DSP Lab - SAMPLE viva questions

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What is MATLAB?
MATrix LABoratory, numerical computer environment.
What are the applications of MATLAB?
matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of
algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs in other
languages.
State sampling theorem.

The Sampling Theorem states that a signal can be exactly reproduced if

it is sampled at a frequency F, where F is greater than twice the
maximum frequency in the signal.
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What is meant by Nyquist rate and Nyquist criteria?

NR is twice the bandwidth of a bandlimited function or a bandlimited channel.
NF is of the sampling rate of a discrete signal processing system

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Explain scaling and superposition properties of a system.

What is meant by linearity of a system and how it is related to scaling and
superposition?
What is impulse function?
Has a value of 1 at 0 on the number line and 0 elsewhere
What is meant by impulse response?
o/p of a system wrt a brief i/p signal. Impulse imput.
What is energy signal? How to calculate energy of a signal?
Periodic signals are power signals; nonperiodic signals (pulses) are energy
signals. When both power and energy are infinite, the signal is neither a
power nor an energy signal. As a matter of fact, a true power signal cannot
exist in the real world because it would require a power source that
operates for an infinite amount of time.
What is power signal? How to calculate power of a signal?
To calculate energy:

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To calculate power:
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Differentiate between even and odd signals.

We say that a continuous signal $x(t)$ is even if $x(t) = x(-t)$ for all t.
Similarly, $x(t)$ is odd if $x(t) = -x(-t)$ for all t.
Explain time invariance property of a system with an example.
A time-invariant (TIV) system is a system whose output does not depend
explicitly on time.
System A: y(t)=tx(t)
System B: y(t)=10x(t)

Since system A explicitly depends on t outside of x(t) and y(t), it is not time-invariant.
System B, however, does not depend explicitly on t so it is time-invariant.
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What is memory less system?

y(t) = x2(t).
This example defines a simple system, where the output signal at each time
depends only on the input at that time. Such systems are said to be memoryless
because you do not have to remember previous values (or future values, for that
matter) of the input in order to determine the current value of the output.
Memoryless systems do not depend on any past input. In common usage
memoryless systems are also independent of future inputs.

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When a system is said to have memory?

Memory system depends on any past input.
What is meant by causality?
Causal systems do not depend on any future input.
Explain linear convolution and circular convolution.

What is the length of linear and circular convolutions if the two sequences are
having the length n1 and n2?
Max{n1,n2}
n1+n2-1
What are Fourier series and Fourier transform?
mathematical transform that expresses a mathematical function of time as
a function of frequency
What are the advantages and special applications of Fourier transform, Fourier
series, Z transform and Laplace transform?

Differentiate between DTFT and DFT. Why it is advantageous to use DFT in

computers rather than DTFT?
In DTFT, frequency appears to be continuous. But, in DFT, frequency is discrete.
This property is useful for computation in computers.
How to perform linear convolution using circular convolution?
If two signals x (n) and y (n) are of length n1 and n2, then the linear convoluted
output z (n) is of length n1+n2-1. Each of the input signals is padded with zeros to
make it of length n1+n2-1. Then circular convolution is done on zero padded
sequences to get the linear convolution of original input sequences x (n) and y (n).
What is meant by correlation?
Correlation is the measure of similarity between two signal/waveforms. It
compares the waveforms at different time instants.
What is auto-correlation?

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It is a measure of similarity of similarity of a signal/waveform with itself.

What is cross-correlation?
a measure of similarity of two waveforms as a function of a time-lag
applied to one of them
What are the advantages of using autocorrelation and cross correlation properties in
signal processing fields?
How auto-correlation can be used to detect the presence of noise?
Differentiate between IIR filters and FIR filters.

Advantages
FIR

IIR

Stable
Highly precise
Finite duration impulse response
Excellent phase response
The word-size effect such as round-off
noise and coefficient quantization
errors are much less severe in FIR.

cost lesser
Faster computations
Less hardware, computations
Easier to design
Lower order required

Disadvantages
FIR
Require higher order
Increased hardware
More computations
Larger input and output
delays
Cost more
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IIR
Sensitive to data round off
and cutoff
Make become unstable
Poor phase response

What is the procedure to design a digital Butterworth filter?

What is the difference between Butterworth, Chebyshev I and Chebyshev II filters?
What are difference equations and differential equations?
What is non real time processing?
Collector

Raw
Data

Processor

Signal

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What is meant by real time processing?

Ability to collect, analyze, and modify signals in real-time

Refined
Data

Real-Time: As these signals are occurring

We can analyze and process signals while collecting them, not at a later
time.
Real-Time
Signal
Processor

Refined
Data

Signal

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What is a Digital Signal Processor (DSP)?

Microprocessor specifically designed to perform fast DSP operations (e.g., Fast
Fourier Transforms, inner products, Multiply & Accumulate)
Good at arithmetic operations (multiplication/division)
Mostly programmed with Assembly and C through Integrated
Development Environment (IDE)
Differentiate between RISC and CISC architectures.
RISC

Emphasis
on
software

Singleclock,
reduced
instruction
only

large
code
size

Better C
compilers

CISC

Emphasis
on
hardware

Includes
multi-clock
complex
instructions

Small
code
sizes

Poor C
compilers

Differentiate between General purpose MPU(Micro Processor Unit) and DSP

Processor
MPU are built for a range of general-purpose functions such as:
Data manipulation
Math calculations
Control systems
They run large blocks of software
They are used in real-time and in unreal-time systems
DSPs are single-minded, dedicated to:
Perform mathematical calculations
Small blocks of software
Have a predictable execution time
Real-time only
Could assist a general-purpose host MPU

Microprocessor
General purpose
Fixed internal format
Single memory access
General addressing mode
Very large external memory
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DSP
Arithmetic
Varying internal format
Multiple memory access
Special addressing mode
Very large internal memory

What is pipelining?

