10/31/2012

What is paraphrasing?

Writing Well - Paraphrasing

expressing somebody elses ideas in your

own language or words

accurately and thoroughly
one legitimate way of borrowing from a source

Angela Koch
([email protected])
Student Learning Advisory Service

(other ways are quoting/ summarising)

When to paraphrase:

Why paraphrase:
Because it is better than quoting

when ideas are more important than authors

(no break in style)

style

Because it demonstrates your understanding

when the original language is difficult to

of the issue/ topic

understand
(e.g. full of jargon, complex or elaborate )

Because it helps you to understand the

meaning of the original

How to paraphrase
Understand the original

T/F? For a good paraphrase...

1.
2.

Take notes (in bullet points)

3.

Report what you have understood

4.
5.

Compare with original

Put unique terms into quotation marks
Cite the source

6.
7.
8.
9.

T
remove or replace unusual words
adopt the same sentence structure as the source writer F
reduce the content of the paraphrase to keep it as simple
as possible T
express the main idea concisely T
use the same words as in the original F
reformulate the main ideas in your own words T
copy useful pieces of the original text F
use a suitable reporting verb and provided an in-text
reference detail T
retain unique terms but highlight them as quotes T

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Example

Example

taken from OWL Online Writing Lab, Purdue University, Australia 2006

taken from OWL Online Writing Lab, Purdue University, Australia 2006

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking

notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final
[research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.
Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact
transcribing of source materials while taking notes.
-------------------Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation
from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted
material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).
okay

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking

notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final
[research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.
Therefore,
you should strive to limit the amount of exact
------transcribing of source materials while taking notes.
Students often use too many direct quotations when they
take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final
research paper. In fact, probably only about one thenth of
the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So
it is important to limit the amount of source material copied
while taking notes.
plagiarism

Example
taken from OWL Online Writing Lab, Purdue University, Australia 2006

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking

notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final
[research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.
Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact
------transcribing
of source materials while taking notes.
In research papers students often quote excessively,
failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable
level. Since the problem usually originates during note
taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded
verbatim (Lester 46-47).
good

Active & Passive

Over 130 different nationalities are represented
within the student body at the University of
Kent.
(passive)

Working from the original:

change the overall word order

change active sentences passive sentences
change the order of the subjects in sentences (with

several clauses)
Change negative to positive
change linking words
change sentence length by joining or splitting ideas

will lead to changes in grammar and syntax

(but should not alter meaning)

Working from the original:

change the words

use synonyms (but be careful!)
change nouns verbs

The student body at the University of Kent

represents over 130 different nationalities.
(active)

change adjectives adverbs

will leads to changes in grammar and syntax

(but should not alter meaning)

Students from more than 130 nations study at the
University of Kent.
(active)

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Few more tips

Do not change specialised vocabulary or

expressions.
Do not change the tone

(formal, ironic, critical )

Do not add information, neither leave

essential details out.

Step by step approach

Since the time of Descartes, it is estimated that no fewer
than five hundred attempts have been made to create
artificial languages for international use. The most
successful by far has been Esperanto, a language
constructed around the end of the nineteenth century by
Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. (Pei 1993: 3)

Changing words/ terms

Try to sound like you but not too casual.

Since the early seventeenth century, an estimated five

hundred artificial languages have been invented for
international communication. The most used is Esperanto,
invented by a Polish linguist during the late 19 th century.

Step by step approach cont.

Step by step approach cont.

Since the early seventeenth century, an estimated five

hundred artificial languages have been invented for
international communication. The most used is
Esperanto, invented by a Polish linguist during the late
19th century.

Since the time of Descartes, it is estimated that no fewer

than five hundred attempts have been made to create
artificial languages for international use. The most
successful by far has been Esperanto, a language
constructed around the end of the nineteenth century by
Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. (Pei 1993: 3)

Change sentence structure

New version

Esperanto is the most used artificial language of the 500

or so attempts at creating a verbal communication tool
for international use.

