Content Rating System

Motion Picture, Television, Video Game, Mobile Software

Contents
1

Motion picture rating system

1.1

Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2

Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3

Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4

Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.5

Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.6

Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.7

Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.8

Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.8.1

Classications used outside Qubec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.8.2

Classications used in Qubec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.10 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.11 Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.12 Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.13 Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.14 Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.15 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.16 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.17 Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.18 Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.19 Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.20 Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.21 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.22 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.23 Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.24 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.25 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.26 Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.27 Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.28 Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.29 Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.9

ii

CONTENTS
1.30 Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.31 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

1.32 Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

1.33 New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

1.34 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

1.35 Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

1.36 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

1.37 Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

1.38 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

1.39 Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

1.40 Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

1.41 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

1.42 South Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

1.43 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

1.44 Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

1.45 Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

1.46 Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

1.47 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

1.48 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

1.49 United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

1.50 United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

1.51 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

1.52 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

1.53 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

1.54 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

Television content rating systems

20

2.1

Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

2.2

Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

2.3

Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

2.3.1

Child-specic ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

2.3.2

Standard ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

2.4

Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

2.5

Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

2.6

Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

2.7

Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

2.7.1

Outside Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

2.7.2

Quebec ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

2.8.1

Child specic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

2.8.2

Standard ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

2.8

2.9

CONTENTS
2.9.1

iii
Fringe hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

2.10 Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

2.11 Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

2.12 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

2.13 Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

2.14 Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

2.15 Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

2.16 Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

2.17 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

2.18 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

2.19 Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

2.20 Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

2.21 Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

2.22 Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

2.23 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

2.24 Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

2.25 New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

2.25.1 Free-to-air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

2.25.2 Pay television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

2.26 Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

2.27 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

2.28 Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

2.29 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

2.30 Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

2.31 Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

2.32 Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

2.33 Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

2.34 Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

2.35 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

2.36 South Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

2.37 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

2.38 Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

2.39 Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

2.40 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

2.41 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

2.42 Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

2.43 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

2.44 Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

2.45 Countries Without TV Ratings Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

2.46 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

2.47 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

iv
3

CONTENTS
Video game content rating system

40

3.1

Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

3.2

Initial controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

3.3

Rating systems

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

Regional and national . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

3.4

Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

3.5

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

3.6

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

3.7

External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

3.3.1

Mobile software content rating system

45

4.1

Existing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

4.1.1

Apple App Store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

4.1.2

Google Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

4.1.3

CTIA Mobile Application Rating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

4.1.4

Amazon Store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

4.2

Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

4.3

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

4.4

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

4.5

External Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

4.6

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

4.6.1

Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

4.6.2

Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

4.6.3

Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

Chapter 1

Motion picture rating system

A motion picture rating system is designated to classify
lms with regard to suitability for audiences in terms of
issues such as sex, violence, substance abuse, profanity,
impudence or other types of mature content. A particular
issued rating can be called a certication, classication,
certicate or rating. Ratings typically carry age recommendations in an advisory or restrictive capacity, and are
often given in lieu of censorship. In some jurisdictions
the legal obligation of administering the rating may be
imposed on movie theaters.

other countries.

1.1 Comparison

A comparison of currently active lm rating systems,

showing age on the horizontal axis. Note however that
the specic criteria used in assigning a classication can
vary widely from one country to another. Thus a color
code or age range cannot be directly compared from one
In countries such as Australia, an ocial government cen- country to another.
sorship system decides on ratings; in other countries, such Key:
as the United States, it is done by industry committees
with little, if any ocial government status. In most
Spring green Aimed at young audiences.
countries, however, lms that are considered morally offensive have been censored, restricted, or banned. Even
Green All ages may watch.
if the lm rating system has no legal consequences, and
a lm has not explicitly been restricted or banned, there
Yellow Parental guidance is suggested.
are usually laws forbidding certain lms, or forbidding
minors to view them.
Orange Not recommended for a younger audience but
not restricted.

The inuence of specic factors in deciding a rating varies

from country to country. For example, in countries such
as the U.S., lms with strong sexual content are often
restricted to older viewers, whereas in countries such
as France and Germany, sexual content is viewed much
more leniently. On the other hand, lms with violent
content are often subject in countries such as Germany
and Finland to high ratings and even censorship, whereas
countries such as Australia oer more lenient ratings to
violent movies.

Red Restricted to an older audience unless accompanied

by an adult.

Brown Restricted exclusively to an older audience.

Blue Exclusively adult content / Further restrictions usually apply to exhibition.

Black No rating / Exempt from classication / Banned

from viewing.
Other factors may or may not inuence the classication
process, such as being set within a non-ctional historical
context, whether the lm glories violence or drug use,
whether said violence or drug use is carried out by the 1.2 Argentina
protagonist, with whom the viewer should empathize, or
by the antagonist. In Germany, for example, lms depicting explicit war violence in a real war context (such as the Through its Advisory Commission of Cinematographic
Second World War) are handled more leniently than lms Exhibition (Comisin Asesora de Exhibicin Cinematogrca) the National Institute of Cinema and Auwith purely ctional settings.
diovisual Arts (INCAA) issues ratings for lms based on
A lm may be produced with a particular rating in mind. the following categories:* [1]
It may be re-edited if the desired rating is not obtained,
especially to avoid a higher rating than intended. A lm
ATP: Suitable for all ages, ATP stands for Apta
may also be re-edited to produce an alternate version for
(para) Todo Pblico, meaning for all public
1

CHAPTER 1. MOTION PICTURE RATING SYSTEM

13: Suitable for 13-year-olds and over. Children under the age of 13 age admitted if accompanied by an
adult.
16: Suitable for 16-year-olds and over.
18: Suitable for 18-year-olds and over.
18, conditional display: Restricted to specially licensed venues.

1.3 Australia
Main article: Australian Classication Board
The Classication Board and Classication Review Board
are government-funded organizations which classify all
lms that are released for public exhibition.* [2]
G General. The content is very mild in impact.
PG Parental guidance recommended. The content is mild in impact. It is not recommended for
viewing or playing by persons under 15 without
guidance from parents or guardians.
M Recommended for mature audiences. Not
recommended for children under 15 years old but
not legally restricted. The content is moderate in impact.
MA15+ Mature Accompanied. Unsuitable for
children younger than 15. Children younger than 15
years must be accompanied by a parent or guardian.
The content is strong in impact.
R18+ Restricted to 18 years and over. Adults
only. The content is high in impact.
X18+ Restricted to 18 years and over. Films
with this rating have pornographic content. Films
classied as X18+ are banned from being sold or
rented in all Australian states and are only legally
available in the Australian Capital Territory and the
Northern Territory.

The Australian classications

are nine sets of provincial laws on the cinema sector

with dierent age provisions.* [3] The only exception is
in the case of 16rated lms, since under Austrian
law there is a legal age restriction on certain types of content i.e. discrimination, sexual abuse, glorication of vio RC Refused Classication. Banned from sale lence etc.* [4] In addition to the ABMC's age recommenor hire in Australia and cannot be legally imported. dations, in the province of Vienna children under the age
Films are rated RC if their content is very high in of 6 are only permitted to attend public lm performances
impact and exceeds the guidelines.
if they are accompanied.* [5]

1.4 Austria
Motion pictures are rated by the Austrian Board of Media
Classication (ABMC) for the Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture (Bundesministerium fr Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur). The recommendations made
by the ABMC are generally not legally binding and there

The AMBC issues age recommendation from the following categories:

Unrestricted Released for all age groups
6+ Released for children from age 6
10+ Released for children from age 10
12+ Released for children from age 12

1.6. BRAZIL
14+ Released from age 14
16+ Released from age 16. Restricted classication.

1.5 Belgium
There are only two classications for lms publicly exhibited in Belgium issued by the Inter-Community Commission for Film Rating (Dutch: Intergemeenschapscommissie voor de Filmkeuring; French: Commission Intercomunautaire de Contrle des Films). Films are prohibited
to minors under the age of 16 unless passed by the commission. There is no mandatory rating system for video
formats but 90 per cent of video distribution abides by
the voluntary Belgium Video Federation. It is basically
the same as the system for theatrical exhibition, but also
provides a 12rating.* [6]
CAT.1 Suitable for all
CAT.2 Unsuitable for people younger than 16

1.6 Brazil

3
L: Livre para Todos os Pblicos (Free For All
Public): This classication applies to works which
contain predominantly positive contents and which
do not bring unsuitable elements subject to ratings to
ages higher than 10, such as the ones listed below:
Violence: Fantasy violence; display of arms
with no violence; deaths with no violence;
bones and skeletons with no violence.
Sex and Nudity: Non-erotic nudity.
Drugs: Moderate or insinuated use of legal
drugs.
10: No Recomendado para Menores de 10 Anos
(Not recommended for ages under 10): The following contents are accepted for this age range:
Violence: Display of arms with violence;
fear/tension; distress; bones and skeletons with
signs of violent acts; criminal acts without violence; derogatory language.
Sex and Nudity: Educational contents about
sex.
Drugs: Oral description of the use of legal
drugs; discussion on the issue drug tracking"; medicinal use of illegal drugs.

Main article: Brazilian Advisory Rating System

Films are rated in Brazil by the Dejus (Departamento de
Justia, Classicao, Ttulos e Qualicao Department of Justice, Rating, Titles and Qualication), which
is run by the Brazilian Ministry of Justice (Ministrio da
Justia).* [7]* [8] Anyone below the lm's minimum age
can watch it if accompanied by the parent or guardian,
except for those ratedNot recommended for ages under
18, which, by law, are strictly prohibited from viewing
by people under 18.* [9]* [10] Unlike many countries, the
Dejus doesn't have any legal right to ban, demand cuts or
refuse to rate any movie.* [11]
The Dejus uses the following system:

12: No Recomendado para Menores de 12 Anos

(Not recommended for ages under 12): The following contents are accepted for this age range:
Violence: Violent act; body injury; description
of violence; presence of blood; victim's grief;
natural or accidental death with violence; violent act against animals; exposure to danger;
showing people in embarrassing or degrading
situations; verbal aggression; obscenity; bullying; corpses; sexual harassment; overvaluation
of the physical beauty; overvaluation of consumption.
Sex and Nudity: Veiled nudity; sexual innuendo; sexual fondling; masturbation; foul language; sex content language; sex simulation;
sexual appeal.
Drugs: Use of legal drugs; inducing the use of
legal drugs; irregular use of medication; mention to illegal drugs.
14: No Recomendado para Menores de 14 Anos
(Not recommended for ages under 14): The following contents are accepted for this age range:
Violence: Intentional death; stigma/prejudice.

Film classication symbols used in Brazil.

Sex and Nudity: Nudity; erotization; vulgarity;

sexual intercourse; prostitution.

CHAPTER 1. MOTION PICTURE RATING SYSTEM

Drugs: Insinuation of the use of illegal drugs;
verbal descriptions of the use of illegal drugs;
discussion on thedecriminalization of illegal
drugs.

are required for theatrical exhibition, but not all provinces

require classication for home video.* [13] In the past
there was a wide range of rating categories and practices
in the various provinces; however, the seven rating systemswith the exception of Quebecnow all use cate 16: No Recomendado para Menores de 16 Anos gories and logos derived from the Canadian Home Video
*
(Not recommended for ages under 16): The fol- Rating System (CHVRS). [14]
lowing contents are accepted for this age range:
Violence:
Rape; sexual coercion; torture; mutilation; suicide; gratuitous violence/banalization of violence; abortion, death
penalty, euthanasia.

1.8.1 Classications used outside Qubec

Sex and Nudity: Intense sexual intercourse.

Drugs: Production or tracking of any illegal
drug; use of illegal drugs; inducing the use of
illegal drugs.
18: No Recomendado para Menores de 18 Anos
(Not recommended for ages under 18): The following contents are accepted for this age range:
Violence: Violence of high impact; exaltation,
glamorization and/or incitement to violence;
cruelty; hate crimes.
Sex and Nudity: Explicit sex; complex/strong
impact sexual intercourses (incest, group sex,
violent fetish and pornography overall).
Drugs: Inciting the use of illegal drugs.
There are also operational descriptions of attenuating and
aggravating elements that can interfere on the nal rating.
Canadian rating labels used outside Qubec.

1.7 Bulgaria
The Bulgarian lm rating system is dened in the Film
Industry Act of 2003 and administered by the National
Film Rating Committee.* [12]
Exhibitions of X lms are permitted on the condition that
the venue is licensed for exhibiting X rated lms only.
The act also prohibits the renting and selling of D and X
rated media to people below the ages of 16 and 18 respectively.

1.8 Canada
Main articles: Canadian motion picture rating system
and Canadian Home Video Rating System

The categories are mostly identical to the CHVRS with a

few minor variations. In the provinces that require classication of video formats, supply of 14A and 18A lms
is restricted to customers above those ages.* [15] In the
case of theater exhibition, children are admitted to 14A
and 18A lms in the Manitoba and Maritime provinces
if accompanied by an adult, although admittance is restricted to children over the age of 14 in the case of
18A lms.* [16]* [17] Likewise, British Columbia,* [18]
Saskatchewan (administered by the British Columbia
Film Classication Oce),* [14] Alberta and Ontario
also admit children to 14A and 18A lms if accompanied, but do not impose an age restriction on 18A
lms.* [19]* [20] The Maritimes and British Columbia
(along with Saskatchewan) also provide an Aclassication for adult content.* [17]* [18] Some provinces, such
as Nova Scotia, reserve the right to prohibit lms altogether.* [17]

*
Film ratings in Canada are a provincial responsibility, and In general, the categories are: [15]
each province has its own legislation, rules and regula G Suitable for viewing by all ages.
tions regarding rating, exhibition and admission. Ratings

1.9. CHILE
PG Parental guidance advised.
14A Suitable for people 14 years of age or older.
Those under 14 should view with an adult. No
rental or purchase by those under 14. Parents cautioned. (FormerlyAdult Accompaniment (14)" in
the Maritimes)* [17]* [21]
18A Suitable for people 18 years of age or older.
Those under 18 should view with an adult. No rental
or purchase by those under 18. Parents strongly cautioned.
R Restricted to 18 years and over. No rental or
purchase by those under 18. Content not suitable
for minors.

5
13+: 13 ans et plus (13 years and over) May be
viewed, rented or purchased by children 13 years of
age or over. Children under 13 may be admitted
only if accompanied by an adult.
16+: 16 ans et plus (16 years and over) May be
viewed, rented or purchased by children 16 years of
age or over.
18+: 18 ans et plus (18 years and over) May be
viewed, rented or purchased by adults 18 years of
age or over.

1.9 Chile

A Adult. Film is not suitable for viewers under 18

years of age. (FormerlyExplicit Material (XXX)" Films are classied by the Council of Cinematographic
Classication (Consejo de Calicacin Cinematogrca)
in the Maritimes)* [17]* [21]
which is a central agency under the Ministry of Education.* [25]
E Exempt.
The age ratings are:

1.8.2

Classications used in Qubec

For more details on this topic, see Rgie du cinma (Quebec).

In Quebec, the Rgie du cinma rates all lms and

Todo Espectador General Audience

Inconveniente para menores de 7 aos Not suitable for children younger than 7 years
Mayores de 14 aos Suitable for people aged 14
and older.
Mayores de 18 aos Suitable for people aged 18
and older.
The age ratings may also be supplemented by the following content categories:
Contenido educativo Educational content
Contenido pornogrco Pornographic content
Contenido excesivamente violento Excessively
violent content

Pornographic lms may only be exhibited at venues licensed for that purpose. Minors are admitted to lms
with pornographic and excessively violent content if they
videos. The Rgie is a governmental agency overare accompanied by a parent or guardian.
seen by the Quebec Ministry of Culture and Communications;* [22] its purview devolves from the Cinema
Act (chapter C-18.1).* [23] In some cases the Rgie du
cinma may refuse to provide a classication, eectively 1.10 China
banning the lm. Educational and sports lms are exempt
from classication.* [24]
China does not have a rating system. Only lms that
The rating labels used by Rgie du cinma.

are passed as suitable for all agesare released al G: Visa gnral (General Rating) May be viewed, though some exhibitors have introduced informal ratrented or purchased by persons of all ages.
ings.* [26]* [27]

CHAPTER 1. MOTION PICTURE RATING SYSTEM

1.11 Colombia

MS-6 Not recommended for under 6.

As of June 22, 2005, the Ministry of Culture issued its

new rating system.* [28]* [29]* [30] The classications are:

MS-12 Not recommended for under 12.

T: For general audiences.

7: Advisory
12: Advisory
15: Restricted

K-12 Prohibited for under 12 unless accompanied

by an adult.
K-14 Prohibited for under 14 unless accompanied
by an adult.
K-16 Prohibited for under 16 unless accompanied
by an adult.

18: Restricted
X: Pornographic content.
Prohibited: Contains elements that incite or advocate crime.

1.12 Denmark
In Denmark, the Media Council for Children and Young
People currently rates lms. Films do not have to be submitted for a rating and in such instances must be labelled
a 15(restricted to people aged 15 and above). Children aged 7 and above may attend any performance
including those restriced to older audiencesif they are
accompanied by an adult.* [31]
Approval of the lm for general admittance.

1.14 Finland
Films in Finland are classied by the Finnish Centre for
Media Education and Audiovisual Media. A minor up to
3 years younger than the age limit is permitted to see a
lm in a cinema when accompanied by an adult, except
for 18-rated lms.* [33]
S For all ages.
7 Over 7 years.
12 Over 12 years.
16 Over 16 year.
18 Adults only.

Approval of the lm for general admittance, but

not recommended for children younger than the age of 7.

1.15 France

Approval of the lm for admittance of children

Prior to showing in theaters, a distribution certicate must
from the age of 11.
be obtained from the Ministry of Culture. The Minister will decide which certicate to issue based on a recApproval of the lm for admittance of children ommendation by the Board of Film Classication. In
some cases lms may be classied aspornographic lms
from the age of 15.
or those containing an incitement to violenceor completely prohibited from screening.* [34] A certicate will
Exempt from classication only used on home be granted from the following:
video products (mostly documentaries, Danish stand-up
shows and educational material)

1.13 Estonia
Film classication in Estonia is regulated by the Child
Welfare Act.* [32]
PERE Family Film.
L Allowed to all.

U certicate authorising the screening of the lm

to all members of the public
12 certicate prohibiting the screening of the lm
to minors under twelve
16 certicate prohibiting the screening of the lm
to minors under sixteen
18 certicate prohibiting the screening of the lm
to minors under eighteen

1.18. HONG KONG

1.16 Germany

7
17 Not permitted to young people under the age
of 17.

The Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft (Vol 18 Not permitted to people under the age of 18.
untary Self-Regulation of the Film Industry, FSK) has a
lm ratings system under which lms are classied. All
the ratings contain the phrase gem 14 JuSchG(in 1.18 Hong Kong
accordance with 14 of the Youth Protection Law), signifying that they are legally binding for minors. Cinemas
may legally exhibit lms without a classication but mi- Main article: Hong Kong motion picture rating system
nors are prohibited from such screenings.* [35]
Films intended for public exhibition have to be submitted
to the Director of Film, Newspaper and Article AdminOhne Altersbeschrnkung (FSK 0): no age reistration, who is the Film Censorship Authority (FCA)
striction (white sign)
under the Ordinance, for approval. Films approved for
public exhibition are then either classied or exempted
Freigegeben ab 6 Jahren (FSK 6): released to from classication.* [38]* [39]
ages 6 and older (yellow sign)
I suitable for all ages (circle sign)
Freigegeben ab 12 Jahren (FSK 12): released to
ages 12 and older; children who are at least age 6 may be
admitted with parental accompaniment (green sign)

IIA not suitable for children (square sign)

IIB not suitable for young persons and children
III for persons aged 18 or above only

Freigegeben ab 16 Jahren (FSK 16): released to Of the four levels, Levels I, II , and II are unrestricted.
A
B
ages 16 and older, nobody under this age admitted (blue Only Level III is a restricted category.
sign)
Keine Jugendfreigabe (FSK 18): "no youth admitted", adults only. (red sign)

1.19 Hungary

Hungarian ratings are decided by the National Media and

*
Infoprogramm or Lehrprogramm: educational Infocommunications Authority (NMHH): [40]
programming. This rating is not issued by the
FSK, but may be self-applied to lms seeking to edUniversal, for all ages
ucate their audience (e.g. documentaries, instructional lms, etc.). Films with this rating may be sold
Not recommended below age of 6
without any age restriction provided they do not contain any material evidently harmful to the development of children and youths.* [36]
Not recommended below age of 12
The FSK rating also limits the time of the day in which
the movie may be aired on free-to-air TV stations to a
time frame between 22:00 (FSK 16) or 23:00 (FSK 18)
and 6:00. Stations are permitted to broadcast lms not
approved for audiences under 12 at their own discretion.* [37]

Not recommended below age of 16

Not recommended below age of 18
Restricted below 18, for adults only

1.17 Greece

1.20 Iceland

All publicly released lms must be submitted to the Youth

Committee for classication.* [6] There are four cate- Further information: Netherlands
gories:
Since July 1, 2006, Sms has replaced the Kvikmyndaskoun system in Iceland. In October 2013, SMAIS
Unrestricted No restrictions
announced that it was adopting the Netherlands' Kijkwi 13 Suitable for people aged 13 and above.
jzer at least through 2016.* [41]

CHAPTER 1. MOTION PICTURE RATING SYSTEM

1.21 India
Suitable for viewers of fteen and over.
Younger
viewers
may be admitted to the lm at cinemas
In India, Central Board of Film Certication (CBFC) is
if
accompanied
by
an adult; on home video younger viewresponsible for certifying lms meant for public exhibi*
ers
are
not
permitted
to purchase/rent.
tion. [42]
U Unrestricted Public Exhibition.

(cinema only) Suitable for viewers of sixteen and

over. Younger viewers are not admitted.

UA Unrestricted Public Exhibition but with a word

of caution that Parental discretion required for chilSuitable only for adults. Viewers under 18 are
dren below 12 years.
not admitted at cinemas or permitted to purchase/rent the
video.
A Restricted to adults.
S Restricted to any special class of persons.

1.22 Indonesia
Motion pictures shown in Indonesia must undergo reviewing by the Indonesian Film Censorship Board. Other than
issuing certicates, the LSF/IFCB also reviews and issues
permits for lm-related advertising, such as movie trailers and posters. LSF has the authority to cut scenes from
lms. Films passed for exhibition are awarded one of the
following classications:* [43]
SU (Semua Umur): All ages

1.24 Italy
All lms aimed to be shown in Italy are classied by the
Committee for the Theatrical Review of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities into one of the
following categories:* [46]
T (all): All ages admitted.
VM14: Not suitable for children under 14.
VM18: Not suitable for children under 18.

1.25 Japan

R (Remaja): Teen

A Japanese lm rating regulator known as Eirin ()

[full-name: Eiga Rinri Kanri Iinkai (
D (Dewasa): Adult
)] has a lm classication system under which lms
The categories
Limited (Terbatas): Passed uncut for lm festival are classied into one of four categories.
*
*
have
been
in
use
since
1
May
1998.
[47]
[48]
screenings
G: General, suitable for all ages

1.23 Ireland
All lms that are exhibited in public or released on a home
video format must be submitted for classication to the
Irish Film Classication Oce (IFCO).* [44]* [45]

PG-12: Parental guidance requested for young people under 12 years.

R15+: No one under 15 admitted.
R18+: No one under 18 admitted.

General Suitable for children of school going age.

1.26 Kazakhstan

Parental Guidance Suitable for children In Kazakhstan, lms are rated by the Committee for Cul*
over the age of 8. Parental guidance is recommended for ture of the Ministry for Culture and Information. [49]
children under the age of 12.
: Film is allowed for any audience.
Suitable for viewers of twelve and over.
Younger children may be admitted to the lm at cinemas if accompanied by an adult; on home video younger
viewers are not permitted to purchase/rent.

: Suitable for children over the age of 12.

14: Supervision by parents recommended for children under the age of 14.

1.29. MALDIVES
16: Supervision by parents recommended for children under the age of 16.
18: For viewers aged over 18.
: For viewers aged over 21. Restricted to licensed venues between 10pm and 6am local time.

1.27 Latvia

9
Lulus Bersih (Passed Clean [i.e. without cuts])
Lulus Dengan Pengubahan (Passed with Edits/Cuts)
Tidak Diluluskan Untuk Tayangan (Not Approved
for Screening)
Should a lm be approved, the Board then assigns the lm
a classication. As of 2012 the ratings are:* [52]
U (Umum) - No age limit.

In Latvia it is the duty of the producer of a lm or distributor to assign a rating according to a pre-determined set
of criteria. All publicly exhibited lms, visual recordings and lms broadcast over television and electronic
networks must be classied.* [50]
U (universal audience) Suitable for persons of all
age groups

P13 (Penjaga) Viewers under 13 years of age need

parental/guardian supervision while viewing.
18 For viewers aged 18 and above.

1.29 Maldives

7+: Suitable for a person who has reached at least 7 Film in the Maldives are classied by the National Bureau
years of age
of Classication (NBC). Certicates issued are based on
*
12+: Suitable for a person who has reached at least the following categories: [54]
12 years of age
16+: Suitable for a person who has reached at least
16 years of age
18+: Not suitable for a minor (prohibited to people Maldive lm classications
under 18)
G Suitable for all ages.

1.28 Malaysia
See also: Censorship in Malaysia

PG Parental Guidance.
12+ For ages 12 and above.
15+ Suitable for ages 15 and above.

Historically, lm censorship in Malaysia was carried out

18+ Suitable for ages 18 and above.
by police under the Theatre Ordinance 1908. In 1954 the
18+R Suitable for ages 18 and above. Restricted.
Film Censorship Board (LPF) was created to censor lms
distributed across Malaysia in accordance with the Cine PU For Professional Use Only
matograph Films Act 1952, and later the Film Censorship
Act 2002.* [51] Malaysia's motion picture rating system
was introduced in 1953, initially classifying lms either
for General Audiences (Tontonan Umum) or For Adults 1.30 Malta
Only (Untuk Orang Dewasa Sahaja), and in 1996 these
classications were changed to U and 18. In 2010 the As of 2012, lms in Malta are classied by the Film
PG13 classication was introduced, which was changed Board in accordance with the Malta Council for Culture
and the Arts Act.* [55] As part of an overhaul in 2013
to P13 in 2012.* [52]
the14and16age classications were replaced by
12Aand 15"; the PGrating was redened while
U, 12and 18were retained in their existing
form.* [56]
If the lm is deemedt for exhibitionit will be awarded
one of the following classications:
Malaysian lm classication logos used since January 2012

U (Universal) Suitable for all.

Upon viewing the board will assign one of three categories to the lm:* [53]

PG (Parental Guidance) General viewing, but

some scenes may be unsuitable for young children.

10

CHAPTER 1. MOTION PICTURE RATING SYSTEM

12A Suitable for persons of 12 years and over: Mostly, these icons are used along with other symbols,
Provided that persons younger than 12 years may displaying if a movie contains violence, sexual content,
attend only when accompanied by an adult.
frightening scenes, drug or alcohol abuse, discrimination,
or coarse language. These symbols are also used for TV 12 Suitable only for persons of twelve years and programs in the Netherlands.
over.
15 Suitable for persons of fteen years and over.
18 Suitable only for persons of eighteen years and
over.

1.33 New Zealand

1.31 Mexico
The General Directorate of Radio, Television and Cinematography (in Spanish, Direccin General de Radio,
Televisin y Cinematografa) is the issuer of ratings for
motion pictures. The RTC is an agency of the Department of State (Secretara de Gobernacin). It has its own
classication system, as follows:* [57]
AA Informative-only rating: Understandable for
children under 7 years.
A Information-only rating: For all age groups.
B Information-only rating: For adolescents 12 years
and older.
B-15 Information-only rating: Not recommended
for children under 15.
C Restrictive rating: For adults 18 and older.
D Restrictive rating: Adult movies.

1.32 Netherlands
In the Netherlands, the Kijkwijzer system is used, which
is executed by the Netherlands Institute for the Classication of Audiovisual Media (NICAM). Under Dutch law
children are admitted to lms carrying an age rating if accompanied by an adult except in the case of 16rated
lms.* [58]* [59]
All ages.
Potentially harmful to children under 6 years.
Potentially harmful to children under 9 years.

New Zealand Ratings

The Films, Videos, and Publications Classication Act

Potentially harmful to children under 12 years;
1993 gives the Oce of Film and Literature Classibroadcasting is not allowed before 8:00 pm.
cation the power to classify publications into three
categories: unrestricted, restricted, or objectionable
Potentially harmful to children under 16 years; (banned).* [60] With a few exceptions, lms, videos,
broadcasting is not allowed before 10:00 pm.
DVDs and restricted computer games must carry a label

1.35. NORWAY
before being oered for supply or exhibited to the public.* [61]

11

1.35 Norway

The Norwegian Media Authority (Medietilsynet) sets the

age limits on lms to be exhibited in Norway. There is no
requirement to submit a lm to the Media Authority for
G: Suitable for general audiences.
classication, but such lms carry a mandatory age rating
of 18and the distributor is legally responsible for the
PG: Parental guidance may be needed for younger lm's content.* [64]
viewers.
The following age limits apply to lms to be shown in
M: Suitable for mature audiences 16 years and over. cinemas:

The current ratings are:* [62]

R13: Restricted to persons 13 years and over.

A Suitable for all

R15: Restricted to persons 15 years and over.

7 7 years (children from 4 years old accompanied

by an adult)

R16: Restricted to persons 16 years and over.

R18: Restricted to persons 18 years and over.
RP13: Children under age 13 are not admitted unless accompanied by a parent or an adult.

11 11 years (children down to 8 years accompanied by an adult)

15 15 years (young down to 12 years accompanied
by an adult)
18 18 (absolute lower limit)

RP16: Children under age 16 are not admitted unChildren up to three years younger than the indicated
less accompanied by a parent or an adult.
age rating may be admitted if accompanied by an adult;
however the Media Authority will occasionally discour R: Restricted exclusively to a certain audience.
age parents from accompanying children below the age
recommendation to certain lms.* [64] The Media Authority has no power to ban lms but must not classify
1.34 Nigeria
lms which they consider contravene Norweigian criminal law.* [65]
The National Film and Video Censors Board classies
lms, videos, DVDs, and VCDs. Classications carrying an age rating are legally restricted, although the15 1.36 Philippines
and 18classications do not apply to people below 2
years of age.* [63] The categories are:
In the Philippines, motion pictures, along with television
programs, are rated by the Movie and Television Review
G (Green Sign): Suitable for viewing by persons of and Classication Board, a special agency of the Oce
of the President. As of 2012, the Board uses six classiall ages.
cation ratings.* [66]
PG (Green Sign): Parental Guidance advised.
12 (Yellow Sign): Not suitable for people under the
age of 12.
12A (Yellow Sign): Not suitable for people under
the age of 12. A child must be accompanied by an
adult to view the lm.
15 (Red Sign): Not suitable for persons under the
age of 15.
18 (Red Sign): Not suitable for people under the 18.
RE (Red Sign): Films which fall under this category
are to be exhibited and distributed only in specially
licensed premises.

G (General Audiences) Viewers of all ages are admitted.

PG (Parental Guidance Suggested) Viewers below
13 years old must be accompanied by a parent or
supervising adult.
R-13 (Restricted-13) Only viewers who are 13
years old and above can be admitted.
R-16 (Restricted-16) Only viewers who are 16
years old and above can be admitted.
R-18 (Restricted-18) Only viewers who are 18
years old and above can be admitted.
X (Not For Public Exhibition) X-ratedlms
are not suitable for public exhibition.

12

1.37 Poland
Ratings in Poland are not set by any board or advisory
body. Prior to 1989 the applicable age ratings were no
age limit,over 7,over 12,over 15andover 18
and were set by The General Committee of Cinematography. Since 1989 there is no ocial classication system, with age ratings being self-prescriptive and set by the
distributors. In case of television, the supervisory body
Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji (KRRiT, The National Council of Radio Broadcasting and Television) can
impose nes upon those responsible for improper rating
of a broadcast, or lack of it.* [67]

1.38 Portugal

CHAPTER 1. MOTION PICTURE RATING SYSTEM

0+
(Film allowed for any
age) All ages are admitted. No age restrictions.
6+ , 6
(Film for those above 6) Unsuitable for children
under 6.
12+ 12
(Film for those above
12) Unsuitable for children under 12.
16+ 16
(Film for those above 16) Unsuitable for children
under 16.
18+ 18
(Film for those above 18) Prohibited for children
under 18.

Movies are rated in Portugal by the Comisso de Classi ,

cao de Espectculos of the Ministry of Culture. In cin(Refused classication) Banned.
emas the ratings are mandatory (subject to parental guidance) whereas for video releases they are merely advisory,
except in the case of pornographic content.* [68] Children
under the age of 3 were previously prohibited from pub- 1.40 Singapore
lic lm performances, but a special category was introduced for this age group when the classication system
Further information: Media Development Authority
was overhauled in 2014. A category for 14 year-olds was
also introduced, and the lowest age rating was dropped
from 4 years of age to 3.* [69]* [70] The categories are Film classication in Singapore was introduced in 1991
and comes under the jurisdiction of the Board of Film
the following:
Censors (BFC). There were three ratings originally: G
Para todos os pblicos For all the public (espe- (General), PG (Parental Guidance) and R18 (Restricted
to 18 years and above). Prior to then lms were either apcially designed for children under 3 years of age).
proved or eectively banned. Since then, there have been
several alterations to the ratings over the years. The R18
M/3 Passed for viewers aged 3 and older.
rating has been dropped, and has been replaced by NC16
M/6 Passed for viewers aged 6 and older.
(No Children under 16), M18 (Mature 18) and R21 (Restricted 21). A PG13 (Parental Guidance 13) rating, in M/12 Passed for viewers aged 12 and older.
troduced in 2011, is the latest rating to be introduced.
The G, PG and PG13 ratings are advisory while NC16,
M/14 Passed for viewers aged 14 and older.
M18 and R21 carry age restrictions. Video ratings are
mostly the same as the cinema ratings, except only go up
M/16 Passed for viewers aged 16 and older.
to M18. Some titles, such as documentaries and sports
M/18 Passed for viewers aged 18 and older.
programmes may be exempt from classication on video,
but all titles must be classied for public exhibition.* [73]
P Special rating supplementary to the M/18 age rating denoting pornography.

1.39 Russia
See also: On Protecting Children from Information
Harmful to Their Health and Development
The revised Singapore lm rating system which took eect 15 July
2011

Since 2012 the rating appears inside circles, which indicate age restrictions followed by a plus(+), and appears The categories are:
in most shows, including TV and Internet shows in Rus G: General Suitable for all ages.
sian.* [71]* [72] The indication shown:

1.43. SPAIN

13

PG: Parental Guidance Suitable for all but parents

should guide their young.

Teenager restricted (
hibits children under 18.

PG13: Parental Guidance 13 Suitable for persons

aged 13 and above but parental guidance is advised
for children below 13.

Restricted Restricted to special theaters.

NC16: No Children Under 16 Suitable for persons

aged 16 and above.

) Pro-

1.43 Spain

All lms to be commercially released in Spain in any

M18: Mature 18 Suitable for persons aged 18 and medium must be submitted to the ICAA. Classications
above.
are advisory except for X-rated lms, which are restricted
R21: Restricted 21 Suitable for adults aged 21 and to specially licensed venues. A supplementary classication, Especialmente Recomendada para la Infancia
above.
(Especially recommended for children), is sometimes appended to the lowest two classications.* [77]

1.41 South Africa

In South Africa lm are classied by the Film and Publication Board.* [74] All broadcasters, cinemas and distributors of DVD/video and computer games must comply
with the following:

APTA General admission

7 Not recommended for audiences under 7
12 Not recommended for audiences under 12
16 Not recommended for audiences under 16

A: Suitable for all.

18 Not recommended for audiences under 18

PG: Parental Guidance

Pelcula X Prohibited for audiences under 18

79PG: Not suitable for children under the age of

7. Children aged 79 years old may not be admitted
unless accompanied by an adult.

1.44 Sweden

10: Not suitable for children under the age of 10.

Statens medierd (the Swedish Media Council) is a government agency with the aims to reduce the risk of harm1012PG: Not suitable for children under the age
ful media inuences among minors and to empower miof 10. Children aged 1012 years old may not be
nors as conscious media users.* [78] The classication beadmitted unless accompanied by an adult.
stowed on a lm should not be viewed as recommendations on the suitability for children, as the law the council
13: Not suitable for children under the age of 13.
operates under (SFS 2010:1882) only mandates them to
16: Not suitable for persons under the age of 16.
assess the relative risk to children's well-being. It is not a
legal requirement to submit a lm to the Media Council,
18: Not suitable for persons under the age of 18.
but children under the age of 15 are not admitted in such
X18: No One Under 18 Admitted; restricted to li- instances.* [79]* [80]* [81] The councils classication only
applies to public exhibition, and the law does not require
censed adult premises.
classication of home media.* [82]
XX: Must not be distributed or exhibited in public.
The following categories are used:* [80]* [81]

1.42 South Korea

Btl (Barntillten) All ages.

)
The Korea Media Rating Board (
in Seoul divides licensed lms into the following categories:* [75]* [76]

7 Children under the age of 7, who are accompanied by an adult (a person aged 18 or over), are
admitted to lms that have been passed for children
from the age of 7.

All (

) Suitable for all audiences.

12 (12
12 years and over.

) Suitable for persons aged

15 (15
15 years and over.

) Suitable for persons aged

11 Children over the age of 7, who are accompanied by an adult, are admitted to lms that have been
passed for children from the age of 11.
15 Children under the age of 15 are not admitted
to any lm that is not approvedfor viewing by
children.

14

1.45 Switzerland
Further information: Germany

CHAPTER 1. MOTION PICTURE RATING SYSTEM

P Educational.
G General Audience.
13 Suitable for viewers aged 13 years and over.

Switzerland has adopted Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der

Filmwirtschaft (FSK), Germany's classication body.
Under Swiss law, however, children up to two years
younger than the age recommendations will be admitted
if accompanied by a person invested with parental authority.* [83]

1.46 Taiwan
Taiwan/Republic of China did not have a motion picture
rating system until April 1994. The Government Information Oce (GIO) classies lms into one of the following four categories pursuant to its issued Regulations
Governing the Classication of Motion Pictures of the
Republic of China ( in traditional
Chinese):* [84]

15 Suitable for viewers aged 15 years and over.

18 Suitable for viewers aged 18 years and over.
20 Suitable for viewers aged 20 years and over.
Restricted.
Banned Films that are not allowed to screen publicly in Thailand.

