DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI, CHENNAI 600025

UG / PG Programmes
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF PROJECT PHASE I REPORT / THESIS
The thesis shall report, in an organized and scholarly fashion, an account of the research work
of the candidate leading to the discovery of new facts or techniques or correlation of facts already
known (analytical, experimental, hardware oriented etc) and demonstrating a quality as to make a
definite contribution to the advancement of knowledge. The following guidelines shall be followed in
the preparation of the Report/Thesis.
The interim report submitted at the end of Project Phase I will be called PHASE I REPORT
and that submitted on completion of the work at the end of Project Phase II will be called THESIS.
The Candidates shall submit a typed copy of the manuscript to the Supervisor for the purpose of
approval. The manuscript shall also be prepared in accordance with these guidelines.
Sl. No.
1
2

Item
Number of copies to be submitted

Guideline
Three hard copies + One soft copy on CD in pdf
format (Not required for Phase I Report)
Size of thesis (typed matter reckoned from Phase I Report Thirty pages (+/- 10%)
the first page of Chapter 1 to the last page Final Thesis Sixty Pages (+/- 10%)
including the list of References)

3
4
5

Cover Page and Title page

Thesis size
Page margins
(Tables and Figures should also conform
to the margin specifications)

As per the Format in Appendix I (A to C)

(290 mm x 205 mm) after Trimming.
Top edge
: 30 to 35 mm
Bottom edge : 25 to 30 mm
Left side
: 35 to 40 mm
Right side : 20 to 25 mm

The content shall be in the following order:

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE: Font Style <Times New Roman> Font Size 13 with double line

spacing as per the Format in Appendix II (A to C)

ABSTRACT: an informative summary of the entire report including a concise description of
the methods, results and significance of the research findings. An essay type of narration not
exceeding two pages when typed in double line spacing, Font Style <Times New Roman> and
Font Size 13. A sample abstract is presented in Appendix III. A Tamil Translation of the
Abstract shall be placed after the Abstract in English.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - not exceeding one page when typed in double spacing.
TABLE OF CONTENTS: list all materials following it as well as any material which precedes
it, excluding the Title page, Bonafide Certificate and Acknowledgment. A sample is presented
in Appendix IV.
LIST OF TABLES: should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the Tables in
the text. A sample is presented in Appendix V.
LIST OF FIGURES: should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the Figures in
the text. A sample is presented in Appendix VI.
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS: in alphabetical order
A sample is presented in Appendix VII.

