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Bisection Algoritm

1) The document discusses modeling systems and numerical methods. It explains the importance of modeling systems when the actual system does not exist or is too expensive/risky to experiment with. 2) It then presents an example problem of calculating the velocity of a parachutist over time. The analytical solution provides the exact velocity, while the numerical solution using the Euler method approximates the velocity. 3) The numerical solution is calculated by discretizing time and iteratively solving for the next velocity based on the drag and gravitational forces. Exercises are provided to calculate the velocity using smaller time steps and to determine the error compared to the analytical solution.

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ZaGi Nanank
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208 views17 pages

Bisection Algoritm

1) The document discusses modeling systems and numerical methods. It explains the importance of modeling systems when the actual system does not exist or is too expensive/risky to experiment with. 2) It then presents an example problem of calculating the velocity of a parachutist over time. The analytical solution provides the exact velocity, while the numerical solution using the Euler method approximates the velocity. 3) The numerical solution is calculated by discretizing time and iteratively solving for the next velocity based on the drag and gravitational forces. Exercises are provided to calculate the velocity using smaller time steps and to determine the error compared to the analytical solution.

Uploaded by

ZaGi Nanank
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pemodelan dan Metode Numerik

(Modeling and Numerical Methods)


http://www.unhas.ac.id/amil/S2TE/pmn_2014/

L #1
Amil Ahmad Ilham

Systems
Modeling
(How to build credible
Computerized Model
of a System)

Urgensi atau Pentingnya Pemodelan


Sistem
Dalam perancangan sistem, sistem yang akan dibangun belum
ada (baru ada secara hipotetis). Untuk membuat prediksi, harus
dibuat model sistem tersebut.
Seandainya pun ada sistem yang sebenarnya, sering sangat mahal
(biaya dan waktu) atau sangat berisiko tinggi bahkan berbahaya
untuk ber-eksperimen dengan sistem yang sesungguhnya.
Untuk suatu studi dalam bidang tertentu, tidak perlu keseluruhan
detail sistem dipelajari, perlu penyederhanaan dengan model.
Perlu meng-identifikasi ENTITAS, ATRIBUT dan AKTIVITAS yang
relevan dalam sistem
Pemodelan = perumusan masalah, langkah awal dalam
engineering ...........
3

Types of systems modeling

Analytical vs. numerical solution


Analytical solution
provides exact solution

Numerical solution
Approximates exact solution

Why do we need numerical solution?


There are many mathematical models that cannot be
solved exactly.
In many of these cases, the only alternative is to
develop a numerical solution that approximates the
exact solution.
6

Error Definitions
True error:
True percent relative error:

Approximate percent relative error:

Problem
A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg
jumps out of a stationary hot air
balloon. The drag coefficient is
equal to 12.5 kg/s. Compute
velocity when t = 10 seconds! The
parachutist is initially at rest (v = 0
at t = 0)

Problem Analysis
Newton Formula: F = ma
 F = net force (N) or (kg m/s2)
 m = mass of object (kg)
 a = its acceleration (m/s2)

 F = FD + FU
FD is the downward force due to
gravity -> FD = mg
 g = the acceleration due to gravity (9.8
m/s2)

FU is the upward force due to air


resistance -> FU = -cv
 c = the drag coefficient (kg/s)
 v = velocity (m/s)
9

Problem Analysis
 Newton Formula: F = ma

10

Problem

A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary


hot air balloon. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5
kg/s. Compute velocity when t = 10 seconds! The
parachutist is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0)

We need velocity when t = 10 seconds!


V(10) = ?

Solution(?)
Analytic:

Find v(t)
Compute v(10)

Numeric:

Find v(t)
Compute v(10)
11

Analytical
Solution

12

Analytical
Solution

13

Analytical
Solution

A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary


hot air balloon. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5
kg/s. Compute velocity when t = 10 seconds! The
parachutist is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0)

V(10) = ??

V(10) = 44.87 m/s

Exercise #1:
Compute velocity (v) when t = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 seconds

14

Numerical
Solution
(Euler Method)

A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary


hot air balloon. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5
kg/s. Compute velocity when t = 10 seconds! The
parachutist is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0)

15

Numerical
Solution
(Euler Method)

A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary


hot air balloon. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5 kg/s.
Compute velocity when t = 10 seconds! The parachutist
is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0)

For example t = 2 seconds


t = 0 -> v(0) = 0
t = 2 -> v(2) = v(0) + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)v(0)]2
= 0 + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)0]2
= 19.6 m/s
t = 4 -> v(4) = v(2) + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)v(2)]2
= 19.6 + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)19.6]2
= 32.00
t = 6 -> v(6) = v(4) + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)v(4)]2
= 32.00 + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)32.00]2
= 39.85
t = 8 -> v(8) = v(6) + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)v(6)]2
= 39.85 + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)39.85]2
= 44.82
t = 10 -> v(10) = v(8) + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)v(8)]2
= 44.82 + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)44.82)]2
= 47.97 m/s

16

Numerical
Solution
(Euler Method)

A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary


hot air balloon. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5 kg/s.
Compute velocity when t = 10 seconds! The parachutist
is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0)

Exercises #2:
1. Using t = 1 second, compute velocity when t
= 15 seconds. -> v(15) = ?
2. Compute True percent relative error for t = 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
seconds.

17

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