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Neural Crest Cell: As The Groove Gets Deeper, Neural Crest. After The Neural Fold Meet and

Early human development involves cell division and differentiation, resulting in the formation of two germ layers - ectoderm and endoderm. A third layer, the mesoderm, develops from primitive streak formation and the migration of ectodermal cells. The ectoderm further develops into the neural plate and neural crest cells, which give rise to various structures including parts of the face and neck. Specific developmental processes occur throughout the fourth week, such as the formation of facial prominences and branches, which later develop into structures like the nose, lips, palate, and tongue. Mandible and maxilla formation begins around 10 weeks from the first branchial arch.

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Hayley Welsh
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51 views

Neural Crest Cell: As The Groove Gets Deeper, Neural Crest. After The Neural Fold Meet and

Early human development involves cell division and differentiation, resulting in the formation of two germ layers - ectoderm and endoderm. A third layer, the mesoderm, develops from primitive streak formation and the migration of ectodermal cells. The ectoderm further develops into the neural plate and neural crest cells, which give rise to various structures including parts of the face and neck. Specific developmental processes occur throughout the fourth week, such as the formation of facial prominences and branches, which later develop into structures like the nose, lips, palate, and tongue. Mandible and maxilla formation begins around 10 weeks from the first branchial arch.

Uploaded by

Hayley Welsh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Early development: fertilized cell cell division cell differentiation

(As cell number increased, different region undergoes differentiation. One of the
differentiations includes the development of the neural and blood system which
provides means of communication between the different cells and groups of cell as
well as to the external environment)

Disc composed of 2 germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm

Development of the Third Layer: Mesoderm and Ectomensenchyme

Ectomesenchyme Development: Neural


Crest Cell
Week 3: Primitive streak- development
of mesoderm (the third germ layer)
Primitive streak starts at the tail end of
the embryo. Ectodermal cell migrates to
the region of primitive streak, invaginate
beneath the ectodermal layer and form
the sandwiched third layer. The third
layer and the primitive streak will spread
from the tail end toward the head end,
later become the future mesoderm.
*note: the spreading third layer never
reaches the head end and far tail end*

Neural plate: Thickening of the ectoderm


at the head end of the embryo

Neural groove: margins of the neural plate


thickens and form a groove

Neural crest cell: As the groove gets deeper,


bulges formed which give rise to future
neural crest. After the neural fold meet and
becomes the neural tube, the bulge (neural
crest) is separated from the tube and
become neural crest which is the later
ectomesenchyme

Therefore, mesoderm and ectomesenchyme has different origin- one is from primitive
streak and the other is from neural plate.

Plate tube (for primitive gut) c-shape curve at head and tail

24th to 28th day (week 4): Facial Development


Late week 2 and early week 3
5 Process developed as 5 tissue masses produced by the multiplication of ectodermal
cell. This is: 2 x mandibular, 2 x maxillary and 1 frontonasal processes.
Branchial arches developes.
Mouth development
Week 4: presence of a depression gives
rise to stomodeum (primitive oral cavity)

Buccopharyngeal membrane break down


leading to direct communication
between stomodeum and the digestive
track, only then mouth is developed

neck development : week 4


It arises from the branchial arches and the
primitive pharynx, which is part of the
digestive tube.
The caudal part of the primitive pharynx
forms the oesophagus, and a ventral
outgrowth leads to formation of the
larynx, and trachea which end at the
developing lung

Later development:
Changes for form primitive nasal cavities
24 days: 1st branchial arch starts to bud off and maxillary process formed
Stomatodeum borders now are:
- Rostral: developing brain
- Caudal: 1st branchial arch
- Lateral: maxillary process
Frontonasal process forms 2 nasal pits and lateral and medial nasal process forms
around it
Maxillary process grows and pushes lateral and medial nasal process towards midline
process fuse to form:
- Middle part of nose
- Middle part of upper lip
- Anterior part of maxilla
- Primary palate (part that holds 1, 2)
o Nerve: incisive branch of nasopalatine branch of maxillary division of
trigeminal nerve (CNV)

7th to 8th week: formation of secondary palate


-

Fusion of shelves from maxillary process


o Nasal and oral cavity are separated
Nerve: greater palatine branch of maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CNV)

Formation of tongue
-

Tuberculum impar: mesenchymal swelling in midline of mandibular process of 1st


branchial arch
2 other swellings appear (1 on either side of tuberculum impar) and merge to form
large mass
Anterior 2/3 of tongue
o Mucus membrane: formed by the large mass
o Nerve for sensory supply: mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CNV) (via
lingual nerve)
Derived from 1st branchial arch
o Nerve for taste: chorda tympani from facial nerve (CNVII)
Derived from 2nd branchial arch
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
o Formed from: hypobranchial eminence
Large midline swelling from 3rd branchial arch
o Nerve: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

~10 weeks: Formation of mandible


-

Develops from: mandibular process from the 1st branchial arch


o Mandibular process fuse so mandibular arch formed
o Bone of mandible form from mesenchymal tissue and Meckels cartilage
disappears
Trough formed to contain inferior dental nerve
Bone forms compartments for developing teeth and closes over the tooth germs
10 weeks: rudimentary mandible formed from intramembranous ossification
Role of Meckels cartilage: formation of mental foramen

Formation of maxilla

Develops from: condensation of mesenchyme from 1st branchial arch


No branchial arch cartilage in maxillary process formed by intramembranous
ossification
16th week: maxillary sinus is formed

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