Sl. No.
6

7
8

10

Item

Guideline
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION: Brief background, Need for the study, Objectives and scope
of work (About 3 pages)
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW: What has already been done on the various aspects
of the topic or related topics and what work still needs to be done to answer the questions or
address the issues of the topic. This has to be presented under appropriate sub headings and
well-organized sequence with proper references.
CHAPTER 3 - METHODOLOGY: Description of how the project was carried out?
including the experimental setup, the methods of sampling and measurement, modeling, field
work, materials, analytical techniques. Include a detailed work plan indicating weekly
activities on a Bar Chart in the Phase I Report.
CHAPTER 4 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Not required for Phase I report): Present the
results in Tables and, where appropriate, in Figures. Give an indication of the variability.
Interpret the results with the support of literature.
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (Not required for Phase I report):
Present a summary along with Specific conclusions / recommendations for the utilization of
the results and scope for further studies
REFERENCES: As per the instructions in Appendix VIII
Typing and Paper quality: to be typed in black on good quality white paper preferably not
lower than 80 gsm.
Chapter Formatting: chapter headings to be centered 50 mm below the top of the page and
the text should commence 4 spaces below the heading. Font Style <Times New Roman> and
Font Size 13 should be used for the general text with 1.5 Line spacing. Single spacing should
be used for Tables, Quotations, Foot notes, Captions and References. Abbreviations should be
written in full and abbreviated within brackets, while citing for the first time in the text.
Headings: use bold fonts, do not underline; Use Arab numbers logically; allow one clear line
below primary and higher level headings; Use of fourth level headings may be avoided.
Tables and Figures: shall be introduced in the appropriate places in the text in the immediate
vicinity of its first reference. Should be separated from the text both above and below by Line
spacing of 3. To be numbered properly (e.g. Fourth Figure/Table in Chapter 3, will be
assigned 3.4) and meaningful short caption given on top. The top line of the table continued
into the next page should be placed centrally, for example read Table 2.1 (continued). Always
refer to Figures and Tables in the text, preferably before they appear. Identify figures and tables
using Arabic numerals: e.g Figure 1.1, Table 1.1; follow with a caption to describe;
Photographs and graphics: shall also be treated as Figures and must be embedded in the
document at the appropriate locations; use images that are clear and crisp.
Equations: Equations appearing in each Chapter should be numbered serially, commencing a
fresh for each Chapter.
Citation of References: All references to be cited in the text at appropriate locations as per the
instructions in Appendix VIII.
References to be listed in the order: All cited references to be listed at the end.
A typical Chapter is presented in Appendix IX.
Sample section from a list of Reference in Appendix X.
Page Numbers: To be given serially for all pages, including those with Figures and Tables,
alone typed without punctuation on the upper right corner 20 mm from top with the last digit in
line with the right margin. Preliminary pages (such as Title page, Acknowledgement, Table of
Contents etc.) should be numbered in lower case Roman numerals.
Binding : cover page white with back calico edge

APPENDIX I A: (A typical Specimen of Cover Page & Title Page Phase I Report)
<Font Style - Times New Roman - Bold>

TITLE OF THESIS
<Font Size 18> <1.5 line spacing>

PHASE I REPORT
<Font Size 14>

Submitted by
<Font Size 14> <Italic>

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

<Font Size 16>

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

<Font Size 14> <1.5 line spacing>

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME
<Font Size 16>

NAME OF THE DIVISION OR CENTRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI : CHENNAI 600 025
<Font Size 16><1.5 line spacing>

MONTH YEAR
<Font Size 14>

APPENDIX I B: (A typical Specimen of Cover Page & Title Page Thesis)

<Font Style Times New Roman - Bold>

TITLE OF THESIS
<Font Size 18> <1.5 line spacing>

A THESIS
<Font Size 14>

Submitted by
<Font Size 14> <Italic>

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

<Font Size 16>

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

<Font Size 14> <1.5 line spacing>

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME
<Font Size 16>

NAME OF THE DIVISION OR CENTRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI: CHENNAI 600 025
<Font Size 16><1.5 line spacing>

MONTH YEAR
<Font Size 14>

APPENDIX I C: (A sample Cover Page & Title Page Thesis)

STUDIES ON SOLID STATE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

A THESIS

Submitted by

GIRIJA DEVI G
in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI : CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2008

APPENDIX II A: (A typical Specimen of Bonafide Certificate for Phase I Report)

Font Style <Times New Roman >

ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI : CHENNAI 600 025

<Font Style Times New Roman Size - 18>

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
<Font Style Times New Roman Size - 16>

<Font Style Times New Roman Size - 13>

Certified that this Report titled TITLE OF THE PROJECT is the bonafide
work of NAME OF THE CANDIDATE ( Roll No......) who carried out the work
under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work
reported herein does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of
which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other
candidate.

<<signature of the HOD with date>> <<signature of the Supervisor with date>>
<<Name of the HOD >>
Professor and Head

<<Name of the Supervisor >>

<<Academic Designation of Supervisor>>

Department of Civil Engineering

<<Name of Division/Centre>>

Anna University Chennai

Anna University Chennai

Chennai 600 025

Chennai 600 025

APPENDIX II B: (A typical Specimen of Bonafide Certificate for Thesis)

<Font Style Times New Roman >

ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI : CHENNAI 600 025

<Font Style Times New Roman Size - 18>

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
<Font Style Times New Roman Size - 16>

<Font Style Times New Roman Size - 13>

Certified that this Thesis titled TITLE OF THE PROJECT is the bonafide
work of NAME OF THE CANDIDATE ( Roll No......) who carried out the work
under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work
reported herein does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of
which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other
candidate.