1.48 Turkey

In Turkey, movies to be shown in cinemas are rated by

the Evaluation and Classication Board of the Ministry
of Culture and Tourism. All lms to be made commercially available must be classied, except in the case of
educational lms which are labeled as for educational
purposesinstead. The board also has the power to refuse
General audiences category ( ()) (G) classication in extreme cases (producers and distributors
can submit an edited version of a movie to the board but
Viewing is permitted for audiences of all ages.
edited versions may also be rejected if still deemed inap Protected category ( ()) (P) Viewing is propriate); in this case, the movie will be banned with the
not permitted for children under six; children view- exception of special artistic activities like fairs, festivals,
ers between six and 11 shall be accompanied and feasts and carnivals.* [87]* [88]
given guidance by parents, teachers, seniors, or adult
relatives or friends.
Genel zleyici Kitlesi General audience.
Parental guidance category ( ()) (PG)
Viewing is not permitted for children under 12; attention and guidance from parents, teachers, or seniors are required for adolescent viewers between 12
and 17.
Restricted category ( ()) (R) Viewing
is not permitted for those under 18.

1.47 Thailand

7+ Suitable for viewers aged 7 and over.

7A Viewers under the age of 7 may watch with
accompanying family mambers.
13+ Suitable for viewers aged 13 and over.
13A Viewers under the age of 13 may watch with
accompanying family members.
15+ Suitable for viewers aged 15 and over.
15A Viewers under the age of 15 may watch with
accompanying family members.

A motion picture rating system was proposed in the Film

18+ Suitable for viewers aged 18 and over.
and Video Act of 2007, and was passed on December 20,
2007 by the Thai military-appointed National Legislative
Assembly, replacing laws which had been in place since
1930. The draft law was met with resistance from the 1.49 United Arab Emirates
lm industry and independent lmmakers. Activists had
hoped for a less-restrictive approach; however, lms are
The Ministry of Information of the United Arab Emirates
still subject to censorship, or can be banned from release
classies all lms, which cinemas must abide by.* [89]
altogether if the lm is deemed toundermine or disrupt
social order and moral decency, or might impact national
G (General admission) All ages are allowed.
security or the pride of the nation.* [85]
The ratings were put into eect in August 2009.* [86]
They are as follows:

PG13 All ages allowed but children under 13 must

be accompanied by an adult.

1.51. UNITED STATES

15

PG15 All ages allowed but children under 15 must

be accompanied by an adult.
15+ 15 years old and above only. Children aged
14 and under are not allowed even if accompanied
by adults.
18+ 18 years old and above only. Children aged
17 and under are not allowed even if accompanied
by adults.

1.50 United Kingdom

See also: History of British lm certicates and Video
Recordings Act 1984
The British Board of Film Classication (BBFC) classies lms to be publicly exhibited in the United Kingdom, although statutory powers remain with local councils which can overrule any of the BBFC's decisions.
Since 1984, the BBFC also classies lms made commercially available though a home video format. If the BBFC
refuses a classication this eectively amounts to a ban
(although local councils retain the legal right to overturn
it in the case of cinema exhibition). The BBFC's regulatory powers do not extend to the internet, so a lm they
have banned on physical media can still be made available
via streaming media/video on demand. Videos designed
to inform, educate or instruct or concerned with sport,
religion or music are exempt from classication; exempt
lms may be marked as E, but this is not an ocial
label.* [90]* [91]
UK lm classication certicates. Uc is deprecated.
The current BBFC system is:* [92]
Uc Especially suitable for pre-school children.
The category is now deprecated, although older
video works still in circulation may carry the label.* [93]
U (Universal) - Suitable for all. A U lm should be
suitable for audiences aged four years and over.
PG (Parental Guidance) - General viewing, but
some scenes may be unsuitable for young children.
A PG lm should not unsettle a child aged around
eight or older.
12A - Cinema release suitable for 12 years and over.
No one younger than 12 may see a 12A lm in a
cinema unless accompanied by an adult.

18 - Suitable only for adults. No-one under 18 is

allowed to see an 18 lm at the cinema or buy / rent
an 18 rated video.
R18 (Restricted 18) - Adult works for licensed
premises only. The R18 category is a special and
legally-restricted classication primarily for explicit
works of consenting sex or strong fetish material involving adults. Films may only be shown to adults in
specially licensed cinemas, and video works may be
supplied to adults only in licensed sex shops. R18
videos may not be supplied by mail order.

1.51 United States

12 Video release suitable for 12 years and over. Main article: Motion Picture Association of America
Video recordings with this rating are not to be sup- lm rating system
plied to anyone below that age.
15 - Suitable only for 15 years and older. No-one In the United States, the Motion Picture Association of
under 15 is allowed to see a 15 lm at the cinema or America (MPAA), through the Classication and Rating
Administration (CARA), issues ratings for movies. The
buy/rent a 15 rated video.

16
system was established in 1968 and is voluntary; an unrated lm is often informally denoted byNRin newspapers and so forth.* [94]* [95]* [96]
G (General Audiences) All Ages Admitted.
PG (Parental Guidance Suggested) Some Material
May Not Be Suitable For Children.
PG-13 (Parents Strongly Cautioned) Some Material May Be Inappropriate For Children Under 13.
R (Restricted) Under 17 Requires Accompanying
Parent Or Adult Guardian.
NC-17 (Adults Only) No One 17 and Under Admitted.

1.52 See also

Television content rating systems
Video game content rating system

1.53 Sources
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[76] Lee, Claire (7 August 2013). Media Rating Board OKs

Screening of Kim Ki-duk
s Controversial 'Moebius'". The
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Retrieved 11 May 2014.

1.54. EXTERNAL LINKS

19

[95] What: Guide to Ratings. Classication and Ratings

Administration. Retrieved 14 October 2014.

United Kingdom British Board of Film Classication (BBFC).

[96] Franklin, Daniel P. (2006). Politics and Film: The Political Culture of Film in the United States. Rowman &
Littleeld. pp. 152153. ISBN 9781461641018.

USA Motion Picture Association of America.

1.54 External links

The Netherlands lm board's comparison of lm
classications issued for twelve recent lms by the
classication boards of the UK, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Denmark, and Sweden.
IMDb's information about rating systems from all
over the world.
FilmClassications.com Information regarding lm
classications from Australia, Canada, Ireland, New
Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Australia Australian Classication Board.
Denmark Medierdet for Brn og Unge (The Media
Council for Children and Young People).
Finland Finnish Centre for Media Education and
Audiovisual Media.
France Centre National de la Cinmatographie
(CNC).
Germany Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft e.
V. (SPIO)
Iceland Sms.
Irish Film Censor's Oce.
Japan Administration Commission of Motion Picture Code of Ethics.
Korea Korea Media Rating Board.
Malaysia Lembaga Penapisan Filem Malaysia
(Malaysia Film Filter Board)
Netherlands Kijkwijzer (and Nicam).
New Zealand Oce of Film & Literature Classication.
Norway Media Authority.
Philippines Movie and Television Review and Classication Board
Singapore Media Development Authority.
Sweden Statens medierd.
South African Film and Publications Board.
Spanish Film Academy (ACE).

Chapter 2

Television content rating systems

Television content rating systems give viewers an idea
of the suitability of a television program for children or
adults. Many countries have their own television rating
system and each country's rating process may dier due
to local priorities. Programs are rated by either the organization that manages the system, the broadcaster or by
the content producers themselves.

10:30 p.m. respectively. In addition, the plaque Atencin: Contenido no apto para nios, nias y adolescentes English: Warning: Content not suitable for children and adolescents are shown before news broadcasts.

2.2 Armenia

A rating is usually set for each individual episode of a

television series. The rating can change per episode, A television content rating system for Armenia was innetwork, rerun and per country. As such it is impossi- troduced in June 2006 (rst tested in Yerevan in January
ble to state what kind of rating a program has, without 2006).* [1] The Armenian ratings are as follows:
stating when and where this rating is used.
Range specic

2.1 Argentina

Y suitable for ages 211;

Y7 suitable for ages 716;

In Argentina, the content rating system are identical to

those used by the local lm bureau.

GA suitable for general audiences;

TW suitable for tweens ages 9 and up;

Apto para todo pblico (ATP) (English: suitable

for all audiences) programs may contain mild violence, language and mature situations;

T suitable for teens ages 12 and up;

A suitable only for adults ages 18 and up.

Apto para mayores de 13 aos (SAM 13) (English: suitable for ages 13 and up) programs may
contain mild to moderate language and mild vio- Age specic
lence and sexual references;
Apto para mayores de 16 aos (SAM 16) (English: suitable for ages 16 and up) programs
may contain more intensive violence and coarse language, partial nudity and moderate sexual references;

EC suitable for ages 2 and up;

Apto para mayores de 18 aos (SAM 18) (English: suitable for mature audiences only) programs contain strong violence, coarse language and
explicit sexual references.

T suitable for ages 12 and up;

Starting from September 2010, it is compulsory for

broadcasters to show the plaque Comienza el horario
apto para todo pblico English: Start time of suitable
for all age schedule and Finaliza el horario apto para
todo pblico English: End time of suitable for all age
schedule at 6:00 a.m. or 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. or

E suitable for ages 5 and up;

E9 suitable for ages 9 and up;

M suitable for ages 16 and up;

AO suitable for ages 17 and up.

2.3 Australia

20

For details on the video and DVD classication

system in Australia, see Censorship in Australia.

2.3. AUSTRALIA

21

Main article: Australian Classication Board

by parents to stop children from seeing certain programs.

In 2009, the system malfunctioned, allowing children acCommercial television stations in Australia are required cess to violent TV shows and lms. The restrictions on
to comply with the Australian Commercial Television R18+ rated programming have been increased since then,
Code of Practice, which is governed by the Australian and those programs can now only be shown on the two
adult channels.
Communications and Media Authority.

2.3.1

Child-specic ratings

These time zones are further governed by the Australian

Commercial Television Code of Practice, over and above
the commercial Code of Practice. Both are similar to
the G and PG classications respectively in terms of allowable content, but are specically targeted at children,
whereas G species programming content that is suitable
for all audiences, but may not necessarily be of interest
to children.

2.3.2

Standard ratings

With the exception of the AV15+ rating, which is only

used by commercial TV networks, the ratings are intended to be equivalent to the Australian Classication
Board (ACB) classications of the same name. They're
usually presented with the same shape and sometimes
colour as their ACB counterparts.
Several programs that air before the PG timeslot of
7:00pm do still contain PG content, although nothing may
be edited to t a G rating. Shows that are usually rated
PG now may feature the same amount of content when it
was G rated. Some movies which have an Rrating
on DVD may be given an MA15+ on TV, although some
of the content may be altered/removed to meet MA15+
classication guidelines.
The two government-owned TV networks, ABC and SBS,
are not bound by the same regulations as their commercial counterparts, and are instead each bound by their
own Codes of Practice.* [2]* [3] The guidelines provided
by these Codes are similar but not identical to the Codes
of Practice for commercial stations. For example, SBS
refers to the rating MAV15+ instead of AV15+,* [4]
while ABC does not use the AV/MAV rating at all; instead programs rated MA15+ must not start before 9:30
p.m., instead of 9:00 p.m.. While the ABC recognizes the
G rating, its code of practice does not require that it display its classication symbol on-air in respect to G-rated
programming.

Consumer advice
Consumer advice is compulsory for all MA15+ and
AV15+ programs, and one-o programs and very short
series classied M or higher (such as feature lms,
miniseries and documentaries). A classication disclaimer may be displayed for PG material if the broadcaster believes the material is of an intensity that parents
and/or young children may not expect.
Consumer advice takes the form of a full-screen written and verbal announcement at the start of the program
announcing the classication as well as listing the type
and strength of any mature content. In addition, when
a program carries consumer advice, appropriate abbreviations are displayed along with the classication symbol
after each commercial break. They also usually appear in
programming guides, usually in lower case to distinguish
from primary classications. In general, these abbreviations are as follows:
A signies content with adult themes or dangerous
stunts;
V used for programs depicting violence;
L used for dialogue containing coarse language;
S used for programs with sexual references/situations;
H used for programs based upon horror and
supernatural themes;
D used for programs with drug references or drug
use;
N used for programs containing nudity;
SV used for programs containing depictions of
sexual violence;
AL used for dialogue containing aggressive language;
E used for educational programming.

Pay television networks also have a dierent system* [5] Sometimes, more specic consumer advice is issued, such
to the free-to-air networks. In general, all content on pay as:
TV must still be given one of the above ratings; however,
there are not usually restrictions on the time of day any
SN used for programs based upon supernatural
particular programming can be broadcast. There is an
themes;
R18+ rating for pay TV, but its use is strictly limited to
M used for programs depicting medical procespecial interest channels. FOXTEL, a pay TV company,
dures;
has a parental lock-out system which can be programmed

22
W used for programs based upon war themes or
scenes.
In other cases, a network may include more specic advice at the start of a program, but then substitute one of
the more widespread categories when using the abbreviated form. Others may not use the above examples at all
and simply list the content as violence, adult themes etc.

2.4 Brazil
Main article: Brazilian Advisory Rating System
The implementation of a television content rating system
in Brazil was made ocial for broadcasters in mid-2007,
although it was already used for rating motion pictures,
video games, and some television networks since 2006.
Since then, the television networks themselves rate the
shows, while the Department of Justice, Rating, Titles
and Qualication (Portuguese: Departamento de Justia,
Classicao, Ttulos e Qualicao) judges the content
to guarantee that the rating is appropriate for that specic show.* [6] On broadcast networks, where the system
is mandatory, the ratings are also translated in Brazilian
Sign Language, and may also carry content descriptors.
The icons must be shown at the start of each block of the
show, and their respective promos.* [7]
The Brazilian content rating system utilizes age-specic
classications (with the exception of L-rated programming), and consist of the following:
L Livre para todos os pblicos Content is suitable for all audiences
10 No recomendado para menores de 10 anos
Content suitable for viewers over the age of 10.
12 No recomendado para menores de 12 anos
Content suitable for viewers over the age of 12.
14 No recomendado para menores de 14 anos
Content suitable for viewers over the age of 14.

CHAPTER 2. TELEVISION CONTENT RATING SYSTEMS

14-rated programs may air only between 9 p.m. and
6 a.m.
16-rated programs may air only between 10 p.m.
and 6 a.m.
18-rated programs may air only between 11 p.m.
and 6 a.m.

2.5 Bulgaria
The Bulgarian content rating system persists of the following classications:
A Recommended to children. When the lm conrms the ideals of humanism or popularizes the national and world cultures or contributes to upbringing children.
B No restrictive recommendations from the Committee. When the lm is in no way contrary to the
universal rules of morality in this country, has no restrictive recommendations from the Committee and
does not fall in rating A.
C No persons under the age of 12 are admitted unless accompanied by an adult. When the lm contains certain erotic scenes or scenes with drinking,
taking drugs or stimulants or a few scenes of violence.
D No persons under the age of 16 are admitted.
When the lm contains quite a number of erotic
scenes or scenes with drinking, taking drugs or stimulants or a considerable number of scenes showing
violence.
X No persons under the age of 18 are admitted.
When the lm is naturalistically erotic or shows violence in an ostentatious manner.

2.6 Cambodia

16 No recomendado para menores de 16 anos

The Television Classication System was introduced in
Content suitable for viewers over the age of 16.
the Kingdom of Cambodia on April 23, 2011. The con 18 No recomendado para menores de 18 anos tent rating system is a project of the Government Public
Relations Department by the Oce of National BroadContent suitable for viewers over the age of 18.
casting Commission for all eight Cambodian TV stations
The system also regulates a watershed, or certain times to set up a procedure of TV program classication. The
where certain programming may air on broadcast televi- original system used four main rating symbols and three
sion. Programming on cable networks can air at any time, content descriptors (using Cambodian characters) shown
on-screen during the duration of the program. However,
regardless of its rating.* [8]
the stations have to follow the existing laws on broadcasting programs. There are no ocial graphics or signs for
L- and 10-rated programming may air at any time
the ratings, utilizing only a ticker bar with a warning sig 12-rated programs may air only between the hours nied content not suitable for children. Children and nonof 8 p.m. and 6 a.m.
scripted programming are usually not rated.

2.7. CANADA

2.7 Canada
The Canadian TV Classication System was created in
late 1997* [9] for English-language programmers to use
in conjunction with the V-chip (by this point, Canadian
viewers were used to seeing ratings attached to American
programming delivered via cable and over-the-air reception). The upper-right corner of symbols are shaped like
the corner of a maple leaf, as is used in the national ag.
The icons are intended to be shown once an hour lasting
15 seconds, although in the case of longer programs that
do not start on the hour, some broadcasters show the rating at the start and at the top of each subsequent clock
hour, while others show the rating at the start and again
precisely one hour later. However, there are some networks like Global that only display the television rating
at the beginning of the show. The icons are displayed in
the upper-left corner and the size should be a minimum
of 52 scan lines tall.* [10]

23
C Programming suitable for children ages of 27
years. No profanity or sexual content of any level
allowed. Contains little violence.
C8 Suitable for children ages 8+. Low level violence and fantasy horror is allowed. No foul language is allowed, but occasional socially oensive and discriminatorylanguage is allowed if in
the context of the story. No sexual content of any
level allowed.
G Suitable for general audiences. Programming
suitable for the entire family with mild violence, and
mild profanity and/or censored language.
PG Parental guidance. Moderate violence and
moderate profanity is allowed, as is brief nudity and
sexual references if important to the context of the
story.

14+ Programming intended for viewers ages 14

Additionally, should a program contain content poand older. May contain strong violence and strong
tentially unsuitable for some viewers, such as vioprofanity, and depictions of sexual activity as long
lence, coarse language, or nudity, members of the selfas they are within the context of a story.
regulating Canadian Broadcast Standards Council (which
18+ Programming intended for viewers ages 18
does not include the CBC, although it still uses such
and older. May contain explicit violence and sexual
warnings) are required to air a disclaimer at the beginactivity. Programming with this rating cannot air
ning of the program and at the end of each commercial
before the watershed (9:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.).
break, advising viewer discretion (such disclaimers are
only required for the rst hour if airing after 9:00 p.m.).
This disclaimer is technically required even if the nal
2.7.2 Quebec ratings
commercial break comes immediately before the closing
credits, and some (but not all) channels in fact observe
French-language broadcasters use the Rgie du cinma
this.* [11]
lm rating system system for television programming.
Notably, the television rating given may depend on the Logo may or may not appear on screen after every comlevel of cable and satellite, or if the program is broadcast mercial depending on the TV channel.
over-the-air. Also, television ratings are generally considered more restrictive than movie ratings.
G (general) appropriate for all ages and must con-

2.7.1

Outside Quebec

tain little or no violence and little to no sexual content;

8+ appropriate for children 8 and may contain
with little violence, language, and little to no sexual
situations;
13+ appropriate suitable for children 13 and may
contain with moderate violence, language, and some
sexual situations;
16+ recommended for children over the age of 16
and may contain with strong violence, strong language, and strong sexual content;

Canadian TV Ratings:
18+

18+ only to be viewed by adults and may contain

extreme violence and graphic sexual content. It is
mostly used for 18+ movies and pornography.

Exempt Shows which are exempt from ratings An E rating (no rating will appear on screen) is given to
(such as news and sports programming) will not dis- exempt programming, in the same classes used for Enplay an on-screen rating at all.
glish Canadian programming above.

