World Applied Sciences Journal 2 (3): 168-174, 2007

ISSN 1818-4952
IDOSI Publications, 2007

Measure the Share of the Effective Factors and Time Management

1

R. Hassanzabeh and 2A.G. Ebadi

Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Sari 48164-194, Iran
Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Center of Jouybar, Jouybar, Iran
1

Abstract: The purpose of the research is to measure the share of the effective factors and time management.
The statistical sample, are 112 managers. To collect data the questionnaire for time management was used.
The results showed that the first hypothesis is accepted and the results obtained identify that time management
is different among managers and with respect to years experience, background experience in management and
education. There is a relation between effective factors in time management and the extent of time management
among managers. Meanwhile, the share of each factor in time management (control of troublemakers, adequate
knowledge, meetings and correspondence planning, personal interests) differs among managers.
Key words: Measure

share

effective factors

time management

INTRODUCTION
An organization can be described as the rational
coordination of the activities of a number people for the
achievement of some common objective through division
of labor and hierarchy of authority and accountability.
Organizations have clearly defined goals and most
economic means to achieve these goals.
Organizational goals must be equally understood,
shared and subscribed to by all the employees in the
organization. A single person does not make an
organization. It requires a minimum of two or more
persons to fulfill the requirements of coordination;
hence these have to be done through division of labor
and function. For every individual in the organization
there is an immediate supervisor [1, 2].
Time is the most precious resource available to may
business owner and unless it is carefully managed,
nothing else can be. It is well known fact that planning
promote performance. Identifying your priorities (these
can be personal and family as well as business) and
taking the time to plan ahead not only helps you to be a
more effective manager, but it will also lead to less tension
and stress [3, 4].
Generally, time management refers to the
development of processes and tools that increase
efficiency and productivity. In business, time management
has morphed into everything from methodologies such as
enterprise resource planning through consultant services
such as professional organizers. When we think of time

management, however, we tend to think of personal

time management, loosely defined as managing our
time to waste less time on doing the things we have to
do so we have more time to do the things we want to do.
Therefore, time management is often thought of or
presented as a set of time management skills; the
theory is that once we master the time management
skills, well be more organized, efficient and happier.
Personal time management skills include:
Goal setting
Planning
Prioritizing
Decision - making
Delegating
Scheduling
Many people find that time management tools,
such as PIM software and PDAs, help them manage
their time more effectively. For instance, a PDA can
make it easier to schedule and keep track of events
and appointments. Whether you use technological
time management tools or plain old pen and paper,
however, the first step in effective time management is
analyzing how you currently spend your time and
deciding how you want to change how you spend
your time. Learning and applying time management
skills made a huge difference to both organizational
productivity and the way people felt in organizations.
[3, 5-11].

Corresponding Author: Dr. R. Hassanzabeh, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sari branch, Sari 48164-194,
Iran

168

World Appl. Sci. J., 2 (3): 168-174, 2007

Peggy Duncan, a time management counselor,

productivity expert and professional organizer who
has written the book Put Time Management to Work;
Get Organized, Streamline Processes, Use the Right
Technology. in an interview responded to this question:
what is the biggest time management mistake people make
at work? Not realizing how much time they waste. We
cant manage time: we manage self. We can manage
what we do with the time we have. Disorganization,
unclear goals, too many personal phone calls, disjoined
processes, no routines, poor planning, procrastination,
lack of focus, lack of training, junk e-mail, surfing and it
goes on. These are all time bandits that steal our time
and people often dont make the connection that its
why they never have enough. Working in this state is
an absolute breeding ground for stress. If people pay
attention to what theyre spending their time doing,
theyll see how theyre wasting it. If they make some
simple adjustments, theyll be able to manage themselves
better [5].
A simple mathematical formula for productivity is
the ratio of output to input. Hence, we can increase
productivity by keeping inputs fixed and increasing
output, keeping output fixed and decreasing inputs, or
increasing output and decreasing inputs simultaneously.
This simple formula, however, can be misleading, as not
all of the important factors that affect productivity are
easily quantified. There are closely - linked technical,
social, psychological and cultural dimensions to
productivity. Failure to examine these dimensions in
any productivity analysis will more than likely lead to
the failure of productivity improvement efforts. Time
management skills are your abilities to recognize and
solve personal time management problems. The goal of
these time management lessons is to show you what
you can do to improve those skills. With good time
management skills you are in control of your time and
your life, of your stress and energy levels. You make
progress at work. You are able to maintain balance
between your work, personal and family lives. You have
enough flexibility to respond to surprises or new
opportunities [13-21].
In present research investigated time management
and measure the share of the effective factors among
educational managers. The aim of this study is to test the
share of effective factors (such as experience or years of
service, experience or years of management, education,
control of trouble makers or bandits, enough knowledge,
meetings and correspondence, planning and personal
interests) in time management. Research hypotheses
were as follows:

Time management is different between managers with

different experience of service.
Time management is different between managers with
different experience of management.
Time management is different between managers with
different education.
There is a relationship between effective factors in
time management (control of troublemakers, adequate
knowledge, meetings and correspondence, planning
and personal interests) and the extent of time
management among managers.
The share of each factors in time management
(above - mentioned) is different among managers.
METHODS
Subjects: In this study the statistical population is all the
educational managers of guidance and secondary schools
in Sari province (in Iran). The statistical sample, are 112
managers. Sampling method is random sampling.
Measures: In present research to collect data the time
management questionnaire was used. The time
management questionnaire consists of 42 items.
Questionnaire
face
and
content validity were
established using a panel of experts. A Cronbachs
alpha reliability of 0.77 was obtained for the questionnaire
in a pilot test with 30 managers.
RESULTS
In this study to analyze data, analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and multiple regression and partial correlation
have been used. Results are showed in Tables 1-5.
DISCUSSION
The first step to better time and priority management
is to identify the most important tasks, actions, or ideas
you need to work on. The best way to do this is to
visualize it on a chart in order to be able to focus on the
highest value box you need to have clearly defined your
key personal and business goals for the month or year.
Table 1: Brief ANOVA for hypothesis number 1
Sources of Variation

SS

df

MS

Between - group
Within - group

4126/516
21439/193

4
100

1.31/629
214/392

4/812

Since, F = 4/812 with df = 4, 100 and level of confidence 95% ( =%5) more
than critical table (F=2/46). Therefore, research hypothesis is accepted and
null hypothesis rejected. It is concluded that time management is different
between managers with different experience of service

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World Appl. Sci. J., 2 (3): 168-174, 2007

Table 2: Brief ANOVA for hypothesis number 2

Table 4. Brief ANOVA for hypothesis number 4

Sources of Variation

SS

df

MS

Sources of Variation

SS

df

MS

Between - group

5290/484

1322/621

6/579

Between - group

23942/66

4788/532

292/082

Within - group

19097/626

95

201/028

Within - group

1623/054

99

16/394

Since, F = 292/082 with df = 5, 99 and level of confidence 95% ( =%5)

Since, F = 6/579 with df = 4, 95 and level of confidence 95% ( =%5) more

more than critical table (F=2/30). Therefore, research hypothesis is accepted

than critical table (F=2/46). Therefore, research hypothesis is accepted and

and null hypothesis rejected. It is concluded that there is a relationship

null hypothesis rejected. It is concluded that time management is different

between effective factors in time management and the extent of time

between managers with different experience of management

management among managers.

Table 3: Brief ANOVA for hypothesis number 3

Table 5: Coefficients of partial correlation

Sources of Variation

SS

df

MS

Between - group

2803/369

934/456

4/109

Within - group

22742/544

100

227/425

Coefficients

Correlation

of Partial

Effective Factors

Control of trouble makers

0.76

Since, F = 4/109 with df = 3, 100 and level of confidence 95% ( =%5) more

Adequate knowledge

0.42

than critical table (F=2/70). Therefore, research hypothesis is accepted and

Meetings and correspondence

0.68

null hypothesis rejected. It is concluded that time management is different

Planning

0.49

Personal interests.