Pipeline
Description
Stage
PF

Generate program fetch address

Read opcode

Route opcode to functional unit

Decode instruction

E
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Execute instruction

What is parallel processing?

Parallel processing is the ability to carry out multiple operations or tasks
simultaneously
What is MAC?
Multiplexed Analogue Components (MAC) was a satellite television
transmission standard, originally proposed for use on a Europe-wide
terrestrial HDTV system, although it was never used terrestrially.??
What is barrel shifter? Why it is advantageous to use it in DSP processor?
A barrel shifter is a digital circuit that can shift a data word by a specified
number of bits in one clock cycle. It can be implemented as a sequence of
multiplexers (mux.), and in such an implementation the output of one mux
is connected to the input of the next mux in a way that depends on the shift
distance.
Differentiate between floating point DSP and fixed point DSP.
Fixed Point/Floating Point
fixed point processor are :
i. cheaper
ii. smaller
iii. less power consuming
iv. Harder to program
1. Watch for errors: truncation, overflow, rounding
v. Limited dynamic range
vi. Used in 95% of consumer products
floating point processors
i. have larger accuracy

ii. are much easier to program

iii. can access larger memory
iv. It is harder to create an efficient program in C on a fixed point
processors than on floating point processors
Floating Point

Applications
Modems
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Wireless Base stations
Digital Imaging
3D Graphics
Speech Recognition
Voice over IP

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Fixed Point
Applications
Portable Products
2G, 2.5G and 3G Cell Phones
Digital Audio Players
Digital Still Cameras
Voice Recognition
Headsets
Fingerprint Recognition

What is code composer studio?

Code Composer Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE)
that supports TI's Microcontroller and Embedded Processors portfolio.
Even knock off boards :D
Explain Von-Neumann and Harvard architectures

Von Neumann Architecture : Single memory shared by both the program

instructions and data

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Harvard Architecture : Two separate memories, a program memory

(PM) for
instructions, and a
data memory (DM)
for data

What are Line-in, Line-out, Mic-in, Mic-out?

Reference: Digital signal processing by Dr. Ganesh Rao & Vineeta P. Gejji.
Texas instruments materials.
1. What is sampling theorem?
2. What do you mean by process of reconstruction.
1. reconstruction usually means the determination of an original continuous
signal from a sequence of equally spaced samples.
3. What are techniques of reconstructions.
1.
4. What do you mean Aliasing? What is the condition to avoid aliasing for
sampling?
5. Write the conditions of sampling.
6. How many types of sampling there?
7. Explain the statementt= 0:0.000005:0.05
8. In the above example what does colon (:) and semicolon (;) denotes.
9. What is a) Undersampling b) nyquist plot
c) Oversampling.
10. Write the MATLAB program for Oversampling.
11. What is the use of command legend?
puts a legend on the current plot using the specified strings as labels
12. Write the difference between built in function, plot and stem describe the
function.
13. What is the function of built in function and subplot?
14. What is linear convolution?
15. Explain how convolution syntax built in function works.
16. How to calculate the beginning and end of the sequence for the two sided
controlled output?
17. What is the total output length of linear convolution sum.
18. What is an LTI system?
19. Describe impulse response of a function.
20. What is the difference between convolution and filter?
21. Where to use command filter or impz, and what is the difference between these
two?
22. What is the use o function command deconv?
23. What is the difference between linear and circular convolution?

24. What do you mean by statement subplot (3,3,1).

25. What do you mean by command mod and where it is used?
26. What do you mean by Autocorrelation and Crosscorrelation sequences?
27. What is the difference between Autocorrelatio and Crsscorrelation.
28. List all the properties of autocorrelation and Crosscorrelaion sequence.
29. Where we use the inbuilt function xcorr and what is the purpose of using this
function?
30. How to calculate output of DFT using MATLAB?
31. What do you mean by filtic command, explain.
32. How to calculate output length of the linear and circular convolution.
33. What do you mean by built in function fliplr and where we need to use this.
34. What is steady state response?
35. Which built in function is used to solve a given difference equation?
36. Explain the concept of difference equation.
37. Where DFT is used?
38. What is the difference between DFT and IDFT?
39. What do you mean by built in function abs and where it is used?
40. What do you mean by phase spectrum and magnitude spectrum/ give comparison.
41. How to compute maximum length N for a circular convolution using DFT and
IDFT.(what is command).
42. Explain the statementy=x1.*x2
43. What is FIR and IIR filter define, and distinguish between these two.
44. What is filter?
45. What is window method? How you will design an FIR filter using window
method.
46. What are low-pass and band-pass filter and what is the difference between these
two?
47. Explain the command N=ceil(6.6*pi/tb)
48. Write down commonly used window function characteristics.
49. What is the matlab command for Hamming window? Explain.
50. What do you mea by cut-off frequency?
51. What do you mean by command butter, cheby1?
52. Explain the command in detail- [N,wc]=buttord(2*fp/fs,2*fstp/fs,rp,As)
53. What is CCS? Explain in detail to execute a program using CCS.
54. Why do we need of CCS?
55. How to execute a program using dsk and simulator?
56. Which IC is used in CCS? Explain the dsk, dsp kit.
57. What do you mean by noise?
58. Explain the program for linear convolution for your given sequence.
59. Why we are using command float in CCS programs.
60. Where we use float and where we use int?
61. Explain the command- i=(n-k)%N
62. Explain the entire CCS program in step by step of execution.