24

CHAPTER 2. TELEVISION CONTENT RATING SYSTEMS

2.8 Chile

Para todas las audiencias (content suitable for all

audiences) daily, from the hours of 07:0021:30;

The National Association of Television (Asociacin Nacional de Televisin) devised a content rating system in
1993.

Infantil (children) Monday through Friday from

16:0017:00, and Saturdays and Sundays from
08:0010:00;

2.8.1

Familiar (family) Monday to Friday from 07:00

16:00 and 17:0022:10, and Saturdays and Sundays
07:0008:00 and 10:0022:30, respectively.

Child specic

I Infantil (English: for children) programs suitable

for all children;
I7 Infantil para mayores de 7 aos programs recommended for children ages 7 or older;

Adultos (adult audiences) Programming dubbed

with this classication run through the remaining
time slots not specied by the Infantil and Familiar
fringes.

I10 Infantil para mayores de 10 aos programs Pornography is forbidden in broadcast over the air televirecommended for children ages 10 or older;
sion in Colombia, even in the adult fringes.* [17]
I12 Infantil para mayores de 12 aos programs
recommended for children and teens ages 12 or
2.10 Denmark
older.
In Denmark, there are no regulations on what can be
shown on Danish television, but a rating system has been
F Familiar (family) programs suitable for a general devised, and consist of the following:
audience, with content appropriate for all ages;
Green symbol programs suitable for all ages, can
be broadcast on all networks at any times;
R Responsabilidad compartida (shared responsibility) programs may content not suitable for children
Yellow symbol programs suitable children accomnot accompanied by an adult;
panied by an adult, may only be broadcast after 6
p.m.;
A Adulto (adult) programs suitable for adult audiences only (ages 18 or older), may contain coarse
Red symbol programs containing material with
language, and sexual or explicit situations (used afmore intensive content ;
ter 10 p.m. local time).
Blue symbol programs containing explicit content
and strictly for adults only

2.8.2

Standard ratings

2.9 Colombia
Since 1997,* [12] Colombian television networks are required to specify programs within dubbed family and
adult fringes, and must display a notice signifying the
audience, both visually and in narration, the minimum
age required to watch the program, if it contains sexual
or violent content, and if parental company is needed at
the beginning of every program.* [13] The networks must
also air an 'institutional message' daily at 21:00, inviting
children 12 years of age or less to not to stay exposed
to contents which have no essentially child[-oriented] nature.* [14]* [15] A message must be broadcast at 22:10,
Monday through Friday, (22:30 Saturdays and Sundays)
explaining to viewers that the adult fringe has started.
Most networks opt to display a scrolling text message instead.* [15]

2.9.1

Fringe hours

2.11 Finland
A content rating system were introduced to Finland television broadcasting in 2004. The initial ratings system for
television programs shown on Finnish television channels
consist of the following:
S allowed at all times;
K7 not allowed air before 7:00 a.m., not recommended for children under 7;
K12 not allowed air before 05:00 p.m., not recommended for children under 12;
K16 not allowed air before 09:00 p.m., not recommended for children under 16;
K18 not allowed air before 11:00 p.m., not recommended for children under 18.

The fringes (Spanish: franjas), as dened by the National If a program is classied as 'K16' or 'K18', a notication
Television Commission,* [16] and are as follows:
must be shown before broadcast.

2.14. HONG KONG

25

2.12 France

A content rating system in French is regulated by Conseil

Suprieur de l'Audiovisuel (CSA).* [18] Each rating icon
is translucent and, as of November 2012, is shown for the
whole duration of the show.* [19]
If no rating appears, it is most likely appropriate for
all ages.

suitable only for adults (allowed only between midnight and 6:00 a.m.), profanity before
midnight is punishable by ne, except when used
in the context of the program. May contain excpilt
scenes, etc.

2.14 Hong Kong

The Hong Kong television rating system is since by

Dconseill aux moins de 10 ans (English:
generic code of television programs standard of the
not recommended for children under 10) not alBroadcasting Ordinance (Cap.562) on December 11,
lowed in children's television series;
1995. The current ratings are:

Dconseill aux moins de 12 ans (English:

not recommended for children under 12) not allowed air before 10:00 p.m. (some channels and
programs are subject to exception);

G (general) for general audiences;

Dconseill aux moins de 16 ans (English:

not recommended for children under 16) not allowed air before 10:30 p.m. (some channels and
programs are subject to exception);

M (mature) programs are recommended only for

adult viewers above the age of 18, only allowed to
be shown between 11:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.

PG (parental guidance recommended) programs

are unsuitable for children, parental guidance is recommended;

Programs that are classied as either 'PG' or 'M' should

Dconseill aux moins de 18 ans (English: not be broadcast between 4:00 p.m. and 8:30 p.m. every
not recommended for persons under 18) allowed day, as this is a watershed devised for family viewing.
between midnight and 5 a.m. and only in some channels, access to these programs is locked by a personal
password.
2.15 Hungary

2.13 Greece

The Hungarian content rating system has changed frequently during the last few years. The ratings of the programs broadcast often caused legal interferences, since
the radio and television authorities have stricter guidelines
about age appropriate rating categories for programs. If
a program is not marked with the television authority's
choice of rating symbol, the airing channel often has to
pay large penalties to Hungarian authorities.

A content rating system in Greece was devised in 2000.

The system has ve ratings, with each rating being represented by a dierent shape on a dierent-coloured background. The color-coded ratings are compulsory, and
are displayed and verbally announced at the beginning
of each broadcast. These provisions are enforced by the
Greek National Council for Radio and Television (ESR). Before 2002, the Hungarian television rating system was
more simplistic: networks would range their programs
into three categories:

suitable for all ages;

parental consent suggested;

required parental consent (only allowed between 7:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.);
suitable for minors over the age of 15 (only
allowed between 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.);

Unrated programs suitable for anyone;

Not recommended for children under the age of
14 lms displaying light violence or with explicit
dialogue were ranked into this category. The symbol
of this category was a blue triangle.
Not recommended for children under the age of
18 Films displaying heavy violence or sexual content were ranked into this one. The symbol of this
category was a lled red circle.

26

CHAPTER 2. TELEVISION CONTENT RATING SYSTEMS

Rating programs and displaying on-screen symbols was 2.16 Iceland

not strictly compulsory for the channels. Eventually the
television authority found this system inappropriate.
The content rating system in Iceland consist of the chanIn 2002, a new rating system was devised. Ranking pro- nel's logo in the top-right corner, with the rating following
grams and displaying the rating symbols became compul- by, consisting of the following:
sory on every Hungarian television network. The new rating system caused trouble within these networks, because
L programs suitable for all ages;
the channels were required to display the ranking sym 7 programs suitable for ages 7 and older;
bols during the entire duration of their programs. The
symbols were distracting to viewers, and networks feared
10 programs suitable for ages 10 and older;
that their constant presence could damage the television
screen. Because of the complaints, the television author 12 programs suitable for ages 12 and older;
ity allowed channels to choose to show the rating symbols
on the left or on the right side of the screen. Later, chan 14 programs suitable for ages 14 and older;
nels were also allowed to increase the transparency of the
16 programs suitable for ages 16 and older;
symbols.
In the current system there are ve rating categories:
Unrated programs can be viewed by any age;

18 programs suitable for ages 18 and older.

2.17 India

children friendly programs recommended for children. It is an optional rating,

there is no obligation for broadcasters to indicate it.

6 programs not recommended for children

below the age of 6, may not contain any violence or
sexual content. A yellow circle with the number 6
written inside is used for this rating;

12 programs not recommended for children

below the age of 12, may contain light sexual content
or explicit language. Most lms without serious violence or sexual content t into this category as well.
A yellow circle with the number 12 written inside is Sample censor certicate issued by Central Board of Film Certiused for this rating;
cation (CBFC) that has to be displayed for 10 seconds before

exhibition of a 'theatrical lm', and for 15 seconds before exhibition of a 'video lm'.V/Uinfers that the lm is sanctioned for
video exhibition, and has been given a rating of Unrestricted
Public Exhibition.

16 programs not recommended for teens

and children below the age of 16, may contain more
intensive violence and sexual content. A yellow circle with the number 16 written inside is used for this In February 2013, in the wake of controversy over susrating;
pension of exhibition of the lm, Vishwaroopam,
the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting constituted
a panel under the Chairmanship of Justice (Retd.) Shri

18 the program is recommended only for

Mukul Mudgal to examine issues of lm certication unadult viewers (for ages 18 and up), may contain exder the Cinematograph Act 1952. One of the terms of
plicit violence and explicit sexual content. A red cirreference for the committee is to examine the requirecle with the number 18 written inside is used for this
ment of special categories of certication for the purposes
rating (the red circle was also used until 2002, but it
of broadcasting on television channels and radio stations.
did not contain any number in it).
But, the committee had not made any recommendations
on this important matter.
Similar ratings also apply to lms shown in cinemas, however unlike in other countries a viewer cannot be denied The current classications of lms in India are as follows:
access from entering a screening if they are not the age
U unrestricted public exhibition;
of the rating.* [20]

2.19. IRELAND

27

U/A unrestricted public exhibition, but with a cau- 2.19 Ireland

tion regarding parental guidance to those under 12
years of age;
Main article: RT programme classications
A public exhibition restricted to adults 18 years of
age and older only;
In Ireland, Raidi Teilifs ireann (RT) displays a banner in the top right-hand corner (previously on the left S public exhibition restricted to members of any
hand corner) of the screen during the opening screen of
profession or any class of persons (e.g. doctors etc.)
a program. The banner may display one of the following
very rare.
classications:

2.18 Indonesia

GA Lucht fachana ginearlta (English: general audience) suitable for all ages;

Because of Indonesia's large Islam population (the largest

in the world), TV censors have the right to edit out
any content deemed oensive according to Islamic law,
known as Haram. Television series in Indonesia are forbidden to have excessive oensive language, extreme violence, sexual situations (including nudity, displays of affection [e.g. kissing], and references to homosexuality),
and animated scenes considered too scary or frightening
for children.

Ch Pist (English: children) suitable for children

ages 5 to 10, may contain comedic violence or action
fantasy violence;

The ratings are divided into eight categories:

SU Semua Umur (English: all ages) suitable for
general audiences;
P Prasekolah (English: pre-school) suitable for
children from ages 2 through 6;

YA gra (English: young adult) suitable for adolescent audiences, may contain thematic elements
that would appeal to teenagers;
PS Treoir tuismitheora (English: parental supervision) suitable for more mature viewers, more mature themes may be present;
MA Lucht fachana lnfhsta amhin (English: mature audience only) most restrictive classication,
allowing for heavy subject matter and coarse language

A Anak (English: children) suitable for teens and These content ratings only apply to the RT channels
children from ages 7 through 12;
(RT One, RT Two). Other television channels will
make an announcement about whether or not a show's
A-BO Anak bimbingan orang tua (English: chilcontent is appropriate for any range of age.
dren with parental guidance) suitable for children
ages 7 through 12, with parental guidance or permission;
R Remaja (English: teenager) suitable for teens
from ages 13 through 17;
R-BO Remaja bimbingan orang tua (English:
roughly translates to teenager with parental guidance) suitable for teens with parental guidance or
permission;

2.20 Israel

Since April 2003, Israel networks (Channel 2 and

Channel 10) display the suggested age range for all programmes. Later, the rating became available at all of the
channels, including cable networks. Originally, the limit
tags came in three colors, yellow, orange and red, but in
cable or satellite television, it is designated dierently.

BO Bimbingan orang tua (English: parental guidance) parental guidance suggested for ages 5 and In 2010, the system was revised. The current ratings are
as follows:
under;
D Dewasa (English: mature) suitable for viewers
over 18 and older only.
The BO, A-BO, and R-BO classications are not considered ocial, but appear on Indonesian TV as content
warnings for certain networks. However, some movies
(even in late night airings) still need to be edited because
the content is forbidden to air in Indonesia, mostly movies
with very strong language, sex, nudity, some disturbing
material etc.

G general audience; anyone, regardless of age, can

view the program, usually news and children's programming;
12+ suitable for teens and children ages 12 and
over, no child under 12 are permitted to view the
program;
15+ suitable for teens ages 15 and over, no child
under 15 may view the programme;

28
18+ suitable for adults only, no minors may view
the programme;

CHAPTER 2. TELEVISION CONTENT RATING SYSTEMS

X most restrictive classication, only adults ages
25 and above may view.

E exempt from classication (this rating is usually

The X rating is used for content that is banned from airapplied to live broadcasts).
ing on public television in the Maldives. In particular,
pornography or sexually explicit material is rated X and is
banned, because pornography remains illegal in the Mal2.21 Malaysia
dives as of the year 2009.
In Malaysia, a television rating system was revised in January 2012.
The classications are as follows:

2.23 Mexico

The classication system of television programs in Mex U (Malay: umum) general viewing for all ages, can ico is almost equivalent to that of the movie rating system
be broadcast anytime.
of the country, and consists of the following:
P13 - for viewers ages 13 and above, children under
13 needs parental guidance, can be broadcast anytime, but some elements may only be broadcast at
night. Between 2009 and 2011, the classication is
called PG13.
18 for viewers ages 18 and above only, cannot be
broadcast before 10:00 p.m. There are four 18 based
ratings, rather than one, prior to April 2010.

A appropriate for all ages, parental guidance is

recommended for children under 7 years (some profanity, sexual references, violence or crude humor)
(broadcast between 05:00 and 20:00 were required
to be A rated and can be broadcast anytime);
B designed for ages 12 and older, may contain
some sexual situations, mild violence, and mild language (allowed only between 20:00 and 05:00);

News and live programs are exempt from classication.

The rating system are shown ve seconds before the start
of the programme. Astro only uses P13 classication for
movie channels such as Astro Best and Astro First.

B-15 designed for ages 15 and up, slightly more

intensive than the 'A' and 'B' ratings (allowed only
between 21:00 and 05:00);

2.22 Maldives

C designed to be viewed by adults aged 18 or older

only, generally more intensive content (allowed only
between 22:00 and 05:00);

Television stations in Maldives display a classication rating at the beginning of each program (news being exempt
from this). Displaying classication rating after commercials may be optional. Each television station uses different classication rating for their respective programs.
Usually, all television stations use the following classication age groups.
Y young children;
G general viewing for all ages;
PG parental guidance is required unaccompanied
children;
PG-12 parental guidance is required for children
under the age of 12;

D designed to be viewed only by mature adults

(at least 21 years of age and over), contains extreme
content matter (allowed only between midnight and
05:00);
RC (refused classication) banned from public
television in Mexico.
In December 2010, the Latin American channel Canal
Fox started using TV ratings, along with the channel
XEIMT-TV in Mexico City.

2.24 Netherlands

The television rating system in the Netherlands was cre 12+ teens and children aged 12 and older may ated in 2001 by the Dutch Institute for the Classication
of Audiovisual Media (NICAM) and is known as Kijkwatch, otherwise restricted;
wijzer (ViewingGuide or WatchWiser). The same rating
15+ restricted to viewers aged 15 and above;
systems are used for both television programs and lms,
and serve partly as guidelines (Programmes with the clas 18+ restricted to viewers aged 18 and above;
sication 12 years may only be broadcast from 8pm and
21+ restricted to viewers aged 21 and above;
with the classication 16 years from 10pm. Cinemas and

2.25. NEW ZEALAND

29

theaters in the country cannot provide lms with the classication 16 years to people under the age of 16). Animated versions of the icons used are also utilized in visual
mediums. They are the same as Dutch lm ratings. The
system is also used for DVDs in Belgium and selectively
used on television broadcasts in Flanders.

2.25.1 Free-to-air

The following icons are in use for age rating:

G (General Programmes): These exclude material

likely to harm children under 14 and can screen at any
time. Programmes may not necessarily be designed for
younger viewers, but must not contain material likely to
cause them undue distress or discomfort.

All Ages (Alle leeftijden)

New Zealand's free-to-air TV content rating system has

been in place since 1989 and is based on the system Australia was using from the early 1980s until 1993. There
are three classications:

Examples Include:
Mostly kids shows, Soaps
Parental advisory for children under 6 (Let op (Neighbours), Cooking And Lifestyle Shows etc.
met kinderen tot 6 jaar)
PGR (Parental Guidance Recommended): Programmes more suited to more mature viewers. These are
not necessarily unsuitable for children, but viewer discre
Parental advisory for children under 9 (Let op
tion is advised, and parents and guardians are encouraged
met kinderen tot 9 jaar)
to supervise younger viewers. Programmes rated PGR
can screen between 9 a.m. 4 p.m. and between 7 p.m.
6 a.m.

Parental advisory for children under 12 (Let

Examples Include: Mostly primetime sitcoms And Local
op met kinderen tot 12 jaar)
Reality Shows

AO (Adults Only): AO programmes contain material

Parental advisory for children under 16 (Let
of an adult nature handled in such a way that it is unop met kinderen tot 16 jaar)
suitable for children. Such programmes are directed primarily at a mature audience and can screen between noon
There are also six descriptor icons used:
and 3pm on a school day (except during school and public holidays as designated by the Ministry of Education),
and between 8:30 p.m. 5:00 a.m. A special sub-class of
this rating, denoted AO 9:30 p.m. or later, is reserved for

Violence (Geweld)
programmes with a greater degree of sexual activity,
potentially oensive language, realistic violence, sexual
violence, or horric encountersand are considered un
Scary or Disturbing Content (Angst)
suitable for viewing before that time. www.bsa.govt.nz.

Sexual Content (Seks)

Discrimination [scenes of characters getting

abused, harassed, or excluded because of their race,
skin color, religious beliefs, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or physical/mental deciencies] (Discriminatie)

Drug and/or Alcohol abuse (Drugs- en/of alcoholmisbruik)

Bad Language (Grof taalgebruik)

2.25 New Zealand

Examples Include: CSI:Crime Scene Investigation,Grey's

Anatomy and some primetime dramas etc.
The rating for each programme is shown at the start and
after each commercial break. Some PGR programmes
and most AO programmes have an advisory before the
programme begins to advise of any specic content that
could oend viewers such as language, nudity, sex and
violence. Not every Comedy or Drama series receives all
the same ratings. For example, some The Big Bang Theory episodes are rated G, most recent episodes of 2 Broke
Girls season 2 receives an AO rating, Some Packed to the
Rafters episodes are rated AO, while most of them rated
PGR. Some episodes or movies may required to be edited
in order to be appropriate for the viewers, depending on
the time.

2.25.2 Pay television

The system for pay television is as follows:

New Zealand has two separate content rating systems, one

for free-to-air channels and one for pay TV services.