<<signature of the HOD with date>> <<signature of the Supervisor with date>>
<<Name of HOD >>
Professor and Head

<<Name of the Supervisor >>

<<Academic Designation of Supervisor>>

Department of Civil Engineering

<<Name of Division/Centre>>

Anna University Chennai

Anna University Chennai

Chennai 600 025

Chennai 600 025

APPENDIX II C: (A sample of Bonafide Certificate for Thesis)

ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI : CHENNAI - 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Thesis titled STUDIES ON SOLID STATE ANAEROBIC

DIGESTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLIDWASTE is the bonafide work of Ms.
GIRIJA DEVI G. (Roll No.200712101) who carried out the work under my
supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported
herein does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a
degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Dr.V.Shanmugasundaram
Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Anna University Chennai
Chennai 600 025

Dr.Kurian Joseph
Assistant Professor
Centre for Environmental Studies
Anna University Chennai
Chennai 600 025

APPENDIX III: (A typical Specimen of Abstract)

ABSTRACT

Asian countries are facing municipal solid waste management problems due
to the rapid growth in solid waste generation rate and open dumping practices. There is
a need for dumpsite reclamation processes to solve the environmental problems
associated with dumpsites. Chennai is the fourth largest metro city in India with the
current population of 6 millions, generating 3700 t/d of municipal solid waste. The
wastes are disposed by open dumping at Perungudi and Kodungaiyur dumping
grounds.
Assessment of reclamation and hazard potential of these dumpsites was
carried out. Detailed investigations on solid waste characteristics, leachate quality and
methane emission potential of the dumpsites were used to assess the reclamation
potential. Hazard potential was assessed based on heavy metal speciation pattern in the
solid waste samples and their mobile fraction having adverse environmental effects due
to their leaching potential. An integrated risk based approach was also developed for
the rapid assessment of the hazard potential of the dumpsites, which will be useful for
prioritization of rehabilitation activities of the existing dumpsites.
The soil fraction of the mined waste collected from Perungudi and
Kodungaiyur dumping grounds are 30-40% and 56-68%, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the soil fractions are similar for samples collected from
Perungudi and Kodungaiyur dumping ground. Chromium, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb contents

of the soil fraction of the solid wastes are exceeding the Indian compost quality
standards but less than the compost quality standards specified by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency. Heavy metal speciation studies of the soil fraction
of the solid waste samples into exchangeable, acid extractable, reducible, oxidizable
and residual fraction for the metals Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb, Ni, Mn and Zn showed that less
than 60% of the total metal contents are bioavailable (mobile fraction). Bioavailability
is restricted to a maximum of 40% in the case of Cr, Pb, Cu and Fe. The soil fraction
(40-60%) of the waste can be reclaimed as compost or cover material.
Leachate quality data showed that chemical oxygen demand and total
dissolved solids are exceeding the Indian standards for disposal of treated leachates
into inland surface water while biochemical oxygen demand, pH and heavy metals are
less than the specified standard limits. Leachate treatment systems and protection liners
will be useful to prevent the leachate contamination to surface and ground water.
Methane content of both the borehole and the ambient air samples from the dumpsites
varied between 0 and 220 ppm.
Validation of the developed decision making tool to access the hazard
potential of the dumpsite to Perungudi and Kodungaiyur dumping grounds resulted
with scores of 569 and 579 out of 1000, respectively. This indicates that both sites have
moderate hazard potential and need to be rehabilitated. Based on the present study
suggestions and remedial measures for environmentally sound solid waste disposal are
proposed.

