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CH II Key Feature of Development Policies

The document discusses infrastructure development approaches in Nepal, which include using labor-based and environmentally friendly methods with community participation. It also describes how ethnographic data collection methods like participatory tools, interviews, observation and mapping are used. Infrastructure development in Nepal aims to reduce poverty through improving access to services like transportation, communication, electricity and other sectors outlined in the national development policies.

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sssshekhar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
535 views

CH II Key Feature of Development Policies

The document discusses infrastructure development approaches in Nepal, which include using labor-based and environmentally friendly methods with community participation. It also describes how ethnographic data collection methods like participatory tools, interviews, observation and mapping are used. Infrastructure development in Nepal aims to reduce poverty through improving access to services like transportation, communication, electricity and other sectors outlined in the national development policies.

Uploaded by

sssshekhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter III Development approach

Development approach:

(6 hours)

LEP (labor based, environment friendly and


participatory),
Community management, engineers role as facilitator,

Key features of infrastructure development


policies of Nepal,
Ethnographic approach to collect information ,
Participatory approach as community empowerment ,
Participatory tools, focus group discussions, key
informants interview,
Participatory observation, structured questionnaire,
Resource mapping, wealth ranking, poverty definition

Infra structure development in Nepal

started during 1950. and until then Nepal had ,no


infrastructure linkages to the rest of the world .
Since then, the government has been making efforts to
provide increased access to education, transportation,
communication, health services, electricity and other
infrastructure services.
Despite these efforts Nepal remains one of the poorest
countries with poverty reduction as the major challenge.
One of the most dominant challenges of Nepal is to
develop the basic infrastructures to accelerate its pace
of development.
For this, transportation plays a vital role in the overall
development and socio-economic transformation of a
country.
In Nepal, road transport has predominant role because it
is the only means for public transportation except the
limited air service to some part of the country which is
not affordable to common people.

Infra structure development in Nepal

Therefore, Road infrastructure serves as a backbone for


an

overall

socio-economic

development

of

Nepal.

Negligible length of Railways available in Nepal has


diminished surprisingly in the last 4 decades.

Janakpur Jainagar Railway which is a narrow gauge in


poor condition is the only railway facility in Nepal .

Since the overall development of Nepal is pivoted around


Infrastructure development focussed at road transport
and aimed

at poverty reduction , Government of Nepal

has its priority in this sub-sector.


3

Infrastructure Development Policy


Rural Infrastructure
Water Resources
Irrigation and Water Induced Disaster
Management
Hydro Electricity
Alternative Energy
Road and other Transports
Information and Communications
Building, Housing and Urban Development
Science and Technology
Environment and Climate Change

Sectoral Development
Policies
Agriculture, Irrigation, Land Reforms and
Forests
Agriculture
Irrigation
Land Reform and Management
Food Security and Nutrition
Forests and Soil Conservation
Industry, Commerce, Supplies and Tourism
Industry
Commerce
Supplies
Tourism

Social Development

Population
Education
Health and Nutrition
Drinking Water and Sanitation
Culture
Social Security and Protection
Social Security
Senior Citizens
Persons with Disabilities
Children and Adolescents
Youth Development
Sports Development
6

What is etnography data collection?


Ethnographic research is qualitative in nature in that it uses
observations, interviews and narratives to study or obtain
knowledge about the human experience
The science of ethnography developed over two centuries to
report behaviours of indigenous peoples, and continues as a
primary research method for understanding cultural groupings.
Ethnography is an approach to research and not a specific data
collection technique. It is a multiple technique approach an
ethnographer can adapt and use a mix of methods appropriate
to a situation. Frequently, though, ethnographers rely on
participant observation to gather data. As a participant
observer, the ethnographer is socially and physically immersed
in the case to accumulate local knowledge.
7

Ethnography is
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

A holisticapproachtothestudyofculturalsystems.
isthe study ofthesocio cultural contexts, processes, and meanings within
culturalsystems.
studyofculturalsystemsfrombothemicandeticperspectives.
processofdiscovery,makinginferences,and continuinginquiriesinan
Attempttoachieveemicvalidity.
aniterativeprocessoflearningepisodes.
an open ended emergent learning process, and not a rigid
investigatorcontrolledexperiment.
highlyflexibleandcreativeprocess.
aninterpretive, reflexive,andconstructivistprocess.
requiresthedailyandcontinuousrecordingoffield notes.
presents the world of its host population in human contexts of thickly
8

Fieldwork
living with people for an extended time to
gather data using a variety of field techniques
for collecting that data
fieldwork & field techniques developed in the
study of smaller scale societies with greater
cultural uniformity compared to large-scale
industrial societies
the concept of holism

Before Fieldwork

schooling & training


language acquisition (at school & in the field)
research proposal
visa, government bureaucracies &
permissions to do fieldwork
changing nature of the rules of fieldwork

ethnography
Aim
History
Methodology
Examples
Strengths & Weaknesses

It documents routine
daily lives of people
(Fetterman,1998)
Explores a cultural group
Lives with people, or
spends a lot of time with
them
Has a guiding question
that evolves during the
study (Hall, 2003)