G: suitable for general audiences

30

CHAPTER 2. TELEVISION CONTENT RATING SYSTEMS

PG: Parental guidance recommended for under 10 Parental Guidance, in which these advisories are simply written on the upper left side or at the lower right side
M: Suitable for mature audiences 13 and up
of the television screen.
16: Suitable for viewers 16 and up
18: Suitable for viewers 18 and up

On 6 October 2011, in order to encourage parents to supervise and be responsible with their children in watching
television, the MTRCB revamped its rating system, implementing a three-tiered system:* [21]* [22]* [23]

Any programme of any rating can air at any time, but

The new ratings was originally to have been a fourcare should be taken to observe the following guidelines
tiered system, composed of G (General Patronage), PG
(as per the Broadcasting Codes of Practice):
(Parental Guidance), SPG (Strong Parental Guidance),
and M, but sometime before the implementation of the
Although most services these days make content l- new system, the Mrating was dropped.
tering technology available to subscribers free-ofcharge, channels carried by providers that do not The new ratings system is similar to the old one, but
have said technology can only screen material rated the look and the ratings themselves was completely re18 between the hours of 8pm and 6am, and also be- vamped. The new system consists of a new full-screen
advisory of the program's rating which is ashed before
tween 9am and 3pm on school days.
every program, whatever the rating of such program is,
Programming rated M or higher should not be except in the case of programs with SPG rating, wherein
the rating must be aired twice (before the program and afscheduled on either side of a program rated G.
ter a commercial break somewhere in the middle of the
Visual warning labels should be displayed before program). A rating logo then appears at the bottom right
certain programmes rated PG or higher. More than of the screen during a program if it was rated as such.
one can be used and the labels are:
Sometimes, when annotations are to be put and it takes
the place of the logo, then it has to be put on the upper
C: Content may oend
left side of the screen, opposite the logo of the TV station.
*
V: Violence
[27] * [28]
L: Language
On 9 February 2012, the SPG rating was imple S: Sexual content

mented,* [29] which utilizes at least one of the following content descriptors: T for tema (themes), L for lengguwahe (language), K for karahasan (violence), S for
sekswal (sex), H for katatakutan (horror) and D for droga
2.26 Peru
(drugs). The rating was rst broadcast on the lm Cinco
which was aired in ABS-CBN, where it had its old adviThe age rating system in the Peru television came into
sory.
force in 2005 as President of the republic Alejandro
Toledo and the Congress passed this law for radio and
television. The open-signal channels that show their age
rating are: a.m.rica Televisin, ATV, Frecuencia Latina, 2.28 Poland
Global TV and La Tele. Nevertheless, the channels: TV
Peru, Panamericana Television, etc. do not show their Before 2000, Poland did not have any uniform classication system for television programs. Some stations, howclassication.
ever, applied their own system of signs: in front of the seThe ratings for television programs are available on some
lected lms TVP board applied theAdult onlyorFilm
Peruvian channels. The rating system used in Peru is
for adult audiences only.* [30] In Canal+ before the lm
listed below.
to show in chart with key Canal+ in the appropriate color
(green, yellow, red).* [31] Until 27 February 2000, TVN
decided to mark the so-calledadult movieswith a pul2.27 Philippines
sating red 18+ logo.* [32] On 1 March 2000, an agreement was reached with Polish television broadcasters as
Main article: Movie and Television Review and Classi- Friendly mediain order to introduce a uniform system
cation Board Television
of classication of television programs. Nine television
broadcasters - TVP, Polsat, TVN, our TV, Canal+, Wizja
In the Philippines, the Movie and Television Review and TV, Poland and Cable TV Niepokalanow - had signed the
Classication Board, commonly known as MTRCB, im- agreement.
plements and regulates local television content rating sys- The current Polish television rating system was introtems. In November 1995, the MTRCB has implemented duced on 15 August 2005 and consists of ve icons.* [33]
only two television ratings: General Patronageand In 28 August 2011 changed the appearance of the char-

2.31. RUSSIA

31

acters:* [34]

2.31 Russia

2.29 Portugal

The rating system for programs and lms shown on Russian television:* [36]

For a long time, the only existing regulation on

Portuguese television was that programs with potentially
shocking or harmful content could air only between 11pm
and 6am and with a red circular marker on the top-right
corner of the screen.
In 2006, all free-to-air networks decided to complement
this rule with a shared, more detailed rating system for
TV shows:

0+ (Suitable for all ages)

6+ (May not be suitable for very young children)
12+ (Intended for viewers over the age of 12)
16+ (Intended for viewers over the age of 16)
18+ (Unsuitable for children, only for adults)
These logos are shown in the beginning of the program
and after every break.

Todos (suitable for all)

2.32 Serbia

10, Aconselhamento Parental (may not be

suitable for children under 10, parental guidance adIn Serbia, TV stations are obliged to mark all programs
vised)
that could endanger children and youth. TV programs
that could endanger minors in any way must be clearly

12, Aconselhamento Parental (may not be marked, and the custodians warned. Each program dissuitable for children under 12, parental guidance ad- played before midnight, has to be marked with a clearly
visible age limit (e.g. 12, 14, 16, 18) which warns the
vised)
parents and other audience if it program is not suitable
for all minors. It is displayed at the beginning (usually

16 (not suitable for children under 16)

in a big red circle across the screen) and each 15 minutes
(on a visible location, usually in a corner) of the show. On
These logos must be shown during 10 seconds in the be- radio, this warning is presented by the speaker. a G rating
ginning of any program and after every break. If a pro- is when nothing appears. an L, M, N means it's suitable
gram is rated 16, it can only be broadcast between 11pm for kids and children and young, and all ages may watch.
Like (12, 14, 16, 18) they are exempt from classication,
and 6am.* [35]
and replaced by P, Q and R.
All broadcasters have the right to classify programs on
their own, but the Serbian Republic Broadcasting Agency
2.30 Romania
(RBA) reserves its right to punish or warn the stations if
they do not mark the programs at all, do not mark it as deThe rating system for programs and lms shown on Ro- scribed or systematically estimate age categories wrongly.
manian television:
The broadcasters have the right to ask the agency's opinion in certain show if they are not capable of recognizing
its category. They are also advised to take care of the
Y: (Young Ages)
usual children schedule and to avoid problematic material in time when it could be easily expected that minors
G: (General Exhibition)
are watching or listening the program.
AP: Accordul prinilor (Parental guidance is rec G (Program suitable for all ages (G on a red circle,
ommended for children below the age of 12)
usually a blank red circle))
12: Interzis copiilor sub 12 ani (Forbidden for chil 12 (Program not suitable for children under the age
dren under 12 years of age)
of 12 (12 on a red circle))
15: Interzis minorilor sub 15 ani (Forbidden for
children under 15 years of age)

14 (Program not suitable for children/teens under

the age of 14 (14 on a red circle))

18: Interzis minorilor sub 18 ani (Forbidden for

children under 18 years of age)

16 (Program not suitable for children/teens under

the age of 16 (16 on a red circle))

32

CHAPTER 2. TELEVISION CONTENT RATING SYSTEMS

18 (Program not suitable for minors under the age

of 18 (18 on a red circle))

2.35 South Africa

South African ratings are issued and certied by the Film

and Publication Board, whilst the National Broadcasting
Commission regulates the various lms and programs.
15 (Program not suitable for children/teens under
All television stations, cinemas and distributors of DVD,
the age of 15 (15 on a red circle))
video and computer games must display the following sig 17 (Program not suitable for children/teens under nage:
the age of 17 (17 on a red circle))
Family: This is a program/lm that does not contain
These ratings are used only on a few TV stations.
any obscenity, and is suitable for family viewing. A
logo must be displayed in the corner of the screen
for 30 seconds after each commercial break.
Unconventional ratings:

2.33 Singapore

Singapore has adopted the use of TV Ratings from 15

July 2011. They consist of PG and PG13 ratings for
Free-to-Air TV and NC16 and M18 ratings in addition
to the PG and PG13 ratings for Pay TV channels. For
Free-to-Air TV, the shows rated PG may be aired anytime while PG13 should air between 10pm to 6am. For
Pay TV, PG13 rated programmes can be shown anytime.
Before the rated programme starts the TV channels will
show a notication. Currently, only StarHub TV's and
Mio TV's self-packaged non-regional Pay TV channels
( e.g. StarHub TV's E City and Sensasi and Mio TV's
FashionTV HD and FashionTV HD On Demand, both of
which features modeling nudity in certain programmes
) are enabled to carry NC16 and M18 rated content.
FashionTV is also Singapore's rst ocial M18 rated
channel. M18 rated programmes can only be telecasted
from 10pm onwards to 6am on Pay TV. Regional channels like Star World, Fox Movies Premium and HBO Asia
are unable to carry Media Development Authority's lm
ratings as they are targeted at the same region (a certain
group of Asia territories), which results in programmes
being subjected to external censorship of a much harsher
nature outside Singapore territorial control. Only Video
on Demand (VOD) Pay TV services are allowed to carry
R21 content currently. G-rated programmes are not required to show a notication for any channel.

2.34 Slovenia

PG: Children under 6 may watch this program/lm,

but must be accompanied by an adult. This program
contains an adult related theme, which might include
very mild language, violence and sexual innuendo.
A logo must be displayed in the corner of the screen
for one minute after each commercial break.
13: Children under 13 are prohibited from watching
this program/lm. This program contains mild language, violence and sexual innuendo. A logo must
be displayed in the corner of the screen for two minutes after each commercial break.
16: Children under 16 are prohibited from watching
this program/lm. It contains moderate violence,
language, and some sexual situations. In the case
of television, this program may only be broadcast
after 9pm4:30am. A logo must be displayed in the
corner of the screen for ve minutes after each commercial break. A full-screen warning must be issued
before the start of the program. If the program is
longer than an hour, a warning must be displayed
every half an hour.
18: Children under 18 are prohibited from watching
this program/lm. It contains extreme violence, language and/or graphic sexual content. In the case of
television, this program may only be broadcast from
10pm4:30am. A logo must be displayed in the corner of the screen for the duration of the program. A
full-screen warning must be issued before the start
of the program and after each commercial break.

Slovenian government accepted a law in 2004,* [37] in (The 18 rating does not refer to adult, child or animal
which television stations are required to play a warning pornographyas this is banned from television and cinbefore a lm and display one of the following icons:
ema by the Film and Publication Board.)
VS (vodstvo starev) Parental guidance suggested (for children under 6)
+12 Content suitable for teens over 12
years
+15 Content suitable for teens over 15
years
AD (odrasli) Content exclusively for
adults

R18: this is reserved for lms of an extreme sexual nature (pornography). R18 lms may only be
distributed in the form of video and DVD in a controlled environment (e.g. Adult Shops). No public
viewing of this lm may take place. R18 lms may
not be broadcast on television and in cinemas. This
has been breached twice by ETv, where the soft bordering hardcore Emmanuelle was screened.

2.36. SOUTH KOREA

(The R18 rating does not refer to child or animal pornographyas this is totally banned by the Film and Publication Board.)

33

12 (12
, sib-ee-se ii-sang sicheong-ga): This rating is for programs that may
deemed inappropriate for those younger than 12,
and parental discretion should be used. Usually used
for animations that have stronger themes or violence
then those designed for children, or for reality shows
that have mild violence, themes, or language.

15 (15
, sib-o-se ii-sang sicheong-ga): This rating is for programs that contain
material that may be inappropriate for children under 15, and that parental discretion should be used.
Examples include most dramas, and talk shows on
OTA (over-the-air) TV (KBS, MBC, SBS), and
many American TV shows/dramas on Cable TV
channels like OCN and OnStyle. The programs
that have this rating may include moderate or strong
adult themes, language, sexual inference, and violence. As with the TV-MA rating in North America,
this rating is commonly applied to live events where
the occurrence of inappropriate dialogue is unpredictable. Since 2007, this rating is the most used
rating for TV.

19 (19
, sib-gu-se ii-sang sicheong-ga): This rating is for programs that are intended for adults only. 19-rated programming cannot air during the hours of 7:00AM to 9:00AM, and
1:00PM to 10:00PM. Programmes that receive this
rating will almost certainly have adult themes, sexual situations, frequent use of strong language and
disturbing scenes of violence.

Additional symbols:
D (Drugs)* [38]
V (Violence)* [38]
N (Nudity)* [38]
P (Prejudice) [38]
*

S (Sex)* [38]
L (Language)* [38]

2.36 South Korea

The South Korean television rating system has been in
force since 2000, and it started with only four classications which are All, 7, 13 and 19. In February 2001,
all programs except domestic dramas (which had been
enforced since November 2002) has required to have a
rating system. In 2007, rating 13 was changed into 12
and a new rating, 15 is introduced. Most programs have
to be rated, except the exemptrating below. Even if
it qualies for being exempt, a broadcaster may apply a
rating.* [39]

Example of Korean TV rating icons.

All (
, Mo-deun yeonryeong si-cheong-ga): This rating is for programming that is appropriate for all ages. This program
usually involves programs designed for children or
families. This rating does not have an icon.

7 (7
, chil-se ii-sang sicheong-ga): This rating is for programming that
may contain material inappropriate for children
younger than 7, and parental discretion should be
used. Some cartoon programming not deemed
strictly as educational, and lms rated Gor
PGin North America may fall into the 7 category.

Exempt (no icon or name): This rating is only

for knowledge based game shows; lifestyle shows;
documentary shows; news; current topic discussion shows; education/culture shows; sports that excludes MMA or other violent sports; and other programs that Korea Communications Standards Commission recognizes. Disclaimer or rating icons are
not needed.
Ratings are displayed every ten minutes, and after commercial breaks, either on the upper-left or upper-right
corner of the screen, with a size of at least 1/20 of the
screen, and in black writing on a yellow circle with a white
outline, for 30 seconds. If the program is rated19, the
icon must be displayed for the entire duration of the program. This does not apply to theAllrating, which has
no icon. A rating disclaimer is displayed on the start of
the program for ve seconds explaining Because this
program is not appropriate for children/youth under X
years old, parental discretion is advised"(
X
/
,I

34

CHAPTER 2. TELEVISION CONTENT RATING SYSTEMS

peu-ro-geu-raem eunX: se-mi-man ui eo rin-i/cheongso nyeon-i si cheong hagi e bu-jeok jeol ha-meu robo hoja
ui si cheong-ji doga pir-yo han peu-ro-geu-raem ipnida)
for 7, 12, and 15 ratings. Alland19ratings have a
dierent disclaimer, which sayThis program is suitable
for all ages"(
) and This program is not
suggested for youths under the age of 19"(
19
) respectively.
South Korean television ratings do not include content descriptors or viewer advisories as they do in other nations.
The ratings are therefore used in a broader sense.

2.37 Spain
These are the symbols of the Spanish rating system for
television programs:
TP (Todos los pblicos). Recommended for all
ages.
i (Recomendado especialmente para la infancia).
Specially recommended for preschoolers and kids.
7 or +7 : Recommended for people older than 7
years old.
7i or +7i : Recommended for kids older than 7 years
old.

channel: This program contains scenes that may hurt

sensitive people, therefore the red symbol will be displayed.
Those contents are usually aired after 10:00 p.m.

2.39 Taiwan
Taiwanese rating system for television programs was introduced in 1999 and there are four symbols:
General audiences category (" " ): For all
ages.
Protected category (" " ): Not suitable for
children under 6 years old. People aged 6 but under 12 require guidance from accompanying adults
to watch.
Parental guidance category (" " ): Not suitable for people under 12 years of age. Parental guidance is required for people aged 12 but under 18.
Restricted category (" " ): For adults only and
people under 18 years of age must not watch. The
program under this rating can only be broadcast after
10:00 p.m. and before 6:00 a.m..

2.40 Thailand

12 or +12 : Recommended for people older than 12 In Thailand, a television rating system was introduced in
years old.
2006 alongside a movie ratings for movies. In September
16 or +16 : Recommended for people older than 16 2013, the television rating was revised.
years old.

Under the new guideline, the so-called Free TV channels have to label their programmes and reschedule their
18 or +18 : Recommended for people older than 18
shows to comply in the following categories:
years old.
Rating symbols are shown all the programme or when it
begins (also after broadcasting adverts), depending on the
rating and the hour (12 and over are always shown, and TP
is never shown). Years ago, all ratings were shown only al
the beginning. On '+18' rated programs, a brief warning
tone can also be heard. '18' or '+18' rated programs are
not allowed to be shown on free to air television before
10.00 p.m. and after 6.00 a.m.

2.38 Switzerland
The Swiss system only contains one symbol which is used
for content unsuitable for children and young teenagers.
It is a red rectangle that appears next to or below the
TV channel logo and for the whole duration of the show.
Moreover, the following text appears on the whole screen
right before the content is aired, in the language of the

Primary - content suitable for primary school aged

children
Children - content suitable for children between 6
12 years old
General - content suitable for general audiences
PG 13 - content suitable for people aged 13 and
above, but can be watched by those who are under the recommended age if parental guidance is
provided. Under this category, the content can be
shown on television between 8:30 p.m. and 5:00
a.m..
PG 18 - content suitable for people aged above 18
years old; those who are younger that 18 must be
provided with parental guidance. The programmes
can be shown on television between 10:00 p.m. and
5:00 a.m..

2.43. UNITED STATES

Adults - content unsuitable for children and youngsters, and can be viewed on TV only between 12:00
a.m..
TV programmes in Thailand are already labelled by certain system of categories, a practice criticised by rights
group as nanny-state censorship and ridiculed by some
Netizens for its confusing standards.

2.41 Turkey
The TV content rating system in Turkey was introtuced
by RTK in 2006. The ratings are the following:

35
Red Square: this program is only for adult viewers. In it there are scenes with nudity, drug use, or
violence. It can be some action lms with big violence level and excessive bloodshed, horrors, mystical lms. These programs broadcast late at night
(11 p.m.5 a.m.). But if there is a red square in the
lower right corner of the screen, it is not necessarily
a dangerous lm for children to view.
These designations must be in the lower right corner.
Green circle can be shown for only the rst three minutes, but other marks must be present over the time of
this programs.

Genel zleyici General audience. Suitable for all 2.43 United States
ages. Shown (family symbol) at the beginning of the
program/movie and after every commercial break. Main article: TV Parental Guidelines
7+ Suitable for ages 7 and over. Shown at the beginning of the program/movie and after every commercial break.
13+ Suitable for ages 13 and over. Shown for
the whole duration of the program/movie (may be
translucent). May only be broadcast between 9:30
p.m. and 5:00 a.m.
18+ Suitable for ages 18 and over. Shown for
the whole duration of the program/movie (may be
translucent). May only be broadcast between 0:00
a.m. and 5:00 a.m.
There are also content informations which indicate violence/horror, sexuality and negative examples.
News programs, sports competitions, religious ceremonies and commercial communication broadcasts are
exempt from the content rating system.

2.42 Ukraine

TV-Y This program is designed to be appropriate

for all children.* [40]

Ukrainian TV content rating was adopted on 15 September 2003. It somewhat looks like Poland's former ratings. Programs rated TV-Y are designed to be appropriate for
Listed below are designations of Ukraine classication:
all children. The thematic elements portrayed in programs with this rating are specically designed for a very
Green Circle: this program does not have age young audience, including children from ages 26. Acrestrictions. To it category related family lms, cording to the FCC, programs are not expected to
comedies, cartoons, some action and mystical lms, frighten younger children.* [40]
drama lms, concerts.
TV-Y7 This program is designed for children age
Yellow Triangle: children must view this program
7 and above.* [40]
with parents. In it program there are fragments,
which unsuitable for children. It is: action lms,
some comedies and dramas, horror lms. Programs Programs rated TV-Y7 are designed for children age 7
with this rating usually broadcast in the evening (6 and older. The FCC implies that itmay be more appropriate for children who have acquired the developmental
p.m.5 a.m.).

36

CHAPTER 2. TELEVISION CONTENT RATING SYSTEMS

this rating contain little or no violence, no strong language, and little or no sexual dialogue or situations.* [41]

skills needed to distinguish between make-believe and reality.* [40] The thematic elements portrayed in programs
with this rating may include 'comedic violence', or may
be frightening or confusing for children under the age of
7.

