CE 72.
52 Advanced Concrete
Lecture 1:
Introduction
August - 2014
Naveed Anwar
Executive Director, AIT Consulting
Director, ACECOMS
Affiliate Faculty, Structural Engineering, AIT
Structural Design
Concept
Structural Design Office: Activities
Conception
Client Dealing
Analysis
Coordination
Principle
Structural
Designer
Design
Office
Management
Detailing
Design
Management
Costing
Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar
Overall Design Process
Conception
Modeling
Analysis
Design
Detailing
Drafting
Costing
Integrated Design
Process
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Architectural
Functional Plan
Final Design
Structural System
Detailing
Design and Detailing
Conceptual Design
Structural Design Process
Modeling and Analysis
Connection Design
Trial Sections
YES
Modeling
Analysis
Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar
Revise Sections
NO
Acceptable
Member Design
Structural Engineering Spectrum
Activity
Structure
Code
Material
Model
Conception Analysis Design Detailing ...
Buildings Bridges Trusses Shells Towers ...
American British European Japanese ...
Concrete PSC Steel Timber ...
2D Frame/Truss 3D Frame/Truss Full 3D FEM ....
Analysis
Linear Static NL Static Linear Dynamic Large Disp. ....
Solution
Equation Solution Finite Elements Programming ...
Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar
CAD in Structural Engineering
3%
8%
5%
3%
8%
14%
59%
Conception
Detailing
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Analysis
Integrated
Design
Expert Systems
Structural Forms
and
Material
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Reinforced Concrete Building Elements
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Reinforced Concrete Building Elements
Reference: James G. Macgregor
Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, 3rd Edition.
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Structural Analysis
and
Design
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Structural Analysis vs Design
Structural Analysis
Structural Design
Fairly General, Unified
(FEM, BEM ...)
Structural Material
(RC, PSC, HRS, CFS, timber ...
)
Design Code (ACI, BS
Codes, EuroCode, JIS ... )
Design Approach (working
stress, ultimate strength, limit
state ... )
Structural Members
(beams, columns, slabs, foot
ings ... )
Local Construction
Techniques and Practices
Output: Element/ Member
Crosssection, Reinforcement ... 12
Output: Element/ Member
Actions, Displacements ...
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The structural System
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal
Changes
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STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
pv
Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants
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The need for Analysis
We need to determine the Response of the
Structure to Excitations
Analysis
so that:
We can ensure that the structure can
sustain the excitation with an acceptable
level of response
Design
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Analysis of Structure
xx yy zz
+
+
+ pvx = 0
x
y
z
Real Structure is governed by Partial
Differential Equations of various order
pv
Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar
Direct Solution is only Possible for:
Simple Geometry
Simple Boundary
Simple Loading
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Need for Structural Model
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal
Changes
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
pv
Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants
STRUCTURAL
MODEL
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Structural Design
Structural idealization into load bearing frame
elements for analysis and design
Estimation of loads
Structural analysis
Design of sections and reinforcement for
beams, column, slabs and etc.
Production of arrangement and detail
drawings and bar schedules
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Design Philosophy and Process
Structural Design is the process of
proportioning the structure to safely resist the
applied forces in the most cost effective
and friendly manner
Load Effects
Requirements
Constraints
Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar
Design
Member Sizes
Material Specs
Reinforcement
Details
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Proportioning for Safety
Prime Concern: Balance External Actions
with Internal Stress Resultants with
adequate margin for safety
Sd > = FOS * Fa
And Check for
Deflections, Deformations, Vibrations, Crack
Width
Fire Protections, Permeability, Chemical Attacks
Ductility and Other special considerations
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Proportioning for Safety
S>A
S
=A
FOS
Working Strength Design
A = Actions due to loads
S = Strength of member
FOS = Factor of safety
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S = A FOS
S
= A FOS L
FOSs
Load Factor Design
Ultimate Strength Design
Limit State Design
Partial FOS Design
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Various Methods of
Structural Designs
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Various Methods of Structural Design
Working Stress Design
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Working Stress Design (WSD)
Load Factor Design
Ultimate Strength Design
Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
Strength Design (SD)
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Performance Based Design
Pushover Analysis
Capacity Based Design
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Loads and Stress Resultants
Loads
Obtained from
analysis
Actions
Depends on
Stiffness
Deformation
Depends on
Sections and Rebars
(Sections & Readers)
FOS
Stress
Resultants
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Stresses
Strains
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Applied Loads
Material Response
Building Analysis
Section Response
Member Actions
Member Response
Cross-Section Actions
Building Response
Material Stress/Strain
Load Capacity
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From Materials to Load Capacity
From Loads to Materials
The Response and Design
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From Serviceability to Performance
Strength
Design
Serviceability
Ability
Allowable
material
Control on
deformation
limits for design
loads
Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar
Performance
Design
Material failure
criteria
Section capacity
for factored
loads
Ductility
considerations
Deformation
capacity
Load Capacity at
large
deformations
Extraordinary
load
considerations
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From Serviceability to Performance
Satisfying one design level does not ensure
that other design levels will be satisfied
Serviceability design only ensures that deflections
and vibrations etc. for service loads are within limits
but says nothing about strength
Strength design ensures that a certain factor of
safety against overload is available within a
member or a cross-section but says nothing about
what happens if load exceeds design level
Performance design ensures that structure as a
whole reaches a specified demand level.
Performance design can include, both service and
strength design levels
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Design Philosophies
and Methods
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Limit State Design Concept
Types of Limit State
Description
Ultimate Limit states
Serviceability limit
states
Excessive deflections
Excessive crack width
Undesirable Vibration
Special limit states
Due to abnormal conditions and abnormal loading such as
Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes
Structural effects of fire, explosion
Corrosion or deterioration
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Loss of equilibrium
Rupture
Progressive Collapse
Formation of plastic mechanism
Instability
Fatigue
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Limit State Design Concept
Limit state design involves
Identification of all potential modes of failure
(i.e. identify significant limit states
Determination of acceptable levels of safety
against occurrence of each limit state
Consideration by the designer of significant
limit states
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Limit State Design Concept
Safety Factors
Material safety Factor
Member Factor
Load Factor
Structural Analysis Factor
Structure Factor
m
b
f
a
i
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Section Design Process
Characteristic value of
material basic strength
Ym
Design Strength
Yb
Design member
capacity
Verification
Yi
Characteristic value of
Load
Yf
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Design load
Ya
Design member
capacity
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Limit State Design Concept
Material/Stress Type
Reinforcement
1.15
Concrete in flexure or axial load
1.50
Concrete shear strength without shear
reinforcement
1.25
Concrete bond strength
1.40
Concrete other
>1.50
Values of m (BS 8110)
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Limit State Design Concept
Load Type
Load Combination
Dead Load
Imposed Load
Wind
Adverse
Beneficial
Dead and Imposed
1.4
1.6
Dead and wind
1.4
1.4
Dead , wind and imposed
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
Adverse Beneficial
Design Load = f x Characteristic Load
Values of m (BS 8110)
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What is Advanced
in this course?
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Advanced Concepts
Go before and beyond the Code
Integrated, Unified and Generalized approaches
Main Topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Material Behavior (Stress-strain, creep, shrinkage etc.)
Section Behavior and Design (flexure, shear, torsion)
Member Behavior and Design (Slabs, Beams, Columns)
Deep and Special Members (Strut and Tie, Deep
beams, shear walls)
Joints and Connections
Material, Section and Member Ductility
Seismic Detailing
Pre-stressed Concrete
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