users (people, other computers).

Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne.

Chapter 1: Introduction

Abstract View of System Components

What is an Operating System?


Mainframe Systems (OS390, z/OS, Linux for S/390,

available on G5, G6 and Multiprise 3000 procs. )


Desktop Systems (WinNT,Me,2000,XP, Linux, Solaris,

BeOS, OS2-Warp, MAC OS X )


Multiprocessor Systems (FreeBSD SMP, Raw OS,..)
Distributed Systems Middleware (CORBA, .NET, J2EE)
Clustered System (SGI CXFS 2.0, TeraGrid project)
Embedded Systems
Real -Time Systems (RTOS, lots of specialized OS)
Handheld Systems (Pocket PC2002, PalmOS)

What is an Operating System?

Operating System Definitions

A software that acts as an intermediary between a user of

a computer and the computer hardware.


Operating system goals:
Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
Make the computer system convenient to use. (G)UI
interface.
Manage hardware resources
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

Resource allocator manages and allocates resources.


Why do we need to manage resources?
Control program controls the execution of user

programs and operations of I/O devices .


Why cant we have all IO controls implemented in the

applications directly?
Kernel the one program running at all times (all else

being application programs).


Why do we need a kernel?

Mainframe Systems

OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming

Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs

I/O routine supplied by the system.

Automatic job sequencing automatically transfers

Memory management the system must allocate the

control from one job to another. First rudimentary


operating system.
Resident monitor
initial control in monitor
control transfers to job

memory to several jobs.


CPU scheduling the system must choose among

several jobs ready to run.


Allocation of devices.

when job completes control transfers pack to monitor

Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System

Time-Sharing SystemsInteractive Computing


The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept

in memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only


if the job is in memory).
A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk.
On-line communication between the user and the system
is provided; when the operating system finishes the
execution of one command, it seeks the next control
statement from the users keyboard.
On-line system must be available for users to access data
and code.

Multiprogrammed Batch Systems


Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the
CPU is multiplexed among them.

Desktop Systems
Personal computers computer system dedicated to a

single user.
I/O devices keyboards, mice, display screens, small

printers.
User convenience and responsiveness.
Can adopt technology developed for larger operating

system often individuals have sole use of computer and


do not need advanced CPU utilization of protection
features.
May run several different types of operating systems
(Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)

Parallel Systems

Distributed Systems
Distribute the computation among several physical

Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU in close

communication.
Tightly coupled system processors share memory and a
clock; communication usually takes place through the
shared memory.
Advantages of parallel system:

processors.
Loosely coupled system each processor has its own

local memory; processors communicate with one another


through various communications lines, such as highspeed buses or telephone lines.
Advantages of distributed systems.

Increased throughput

Resources Sharing

Economical

Computation speed up load sharing

Increased reliability

Reliability

graceful degradation

Communications

fail-soft systems

Parallel Systems (Cont.)


Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
Each processor runs and identical copy of the operating

system.
Many processes can run at once without performance
deterioration.
Most modern operating systems support SMP

Distributed Systems (cont)


Requires networking infrastructure.
Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks (WAN)
May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems.

Asymmetric multiprocessing
Each processor is assigned a specific task; master

processor schedules and allocated work to slave


processors.
More common in extremely large systems

Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

General Structure of Client-Server

Clustered Systems

Handheld Systems

Clustering allows two or more systems to share storage.

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

Provides high reliability.

Cellular telephones

Asymmetric clustering: one server runs the application

Issues:
Limited memory
Slow processors
Small display screens.

while other servers standby.


Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are running the
application.

Real-Time Systems

Migration of Operating-System Concepts and Features

Often used as a control device in a dedicated application

such as controlling scientific experiments, medical


imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some
display systems.
Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time.

Real-Time Systems (Cont.)


Hard real-time:
Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short

term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)


Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by
general-purpose operating systems.

Computing Environments

Traditional computing
Web-Based Computing
Embedded Computing

Soft real-time
Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring
advanced operating-system features.

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