TV-PG This program contains material that parents may nd unsuitable for younger children.* [40]

Programs given theFVcontent descriptor exhibit more Programs rated TV-PG contain material that parental
'fantasy violence',* [40] and are generally more intense or guardians may nd inappropriate for young children.
combative than other programs rated TV-Y7.

TV-G Most parents would nd this program suitable for all ages.* [40]
Programs rated TV-G are generally suitable for all ages.
The FCC states that this rating does not signify a program designed specically for children, most parents may
let younger children watch this program unattended.
*
[40] The thematic elements portrayed in programs with

TV-14 This program contains some material that

many parents would nd unsuitable for children under 14 years of age.* [40]
Programs rated TV-14 may contain some material that
parental guardians may nd unsuitable for children under
the age of 14. The FCC warns that Parents are cautioned to exercise some care in monitoring this program
and are cautioned against letting children under the age
of 14 watch unattended.* [40]

2.44. VENEZUELA

37
and TV-14 rated programs only, although certain networks may choose the rate their TV-MA programs with
the descriptor, while the DLSV sub-ratings are only used
with the TV-14 and TV-MA ratings. The violence descriptor was used for TV-Y7 programs until the creation
of the 'FV' descriptor in 1997.

2.44 Venezuela
Television content in Venezuela is regulated by the Law
on Social Responsibility on Radio and Television (Ley de
Responsabilidad Social en Radio y Televisin), introduced
in January 2003. As of 2013, the rating was divided into
three, TU means for all ages, SU means parental guidance
for young viewers and A for mature viewers. Programs
rated may only be broadcast at certain times.
It is mandatory for all Venezuelan television station to
broadcast a short presentation, before the broadcast of
TV-MA This program is specically designed to be any programs, made by the same channel, where the type
viewed by adults and therefore may be unsuitable for of program (recreational, informational, mixed, etc.),
children under 17.* [40]
type of production (domestic or national independent) elements include containing (such as language, health, sex
Programs rated TV-MA are usually designed to be and/or violence) and lastly the rating of the program.
viewed by adults. Some content may be unsuitable for
children under 17. This rating is seldom used by broadcast networks or local television stations due to FCC re- 2.45 Countries Without TV Ratstrictions on program content, although it is commonly
ings Systems
applied to television programs featured on certain cable
channels (especially premium services such as HBO and
Showtime) for both mainstream and pornographic pro People's Republic of China
grams.
Afghanistan
Some thematic elements, according to the FCC, may
call for parental guidance and/or the program may contain
Denmark
one or more of the followingsub-ratings, designated with
an alphabetic letter:
Germany
D Suggestive dialogue (Not used with TV-MA)

Iran

L Coarse language

Iraq

S Sexual content

Japan

V Violence

Pakistan

FV Fantasy violence (exclusive to TV-Y7)

E/I Educational & Informative (usually used
for childrens' programs - Exclusive to TV-Y
and TV-Y7)
Up to four content descriptors can be applied alongside
an applied rating, depending on the kind of suggestive
content featured in a program (with the exception of the
FVsub-rating, due to its sole applicable use for children's programs). As the rating increases pertaining to
the age, the content matters generally get more intensive.
The 'suggestive dialogue' descriptor is used for TV-PG

Saudi Arabia
Papua New Guinea
Timor Leste
North Korea
Vietnam
Morocco
United Kingdom

38

2.46 See also

Motion picture rating system
Video game content rating system

2.47 References
[1] Jeannette Goehring (2007). Nations in Transit 2007: Democratization from Central Europe to Eurasia. Rowman &
Littleeld. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-932088-26-0. Retrieved
28 July 2013. Although broadcast media remained dependent on private nancing in 2006, advertising revenue
is risingencouraged by the introduction of a television
rating system, rst in Yerevan in January 2006 and then
nationwide in June.
[2] Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2007). ABC Code
of Practice: March 2007.
[3] Special Broadcasting Service. SBS Codes of Practice.
[4] Special Broadcasting Service. SBS Codes of Practice.
(Section 4.5: Classication Categories.)
[5] Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association
(2007). Subscription Broadcast Television Codes of Practice 2007.
[6] Sociedade apoia multa por descumprimento de classicao indicativa. Classicao Indicativa: Notcias (in
Portuguese). 12 December 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

CHAPTER 2. TELEVISION CONTENT RATING SYSTEMS

[15] Comisin Nacional de Televisin, Artculo 4o. Horario de

Emisn cel Artculo Institucional Acuerdo 4 de 1997,
13 February 1997
[16] Germn Yances Pea, Comisin Nacional de Televisin,
Concepto 54A de 2004 Concepto respecto de los contenidos que constituyen programacin infantil, 8 July
2004
[17] Comisin Nacional de Televisin, Artculo
Pornografa Acuerdo 17 de 1997, 3 April 1997

15.

[18] Conseil Suprieur de l'Audiovisuel , Rgles d'usage de la

signaltique jeunesse
[19] Until November 2012, the pictogram Dconseill aux
moins de 10 ans used to disappear after a few minutes. Decision from the Conseil suprieur de l'audiovisuel.
(French)
[20] Law concerning TV ratings (in Hungarian)
[21] Classcation ng TV ratings, nirepaso ng MTRCB (in
Tagalog). DZMM. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
[22] Cruz, Marinel (6 October 2011). MTRCB revises rating system for TV shows. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Retrieved 27 October 2011.
[23] Matabuena, Julien Merced (6 October 2011). Revised
TV classications launched by MTRCB. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
[24]
[25]

[7] Content Rating Practical Guide (PDF). Ministrio

da Justia/Brazilian National Secretariat of Justice/Department of Justice, Rating, Titles and Qualication. 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2013. The information
in Brazilian sign language, item 4, must be displayed
pursuant ABNT norms (NBR 15290) and is optional for
shows with rating equal or inferior to PG-10.

[26]

[8] TV Rating System Building Citizenship on the Small

Screen (PDF). Polticas de Comunicao. Agncia de
Notcias dos Direitos da Infncia (ANDI). 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[29] Bagong rating na 'Strong Parental Guidance,' ilulunsad

ng MTRCB(in Tagalog). DZMM. Retrieved 14 February 2012.

[9] Canadian television networks begin rating system.

LifeSiteNews.com. 29 September 1997. Retrieved 200901-15.

[27] MTRCB TV Rating Classication:

YouTube. Retrieved 2012-06-11.

Rated PG.

[28] MTRCB TV Rating Classication: Rated SPG.

YouTube. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-06-11.

[30] DAWNA TELEWIZJA - Pani Edyta Wojtczak zapowiada lmPluton- TVP 1 - 1992 rok. YouTube.
[31] Canal+ Polska - jingiel Film dla wszystkich- 1998
rok. YouTube.

[10] CAB-Broadcaster Manual for Classication and Icon

Use. Cab-acr.ca. Retrieved 2012-06-11.

[32] Stary system klasykacji programw pod wzgldem

przeznaczenia wiekowego na TVN. YouTube.

[11] For further details, refer to the Canadian Association of

Broadcasters Code of Ethics and Voluntary Code Regarding Violence in Television Programming

[33] Rozporzdzenie Krajowej Rady Radiofonii i Telewizji

z dnia 23 czerwca 2005 r.. 23 June 2005

[12] Introduction of Colombian television rating system

[34] Rozporzdzenie Krajowej Rady Radiofonii i Telewizji

z dnia 12 lipca 2011 r..12 July 2011

[13] Comisin Nacional de Televisin, Artculo 2o. Aviso Sobre el Contenido de los Programas Acuerdo 17 de 1997,
3 April 1997

[35] Sinalizao de emisso explicao para sites verso 2

. Retrieved 20 February 2012.

[14] Comisin Nacional de Televisin, Artculo 2o. Contenido

del Mensaje Acuerdo 4 de 1997, 13 February 1997

[36] http://www.rg.ru/2010/12/31/deti-inform-dok.html
[37] Slovenian media law

2.47. REFERENCES

[38] May 2009 Classication Guidelines (PDF) (Press release). Film and Publication Board. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
[39] Kim, Su-jin (2009-11-10). TV
?" (in Korean).
. Retrieved 2014-09-10.
[40] V-chip: Viewing Television Responsibly. FCC V-chip.
Federal Communications Commission. 2000. Retrieved
24 July 2013.
[41]Understanding the TV Ratings. The TV Parental Guidelines. Federal Communications Commission. 22 January
2010. Retrieved 24 July 2013.

39

Chapter 3

Video game content rating system

12+" redirects here. For the educational examination in Explanations of specic ratings are available in corresponding
use in the UK, see Eleven plus exam.
articles.
A video game content rating system is a system used
for the classication of video games into suitabilityrelated groups. Most of these systems are associated with
and/or sponsored by a government, and are sometimes
part of the local motion picture rating system. The utility
of such ratings has been called into question by studies
that publish ndings such as 90% of teenagers claim that
their parents nevercheck the ratings before allowing
them to rent or buy video games,* [1] and as such calls
have been made toxthe existing rating systems.* [2]
Video game content rating systems can be used as the
basis for laws that cover the sales of video games to minors, such as in Australia. Rating checking and approval
is part of the game localization when they are being prepared for their distribution in other countries or locales.
These rating systems have also been used to voluntarily
restrict sales of certain video games by stores, such as the
German retailer Galeria Kaufhof's removal of all video
games rated 17+ by the USK following the Winnenden
school shooting.* [3]

3.1 Comparison
Spring Green : Aimed at young audiences.
Lime Green : All ages may play.

3.2 Initial controversy

Similar to other forms of media, video games have been
the subject of argument between leading professionals
and restriction and prohibition. Often these bouts of criticism come from use of debated topics such as video game
graphic violence, virtual sex, violent and gory scenes, partial or full nudity, drug use, portrayal of criminal behavior
or other provocative and objectionable material.
Video games have also been studied for links to addiction
and aggression. Several studies have found that video
games do not contribute to these problems. Further,
several groups have argued that few if any scientically proven studies exist to back up these claims, and
that the video game industry has become an easy target for the media to blame for many modern day problems.* [4]* [5]* [6] Furthermore, numerous researchers
have proposed potential positive eects of video games
on aspects of social and cognitive development and psychological well-being.* [7] It has been shown that action
video game players have better hand-eye coordination
and visuo-motor skills, such as their resistance to distraction, their sensitivity to information in the peripheral vision and their ability to count briey presented objects,
than non-players.* [8]

Yellow : Parental guidance is suggested.

Orange : Not recommended for a younger audience
but not restricted.

3.3 Rating systems

Red : Restricted exclusively to an older audience un- 3.3.1 Regional and national
less accompanied by an adult.
Argentina
Brown : Restricted exclusively to an older audience
unless accompained by an adult, but exist for lms. The law 26.043 (passed in 2005) states that the National
Council of Children, Youth and Family ('Consejo
Blue : Restricted exclusively to an older audience.
Nacional de la Niez, Adolescencia y la Familia') in
coordination
with the National Institute of Cinema
Black : Restricted to adults only.
and Audiovisual Arts will be the government agen Light Grey : Other rating.
cies that assigns age ratings.* [9]* [10]* [11] The Argentine
40

3.3. RATING SYSTEMS

41

Game Developer Association (Asociacin de Desarrol- by ve age categories and eight content descriptors that
ladores de Videojuegos Argentina) was critical of the advise the suitability and content of a game for a certain
law.* [12]* [13]* [14]
age range based on the games content.* [16] The age rating does not indicate the diculty of the game or the skill
required to play it.* [17]
Australia
Main article: Australian Classication Board

Finland

The Australian Classication Board (CB) is a statutory

classication body formed by the Australian Government
which classies lms, video games and publications for
exhibition, sale or hire in Australia since its establishment
in 1970. The Classication Board was originally incorporated in the Oce of Film and Literature Classication (OFLC) which was dissolved in 2006. The AttorneyGeneral's Department now provides administrative support to the Board. Decisions made by the Board may be
reviewed by the Australian Classication Review Board.

Finnish Centre for Media Education and Audiovisual Media (in Finnish Mediakasvatus- ja kuvaohjelmakeskus, in Swedish Centralen fr mediefostran och
bildprogram (both: MEKU)) is an ocial institution
of the Finnish Ministry of Education. It is responsible for the age-ratings of lms, television programs and
interactive games. Only material intended to be accessible to minors (those under 18 years of age) is subject to
classication before being released to the public; sex lms
do not need to be classied (but they have to be marked
clearly with the age limit 18). Films and television programmes are classied by authorized classiers, trained
by the Centre. The classiers usually work within the media industry.

Brazil

Main article: Department of Justice, Rating, Titles and In January 2014, Finnish Centre for Media Education
Qualication
and Audiovisual Media was merged with National Audiovisual Archive to form National Audiovisual Insti*
The Department of Justice, Rating, Titles and Qual- tute. [18]
ication ('DJCTQ') (Departamento de Justia, Classicao, Ttulos e Qualicao in Portuguese) rates lms,
games and television programs in Brazil. It is controlled Germany
by the Ministry of Justice (Ministrio da Justia).
Main article: Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle
Republic of China
Main article: Game Software Rating Regulations

Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (USK) (SelfMonitoring of Entertainment Software), is Germany's

software rating organization founded in 1994.

Game Software Rating Regulations (

), also translated as Game Software Rating Man- Iran
agement Regulations, is a video game content rating
Main article: Entertainment Software Rating Association
system used in the Taiwan.* [15]
Europe
Main article: Pan European Game Information
Pan European Game Information (PEGI) is a
European video game content rating system established to
help European parents make informed decisions on buying computer games with logos on games boxes. It was
developed by the Interactive Software Federation of Europe (ISFE) and came into use in April 2003; it replaced
many national age rating systems with a single European
system. The PEGI system is now used in more than thirty
countries and is based on a code of conduct, a set of rules
to which every publisher using the PEGI system is contractually committed. PEGI self-regulation is composed

Entertainment Software Rating Association (Persian:

( )ESRA) is a governmental video game content rating
system that is used in Iran. Games that cannot be rated
are considered illegal and cannot be sold.
Japan
Computer Entertainment Rating Organization
Main article: Computer Entertainment Rating Organization
The Computer Entertainment Rating Organization
(
Tokutei Hieiri Katsud
Hjin Konpyta Entteinmento Rtingu Kik) (CERO) is

42
an organization that rates video games and PC games (except dating sims, visual novels, and eroge) in Japan with
levels of rating that informs the customer of the nature of
the product and for what age group it is suitable. It was
established in July 2002 as a branch of Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association, and became an ocially
recognized non-prot organization in 2003.

CHAPTER 3. VIDEO GAME CONTENT RATING SYSTEM

Philippines
Main article: Movie and Television Review and Classication Board

The Movie and Television Review and Classication Board (Filipino: Lupon sa Pagrerepaso at Paguuri ng Sine at Telebisyon; abbreviated as MTRCB) is
a Philippine government agency responsible for the clasContents Soft Association Main article: Soft On sication and review of Video games.
Demand Content Soft Association
Russia
The Contents Soft Association (
Kontentsu Sofuto Kyd Kumiai) (CSA)* [19] Further information: On Protecting Children from
is a cooperative that rates PC games (dating sims, visual Information Harmful to Their Health and Development
novels, and eroge) in Japan.
See also:
The Age classication of information products is a
new statutory classication set of rules formed by the
Russian Government after enacting in September 2012 a
Federal Law of Russian Federation no. 436-FZ of 201012-23 On Protecting of Children from Information
Harmful to Their Health and Development(Russian:
29 2010 . N 436- , ),
which classies lms, video games and publications for
New Zealand
exhibition, sale or hire in Russia since 1 September 2012.
The Ministry of Culture provides administrative support
Main article: Oce of Film and Literature Classication
to the classication.
(New Zealand)

Ethics Organization of Computer Software The

Ethics Organization of Computer Software (
Ippan
Shadan Hjin Konpyta Sofutowea Rinri Kik) (EOCS,
or Sofurin)* [20] is an incorporated association that rates
PC games (dating sims, visual novels, and eroge) in Japan.

The Oce of Film and Literature Classication

(OFLC, Mori: Te Tari Whakaropu Tukuata, Tuhituhinga) is the government agency in New Zealand
that is responsible for classication of all lms, videos,
publications, and some video games in New Zealand.
It was created by the Films, Videos, and Publications
Classication Act 1993 (FVPC Act), replacing various
lm classication acts, and is an independent Crown Entity* [21] in terms of the Crown Entities Act 2004. The
head of the OFLC is called the Chief Censor, maintaining a title that has described the government ocer in
charge of censorship in New Zealand since 1916.

Singapore
Main article: Media Development Authority
Media Development Authority (Chinese:
) (MDA) is a statutory board of the Singapore Government which regulates lms, television programs and
video games in Singapore.
South Korea
Main article: Game Rating Board

North America
Main article: Entertainment Software Rating Board

The Game Rating Board (

Geimmul Deung-Geub-Wiwonhoe) (GRB) is the South Korean
video game content rating board. A governmental organization, the GRB rates video and computer games to inform customers of the nature of game contents.

The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB)

is a self-regulatory organization that assigns age and content ratings, enforces industry-adopted advertising guide- United Kingdom
lines, and ensures responsible online privacy principles
for computer and video games and other entertainment Further information: British Board of Film Classication
software in Canada and the United States.* [22]

3.6. REFERENCES
The British Board of Film Classication (BBFC),
originally British Board of Film Censors, is a nongovernmental organisation, funded by the lm industry
and responsible for the national classication of lms
within the United Kingdom.* [23] It has a statutory requirement to classify videos and DVDs. It no longer
has responsibility for rating video games in the UK. This
role has been passed to the Video Standards Council using its games rating arm the Games Rating Authority
(GRA).* [24]
In July 2012, the Video Standards Council (VSC) became the sole UK statutory video games regulator for
the UK. The VSC uses the PEGI ratings system to rate
games. Games released in the UK are rated by the VSC's
games rating arm, the Games Rating Authority (GRA).
This role was previously undertaken by the BBFC. Games
featuring strong pornographic content or ancillary minigames to be included with a DVD feature will still be
rated by the BBFC.

43

[2] Jerry Bonner (April 2008).How to Fix the Ratings System: A former game rater lists six ways to bolster the Entertainment Software Rating Board,Electronic Gaming
Monthly 227, 30-32.
[3] Kaufhof schat Filme und Spiele fr Erwachsene ab
. Der Spiegel (in German). 18 March 2009. Retrieved 18
March 2009.
[4]Video Violence: Villain or Victim?", Guy Cumberbatch,
London Video Standards Council, 2004
[5]It's Not the Media, Karen Sternheimer, Westview, 2003
[6] Benedetti, Winda (2008-02-18). Why search our
souls when video games make such an easy scapegoat?".
MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
[7] Rado, Jon (2009-12-08).Six Wonderful Things about
Games. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
[8] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6939/full/
nature01647.html
[9] Kaverna (2005-07-19).Ley 26.043 regula los videojuegos (in Spanish). 3DGames.

3.4 Usage

[10] Ley 26.043 - Los videojuegos deben llevar la leyenda

La sobreexposicin es perjudicial para la salud"" (in
Spanish). El Cronista. 2005-07-17.