APPENDIX IV: (A typical Specimen of Table of Contents)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

ABSTRACT (ENGLISH)

iii

ABSTRACT (TAMIL)

iv

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND

xv

ABBREVIATIONS
1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

GENERAL

1.2

NEED FOR THE STUDY

1.3

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1

INTRODUCTION

2.2

FRAMEWORK OF LCA

2.2.1 Product Life Cycle

2.2.2 Product System and System

Boundary

2.2.3 Functional Unit and Reference

Flow

2.2.4 Environmental Burdens

2.2.5

Environmental Impacts

CHAPTER

TITLE
2.3

PAGE

APPLICATIONS OF LCA

2.3.1 Product Design and

10

Improvement

10

2.3.2 Strategic Planning

10

2.3.3 Public Sector Use

11

2.3.4 Marketing

11

2.3.5 Private sector applications

2.4

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

11

STUDIES
2.4.1 LCA of Leather
2.4.2

11

LCA Studies of Other

Products / Processes

2.5 ENERGY USE AND

12
15

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
2.5.1 Environmental Impacts Along

15

Fuel Cycle
2.5.2 Energy Consumption Pattern in
Leather Sector

19

2.6 HEALTH HAZARDS OF TANNING

AND FINISHING CHEMICALS
3

19

MATERIALS AND METHODS

21

3.1

GENERAL

21

3.2

SYSTEM BOUNDARIES

21

3.2.1 Slaughtering

23

3.2.2 Preservation

24

CHAPTER

TITLE

3.3

PAGE

3.2.3 Tanning and Finishing

24

3.2.4 Waste Management

27

3.2.5 Transportation

27

3.2.6 Electricity Production

27

ASSUMPTIONS AND

27

ALLOCATIONS

3.4

INVENTORISATION OF DATA

28

3.5

ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES

32

3.5.1 Allocation Rule

32

3.5.2 Global Warming Potential

33

3.5.3 Acidification Potential

34

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

35

4.1

INTRODUCTION

35

4.2

INVENTORISATION OF
SLAUGHTERING

4.3

INVENTORISATION OF
PRESERVATION

4.4

35

36

INVENTORISATION OF
TANNING AND FINISHING OF

37

LEATHER
4.4.1 Analysis of wastewater
4.5

INVENTORISATION OF
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

4.6

4.7

39

39

INVENTORISATION OF
TRANSPORTATION

52

ANALYSIS OF DATA

54

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

4.7.1 Global warming

54

4.7.2 Acidification

56

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

59

5.1

SUMMARY

59

5.2

CONCLUSIONS

60

5.3

SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES

61

REFERENCES

62

APPENDIX V: (A typical Sample of List of Tables)

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
2.1

TITLE
Extracted Energy, Water and Chemical

PAGE
15

Consumption of Cotton Towel

2.2

Air Emissions in the LCA of Cotton T-shirt

16

and Polyester Jacket

2.3

Life Cycle Inventory Profile of Coal

18

Generating system
3.1

Assumptions and Allocations

24

3.2

Inventory Items of Inputs and Outputs

26

3.3

Primary Data Collection Area

27

3.4

Emission Factor for Trucks

28

4.2

Inventory of Cotton Farming

31

4.3

Inventory of Ginning

32

4.4

Inventory of Spinning

33

4.5

Inventory of Knitting

33

4.6

Inventory of Pretreatment Stage in Dyeing of

34

Fabric
4.7

Inventory of Dyeing of Fabric

35

APPENDIX VI: (A typical Sample of List of Figures)

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

TITLE

PAGE

1.1

Life Cycle Assessment of a Product

2.2

Framework of LCA and Application

2.3

System boundaries in LCA

3.1

System Boundary for the Life Cycle

23

Assessment of Cotton T-shirt

4.1

Water consumption in the Dyeing of

42

T-shirt
4.2

Chemical Consumption in the Life Cycle

43

stages of cotton T-shirt

4.3

Energy Consumption in the Life Cycle

43

Stages of Cotton T-shirt

4.4

Water consumption in the Life Cycle

44

Stages of Cotton T-shirt

4.5

Solid Waste Generation during the Production

of Cotton T-shirt

49

APPENDIX VII: (A typical Sample of List of Symbols and Abbreviations)

