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R TUTORIAL
BUSINESS ANALYTICS (SOSE 2014)
Martin Wistuba
29/04/2014

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What is R?
Programming language

Software environment
Used by Statisticians and Data Miners
Open Source version of S
Large number of built-in statistical functions
Easily configurable via packages

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Getting R
Download it from:
http://cran.r-project.org/
Manual:
http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdf
Includes RGui - IDE

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Basics Math Operations

Type an expression into the console, while R computes

the result
> 1+1
[1] 2
> pi
[1] 3.141593
> sqrt(2)
[1] 1.414214

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Basics - Variables
Variables are created and initialized via name <- value

A function in R is called as functionname()

> x <- 23
> y <- 4
> z <- log( sqrt(x) + y )
> print(z)
[1] 2.174278
>z
[1] 2.174278

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Basics - Printing
print() : prints a single variable or data structure

cat(): prints concatenated content

> x <- 5
> y <- 4
> z <- sqrt(x+y)
> print(z)
[1] 3
> cat("Square root of", x, " plus ", y, " is ", z, "\n")
Square root of 5 plus 4 is 3

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Basics Workspace
The R session workspace stores all the created variables

and functions in primary memory (RAM)

In order to see all the created variables in your workspace
use the list command
> ls()
[1] "x" "y"

"z"

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Basics Workspace - Deleting Variables

Delete through the rm() function

> ls()
[1] "x" "y" "z"
> rm(x)
> ls()
[1] "y" "z"
> rm(y,z)
> ls()
character(0)

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Basics - Vectors
A vector is a list of numeric values and is created as

name <- c(list of numbers)

> v1 <- c(1,4,7,10,13)

> v2 <- c(3,23,2,-1,4)
> mean(v1)
[1] 7
> sd(v2)
[1] 9.576012
> cor(v1,v2)
[1] -0.363252
> cor(v2,v2)
[1] 1

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Basics Comparing Vectors

Vectors can be compared (like variables) for equality ==,

inequality !=, greater > or smaller <

The outcome is a logical value TRUE/FALSE
> v <- c(3, pi, 4)
> w <- c(pi,pi,pi)
> v == w
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE
>w>v
[1] TRUE FALSE FALSE

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Basics - Sequences
Create a sequence of numbers via

n:m, for n,n+1,n+2,,m

seq(n,m,k), for n, n+k, n+2k, n+3k, , m

> 1:14
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
> seq(-1, 2, 0.3)
[1] -1.0 -0.7 -0.4 -0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.0

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Basics Selecting Vector Elements (1)

Use square brackets to access element at a desired

position, e.g. v[3] accesses the third element of v

Use a negative sign to exclude, e.g. v[-2] is all except the
second element
Use a vector of indices to select multiple values
Use a logical operator to access based on a condition

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Basics Selecting Vector Elements (2)

> fib <- c(0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34)
> fib[2]
[1] 1
> fib[7]
[1] 8
> fib[2:5]
[1] 1 1 2 3
> fib[ c(1,3,5,7) ]
[1] 0 1 3 8
> fib[ -(7:10) ]
[1] 0 1 1 2 3 5

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Basics Selecting Vector Elements (3)

> fib <- c(0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34)
> mean(fib)
[1] 8.8
> fib[ fib > mean(fib) ] # fib > mean(fib) vec. of TRUE/FALSE
[1] 13 21 34
> fib[ fib %% 2 == 0 ]
[1] 0 2 8 34

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Basics Vector Arithmetic

> v <- c(11,12,13,14,15)
> w <- c(1,2,3,4,5)
> v+w
[1] 12 14 16 18 20
> v/w
[1] 11.000000 6.000000 4.333333 3.500000 3.000000
>v^2
Normalization
[1] 121 144 169 196 225
> mean(w)
[1] 3
> sd(w)
[1] 1.581139
> (w-mean(w))/sd(w)
[1] -1.2649111 -0.6324555 0.0000000 0.6324555 1.2649111

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Basics - Functions
function(param1,param2,.,paramN)
{
expression 1
expression 2

Conditional Execution
if(cond) expr else expr

> gcd <- function(a,b){

+
if(b == 0) return(a)
+
else return( gcd(b, a %% b))
+ }
gcd(10,20)
Termination
[1] 10

return(value)

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Basics - Loops
while(condition) expression

> z <- 0
> while(z < 5){
+ z <- z + 2
+ print(z)
+}
[1] 2
[1] 4
[1] 6
Homework: Search for and learn the for loop

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Basics Getting Help

> help.start() opens a local website on your browser which
provides free tutorials, documentation, etc
For a specific function:
> help(functionname)
> args(functionname)
> example(functionname)
Always ask Google if you get stuck!