The image below presents outdated usage of various

video game content rating systems around the world. [11] Juguetes, juegos y artculos para recreo o deporte; sus
partes y accesorios. Captulo 95 del SA. (in Spanish).
Countries lled with gradients are using several rating
Latin American Integration Association.
systems.
[12] Gustavo Arballo (2006-03-15). Los videojuegos, parte
nal: su regulacin en Argentina (in Spanish). SaberDerecho.com.
[13] ADVA at the Wayback Machine (archived October 24,
2005)
ESRB
PEGI
OFLC (AU)

[14] Mirror of the ADVA's press release

OFLC (NZ)
GRB
CERO
VET
USK
DJCTQ
BBFC/ELSPA
ESRA
various/rne

[15] Game Software Rating Management Regulations. Taiwan Game Software Rating Information. Digital Game
Rating Committee. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
[16] PEGI Website
[17] PEGI Pan European Game Information - What do the
labels mean?".

3.5 See also

Video game controversy
Mobile software content rating system
Internet Content Rating Association

3.6 References
[1] Dr. David Walsh (2000-03-21). The Impact of Interactive Violence on Children: Testimony submitted to the
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
United States Senate (PDF). Retrieved 2008-07-13.

[18] Kansallinen audiovisuaalinen instituutti (in Finnish).

Retrieved 28 January 2014.
[19] " ". Contents Soft Association. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
[20] EOCS
". Ethics Organization of Computer Software (EOCS). Retrieved January 8, 2013.
[21] Censorship in New Zealand.
[22] ESRB FAQ
[23] Nelmes, Jill (2003). An introduction to lm studies. Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 0-415-26268-2.
[24] The Video Standards Council. bbfc. Retrieved 201002-06.

44

3.7 External links

Video games ratings face overhaul
http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/
tiga-responds-to-byron-review
http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/
ELSPA-concerned-by-Byron-proposals
http://www.esrb.org/ratings/ratings_guide.jsp

CHAPTER 3. VIDEO GAME CONTENT RATING SYSTEM

Chapter 4

Mobile software content rating system

A mobile software content rating system is a rating sys- launched in 2011, with Apple and Google being notable
tem which is tailored to users of mobile software.
abstentions from subscribing companies.* [3]

4.1 Existing systems

4.1.4 Amazon Store

On the Amazon Appstore, All Agesis for all ages.

Guidance Suggestedis for recommendation that parents should give guidance to pre-teens/children. MaMain article: App Store (iOS)
tureis recommended to be suitable for mature audiences. Adult isadvertisements, graphic violence, nudity
Apple's rating system for the App Store follows the fol- or other content only suitable for adult audiences.* [4]
lowing rubric:

4.1.1

Apple App Store

4+

4.2 Comparison

9+

Google Play cannot be compared with other rating systems such as the ESRB and the Nokia Store because, unlike other systems, Google Play only describes the material contained in a program, it does not give age guidance.

12+
17+
Apps rated 17+ are prohibited from purchase by younger
users.

4.3 See also

4.1.2

Google Play
Internet Content Rating Association

Main article: Google Play

Video game content rating system

Google Play uses the following rubric:* [1]
Everyone

4.4 References

Low maturity

[1] Application Content Ratings. Google.

Medium maturity

[2] CTIA Mobile Application Ratings System with ESRB

. ESRB.

High maturity

CTIA Mobile Application Rating

System

[3] Chris Velazco (November 29, 2011). CTIA And ESRB

Debut App Rating System, No Buy-In From Google Or
Apple. Techcrunch.

The CTIA - The Wireless Association, an industry

trade group, collaborated with the ESRB to largely apply ESRB's rating system to mobile devices.* [2] It was

[4] Amazon.com: Angry Birds Rio HD (Fire Edition): Appstore for Android (click guidance suggestedfor information on rating system). Archive.

4.1.3

45

46

CHAPTER 4. MOBILE SOFTWARE CONTENT RATING SYSTEM

4.5 External Links

Google - Control what types of apps can be downloaded
ESRB Ratings

4.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

47

4.6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

4.6.1

Text

Motion picture rating system Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20picture%20rating%20system?oldid=637779008 Contributors: Brion VIBBER, The Anome, Tarquin, William Avery, Fonzy, Modemac, Chuq, Frecklefoot, Patrick, Infrogmation, GABaker,
Jahsonic, Pcb21, Tregoweth, LittleDan, IMSoP, Jeandr du Toit, Lee M, Saint-Paddy, Selket, Cleduc, Djungelurban, TowerDragon,
Jusjih, David.Monniaux, Denelson83, SD6-Agent, Branddobbe, Dale Arnett, Rfc1394, Hadal, Pengo, GreatWhiteNortherner, Radagast, DocWatson42, Nichalp, Wolfkeeper, Varlaam, Daniel Brockman, Spe88, Wiki Wikardo, Andycjp, Antandrus, Megara, Relaxus,
Quarl, Kiteinthewind, Latitude0116, Icairns, Sam Hocevar, M.R.Forrester, Deewiant, TonyW, Oknazevad, Chmod007, Parmadil, D6,
Hinrik, Newkai, Gwaur, Discospinster, Smyth, MeltBanana, Night Gyr, Jnestorius, Livajo, *drew, Szyslak, Phil [email protected],
Wonk619, Dennis Brown, Taarten, Deathawk, 23skidoo, John Vandenberg, Walkiped, Cmdrjameson, R. S. Shaw, Giraedata, Jeodesic,
CNash, Alansohn, Ryanasaurus007, Alphaboi867, Jamyskis, Kalleboo, Free Bear, CyberSkull, Andrewpmk, Julianortega, Marianocecowski, 2mcm, Jheald, RainbowOfLight, Drbreznjev, Redvers, Jakes18, Empoor, The JPS, Woohookitty, Mathmo, Ikescs, Kosher Fan,
Pol098, ^demon, WadeSimMiser, Don-Don, Pixeltoo, Tabletop, MartinVillafuerte85, Tapir2001, Zilog Jones, Terence, Drklrdbill, Jergen, Mb1000, Ryanasaurus0077, Holek, Mandarax, Yuriybrisk, BD2412, Xxpor, Roger McCoy, Sj, Rjwilmsi, CyberGhostface, Bobsky, OneWeirdDude, Astronaut, Bill37212, Viakenny, Mikesc86, HdEATH, MarnetteD, Cassowary, FlaBot, Sky Harbor, SchuminWeb, ChesterG, McAusten, Ewlyahoocom, Gurch, Trublu, Cerberus584, Wongm, Wolfpackfan72, GoryBlizzard, Marcoseduardo, TheSun, Colenso, Chobot, Sherool, Corington, D1152029, YurikBot, Wavelength, Koveras, Ecemaml, Hairy Dude, SPKx, Gridlock Joe,
Wisekwai, Taejo, Hydrargyrum, C777, CambridgeBayWeather, Pseudomonas, Wohoo, The Merciful, Welsh, Oberst, ChicosBailBonds,
Martin villafuerte85, Seegoon, Cleared as led, Robert McClenon, Brandon, FatM1ke, DeadEyeArrow, JSH-alive, Abu-Dun, Floydoid,
Cpl.Punishment, Icedog, Closedmouth, Plankhead, Sdiablo, Curpsbot-unicodify, Katieh5584, Thomas Blomberg, Paul Erik, MorderKaj,
Tom Morris, SkylineEvolutionIII, UltimatePyro, CarmelitaCharm, SmackBot, F, Estoy Aqu, Aiman abmajid, Hydrogen Iodide, Poldavo,
Sillygostly, IainP, Ajm81, HeartofaDog, Mauls, Preeeemo, Virdi, Truckerr, Betacommand, Rmosler2100, The monkeyhate, Cacao43,
Chris the speller, Jonghyunchung, H2ppyme, Cattus, JDCMAN, Asasa64, The Rogue Penguin, Ctbolt, Spiky Sharkie, Baa, Colonies Chris,
Steinninn, Lenin and McCarthy, OrphanBot, Azumanga1, Kcordina, JSmith9579, Wezzo, Crboyer, BIL, TheLimbicOne, Vprajkumar,
Only, Threegee, Suidafrikaan, Bluespots, Drew88, MegA, KLLvr283, Kuru, John, Euchiasmus, Crushthor, Gizzakk, Shlomke, Mgiganteus1, Syferus, Runningfridgesrule, Mark Lungo, Steingrimur GH, Gothika (usurped), Shami de Arento, Trentyoung1, Jimmy Pitt, Citicat, Phuzion, Igoldste, FairuseBot, Unidyne, CmdrObot, Tamajared, Hnc197, Redlock, ShelfSkewed, FlyingToaster, Leemsy, Dogman15,
MC10, Danorton, A.J.S., JamesLucas, DumbBOT, 5102 Back, SmangosBubbles, Omicronpersei8, Seicer, JamesAM, Epbr123, Biruitorul,
Rwiggum, N5iln, Leedeth, Jastein, The Wednesday Island, JustAGal, PaulSayers, Grayshi, Nick Number, Scottandrewhutchins, TKLM,
Niduzzi, Cyclonenim, Konman72, QuiteUnusual, Masamage, Soren121, ShortShadow, The Track Master, Ingolfson, PJ Pete, JackSparrow Ninja, Peter Harriman, Arsenikk, Armando12, Jackieboy87, VeronicaPR, Responsible?, MegX, Geniac, Mewtwowimmer, AltoGeek,
VoABot II, Appraiser, Tedickey, Skew-t, Hifrommike65, KConWiki, PenguinJockey, Collywobbles, Live!, Quanyails, SnakeChess5, Simon Peter Hughes, Norby001, Seba5618, Wassupwestcoast, MartinBot, DandanxD, Hugo Dufort, Bboundy, Manwiththemasterplan, R'n'B,
Festivefrog, AlexiusHoratius, Messer Sebald, Erkan Yilmaz, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Jehlee, Trusilver, Erisie, Svetovid,
First Echelon, UBeR, Naruttebayo, Hierophantasmagoria, Nawanan, Ajmint, Davidm617617, Katalaveno, McSly, AntiSpamBot, Floateruss, DS021899, Mrceleb2007, Confrico, JunoLindhagen, Toon05, KylieTastic, Limetolime, Remember the dot, Khairul hazim, Steinberger, VolkovBot, Je G., Johnny Au, TheMindsEye, Bovineboy2008, Archaicmana, Sroc, Psyclet, Hqb, Someguy1221, K4PennTom,
Sintaku, Oregonerik, JhsBot, Man nguyen100, BotKung, R a f, Mwilso24, Ianjones50, Kurowoofwoof111, TheValentineBros, Mmcneish, Brookjones, Msw1002, Wavehunter, Drelago, Undead warrior, SPQRobin, Ironstofanarchy, ColCol34, Siwelb, SieBot, Misteroonova, TVwatcher53, RollKeeper, Snoopy'07-EN, Baseballmes, Anlome, Gerakibot, Mungo Kitsch, Fantastic fred, PookeyMaster,
Flyer22, Canukki33, , bleskive, Veldin963, Wuhwuzdat, TaerkastUA, Denisarona, Yepadoodah01, ImageRemovalBot, VirgemAos80Anos, Martarius, FlamingSilmaril, Mbssbs, ClueBot, KellyAna, The Thing That Should Not Be, Gabriel mark, All
Hallow's Wraith, EoGuy, Mr. Comedian, Pairadox, Ezzex, Mild Bill Hiccup, Zachrysm, Madang1965, Niceguyedc, Howl2000, Lotpis,
Trivialist, Phuntsok2000, ElSaxo, 718 Bot, Hurvinekisking, Stepshep, Excirial, GoRight, Adimovk5, Sun Creator, Mechagio, AhEmo,
UltraEdit, Arjayay, Aaronkavo, Computer97, Nillanilla3ee, Bigturnip, 2, Austin R. Jenkins, Socks 01, Egerboy, Versus22, SoxBot III,
SF007, Yhau, DumZiBoT, Masher oz, TaalVerbeteraar, PK2, Jblick 12340001327, Avoided, WikiDao, IPodAddict181, Wyatt915, XuxiRawe22, Addbot, Grayfell, Me Three, Crazy Ivan, Rejectwater, Diti, Merqurial, LaaknorBot, Ccacsmss, The Shadow-Fighter, Siptol,
Tassedethe, Linkyblinky, Kinou, GenericUser372661, MuZemike, Moocowsrule, Jarble, BlueMario1016, Yobot, Moviemad, Gab 95,
Jemkogen, Timothyhouse1, SwisterTwister, Juliancolton Alternative, AnomieBOT, Jay-r101, The Colclough, Yowuza, WorkingBeaver,
Jim1138, WooTisI, New Super Mario Bros, Piano non troppo, Banbury, Canada, LilHelpa, WMKJ, Beardfrun, Capricorn42, Survivor
Island, Aytein Inodur, Kung fu-ck, Otonabee, Junkcops, Most Daring: Cheating Death - basketball game in Israel, Betty Logan, Azu Jeuk,
president of Aytein Inodur, HawkFromHell, Tomballguy, Brandon5485, Nunkaghak, Kcdtsg, Foveaux, KokoroTechnix, Demetrius02,
Catpowerzzz, Azurih, Azu Jeuk's back!, SuperSaiyanGodzilla, Rodrigogomesmajor, Inzaghi206, FrescoBot, Ndboy, Oscar Len, Abdul
Qayyum Ahmad, Cruminator, Drew R. Smith, Takharii, Spidey104, Boyhere, RedBot, Secret Saturdays, Fumitol, Savserte, Seeright,
Full-date unlinking bot, John123521, Snakeman5001, ActivExpression, Tonyman1996,
, Some Color Mage, Waverthy, Gliktch,
Ranel5310, ZhBot, Diannaa, JayseWeaver, Suusion of Yellow, NES Wii, TheBearPaw, Krystoer, Salvio giuliano, Rayman60, Mr.
Anon515, EmausBot, LTSC1980, John of Reading, WikiSpliced, Tuankiet65, Milkunderwood, MrFawwaz, Dewritech, Japanesevehicles100, GoingBatty, Dominictroc, Kane112, Hyperhippy92, Jjba, , H3llBot, Unreal7, Cymru.lass, Funnysheep, Souvalou,
Wikitrke, IGeMiNix, L Kensington, David Ganey, Nightshadz, Felipefgf, September 1988, Mlang.Finn, ChuispastonBot, Wilderness93,
Kiddie Techie, Senator2029, , Dadasas, Whoop whoop pull up, Woolfy123, ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, Powstini, Rtucker913, Vernedel, Eanwee98, WPSamson, Kasirbot, Widr, MarcusBritish, Stan 75004, North Atlanticist Usonian, Birombi,
Faster2010, Helpful Pixie Bot, Canihuan300, Sonicthemeatball, Garygoh884, BG19bot, Artegorov201, Carly1376, Goldieribbit, Ipen77cp,
Sangerullo, StormContent, C3F2k, BnyeiTomi, Graugaardm, MuhdNurHidayat, Pirios, KiwikidCP7, WebTV3, DoISmellBurning, Kold
Du, Pratyya Ghosh, Anthis Sackith, Punk1234567890, ChrisGualtieri, ZappaOMati, Brison09, Cbfcindia, Nouniquenames, Mogism,
1234567890Number, Guy9374isback2, AfricaTanz, Epicgenius, AshFR, ChomanBaby, Froglich, Steven Muhadi, Mariosamus, One Of
Seven Billion, Maremmano, ExploringMic, Areatius, Itskirankumar, 10000noodles, MoonMetropolis, JaconaFrere, Lordy1937, Darragh1,
Moonchld9, Captain Cornwall, Spliced 21, Monkbot, Ounyai, Loyalmoonie, Cyphoidbombfanciesbonusballs, Iamkirankumar, SuperArticleGuy, WGFblj, Djmex9205, RazorShotter, H2O amazing and Anonymous: 1140
Television content rating systems Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television%20content%20rating%20systems?oldid=636465275
Contributors: The Anome, Modemac, Frecklefoot, Cyde, Tregoweth, Evercat, Ike9898, Tedius Zanarukando, Jerey Smith, Furrykef,