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

APHA

American Public Health Association

AWWA
A
BOD

American Water Works Association

Amps
Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Celsius

cm
CPCB

Centimetre
Central Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO
CES
COD
CETP
CRE

Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization

Centre for Environmental Studies
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Common Effluent Treatment Plant
Conventional Reactive Effluent

cc
m3
DEPA

Cubic Centimetre
Cubicmetre
Danish Environmental Protection Agency

d
DIN
DC
ETP
EPA
GAC
g
h
IGEP
IPD
kg
kWh
S

Day
Deutsches Institut fur Normung
Direct Current
Effluent Treatment Plant
Environmental Protection Agency
Granular Activated Carbon
Gram
Hour
Indo German Export Promotion
Institute for Product Development
kilogram
kilo Watt hour
Kubelka Munk Absorption Coefficient

K
L

Kubelka Munk Scattering Coefficient

Litre

LS
LSRE

Low Salt
Low Salt Reactive Effluent

Metre

m
S

Micrometre
Micro Siemens

mL
mLd

Millilitre
Million litres per day

mm
min.
nm
N
D
PAC

Millimetre
Minute
Nanometre
Normal
Path Length of the cell
Powdered Activated Carbon

RO

Reverse Osmosis

A ()
DFZ

Spectral Absorbance at wavelength nm

Spectral Absorption Coefficient

R
m2
SD
SS
t
TDS
TOC
UV
UNEP
USEPA
V
WEF
vol.

Spectral Reflectance
Squaremetre
Standard Deviation
Suspended Solids
Time
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Organic Carbon
Ultra Violet
United Nations Environmental Programme
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Volts
Water Environment Federation
Volume

APPENDIX VIII: CITING AND LISTING OF REFERENCES

CITING means formally recognizing, and including in the text, the resources from where
information was obtained in the preparation of the Report. REFERENCE is the detailed
description of the resources from which the information was obtained. Any work of other
researchers, if used either directly or indirectly, the origin of the material thus referred to
should be cited at appropriate places in the thesis. The details of the source should be provided
in the list of REFERENCES at the end of the Thesis. Since providing relevant references gives
increased credibility to the arguments presented in the thesis, it is useful to reference
frequently, especially in Literature Review and Discussion.
Citing and Referencing is necessary to acknowledge the work of other researchers and to
demonstrate the body of knowledge on which the present work is based. It will enable other
researchers to trace the sources so as to get further information. Lack of referencing could be
interpreted as plagiarism, which is a very serious offence in the academic world and carries
severe penalties.
References can be made through direct quotations from the work of others published in Books,
Journals, Reports, Conference Proceedings etc.; indirectly through paraphrasing from similar
sources; use of images or Figures or Tables prepared by others; information obtained through
electronic media such as web pages, for instance. A standard system of citing these references
ensures an easy tracing of academic and other knowledge more efficiently. There are a number
of systems for referencing but the Harvard System of Referencing is recommended
commonly. Some examples are provided in Tables 1 and 2. More examples and explanations
are available through the Learning Connection (University of South Australia, June 2007)
website. available at:
http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/student/studying/referencing.asp
The basic format for books is: Authors family name, Initials (year in brackets), Title of book,
Publisher, Place of publication. Please refer Table 1 for examples.
The basic format for Journals is: Authors family name, Initials (year in bracket), Title of
article, Title of journal, vol. , Issue No., Page range. Please refer Table 2 for examples.
The basic format for World Wide Web References is: Author. Title of item. [Online]
Available http:// address/filename, date of document or download. For Example:
Schwartz, Robert. The Cold War Revisited: A Splintered USSR. [Online] Available
http://usa.coldwar.server.gov/index/cold.war/countries/former.soviet.block/, Accessed on
November 1, 2008
The abbreviation et al. (Latin) is used to mean and others while citing articles written by
more than two authors. However, the details of all the authors have to be provided while
listing the same under REFERENCES

