(976 supp. MATH Solutions Manual to Walter Rudin’s Principles of Mathematical Analysis Roger Cooke, University of Vermont| i | | | | | | Chapter 8 Some Special Functions Exercise 8.1 Define ie eu" (e £0), ron {e G23 Prove that f has derivatives of all orders at z = 0 and that f(")(0) = 0 for ae Solution. We have lim, tke-WV2" — 0 for all k = 0,+1,42,... by LHospital’s tule. It is easily shown by induction that there is @ polynomial p, such that f(x) = pa(t)e“/™" for #0. Assuming (by induction) that f)(0) = 0, we then have f+1)(9) = lim ga(t de Ve" = 0, where ga(2) = 2pn (2) eno Exercise 8.2 Let a;; be the number in the ith row and jth column of the array a 0 0 3 7-10 «0 i 2-10 80403 -1 so that Prove that 199130 CHAPTER 8 SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Solution. ‘This is a routine computation: ae LY = YL] = Y[-1+0-29) while Lda = Exercise 8.3 Prove that LM LL 77 gt if a4; > 0 for all é and j (the case too = +00 may occur) Solution. In fact the only case that we need to consider is the case when one of the two sums is infinite. If either sum is finite, we merely invoke Theorem 8.3, which explicitly states that the two sums are equal, Hence if either sum is infinite, then both are. Exercise 8.4 Prove the following limit relations: w-1 (a) kim, =logb (b>0). = log(1 +2) z (0) lim ead nym @ tn (145) =¢ Solution. (a) Consider the function f(z) = 67 = e7!8*, The limit we are considering is /“(0). By the chain rule f@)= 108 log b,131 Now take x = 0. (0) Let y= log(1 +2), so that «=e — 1. It is easy to justify the relation ee eee since lim yoy (c) Consider the function (1+ 2)/? = e22 By part (b) lim(1 +2)? = eae. (d) As above, we have +2)" = [( < limit of the expression inside the brackets is e. 1/(z/n))* | , and by part (¢) the Exercise 8.5 Find the following limits (a) timmy op S=o42** (8) lima oo Gq {nV ~ 1) (@) lim, +o SS2S Solution, (a) This limit is f/(0), where f(x) = (1+:)"/* (by part (c) of the previous problem). Now for « # 0, we have (142) log(1 +2) —2 (+1) a) = (042) Since we know that the limit of the first factor is e, we need only consider the limit inside the brackets. Since (1+2)log(1+2) = (e- we can cancel 2? from the numerator and denominator of the expression in brackets, and we see that the limit of this expression is }. Hence the limit of J'(z) as z + O exists and equals §. It then follows from the mean-value theorem that f’(0) equals this limit (see the corollary to Theorem 5.12). (0) Write this expression as eM 1 een Since 982 tends to 0 as n — oo, this fraction tends to the derivative of e* at 0, Le., it tends to 1.132 CHAPTER 8. SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS (c) Write this expression as sinz ~ rcos2 © c0sz(1 — cosa)” We can then use either Maclaurin series or L’Hospital’s rule to prove that the limit is 2. (d) Write this expression as ( sing — rcost sin) cos and again either by Maclaurin series or L’Hospital’s rule the limit is 3. Exercise 8.6 Suppose f(c)f(y) = f(x + y) for all real z and y. (a) Assuming that f is differentiable and not zero, prove that F(z) where c is a constant. (0) Prove the same thing, assuming only that f is continuous. Solution. (a) Since f is not 0, it follows that f(0) = 1 (take z = y = 0 in the basic relation that defines f). It then follows that f’(z) = f(z) "(0), and hence that the function g(x) = e~*f") f(x) satisfies /(0) = 0 for all x. Therefore g(a) = 9(0) = f(0) = 1 for all z, ie., f(«) =e, where c= f'(0). (b) The relation f(x) f(y) = f(a + y) shows that either f(z) is always zero, or it is never zero. In the latter case, since f is continuous, it cannot change sign, and therefore (since f(0) = 1) it is always positive. Let g(z) = log(f(c)]. Then g(x +y) = g(x) +9(y), and g is continuous. It suffices then to show that (2) = cx for some constant c= g(1). To this end, we note that the additive property of g implies that g(0) = 0, 9(—) = —9(cr), and (by an easy induction) g(nz) = ng(z) for all integers n = 0,+1,+2,.... Consider the set of x such that g(x) = 9(1)x. Obviously 0 and 1 belong to this set. If a belongs to this set, so does na for any n, since g(na) = ng(a) = ng(1)a = 9(1)(na). Finally, if a belongs to this set, so does #, n = 1,2,..., since g(a) = g(n®) = ng(2). That is, g(2) = 29(a) = 19(1)a = (1). It now follows that r belongs to this set for all rational numbers r, that is, the two continuous functions g(z) and g(1)x have the same values at all rational numbers r. Since the rational numbers are dense, and the set of points at which two continuous functions are equal is a closed set, it follows that g(x) = 9(1)z for all z. Exercise 8.7 If 0 <2 < §, prove that133 Solution. ‘To show the left-hand inequality, consider the function f(z) = sinx ~ 22 on the interval 0 < x < %. We have f(0) = f($) = 0. Since f”"(z) = “sine < 0, the function f’(z) is strictly decreasing on this interval. Therefore it has at most one zero on this interval; by Rolle’s theorem, it has exactly one zero, Since j"(x) <0 at that point, the function f(z) has a maximum at that point. Therefore f(x) > 0 for0 (0) = 0 for all x > 0 (the restriction x < ¥ is superfluous in this case). Exercise 8.8 For n=0,1,2,..., and 2 real, prove that, |sinne| < n|sinz|. Note that this inequality may be false for other values of n. For instance, fale lene [sin gal > gisinsl Solution. The inequality is obvious if n = 0 or n = 1. Then by induction we have sinna| |sin((n — 1)z +2)| = |sin((n—1)z) cos + cos((n — 1)z) sin z| |sin((n —1)2)| + |sina| < < (n-DJsing| {sin | = |r] | sin | A stronger remark can be made: If ¢ is not an integer, then |sincr| > |el|sin |. Hence this inequality fails for x = unless c is an integer. Exercise 8.9 (a) Put sy =1+ (3) +---+(1/N). Prove that fim, (sar — log.) exists. (The limit, often denoted by 7, is called Euler's constant. Its numerical value is 0.5772... . It is not known whether 7 is rational or not.) = 10™ satisfies sy > 100? (0) Roughly how large must m be so that J we Solution. (a) We observe that log(N +1)—log N = f Fat, so that (sw4i— Iw log(N +1) — (sw ~ log N) = ghz — fy"? bat < 0. Thus the sequence is a decreasing sequence. On the other hand, it consists of positive numbers, since134 CHAPTER 8 SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS N 1 1 1 tog = [ qa “ Sy. " = i < e( function /(z) = (1 — 2)e%* has derivative (1 - 2z)e*, which is positive on this interval. Hence the smallest value this function has on the interval is its value at © =0, which is 1. We have now established the inequality for any integer N less than ps. tends to 00, so does the left, . Since the right-hand side of this inequality Exercise 8.11 Suppose f € R on | x — +00. Prove that Al for all A < 00, and f(z) = 1 as lim, * f(a) de =1 (t>0). 2 Jo Solution. We first observe that the improper integral converges absolutely for allt > 0, since 1) 59, [etitolars Bem JR t where M = sup [f(2)|, as R,.S = 00. 22R We also note that frets [err(eau and this last improper integral also converges for all t > 0. Hence we have fb [ere ae | = | [evr au [oug) le | “