0.77

between managers with different education.

Results Table 5 showed that the share of each factor in time management is different among managers
Post Hoc Test
Multiple comparisons
Dependent variable

Tukey HSD
95% Confidence interval
Mean

Std.

Experience of service

Difference (I-J)

Error

Sig.

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

Less than5

10-May

-4.3095

7.145

0.974

-24.1588

15.5397

15-Oct

-15.7292

7.009

0.172

-35.2027

3.7443

15-20

-15.1667

6.744

0.171

-33.9020

3.5686

6.348

0.018

-37.6211

-2.3506
24.1588

More than
20
5-10

Less than 5

19.9858*
4.3.95

7.145

0.974

-15.5397

10-15

-11.4196

5.358

0.215

-26.3066

3.4673

15-20

-10.8571

5.006

0.200

-24.7645

3.0502

4.458

0.006

-28.0620

-3.2906
35.2027

More than
10-15

-------------------------------------------------

20

15.6763*

Less than 5

15.7292

7.009

0.172

-3.7443

5-10

11.4196

5.358

0.215

-3.4673

26.3066

0.5625

4.811

1.000

-12.8031

13.9281

-4.2566

4.238

0.853

-16.0308

7.5175
33.9020

20-Oct
More than
20
15-20

Less than 5

15.1667

6.744

0.171

-3.5686

5-10

10.8571

5.006

0.2

-3.0502

24.7645

10-15

-0.5625

4.811

1.000

-13.9281

12.8031

More than

-4.8191

3.782

0.708

-15.3275

5.6892

Less than 5

19.9858*

6.348

0.018

2.3506

37.6211

5-10

15.6763*

4.458

0.006

3.2906

28.062

10-15

4.2566

4.238

0.853

-7.5175

16.0308

15-20

4.8191

3.782

0.708

-5.6892

15.3275

20
More than 20

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 levels

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World Appl. Sci. J., 2 (3): 168-174, 2007

Homogeneous Subsets
Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSDa,b
Subset for alpha =0.05
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Experience of Service
Less than 5

154.3333

10-May

14

158.6429

158.6429

20-Oct

22

169.5000

169.5000

15-Oct

16

more than 20

47

169.5000

170.0625

170.0625
174.3191

Sig.

0.061

0.257

0.911

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 13.612
The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group sizes is used.
Type I error levels are not guaranteed.
Multiple comparisons
Dependent variable
Tukey HSD
95% Confidence interval
------------------------------------------------Experience of Management
Less than 5

5-10

Mean Difference (I-J)

-

Std.Error

Sig.

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

3.651

0.003

-23.9483

-3.6411
3.9995

10-15

13.7947*

3.984

0.393

-18.1574

15-20

-7.0789

4.854

0.855

-18.3489

8.6503

More than

-4.8493

5.832

0.000

-41.0405

-8.6061

20

24.8233*

5-10

13.7947*

3.651

0.003

3.6411

23.9483

10-15

Less than 5

6.7158

4.315

0.529

-5.2845

18.7161

15-20

8.9455

5.13

0.413

-5.3204

23.2113

6.063

0.369

More than

-11.0286

-27.889

5.8318

20
10-15

Less than 5

7.0789

3.984

0.393

-3.9995

5-10

-6.7158

4.315

0.529

-18.7161

5.2845

15-20

2.2297

5.372

0.994

-12.7086

17.1679

More than

6.269

0.044

-35.1774

-3.114
18.3489

20
15-20

Less than 5

17.7444*
4.8493

4.854

0.855

-8.6503

5-10

-8.9455

5.13

0.413

-23.2113

5.3204

10-15

-2.2297

5.372

0.994

-17.1679

12.7086

6.855

0.035

-39.0375

-0.9105

8.6061

41.0405

More than
More than 20

18.1574

20

19.9740*

Less than 5

24.8233*

5.832

5-10

11.0286

6.063

0.369

-5.8318

27.889

10-15

17.7444*

6.269

0.044

0.3114

35.1774

15-20

19.9740*

6.855

0.035

0.91105

39.0375

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 levels.