While Referencing the work of an author who has written more than one work in the same
year, use a lower case letter of the alphabet next to the year date and keep these letters in your
reference list as well. The order in which you attach the letters is determined by the
alphabetical order of the title of the works by the author. For example:
In a recent publication Pedder (2001b) argued that this process was only applicable in a few
circumstances and that for small business alternative processes were more suitable (Pedder
2001a).
Referencing of Tables or diagrams that are copied the source (Author, Year) is to be provided
at the bottom of the Table or after the Title of the Figure.

Table 1 Examples for Citing and Referencing of Books

Category
of
Reference
Books: Basic
format
Book with
single author

Example citation intext

Authors family name
(year in brackets)
Arceivala (1986)
argues that

Book with two According to Barret

authors
and Stanley (1999)
....
Book with
As suggested by
more than two Bansal et al. (1995), authors
-----------Electronic
This has been
book
emphasised by
Thomas (2000)
that
2nd or later
edition of a
book
One volume of
a multi-volume
set of books
Chapter in an
edited book

Derham (2001)
questions whether
It has been implied
(Einax 1995) that
In conclusion,
Cicourel (1999)
emphasises the
importance of

The entry in the reference list

Authors family name, Initials (year in brackets),
Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication.
Arceivala, S.J (1986) Wastewater treatment for
pollution control, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing
company, New Delhi.
Barrett, P., and Stanley, C., 1999. Better
Construction Briefing. Blackwell Science Ltd.,
Oxford.
Bansal, R.C., Donnet, J.B. and Fritz Stoeckli (1995)
Active Carbon, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Thomas, W.M. (2000), The research methods
knowledge base, 2nd edn, accessed on 14
November 2000,
<http://www.socialresearchmethods.met/kb/index.h
tm>.
Derham, F (2001), Art for the child under seven, 7th
edn, Australian Early Childhood Association, San
Fransisco
Einax, J. (1995), Chemometrics in environmental
chemistry: Applications, vol. 2, Handbook of
Environmental Chemistry, Springer, Berlin.
Cicourel, A.V. (1999), The interaction of cognitive
and cultural models in health care delivery, in Talk,
work and institutional order: discourse in medical,
mediation and management settings, eds S. Sarangi
and C. Roberts, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 183
224.

Table 2 Examples for Citing and Referencing of Journals/Websites

Category
of
Reference
Journal
article
with single
author
Journal
article
with
two
authors
Journal
article
with
more than
two
authors
Electronic
Journal
article

Example citation in-text

The entry in the reference list

and this has been

established by Buckley
(1998).

Buckley C.A. (1992) Membrane Technology for the

treatment of dyehouse effluents, Wat.Sci.Tech., Vol.
25, No.10. pp. 203 209.

..........photocatalytic
oxidation process is well
established (Balcioglu and
Arslan, 1997)

Balcioglu I.A. and I. Arslan (1997) Treatment of

textile wastewater by heterogenous photocatalytic
oxidation process, Environmental Technology,
Vol.18, pp. 1053 1059.

The fact that alphaisotoxins are not derived

from edited mRNAs
(Digiano et al.,1992)
suggests that

Digiano F.A., Clarkin C., Charles M.J., Maerker

M.J, Francisco D.E. and Larocca (1992) Testing of
the EPA toxicity identification evaluation protocol in
the
textile
dye
manufacturing
industry,
Wat.Sci.Tech., Vol.25, No.3, pp. 55 63.