Pei (1993) pointed out that Esperanto is the most used

artificial language of the 500 or so attempts at creating a
verbal communication tool for international use.

Limitations?

Over to you

Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end
there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global
reach has been found, stopped and defeated.
Bush ,G.W. (2001) Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, United States Capitol Washington D.C. September 20.

In 2001, the US President stated that Americas war on

terror started with Al-Qaeda but would continue until all
groups of terrorists across the world had been found,
stopped and defeated (Bush 2001).

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Exercise 1: Using synonyms

Exercise 2: Changing word class

Theres a managers meeting every week in room 1.

The responsibility for standards and quality in the

UK rests with individual, autonomous universities.

The managers meet every week in room 1.

Accountability for standards and quality lies with

each self governing HE institution in the UK.

Somebody is knocking on the door.

There is a knock at the door.

b) Active

Exercise 3 :Changing the word order

a) Climate change will soon be hitting hard; lifestyles

will have to change for civilisation to survive into

the next century.
For civilisation to survive into the next century,
lifestyles will have to change as climate change will
soon be hitting hard.

c)

Negative versus positive

versus passive

Earlier this year, one of Europe's largest warehouses

was opened in Swansea by Amazon.

Amazon opened one of Europe's largest warehouses in

Swansea earlier this year.

d)

Long to short

About a decade and a half ago certain scholars began to

While most 17 to 21-year-olds claim to have walked or

cycled rather than travel by car for environmental

reasons, few are prepared to give up even one trip by
air over the next decade.
a) not many are prepared to give up
b) Only few 17 to 21-year-olds admit to preferring car
travel to cycling or walking

call attention to the importance of "soft power" in world

affairs, which they defined as the capacity to win friends
abroad and persuade other nations to agree to policies that
you want.
About 15 years ago some scholars began to call attention
to the importance of soft power in world affairs. They
defined it as the capacity to win friends abroad and
persuade other nations to agree to policies that you want.

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e) Short

to long

New figure are out today. The cost of renting a home

fell during the third quarter of the year. The market was
flooded with properties for which there are no buyers.
New figures out today revealed that the cost of renting
a home fell during the third quarter of the year as the
market was flooded with properties for which there are
no buyers.

Obama, speaking before the meeting with Hillary

Clinton, said:
"We're going to have a good conversation about how we
can work together to fix up the country."
(The Guardian, 17 Nov 2008)

Obama stated that he and Hillary Clinton were

going to discuss how they could collaborate in order
to to fix up this country (Obama quoted in The
Guardian, 17 Nov 2008).

Ubuntu can be defined as humaneness--a pervasive spirit of

caring and community, harmony and hospitality, respect and

responsiveness--that individuals and groups display for one
another. Ubuntu is the foundation for the basic values that
manifest themselves in the ways African people think and
behave toward each other and everyone else they encounter.
One of the most important attributes of ubuntu is the high
degree of harmony and continuity throughout the system.

Exercise 4: Paraphrase & Reference

As a general rule, English sentences move from what

the reader knows, to what the reader does not know.

This ensures that readers learn new things by
connecting new information to what they already know.
(Gratton 2003: 35)
To enable the reader to build on existing knowledge,
sentences in the English language tend to start with
something known before introducing something
unknown (Gratton 2003) .

Social exclusion is something that can happen to

anyone. But some people are significantly more

at risk than others.
Cabinet Office (March 2011) Preventing Social Exclusion Report by
the Social Exclusion Unit, (p 11)

A Cabinet Office report highlighted that some

individuals are more likely to suffer from social
exclusion than others, even though it could
affect anybody.

Useful resource
Standard academic phrases used to
introduce somebody elses ideas or work:
http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/

(Mangaliso, M. P. (2001) Building competitive advantage

Mangaliso (2001: 24 ) described ubuntu as humaneness --a

pervasive spirit of caring and community, harmony and
hospitality, respect and responsiveness. The strive for
harmony and continuity is central to ubuntu therefore evident
in the interaction and communication among Africans.

Any Questions?
Contact: Angela Koch ([email protected])