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Semester I Examinations - 2012/2013

The document provides information about an examination for an electrical engineering course on wind energy. It lists four professors and an instructor for the course and provides instructions for a 2 hour exam with 3 questions to answer. Question 1 involves fitting a Weibull distribution to wind data, calculating most probable wind speeds for Weibull and Rayleigh distributions, estimating wind speed at a different height using a logarithmic wind profile, and describing the WASP wind atlas method. Question 2 involves calculating power coefficients for different wind turbine designs, drawing velocity and force diagrams for a wind turbine, and calculating the power coefficient and tip speed ratio for an operating turbine. Question 3 involves deriving a control law for a resistive load on a wind turbine generator and estimating generation

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Ismail Hussain
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65 views

Semester I Examinations - 2012/2013

The document provides information about an examination for an electrical engineering course on wind energy. It lists four professors and an instructor for the course and provides instructions for a 2 hour exam with 3 questions to answer. Question 1 involves fitting a Weibull distribution to wind data, calculating most probable wind speeds for Weibull and Rayleigh distributions, estimating wind speed at a different height using a logarithmic wind profile, and describing the WASP wind atlas method. Question 2 involves calculating power coefficients for different wind turbine designs, drawing velocity and force diagrams for a wind turbine, and calculating the power coefficient and tip speed ratio for an operating turbine. Question 3 involves deriving a control law for a resistive load on a wind turbine generator and estimating generation

Uploaded by

Ismail Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

___________________________________

SEMESTER I EXAMINATIONS - 2012/2013


____________________________________
School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering

EEEN 40400 Wind Energy

Professor Stephen McLaughlin


Professor Tom Brazil
Professor Mark OMalley
Mr. Rick Watson*

Time Allowed: 2 hours

Instructions for Candidates


Answer any three questions. All questions carry equal marks. The
percentages in the right margin give an approximate indication of the relative
importance of each part of the question.

Instructions for Invigilators


Non-programmable calculators are permitted.
No rough-work paper is to be provided for candidates.

Page 1 of 7

Question 1
(a)
Outline a procedure to fit a Weibull distribution to a measured set of wind
data.
(b)

30%

Given that the most probable wind speed for the Weibull distribution is
1

u mp

C 1 C
A

show that the most probable wind speed for the Rayleigh distribution is
u mp

where is the mean wind speed for the Rayleigh.


(c)

25%

(i) The measured mean annual wind speed at a prospective wind turbine site
is 8 m/s at 50 m above ground level. Assuming the vertical wind profile is
logarithmic estimate the mean annual wind speed at 100 m above ground
level if the surface roughness around the site is a uniform 0.2 m.
15%
(ii) If the measured standard deviation of wind speed is approximately two
and a half times the friction velocity estimate the turbulence intensity at 100
m above ground level.

(d)

15%

Describe briefly the WASP/wind atlas method for wind resource assessment.
15%

Question 2
(a)

Show that for a wind turbine based on the concept of a sail moving straight
before the wind that
C p max

(b)

4
27

40%

Draw a velocity diagram for a wind turbine airfoil section showing the axial
and tangential components of the relative wind speed vector and distinguish
clearly between the angle of incidence, the blade pitch angle and the angle of
attack.

(c)

15%

Draw a clearly labelled force diagram for a wind turbine airfoil section
showing the incremental lift and drag forces and the components of these
incremental forces in the axial and tangential directions and write out the
Page 2 of 7

equations for axial force and the torque produced by a wind turbine with B
blades
(d)

20%

The induction generator rotor of the 2MW wind turbine (whose power curve,
technical specifications and operational details are show in Figure 1) is
rotating at 1512 rpm when the hub height wind speed is 17 m/s. Find the
power coefficient and the tip speed ratio at which it is operating (assume no
losses in the drive train or generator).

25%

P [MW]
1.5

Prated 2 MW
ucutin 3 m/s
urated 16 m/s
ucutout 25 m/s
turbine rotor diameter 76 m
gearbox ratio 1:93

0.5

0
0

10

15

20

25

uhub [m/s]

Figure 1
Question 3
(a)

A fixed pitch wind turbine is directly coupled to a permanent magnet AC


generator which feeds a controllable resistive load as shown in Figure 2. The
generator voltage magnitude and angular frequency are both proportional to
the rotational speed of the turbine. Assuming no losses in the drive train or
generator find the control law for the resistive load so as to ensure: (i)
operation of the wind turbine at max Cp up to the rotational speed at which
rated generator current is reached and (ii) regulation of the generator
current to its rated value above this speed up to a higher furling speed. Note
the wind generator is furled out of the wind above the furling speed by a
separate mechanism. Plot typical plots of load resistance, power and torque
versus rotational speed for operation in regions (i) and (ii) above.
60%

Page 3 of 7

Figure 2

(b)

A wind turbine whose power curve, technical specifications and operational

details are shown in Figure 1 is operating at a site where the annual wind speed
distribution is a Rayleigh distribution with mean annual windspeed at hub height
equal to 8.5 m/s. Assuming 100% mechanical availability estimate the % time the
wind turbine generator is not generating due to (i) low wind and (ii) high wind and
estimate the % time the wind turbine generator is generating (iii) at rated power and
(iv) between cut in and rated wind speed.