As established by Garcia
(2004) ------

A World
Wide Web
site

The Department of
Immigration and
Multicultural and
Indigenous Affairs
website (2004) has details
of
An overview of lung
cancer was provided in
Lung Cancer (2004) and

Garcia, P 2004, Pragmatic comprehension of high

and low level language learners, TESLEJ, vol 8,
no. 2, accessed on 2 December, 2008,
<http://berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej30/a!.html>.
The Department of Immigration and Multicultural
and Indigenous Affairs, Canberra, accessed on 7
March 2004, <http://www.immi.gov.au/>.

Document
on World
Wide Web
with no
author

Lung Cancer 2004, msn Health, accessed on 12 June

2004,
<http://content.health.msn.com/condition_center/lun
g_cancer/default.htm>.

The reference material should be listed in the alphabetical order of the first author.
The listing should be typed 4 spaces below the heading "REFERENCES" in alphabetical
order in single spacing. The name of the author/authors should be immediately followed by
the year (in brackets) and other details. A typical illustrative list is given in Appendix X.

APPENDIX IX: SAMPLE SECTIONS FROM A THESIS

2.1.2 Low Salt Dyes

Cibacron

LS is a range of compatible dyes including Yellow LS-2G, Red LS-6G,

Red LS-B, Blue LS-3R, Green LS-3B and Navy LS-G. They are developed for
outstanding productivity, repeatability and superior environmental safety in exhaust
dyeing. The ecological benefits of Cibacron LS dyes are summarized in Table 2.2.
The Cibacron

LS dyes are the first high concentrated reactive range in the world

giving customer benefits of low transport costs, low stock holding and excellent build
up. The other advantages include easy shade matching, outstanding reproducibility,
fewer shade corrections and redyeing and non-sensitivity to variations in liquor ratio
and fixation temperature ( Buttler 1998).
Table 2.2 Ecological Benefits of Cibacron LS Dyes

Property

Benefit

High fixation rate

Low dye concentration in effluent

Low elecrolyte concentration

Low salt in effluent

Good washing off

Cost / time savings

Lesser water and energy requirement

Eccologically selected cutting agents

Low BOD values

Halogen free chromophores

No AOX in effluent

No use of banned amines

No health risk to dyes and no risk of ban

High repeatability of dyeing

Less shading and stripping

Source: (Buttler 1998)

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1

CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS

4.1.1

Domestic

The classification of the households surveyed during the present study on the basis of
their income level is depicted in Figure 4.1.
Less than Rs. 10,000

Rs. 10,000 - 20,000

Rs. 20,000 - 30,000

Rs. 30,000 and above

11%
39%

18%

32%

Fig 4.1 Classification of Consumer Samples Based on Income Level

It may be noted that 39 % of the respondents were from low-income class with income
level less than Rs. 10,000 per month and 11 % belonged to the upper income class with
income level above Rs. 30,000 per month. The average usage of the PC, TV and
mobile phones by these households is presented in Table 4.1. The study revealed that
per household usage of the PC ranges from 0.39 for low-income class to 1.70 for the
upper income class, per household usage of TV ranges from 1.07 to 1.78 and that of
mobile phone ranges from 0.88 to 1.70. The usage increases with the increase in the
income level (Figure 4.2).

Table 4.1 Average usage of the PC, TV and Mobile phone by households
Sl
No.

Income
level
(Rs.)

Sample size
(Number of
households)

< 10,000

227

89

243

200

0.39

1.07

0.88

10,000
20,000

183

126

229

227

0.69

1.25

1.24

20,000
30,000

116

108

176

184

0.93

1.52

1.59

> 30,000

74

126

132

126

1.70

1.78

1.70

Average Usage per

household

PC

Number of items used Average use of items

by the households
per household
PC
TV Mobile PC TV Mobile
phone
phone

TV

Mobile Phone

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
< 10,000

10,000
20,000

20,000
30,000

> 30,000

Income level (Rs.)

Fig 4.2 Average usage of the PC, TV and Mobile Phone Per Household

APPENDIX X: SAMPLE SECTION FROM A LIST OF REFERENCE

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