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Data Structures - Lists

List is a vector whose elements are allowed to represent different

modes/data types, i.e. numbers, strings, vectors, other lists

Lists are created using the list(data) function
> lst <- list(3, "A", 4.5 )
> print(lst)
[[1]]
[1] 3
[[2]]
[1] "A
[[3]]
[1] 4.5
> length(lst)
[1] 3
> lst[[2]]
[1] "A"

> mode(lst[[2]])
[1] character
> lst2 <- list("Z", c(-21,5,7), list(3,"C"))
> print(lst2)
[[1]]
[1] "Z"
[[2]]
[1] -21 5 7
[[3]]
[[3]][[1]]
[1] 3
[[3]][[2]]
[1] "C"

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Data Structures Remove List Elements

listname[indices] <- NULL

> lst <- list("A",100,90,"B",80,70,"C",60,50,"D",40,30)

> lst[ seq(2,length(lst),3)] <- NULL
> print(lst)
[[1]]
[1] "A"
[[2]]
[1] 90
[[3]]
[1] "B"
[[4]]
[1] 70
[[5]]
[1] "C"
[[6]]
[1] 50
[[7]]
[1] "D"
[[8]]
[1] 30

length(data): length of vector/list

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Data Structures - Names

Names can be set to vector and list elements

> grades <- c(5,4,3,2,1)

> names(grades) <- c("very bad", "bad", "normal", "good",
"very good")
> grades["good"]
good
2

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Data Structures - Matrices

Matrix is a vector which has two dimensions, set via dim()
Access: [row,col]

> A <- 1:6

> print(A)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6
> dim(A)
NULL
> dim(A) <- c(3,2)
> print(A)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 4
[2,] 2 5
[3,] 3 6

> A[3,1]
[1] 3
> A <- matrix(1:6,3,2)
> print(A)
(content,rows,cols)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 4
[2,] 2 5
[3,] 3 6

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Data Structure Matrix Selection

Select one column/row, or a sub-matrix

> A <- matrix(1:16,4,4);

> print(A)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 5 9 13
[2,] 2 6 10 14
[3,] 3 7 11 15
[4,] 4 8 12 16
> A[2,]
[1] 2 6 10 14
> A[,3]
[1] 9 10 11 12

> A[1:2,3:4]
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 9 13
[2,] 10 14

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Data Structures - Arrays

N-dimensional data structures

> D <- 1:12

> dim(D) <- c(2,3,2)
> print(D)
,,1

Three dimensional data cube, e.g.:

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 3 5
[2,] 2 4 6
,,2
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 7 9 11
[2,] 8 10 12

Source: http://timkienthuc.blogspot.de

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Data Structures - Data Frames

A tabular (2d) data structure which is a list whose elements are

vectors. It is created using data.frame(vec1,vec2, , vecn)

Vectors are columns of the data frame and must have same length.
For simplicity, think of the data frame like an Excel spreadsheet where
each column has a unique data type.
> names <- c("hans", "tim", "lukas", "jorg")
> grades <- c(1.7, 2.0, 3.0, 1.3)
> scores <- data.frame(names,grades)
> print(scores)
names grades
1 hans 1.7
2 tim
2.0
3 lukas 3.0
4 jorg
1.3

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Data Structure Append Data

Vectors
> v <- c(1,2,3,4)
> v <- c(v,5)
> print(v)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
> w <- c(6,7,8,9)
> w <- c(v,w)
> print(w)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Frames
> newRow <- data.frame(
names="josif", grades=2.0)
> scores <- rbind(scores,newRow)
> print(scores)
names grades
1 hans 1.7
2 tim
2.0
3 lukas 3.0
4 jorg
1.3
5 josif
2.0

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I/O Read Tabular Files (1)

Each line one record

Within a record, each field is delimited by a special

character such as comma, space, tab or colon.

Each record contains the same number of fields

Fisher R.A. 1890 1962

Pearson Karl 1857 1936
Cox Gertrude 1900 1978
Yates Frank 1902 1994
Smith Kirstine 1878 1939
File statisticians.txt

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I/O Read Tabular Files (2)

read.table(filepath) reads the file under the path and returns

a data frame with the read content

> statisticians <- read.table("statisticians.txt")
> print(statisticians)
V1
V2
V3 V4
1 Fisher
R.A.
1890 1962
2 Pearson Karl
1857 1936
3 Cox
Gertrude 1900 1978
4 Yates
Frank 1902 1994
5 Smith
Kirstine 1878 1939
> statisticians$V1
[1] Fisher Pearson Cox Yates Smith
Levels: Cox Fisher Pearson Smith Yates

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I/O Read CSV Files

Simple CSV file table.csv (with a header line)

label,lbound,ubound
low,0,0.674
mid,0.674,1.64
high,1.64,2.33
> tbl <- read.csv("table.csv")
> print(tbl)
label lbound ubound
1 low 0.000 0.674
2 mid 0.674 1.640
3 high 1.640 2.330

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I/O Write Data Frame to CSV File

> print(scores)
names grades
1 hans 1.7
2 tim
2.0
3 lukas 3.0
4 jorg 1.3
5 josif 2.0

> write.csv(scores, "scores.csv",

row.names=F)

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Strings
> name <- "josif"
> surname <- "grabocka"
> fullname <- paste(name,surname)
> print(fullname)
[1] "josif grabocka"
> nchar(fullname)
[1] 14
> substr(fullname,7,10)
[1] "grab
> sub("a", "$", fullname)
[1] "josif gr$bocka"
> gsub("a", "$", fullname)
[1] "josif gr$bock$"