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World Appl. Sci. J., 2 (3): 168-174, 2007

Homogeneous Subsets
Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSDa,b
Subset for alpha =0.05
------------------------------------------------------------------------Experience of Management

Less than 5

38

162.6053

15-20

11

167.4545

10-15

19

169.6842

5-10

25

176.4000

more than 20

176.4000

187.4286

Sig.

0.080

0.241

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 14.176.
The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group sizes is used.
Type I error levels are not guaranteed.
Post Hoc Tests
Multiple comparisons
Dependent variable
Tukey HSD
95% Confidence interval
-------------------------------------------------Education
Diploma

Associate of arts

Mean Difference (I-J)

Master of arts

Sig.

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

Associate of arts

2.4500

5.045

0.962

-10.7310

Bachelor's degree

6.4722

4.900

0.552

-6.3294

19.2738

Master of arts

18.6667*

6.157

0.016

2.5807

34.7526

Diploma

-2.4500

5.045

0.962

-15.6310

10.7310

4.0222

3.399

0.639

-4.8581

12.9025

Master of arts

16.2167*

5.045

0.009

3.0357

29.3976

Diploma

-6.4722

4.900

0.552

-19.2738

6.3294

Associate of arts

-4.0222

3.399

0.639

-12.9025

4.8581

Master of arts

12.1944

4.900

0.068

-0.6071

24.9960

Diploma

-18.6667*

6.157

0.016

-34.7526

-2.5807

Associate of arts

-16.2167*

5.045

0.009

-29.3976

-3.0357

Bachelor's degree

-12.1944

4.900

0.068

-24.9960

0.6071

Bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree

Std.Error

15.6310

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0. 05 levels

Homogeneous Subsets
Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSDa,b
Subset for alpha =0.05
---------------------------------------------------------------------------Education

Master of arts

12

156.5833

Bachelors degree

45

168.7778

Associate of arts

35

Diploma

12

168.7778
172.8000
175.2500

Sig.

0.074

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 18.394.
The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group sizes is used.
Type I error levels are not guaranteed.

172

0.564

World Appl. Sci. J., 2 (3): 168-174, 2007

You can then allocate quality time each day, week or

month to actions that will help you achieve these goals.
Motivation and time management is two intrinsic abilities
that are essential to successfully completing your tasks
in organization. In understanding both of these abilities
better you can recognize counter productive behavior
in your tasks and implement some goals to help you
achieve your best.
Once you have set goals and become motivated to
get on with your tasks, if you are able to manage your
time wisely you should have enough time to do most of
the things that are important to you as well as your tasks.
Time management skills and strategies were as follows:

finally remember time management is not about getting

more done. Its about doing the important things.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.

4.

Define your goals - personal, family and business.

Commit your goals to paper and allocate order
priority
Set yourself at least one major priority each day and
achieve it.
Eliminate one time waster from your routine each
month
Plan your week.
Review at the start of each day and make sure your
first hour is productive
Try to finish what you start.
Give yourself some quality time each week to network
outside your business - perhaps attend a seminar,
follow-up customers, introduce yourself to potential
customers, or talk to business advisors
Take some time for yourself - time to learn, time to
relax, time to live.

5.

All time management skills and strategies are

learnable. More than likely you will see much
improvement from simply becoming aware of the essence
and causes of common personal time management
problems. With these time management skills and
strategies, you can see better which time management
techniques are most relevant for you situation. Just get
started with them. Many of your problems gradually
disappear. If you already know how you should be
managing your time, but you still dont do it, dont give
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can turn your goals and visions into action, this means
balancing work, family, study and other commitments,
balancing your commitments means setting priorities and

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