Historical-Comparative Research

11

Advantages: &Disadvantages:
Advantages:
In-Depth understanding of a
culture amongst a group of
people (detailed and more
likely valid interpretations)
Gives a voice to a culture to
express their views, which
might not otherwise be
heard
Influential in creating an
understanding among
outsiders
Also may reveal embedded
cultural values that were not
obvious to the group

Disadvantages:
Cumbersome and Timeconsuming, and can be
expensive
Possibility that researcher is
changing the natural way a
culture behaves by being present
Not really able to generalize
findings
Inappropriate for analyzing
complex environmental
problems whose cause-effect
relationships are external to the
place and time of study (e.g.,
climate change)
Difficulty of reconciling
constructive engagement with
critical reflection
12

Focus Groups Discussion


What is a focus group?
A focus group is a carefully planned discussion
designed to obtain perceptions on a defined area of
interest

in

permissive,

non-threatening

environment.
When are they used?
Who Cares?
Valuable research tool
A VERY marketable practical skill
focous group discussion.docx

13

Focus Groups Discussion


Qualitative Research:
Focus Groups
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

Qualitative concentrates on words


and observations to express reality and
attempts to describe people in natural
situations.
Quantitative grew out of a strong
academic
tradition
that
places
considerable trust in numbers that
represent opinions or concepts.
14

Focus Groups Discussion


The Moderator
Choosing a moderator
Role of assistant moderator
Moderator roles
Seeker of Wisdom
Enlightened Novice
Expert Consultant
Challenger
Referee
Writer
A Team: Discussion Leader & Technical Expert
Mental preparation
Pre-session strategy

15

Focus Groups Discussion


Selecting Participants

Group composition

Selection
Bias

Randomization
Cost vs. Quality
Group size

16

Focus Groups Discussion


The Participants
On average, 6-10 people participate in each focus
group.
Small enough to give everyone the opportunity to
express an opinion.
Large enough to provide diversity of opinions.
Should be composed of people who are not too familiar
with one another (e.g., friends, family).
Typical focus group study has a minimum of three focus
groups and as many as several dozen groups.

17

Focus Groups Discussion


Advantages
Socially oriented research procedure.
Format allows the moderator to probe
flexibility to explore unanticipated issues.
High face validity.
Relatively low-cost.
Relatively fast results.
Unlike structured interviews, increasing the
sample size requires minimal time and
resource investment.

18

Focus Groups Discussion


Disadvantages

Less experimental control.


Data more difficult to analyze.
Requires carefully trained interviewers.
Groups may vary considerably.
Groups may be difficult to assemble.
Discussion must be conducted in an
environment that is conducive to
conversation.

19

Focus Groups Discussion


Validity of Focus Groups
How much confidence can you have in the data?
High potential for leading and bias
Face validity
Moderator is critical
When to use the Focus Group Method

20

Focus Groups Discussion


When to use the Focus Group Method
Insights are needed into a new area of research.
Our purpose is to investigate topics where
opinions or attitudes are conditional.
Researcher needs additional information to
prepare for a larger scale study.

21

Focus Groups Discussion


When NOT to use the Focus Group Method
When the discussion could become emotionally charged.
When the researcher loses control over the project and
relinquishes control to a biased third party.
Statistical projections are needed.
Other methods would produce better quality information.
Confidentiality is compromised.

22

Focus Groups Discussion


Overview of Focus Group Design
1. Carefully plan the focus group.
2. Write the script and practice.
3. Identify and recruit the participants.
4. Conduct the focus group sessions.
5. Develop the coding scheme.
6. Segment and code the data.
7. Analyze the data.
8. Interpret and publish the results.

23

Focus Groups Discussion


Planning
Purpose of study:
Exploratory versus confirmatory.
What do we expect to learn?
What are the main questions of interest?
What is the appropriate order of questions?
Considerations for Creating the Script
What do you want to know?
What kind of response will a given item elicit?
Clarity of questions
Consensus?
24

Focus Groups Discussion


Types of Focus Group Questions
Opening question (Ice breaker)
Introductory questions
Transition questions
Key questions
Ending questions
All-things-considered question
Summary question
Final question

25

Focus Groups Discussion


Moderating
Evaluating participants beforehand

Yes
Thats good

Eye contact

I agree

Open-ended questions

Good point

Was it enjoyable to meet this


person?
How did you feel about meeting
this person?
Dichotomous questions
Affirmation

Why?!?!
Forces a rational
response
Can be too pointed
Unindicted questions,
followed by cue
unexpected questions
26

Focus Groups Discussion


Create Your Own Script
Build your own focus group script:
Choose a topic that interests you:
1.Childrens toy preferences
2.Ways to educate people about diet pill addiction.
3.Optimizing professor/grad student communication
4.Exploring adult listening preferences for rush-hour
radio stations
5.Preferences for long distance communication
6.Ways to survive first year of grad school
7.Others?
27

Focus Groups Discussion


Activity Objectives
1. Explain why your topic is suitable for a focus group study.
Would it be a stand-alone project or in conjunction with other
measures?
2. Identify questions of interest.
3. Discuss how you would recruit your participants.
4. Develop a script with an ice breaker, 3 key questions, and a
summary question.
5. Develop skeleton coding scheme.

28

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