48

CHAPTER 4. MOBILE SOFTWARE CONTENT RATING SYSTEM

Saltine, VeryVerily, Denelson83, SD6-Agent, Chuunen Baka, Fredrik, Psychonaut, Naddy, Davodd, Ungvichian, Carnildo, Smjg, DocWatson42, TOttenville8, Curps, Duncharris, Mboverload, Andycjp, OverlordQ, JoJan, Quarl, Tyler McHenry, Urhixidur, Marcus2, Oknazevad, Grstain, Poccil, Kathar, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Smyth, YUL89YYZ, Ajplmr, Xezbeth, Martpol, Night Gyr, The Iconoclast, CanisRufus, *drew, Surachit, Yono, Bobo192, 23skidoo, Cmdrjameson, Elipongo, Giraedata, Reubot, Alansohn, Ryanasaurus007,
Joolz, Andrewpmk, Ricky81682, Julianortega, Dark Shikari, Hu, MpegMan, Luspari, R6MaY89, Alai, PaulGorman, Lkinkade, Kelly
Martin, The JPS, Firsfron, Woohookitty, RHaworth, Georgia guy, TheArmadillo, Stickguy, Pol098, Before My Ken, ^demon, MartinVillafuerte85, Tutv, Mnts, StephenDawson, Frungi, Ryanasaurus0077, Holek, Slgrandson, Johndoe85839, Graham87, BD2412, RxS, Jhskg7843hjskdyg7843ythiul43h, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Viakenny, XLerate, Crazynas, NeonMerlin, Pacic Coast Highway, CR85747, RexNL,
Gurch, TheDJ, NoseNuggets, Mrschimpf, James2001, Mario500, Bgwhite, NSR, Adoniscik, Starwind Amada, Rapido, Phorque, Mike
Halterman, SaxofoneDL, Welsh, Martin villafuerte85, FatM1ke, Rodrigo paixao, Mgcsinc, FlyingPenguins, Andrew T., Ejl, User27091,
Zzuuzz, Raijinili, Icedog, Frozenpork, JuJube, Kogsquinge, Peter, ArielGold, ViperSnake151, Furik, SmackBot, AndreniW, Maelwys,
Sillygostly, DWaterson, J0lt C0la, Ateshyurdakul, Betacommand, Chris the speller, Jonghyunchung, Jnelson09, Mdwh, Hibernian, Sadads,
Sampi, Spiky Sharkie, Charles Nguyen, Garr1984, Gracenotes, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Teemeah, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton,
Croth, Azumanga1, Detron, Wezzo, Fuhghettaboutit, Jumping cheese, T-borg, Raichu, Blake-, Hl, Howard the Duck, Jagarin, Bogsat,
Rodrigogomespaixao, Gobelet, Ohconfucius, Bporter28, Harryboyles, Davem timshel, Stewie814, Al1976, Kuru, Guroadrunner, MrTwig,
This user has left wikipedia, DrLove0378, Minna Sora no Shita, Highschooler35, IronGargoyle, Mark Lungo, CITDHOS, Matty-chan,
Ha Mool, Dicklyon, AxG, Red Alien, Optakeover, Ryulong, Jvlm.123, KJS77, MikeWazowski, Spongesquid, White Ash, Darkpower,
Iridescent, Donmccullen, Blakegripling ph, Ollie the Magic Skater, Bie04036, McRed, Ivysaur, Jamesnp, Rdunn, Jeklein, J Milburn,
CmdrObot, FunPika, W guice, Virus326, SkylineEvo, Donaldd23, ONUnicorn, OnePieceMaster5000, Leakeyjee, AndrewHowse, HalJor,
Erasmussen, Reywas92, MC10, Lizafreak, Imdanumber1, MannyShiznit, Kevin23, Otto4711, ST47, Redsox00002, Hibou8, Haku raja,
Acs4b, Bigwhiteyeti, Torc2, Asenine, NorthernThunder, Ianlopez1115, The Lizard Wizard, Rwiggum, Seancron, Louis Waweru, Tenzan,
Jon vs, [email protected], JustAGal, Davidhorman, Deku-Scrub, Grayshi, AgentPeppermint, Nick Number, TangentCube, CTZMSC3,
Dantheman531, Mentisto, SpongeSebastian, DImfeld, Milton Stanley, Bunbox3000, Mstrkingdom, In-Correct, Farosdaughter, Mrath,
JAnDbot, Husond, Ekabhishek, Dangaz, MegX, Ktwdallas, Mewtwowimmer, Magioladitis, Paulisdead, Connor Kent, Camhusmj38, MastCell, Tibor, Silentaria, Glen, Philg88, Minker, ChazBeckett, Oicumayberight, Cli smith, Mjbyars1, MartinBot, Kamaki, Swalot, NAHID,
SuperMarioMan, Nono64, Pomte, FMAFan1990, Sir Lemming, Watch37264, J.delanoy, The Moneycruncher, Kojozone, Mr.Nostalgia,
Piercetheorganist, Lordofthe9, Ks7, Acalamari, AntiSpamBot, Swimboy1, Babedacus, White 720, KylieTastic, 1B6, Tbone762, Sammysallie1, WizardDuck, Khairul hazim, Dxtrfn80, Games97, Elite Wizzerd, Swampire, Bolt, I love reptiles, Kickee, BlazeTheMovieFan,
Gatotsu911, Stupipedia, CJM 494, Grr...GUARDS! THESE FOOLS ARE TRYING TO STIZEAL MAH' ALCHOHOL!, Melkast, Thepulse2007, Pojanji, TreyTateM, Wikipedia on the moon, Tittie juice, ElinorD, Pim Diy smokes, Pim Diy said ain't in one episode of Phil
of the Future, Greggreggreg, Sintaku, Corvus cornix, Kennythebucher23, Tweet01, TzarchickenIII, Supernerd 10, BotKung, NuKeUrFooD, Fasouzafreitas, Peeperman, SevenEleven44, Ianjones50, TheValentineBros, Jb0000000000, @pple, Bobobogirlnaru, Babajazz!,
Sfmammamia, Wraithdart, 79Bottles, RubySS, Siwelb, Brenont, Hallpriest9, Baseballmes, Saltywood, Lemonash, Fantastic fred, 98E,
Matthew Cantrell, Vanished user j3roijqwkskjf5kr, Tiger white, Sulmac, Nathmelb, BlueAzure, Jalanb, Flyer22, Arbor to SJ, NJChristian07, Nicksh, Marioman22, Avnjay, Nuttycoconut, Lightmouse, Thecrabman, Fratrep, Gunmetal Angel, Kenfeisel, Coolgokid, TaerkastUA, Sebk22, Guayabitos1, Denisarona, Scotty1.1, ImageRemovalBot, Dlrohrer2003, BasFey, Zerueu, Martarius, Sfan00 IMG, Peter Vogel, De728631, ClueBot, Vrmlguy, Dysproseum, Jackollie, EoGuy, Armageddon1994, Dpmuk, Mr. Comedian, Garyzx, Mild Bill Hiccup,
Fruit.bmp, LucianRusu, Truco, CounterVandalismBot, MARKELLOS, Lotpis, Trivialist, TJ Reyes, Phuntsok2000, ElSaxo, LukeTheSpook, Skenizo, 718 Bot, Jdude222, Bykergrove, Bbb2007, JKos12, Vasko444, Adimovk5, 10,000 Volts, Sun Creator, NiciVampireHeart,
Marianian, Arjayay, Bgnkid, Newlysouth, JamieS93, IXella007, Pyrofork, Rtyuire5, Question Person, Tezero, Balweyn1977, DumZiBoT, Pokelady, Jovianeye, PK2, Popular1, Svgalbertian, PL290, Happyone2, Addbot, Jomkung, UnicornTwilight, Cowcow548, Freakmighty, Captain-tucker, Llewelyn MT, Hajiru, Abesboy7, SoSaysChappy, Ryoga Godai, Ccacsmss, Jackjhan107, Siptol, Terrillja, Jasontz,
TBone777, Jarble, BlueMario1016, Odder, Amateur55, Angrysockhop, Luckas-bot, Yobot, WikiDan61, Y2u7, DZGuymed, Moviemad,
Superdude972, SuperFlash101, AnomieBOT, Ravave, Paralympic, Jim1138, IRP, ItsAlwaysLupus, The737dude, TSKitazawa, Minstral,
Pedro.henrique.96, RandomAct, Materialscientist, Kjinho, Amit6, Ttc817, Fsenne, Lukynicol, LilHelpa, Dunkin11, WhiteNight7, Betty
Logan, Cyndaquazy, J4lambert, Pedro96, SilverPlaqueVII, Kjinho213, Champlax, Wikikone, Riotrocket8676, Tomballguy, Warregubbi,
Shirik, Brandon5485, V v p, King Azu Jeuk, SuperSaiyanGodzilla, FrescoBot, GageSkidmore, Ndboy, Keen Esquivias, Dix Rox, Francisco97, Pinethicket, Talkingbirds, TENMONKEYCHESE2000, Nanominori, Boyhere, Jschnur, Justin1276536, le ottante, Savserte,
Lineslarge, Cam486, Snakeman5001, Tim1357, , Mjs1991, Tristancater08, Ughhhg, IRISZOOM, Angiex3-2, Brandon
J. Marcellus, NameIsRon, Klltr, NEOhidra, JasonHaddad, Slon02, EmausBot, Fat chxi, Orphan Wiki, TheClerksWell, WikitanvirBot,
MrFawwaz, Dewritech, Justinhful, GoingBatty, Chiak, Modghaly, Wikipelli, Werieth, Elandy2009, Lateg, OriPod, Bubblegumashley8,
Cymru.lass, Chrisj8910, Funnysheep, Rcsprinter123, Algeyblenkinsop, Felipefgf, Donner60, Kumpayada, Kiddie Techie, DASHBotAV,
, ClueBot NG, DarkPhysician, Katiker, Vernedel, Adidinata, Chris7551, Daydream898598, Fandelasketchup, JordoCo, Hlm Z., Helpful Pixie Bot, Lizardlking, Curb Chain, DBigXray, Spudbroth, BG19bot, Billy Liakopoulos, Hubertgs, Omoder,
Automatedmusic, Carly1376, Gatedear, Sangerullo, StormContent, Tastilazo, Geraldo Perez, Eeddwwiinnwwaass, C3F2k, Ugncreative
Usergname, Cadiomals, Hamham31, Shaunkok, Miteshvasa, 2679D, 23W, KiwikidCP7, OtisTyler, Nonewworldorder, Aisteco, Robbieraeful, ColouredSpots, BattyBot, Kold Du, The Polish, Anthis Sackith, Punk1234567890, ProfPolySci45, Kym0118, ChrisGualtieri, Arcandam, Bacr13, Boogie314, Brison09, Cbfcindia, BruceKanee, Mogism, RotlinkBot, KiwiNeko14, Pratama26, Explorer319, Tentinator,
CoinVaultLover, One Of Seven Billion, Sojulia, NottNott, Mikanojo, ExploringMic, Liz, DudeWithAFeud, Meganesia, Demokra, Al923,
Epic Failure, Wow560, Sdharty4, Monkbot, Loyalmoonie, SuperArticleGuy, WGFblj, Kyljys, Hannah.roan, Buddyboggs1982, RajDzn
and Anonymous: 995
Video game content rating system Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game%20content%20rating%20system?oldid=
633939486 Contributors: Voidvector, DocWatson42, Beland, Pan Sola, Holek, JamesHenstridge, Rjwilmsi, Viakenny, Vegaswikian, Cassowary, Brianreading, Pagrashtak, Icedog, Smurfy, Obhave, Sillygostly, Jprg1966, Some11no, Wybot, WayKurat, LC.Lau, Harryboyles,
Booksworm, Sameboat, Angeldeb82, Sebastian789, Krator, CosmicMonkey, Epbr123, X201, DtD, God of Pie, Miguel Bernal, Carlwev, Afker, R'n'B, A Nobody, Ian.thomson, Don Cuan, Bovineboy2008, TXiKiBoT, Piecemealcranky, Biasoli, Kaiconan, Vanished
user 82345ijgeke4tg, Jerryobject, CJMiller, TaerkastUA, Perplexing, Martarius, ClueBot, Meaty85203, Phuntsok2000, Alexbot, Ersad, DerBorg, 386sky, Worldaz, Ladsgroup, PK2, Arseny1992, MystBot, Addbot, Linkyblinky, BlueMario1016, Luckas-bot, Amirobot,
AnomieBOT, Jim1138, LilHelpa, TUFKAAP, Xqbot, IT DoNT, Tomballguy, SassoBot, FrescoBot, Snapscan1236, Ndboy, HRoestBot,
LinDrug, Calmer Waters, Seryo93, TobeBot, HooK 666, Ranel5310, SuperSausage01, Wiki8883, NES Wii, EmausBot, Opraco, WikitanvirBot, MrFawwaz, Dewritech, RA0808, Marino ha, H3llBot, Funnysheep, JoeSperrazza, Volapkian, Sven Manguard, Ics139fv, ClueBot NG, Nhellviktor, MelbourneStar, Parcly Taxel, North Atlanticist Usonian, Helpful Pixie Bot, Kungfu2187, BG19bot, El Monterrey,
MusikAnimal, Zyxwv99, Gargargarrick, EpicWikipedian, 220 of Borg, IluvLovato123, Kold Du, Akin12255, Ferfrans SOAR, Virtu-

4.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

49

alRash, Mike Jun, Lugia2453, BillyBeau, Censortive, Kyle7355, Shadowgun master, EverythingGeography, Areind1715, Crossswords,
Loyalmoonie, Yoyogudgeon, 123johnpaul, Altekk and Anonymous: 158
Mobile software content rating system Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20software%20content%20rating%20system?
oldid=633589475 Contributors: Icedog, MenoBot II, RayneVanDunem, BG19bot, Geraldo Perez, BattyBot, Shadowgun master, Lgnmrshllhlms2 and Anonymous: 2

4.6.2

Images

File:12_cinema.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/12_cinema.png License: Public domain Contributors:

IFCO's website Original artist: IFCO
File:12_home_video.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/12_home_video.png License: Public domain
Contributors: IFCO's website Original artist: IFCO
File:12_icon_B_(Hungary).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/12_icon_B_%28Hungary%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: 10/2012. (III. 28.) NMHH Original artist: This image was created by me, Matthew with Inkscape
based on directive 10/2012. (III. 28.) NMHH.
File:12_icon_TV_(Hungary).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/12_icon_TV_%28Hungary%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: 2010. vi CLXXXV. trvny Original artist: This image was created by me, Matthew with Inkscape
based on Hungarian law CLXXXV. of 2010.
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IFCO's website Original artist: IFCO
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IFCO's website Original artist: IFCO
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based on directive 10/2012. (III. 28.) NMHH.
File:16_icon_TV_(Hungary).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/16_icon_TV_%28Hungary%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: 2010. vi CLXXXV. trvny Original artist: This image was created by me, Matthew with Inkscape
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File:18_cinema.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/18_cinema.png License: Public domain Contributors:
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Contributors: IFCO's website Original artist: Irish Film Classication Oce (IFCO)
File:18_icon_B_(Hungary).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/18_icon_B_%28Hungary%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: 10/2012. (III. 28.) NMHH Original artist: This image was created by me, Matthew with Inkscape
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File:18_icon_TV_(Hungary).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/18_icon_TV_%28Hungary%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: 2010. vi CLXXXV. trvny Original artist: This image was created by me, Matthew with Inkscape
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File:6_icon_B_(Hungary).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/6_icon_B_%28Hungary%29.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: 10/2012. (III. 28.) NMHH Original artist: This image was created by me, Matthew with Inkscape based on
directive 10/2012. (III. 28.) NMHH.
File:6_icon_TV_(Hungary).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/6_icon_TV_%28Hungary%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: 2010. vi CLXXXV. trvny Original artist: This image was created by me, Matthew with Inkscape
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File:Ambox_important.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based o of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk contribs)
File:BBFC_ratings.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/BBFC_ratings.JPG License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors:
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Original artist:
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artist: Entidade Reguladora para a Comunicao Social (ERC)
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Logos from several sources * <a href='#cite_note-1'>[1]</a>* <a href='#cite_note-2'>[2]</a>* <a href='#cite_note-3'>[3]</a>, combined,
scaled and vectorised for the purpose of readability
Original artist: ?

50

CHAPTER 4. MOBILE SOFTWARE CONTENT RATING SYSTEM

File:Canadianratings.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/Canadianratings.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Classificationsau.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/71/Classificationsau.png License: Fair use Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Classificao_Indicativa_-_2006.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Classifica%C3%A7%C3%
A3o_Indicativa_-_2006.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://portal.mj.gov.br/Classificacao/main.asp?Team=\protect\__
xunadd_text_character:nN{\textbraceleft}{{}77F31505-3EC7-4E8A-A2F0-183F6EFE5CC4} Original artist: Departamento de Justia,
Classicao, Ttulos e Qualicao
File:Dkcensur11.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Dkcensur11.gif License: CC0 Contributors: http://
www.dfi.dk/Boern_og_unge/Medieraadet/Film/Symbolerne.aspx Original artist: Det danske medierd - free for use
File:Dkcensur15.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Dkcensur15.gif License: CC0 Contributors: http://
www.dfi.dk/Boern_og_unge/Medieraadet/Film/Symbolerne.aspx Original artist: Det danske medierd - free for use
File:Dkcensur7.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Dkcensur7.gif License: CC0 Contributors: http://
www.dfi.dk/Boern_og_unge/Medieraadet/Film/Symbolerne.aspx Original artist: Det danske medierd - free for use
File:Dkcensuralle.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Dkcensuralle.gif License: CC0 Contributors: http:
//www.dfi.dk/Boern_og_unge/Medieraadet/Film/Symbolerne.aspx Original artist: Det danske medierd - free for use
File:Dkcensurfri.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Dkcensurfri.gif License: CC0 Contributors: www.
medieraadet.dk Original artist: medierdet - free for use
File:Dutch_rating_12.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Dutch_rating_12.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/upload/download_pc/7.pdf Original artist: Nederlands Instituut voor de Classicatie voor Audiovisueel Materiaal (NICAM)
File:Dutch_rating_16.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Dutch_rating_16.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/upload/download_pc/7.pdf Original artist: Nederlands Instituut voor de Classicatie voor Audiovisueel Materiaal (NICAM)
File:Dutch_rating_6.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Dutch_rating_6.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/upload/download_pc/7.pdf Original artist: Nederlands Instituut voor de Classicatie voor Audiovisueel Materiaal (NICAM)
File:Dutch_rating_9.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Dutch_rating_9.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
Dutch_rating_6.svg Original artist: Dutch_rating_6.svg: Nederlands Instituut voor de Classicatie voor Audiovisueel Materiaal (NICAM)
File:Dutch_rating_AL.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Dutch_rating_AL.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/upload/download_pc/7.pdf Original artist: Nederlands Instituut voor de Classicatie voor Audiovisueel Materiaal (NICAM)
File:Dutch_rating_discrimination.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/Dutch_rating_discrimination.svg License: Fair use Contributors:
The logo is from the http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.php?id=15 website. Original artist: ?
File:Dutch_rating_drugs.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/af/Dutch_rating_drugs.svg License: Fair use Contributors:
http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/upload/download_pc/7.pdf Original artist: ?
File:Dutch_rating_language.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7e/Dutch_rating_language.svg License: Fair use
Contributors:
The logo is from the http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.php?id=15 website. Original artist: ?
File:Dutch_rating_scary.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3e/Dutch_rating_scary.svg License: Fair use Contributors:
The logo is from the http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.php?id=15 website. Original artist: ?
File:Dutch_rating_sex.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7c/Dutch_rating_sex.svg License: Fair use Contributors:
http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/upload/download_pc/7.pdf Original artist: ?
File:Dutch_rating_violence.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2f/Dutch_rating_violence.svg License: Fair use
Contributors:
The logo is from the http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.php?id=15 website. Original artist: ?
File:Edit-clear.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the le, specically:Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).
File:FSK_ab_0_logo_Dec_2008.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/FSK_ab_0_logo_Dec_2008.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Eigenes Werk (own work) based on logo by Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft Original artist:
Infanf
File:FSK_ab_12_logo_Dec_2008.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/FSK_ab_12_logo_Dec_2008.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Eigenes Werk (own work) based on logo by Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft Original
artist: Infanf
File:FSK_ab_16_logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/FSK_ab_16_logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Eigenes Werk (own work) based on logo by Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft Original artist: Infanf

4.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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File:FSK_ab_18_logo_Dec_2008.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/FSK_ab_18_logo_Dec_2008.svg

License: Public domain Contributors: Eigenes Werk (own work) based on logo by Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft Original
artist: Infanf
File:FSK_ab_6_logo_Dec_2008.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/FSK_ab_6_logo_Dec_2008.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Eigenes Werk (own work) based on logo by Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft Original artist:
Infanf
File:FilmRatings.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Film_and_video_classification_ratings_issued_
by_the_Media_Development_Authority_of_Singapore_on_15_July_2011.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work. Original artist:
Kcdtsg.
File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on: http://www.manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera_colores.htm Original artist: (Vector graphics by Dbenbenn)
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n=
000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: ? Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?

52

CHAPTER 4. MOBILE SOFTWARE CONTENT RATING SYSTEM

File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by SKopp Original artist: Latvija
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License:
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

Public

File:Flag_of_Maldives.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others
File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano
Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by
Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color guidelines
(Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet
Credits:
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People'{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original artist:
User:Achim1999

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File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_

China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_
Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: ?
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_placeholder.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Andrwsc
File:GY_icon_TV_(Hungary).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/GY_icon_TV_%28Hungary%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: http://twice.hu/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/kisfiu-piktogram.jpg Original artist: Twice.hu (vectorized retrospectively by User:Perhelion for the Commons:Graphic Lab/Illustration workshop)
File:GenPat_mtrcb.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/90/GenPat_mtrcb.png License: ? Contributors:
Source: MTRCB
Original artist:
Author: MTRCB
File:General_cinema.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/General_cinema.png License: Public domain
Contributors: IFCO's website Original artist: IFCO
File:General_home_video.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/General_home_video.png License: Public domain Contributors: IFCO's website Original artist: IFCO
File:Greek_TV_rating_system_-_Suitable_for_all_ages.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Greek_
TV_rating_system_-_Suitable_for_all_ages.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Peeperman
File:KN_icon_B_(Hungary).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/KN_icon_B_%28Hungary%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: 10/2012. (III. 28.) NMHH Original artist: This image was created by me, Matthew with Inkscape based
on directive 10/2012. (III. 28.) NMHH.
File:KoreanTVrating.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/KoreanTVrating.png License: Public domain
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Magnus Manske using CommonsHelper. Original artist:
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54

CHAPTER 4. MOBILE SOFTWARE CONTENT RATING SYSTEM

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4.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

4.6.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

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