EENG441 SOLVED PROBLEMS

P1-) The transistor Q in the chopper shown below has a maximum (dv/dt) rating of 50 V/s. It is used
to supply a resistive load of RL = 100 . Find the snubber capacitance Cs required to protect the
transistor for dv/dt, when it is turned off. Assume that the transistor is turned off at t=0 , and vc(0)= 0.

vc

R s= 5

Cs
+

Q
Vs = 500 V

RL

Solution:
The solution for the capacitor voltage after Q is turned off:
vc (t ) Vs (1 et / )

( Rs RL )Cs

dvc
Vs

e t /
dt Rs RL

RL
v(t ) Vs RLic Vs 1
e t /
Rs RL

RL
dv
Vs
e t /
dt
Cs ( Rs RL )2

RL
9.8765
dv

50 V/s 50 106 V/s

R
)
C
max
s
s
L
s

ic Cs

Cs 0.1975 F

Alternatively, the voltage across Q can be solved directly from the eqn. x(t ) x() x(0) x() et /
v() vc () Vs

v(0 ) Rsic (0 ) Rs

Vs
Rs RL

( Rs RL )Cs

Rs
RL
v(t ) Vs Vs
Vs e t / Vs 1
e t /
Rs RL

Rs RL

P2-) In the circuit shown below, transistor Q is turned off at t = 0. The transistor current falls linearly
after it is turned off, as shown below. The fall time is tf = 2 s. Diode Ds is ideal. (Note: the
freewheeling diode DF does not turn on until the capacitor voltage reaches Vs).
(a) Find and sketch the voltage v across the transistor until steady state is reached.
(b) Find the maximum dv/dt across the transistor.
Ds

Cs= 0.2 F
Vs= 200 V
I0=10 A

Cs
R

iQ

iQ

Q
Vs

I0

DF

I0
_

tf

Solution:
(a) After Q is turned off, the capacitor current is equal to I0-iQ :
t
ic I 0 iQ I 0
t
f
v (t )

I0
Ct f

ic C
I0

t '.dt ' 2Ct

dv
dt

t2 0 t t f

v ( t ) v ( t0 )
v( t f )

1
ic dt '
C 0

I0
t f 50 V
2C

t tf

v (t ) v (t f )

I
I
1
I 0dt 0 t f + 0 (t t f ) 50 50(t 2) V ; t in s
C tf
2C
C

v (V)
200
150
100
slope = I0 /C
50

2
tf

(b) The maximum dv/dt across the transistor is

t (s)

P3-) In the circuit shown below, transistor Q is turned off at t = 0. The transistor current falls linearly
after it is turned off, as shown below. The fall time tf = 2 s. Diode Ds is ideal.
(a) Find and sketch the voltage across the transistor until steady state is reached.
(b) Find the maximum dv/dt across the transistor.
(c) Find R so that the initial current through Q is limited to 40A when it is turned on again.
Ds

Cs= 0.2 F
Vs= 200 V
I0=10 A

Cs
R

iQ

iQ

Q
Vs

I0

DF

I0
_

tf

Solution:
(a) Same as in P1.
(b) Same as in P1.
(c) When Q turns on, its current is the sum of the load current and the snubber capacitor
discharging current iC. Let Q be turned on at t = 0+. Then,
Ds
Cs
R
+

iC
_

iQ

Q
Vs
I0
_

iQ (0 ) I 0 iC (0 )
iQ (0 ) 10

vC (0 ) 200

R
R
200

R
6.67
30

iC (0 )

200
40
R

P4-) In the circuit shown below, transistor Q is turned off at t = 0. The transistor turns off with its
current falling to zero instantly. Diode Ds is ideal. (Note: the freewheeling diode DF does not turn on
until the capacitor voltage reaches Vs).
(a) Find the capacitance Cs so that the maximum dv/dt across the transistor is 100 V/s.
(b) With Cs = 0.25 F, find and sketch the voltage v across the transistor for 0 t 5 s . Indicate all
time and voltage values.
Ds
Cs

Vs= 200 V
R

I0= 20 A

iQ

Q
Vs

DF

I0
_

Solution:
(a) After Q is turned off, the capacitor current becomes equal to I0:
ic I 0 Cs

dv
dt

dv I 0

100 V/s
dt Cs

Cs 0.2 F

(b)
v (t )

I0
t
Cs

the capacitor charges linearly.

It becomes equal to Vs at

CsVs 0.25 200

2.5 s
I0
20

v (V)
200
150
100

slope = I0 /C

50

t (s)

P5-) The step-down chopper shown below is operated at the switching frequency f s = 10 kHz.
(a) Find the duty ratio k so that the average load current Ia = 2 A.
(b) Find the range of k in which the load current io is continuous ( i.e. k k1 , find k1).
S

io

+
R
D

Vs

vo

L
+E
-

Vs = 100 V
E = 40 V
L = 5 mH
R=5

Solution:

(a)

(b)

Ia

Va E
R

Va 5 2 40 50 V

Va
0.5
Vs

Conduction is continuous if I1 > 0

1 E
k ln 1 (e z 1)
z Vs

104
0.1 k 10 ln 1 0.4( e0.1 1) 0.412
103

P6-) The step-up dc-dc converter shown below is operated at a switching frequency of fs = 20 kHz.
(a) For R = 20 find the duty ratio k so that the average power supplied to the load is
Pav = 500 W.
(b) For k=0.7 find the maximum value of the load resistance R so that the source current is is
fs
continuous.

io
Vs = 40 V
vo L = 500 H
fs = 20 kHz
R

is

Vs

Solution:
(a) Pav Vdc .I dc

Vdc2
R

Vdc

Vs
1 k

500

Vs2
R(1 k )2

k 0.6

(b) When the switch Q is on

dis
Vs
dt

0 t kTs

I 2 I1

Vs
kTs
L

is (t ) I1

Vs
kTs
L

where I1 is (0)

where I 2 is ( kTs )