40%

Figure 3

Question 4
A wind farm of three wind turbines is connected to a grid via a HV overhead line
(ohl) shown in Figure 3. The output from each induction generator (gi) is stepped up

Page 4 of 7

from low voltage to medium voltage by a transformer (t i) and fed via a medium
voltage cable (ki) to the wind farm transformer (tw). Each generator is compensated
by a capacitor bank (ci). Details of the system components are shown in Table I. If
each of the wind turbine generators is operating at a slip of s= -0.008 p.u. and the
grid is represented as a 1 p.u. voltage source behind its short circuit impedance find:
(a) the voltage and (b) the active and reactive power exported by the wind farm as
would be measured at the HV terminals of the wind farm transformer (tw), i.e at bus
hvw.

Table I
induction
generator
(gi)

nominal voltage 0.69 kV, rating 2.2 MVA


equivalent circuit parameters (rotor quantities are referred to stator
turns)
Rs 0.0022 , Rr 0.0018
X s 0.0376 , X r 0.0155 , X m 0.9209
capacitor bank (ci) Z c j 0.8 per phase
transformer rating 2.2 MVA
distribution nominal voltage 10 kV, length
(ti)
rated voltage MV 10 kV cable (ki)
0.4 km
rated voltage LV 0.69kV
specific resistance 0.3 /km
uRr 1 %, ukr 6 %
specific inductive reactance
0.35 /km
wind farm
rating 10 MVA
HV
nominal voltage 38 kV, length
transformer rated voltage MV 10 kV overhead
20 km
(tw)
rated voltage HV 38 kV line (ohl)
specific resistance 0.368
ukr 9.34 %, uRr 0.38 %,
/km
specific inductive reactance
0.392 /km
grid
nominal voltage 38 kV, frequency 50 Hz, short circuit capacity 100
MVA, X/R =2

Page 5 of 7

List of physical constants & useful formulae


density of air:
1.225 kg/m3
power in the wind

Pwind

torque coefficient

CT

tip speed ratio

von Karman constant:


0.4
power coefficient
P
Cp
Pwind
thrust coefficient

1
Ad u 03
2

CP
X

CF

R
u0

weibull distribution
f u

Cu

A A

C 1

exp
A

gamma function

probability of wind <u

F
1
Ad u 02
2

F u f u du

e t t 1 dt

probability of wind >u

rayleigh distribution

Gu 1 F u

f u

properties of gamma function


1

m
u m A m 1
C

weibull wind speed for highest wind power density

energy pattern factor

u 2
exp
2
2u 2
4u

weibull mean of mth power


1

2

C 2
u A

weibull - most probable wind

1
C

u mp

C 1 C
A

mean power

u3
u3

P Pu f u du
0

error function

erf z

t 2

incomplete gamma function

dt

, x e t t 1dt

logarithmic wind profile

u z

z
ln
z0

turbulence intensity:
z
I u z u
u z

u*

A
i1 i

capital recovery factor


P 1 i N 1
P
1

present worth factor


F 1 i N
N

phasor transformation

at 2 A cost A e

capacity factor

sinking fund factor


A
i

F 1 i N 1
j

Page 6 of 7

active power
P3 3V I cos

P
Pr

inverse phasor transformation

1 A e 2 Ae jt e 2 A e j t

reactive power
Q3 3V I sin

2 A cost at

apparent power
S 3 3V I
where V is the phase voltage

complex power:
S 3 ph 3V ph I * 3V ph I e j P3 ph jQ3 ph
SCC
S SC

per unit
VLLn

Z sc

Z sc

1
R
Z sc
j
2
2

X

X
1
1
R
R

induction machine torque:


Vs
3 Rr
2
s s
R
2
Rs r X s X r
s

induction machine max torque


T

3
Tm

2 s

Z pu

Z
Z base

Z base

VLLbase

S 3base

slip for max torque


motor s m

Rs2 X s X r Rs

Rr
Rs2 X s X r

generator Tm

Vs

induction machine slip:


r
s s

motor

2f
n pp

synchronous speed: s

2 s

Vs

generator s m

Rs2 X s X r Rs
2

oOo

Page 7 of 7

Rr
R X s X r
2
s

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