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Dates
> Sys.Date()
[1] "2013-04-28"
> format(Sys.Date(), "%m/%d/%Y")
[1] "04/28/2013
> s <- as.Date("2013-04-23")
> e <- as.Date("2013-04-30")
> seq(s,e,1)
[1] "2013-04-23" "2013-04-24" "2013-04-25" "2013-04-26"
"2013-04-27" "2013-04-28" "2013-04-29" "2013-04-30"

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Graphics - Introduction
Creating plots, charts and visual presentation of results

High-level graphics functions

plot generic plotting
boxplot a box plot
histogram histogram visualization of data
curve display a function
Low-level graphics functions (inside high-level containers)
lines add lines to the plot
points add points to the high level function
polygon addition of polygon data
text insertion of text annotation inside plot
Title, Legend, Colors, Line-Styles, etc

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Graphics Scatter Plot

Packages :: Load Package :: Datasets (default datasets)

> ds <- cars

> print(ds)
speed dist
1
4 2
2
4 10

50 25 85
> Distance <- ds$dist #ds[,1]
> Speed <- ds$speed #ds[,2]
> plot(Distance,Speed)

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Graphics Title and Axis Labels

plot(D, main=title, xlab=X-axis label, ylab=Y-axis label)
> plot(Distance,Speed, main="Speed vs Distance Plot",
xlab="Speed (kph)", ylab="Distance (km)")

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Graphics Multiple Plots (1)

Set the parameter mfrow before calling plot
par(mfrow=c(numRows,numCols))

> ds <- longley

> print(ds)
GNP.deflator GNP Unemployed Armed.Forces Population Year Employed
1947
83.0 234.289
235.6
159.0 107.608 1947 60.323
1948
88.5 259.426
232.5
145.6 108.632 1948 61.122
1949
88.2 258.054
368.2
161.6 109.773 1949 60.171
1950
89.5 284.599
335.1
165.0 110.929 1950 61.187
1951
96.2 328.975
209.9
309.9 112.075 1951 63.221
1952
98.1 346.999
193.2
359.4 113.270 1952 63.639
1953
99.0 365.385
187.0
354.7 115.094 1953 64.989
1954
100.0 363.112
357.8
335.0 116.219 1954 63.761
1955
101.2 397.469
290.4
304.8 117.388 1955 66.019
1956
104.6 419.180
282.2
285.7 118.734 1956 67.857
1957
108.4 442.769
293.6
279.8 120.445 1957 68.169
1958
110.8 444.546
468.1
263.7 121.950 1958 66.513
1959
112.6 482.704
381.3
255.2 123.366 1959 68.655
1960
114.2 502.601
393.1
251.4 125.368 1960 69.564
1961
115.7 518.173
480.6
257.2 127.852 1961 69.331
1962
116.9 554.894
400.7
282.7 130.081 1962 70.551
Plot together GNP.Deflator (col 1) vs Unemployed (col 2) and Armed. (col 4) vs Pop. (col 5)?

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Graphics Multiple Plots (2)

> par(mfrow=c(1,2))
> plot(ds[,1],ds[,3], main="Gnp Deflator vs Unemployed",
xlab="Gnp Deflator", ylab="Unemployed")
> plot(ds[,4],ds[,5], main="Armed Forces vs Population",
xlab="Armed Forces", ylab="Population")

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Data Transformations lapply, sapply

Apply a function to every element of a list or vector

R strategy against iterations!

lst <- lapply(list, function)

vec <- sapply(list, function)

# output is a list
# output is a vector

> funStuff <- c("Beer", "Football", "Love", "Statistics")

> greatify <- function(str){ return ( paste(str,"is great!") ) }
> funStuffGreatified <- sapply(funStuff, greatify)
> print(funStuffGreatified)
Beer
Football
"Beer is great!" "Football is great!"

Love
Statistics
"Love is great!" "Statistics is great!"

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Data Transformation Matrix apply (1)

apply(matrix, 1-row or 2-column, function)
Example: Compute the product of each row?

> M <- matrix(1:16, 4, 4)

> print(M)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 5 9 13
[2,] 2 6 10 14
[3,] 3 7 11 15
[4,] 4 8 12 16
> apply(M, 1, prod)
[1] 585 1680 3465 6144
> 1*5*9*13
[1] 585

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Data Transformation Matrix apply (2)

Compute the factorial of each cell of a matrix!
for every column -> for every row element of that column?

> M <- matrix(1:9, 3, 3)

> print(M)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 4 7
[2,] 2 5 8
[3,] 3 6 9
> factorial <- function(x) { if(x < 1) return(1) else return( x*factorial(x-1) ) }
> apply(M, 2, function(row){ return( sapply(row,factorial) ) })
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 24 5040
[2,] 2 120 40320
[3,] 6 720 362880

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Data Transformation Data Frames

By default a function is applied to columns, which are

vectors
lst <- lapply(matrix, function)
# output is list
vec <- sapply(matrix, function)
# output is vector
Also apply can be used for data frames similar to
matrices, however the data frame columns must have
identical modes/data types