Power balance of the converter: Pin Pout Vs I s ,av

Vdc2
R

V
V
1
1
I1 I 2 2 I1 s kTs I1 s kTs
2
2
L
2L

2
V
Vs
Vs
V

Vs I1 s kTs
I1
s kTs
2
2
2
L
R
(1

k
)
R
(1

k
)
2
L

I s ,av

For continuous source current,

Vs
V
s kTs
R(1 k )2 2 L

2 fs L
2 20 103 500 106

317.46
2
k (1 k )
(0.3)2 0.7

P7-) The step-up converter shown below is operated with a duty cycle k = 0.75. The minimum value
of the source current is is I1 = 10 A . Assume that is decreases linearly when transistor Q is turned off.
Find the switching frequency of the converter.

io

is

Vs

vo

Vs = 20 V
L = 5 mH
R = 20
CF

Solution:

is
I2
I1

kT

I s ,av

Vs
16 A
R(1 k )2

Power balance:
Pin Pout

Vs I s ,av

Va2
R

1
I s ,av ( I1 I 2 ) I 2 32 10 22 A
2

In 0 < t < kT
fs

dis
Vs
dt

is (t ) I1

Vs
kTs
L

kVs
1
0.75 20

250 Hz
Ts L( I 2 I1 ) 5 103 12

where I1 is (0)

I 2 I1

Vs
kTs
L

P8-) The buck regulator shown below is operated at the switching frequency f s = 10 kHz.
(a) Find the average transistor current IQ,av as a function of the duty ratio k, assuming that the
inductor current iL is continuous.
(b) Find the maximum duty ratio kmax if Q has a maximum average current rating of 4 A.
(c) Find the maximum duty ratio kc for which iL is continuous.

Q
+

io
iL

iQ

Vs

vo

R
-

Vs = 50 V
C = 100 F
L = 200 H
R=5
fs = 10 kHz

Solution:
(a) Pin Pout Vs .IQ ,av
(b) IQ ,av 4 A

Vo2
R

k2

Vo kVs

Vs
4A
R

IQ ,av k 2

k 0.6325

Vs
R

kmax 0.6325

(c) When the switch Q is on,

diL
Vs Vo
dt

Vo kVs

0 t kTs

I 2 I1

iL (t ) I1

Vs Vo
kTs
L

Vs (1 k )
kTs (1)
L

V
1
I Q ,av ( I1 I 2 )k k 2 s
2
R
For continuous conduction

I1 I 2 k

2Vs
R

I1 0 1 k

where I1 iL (0)

where I 2 iL ( kTs )
(1) I1

Vs
V
k (1 k ) s
R
2 fs L

2 fs L
2 104 200 106
k 1
0.2 kc
R
5

P9-) The step-down chopper shown below is operated at the switching frequency fs = 10 kHz.
(a) Find the minimum value of the duty ratio k so that the load current io is continuous.
(b) Find the duty ratio k so that the average load current is 20 A.
(c) Find the average value (IQ,av) of the transistor current iQ for k = 0.5.

iQ

io

+
R
D

Vs

L
+E
-

vo

Vs = 200 V
E = 50 V
L = 10 mH
R=5
fs = 10 kHz

Solution:
(a) The minimum value of the load current is
Vs e- (1-k ) a e- a E
R ;
R 1- e- a

For continuous conduction

I1 0 k

L
1
0.1
2 ms T
0.1 ms a
0.05
R
fs
2

1 E a
1
50 0.05

ln 1 (e 1)
ln 1
( e 1) 0.2547
a Vs
0.05
2
00

(b) Average load current

Va E kVs E
20 5 50

20 k
0.75
R
R
200

(c) iQ = io when Q is on.

io (t ) io () io (0) io () e t /

Vs E
V E t /
I1 s
e
R
R

200 e0.50.05 e0.05 50

9.75 A io (t ) 30 (9.75 30).e t / 30 20.25 e t / A

I Q ,av

1
T

kT

i (t ).dt 30k 20.25 T 1 e

kT /

15 20.25 20 1 e 0.50.05 5.0 A

P10-) Below is shown a step-down dc-dc converter with an LC filter at its output. Diode D is ideal.
Switch S is operated with duty ratio k = 0.4 at the switching frequency fs = 10 kHz. Assume that the
output voltage vo = Va is constant and also the output current io = Ia is constant. Given that Va = kVs ,
Vs = 100 V, L = 250 H and C = 100 F
(a) Find the minimum and maximum values of the inductor current iL for Ia = 10A. Show all
your calculations.
(b) Sketch the source current is , and find its average value.

fs

io
Switching function of S:

iL

is
D

Vs

vo

Load
-

1
0

kT

Solution:
(a)
Vs Va
V V
t iL (kT ) I 2 I1 s a kT
L
L
V
V
0 t (1 k )T : iL (t ) I 2 a t iL (1 k )T I1 I 2 a (1 k )T
L
L

vD

0 t kT :

Vs
0

iL

kT

iL (t ) I1

1
I L,av ( I1 I 2 ) I a
2

I2
I1

Va kVs

t'

I1 I 2 2 I a

(3)

Vs
k (1 k )T
L

(4)

I1 I 2

Vs
k (1 k )T
2L

(3)&(4)

I1 I a

I1 10

100
(0.6)(0.4)104 5.2 A
5 104

I2 Ia

Vs
k (1 k )T
2L

I 2 14.8 A

(b)
iL

1
I s ,av k ( I1 I 2 ) kI a 4 A
2

I2
I1

kT

(1)
(2)