1 Instruction for the setting and adjusting procedure for

excitation equipment of HFx5, HFx6, HSR7 series

2 Hyundai Generators by proper voltage control
3
1. The field to apply this guide for Excitation Equipments(ExEq)

1.1. This guide describes about the method of the adjustment of ExEq which has the voltage
regulator with parallel operation(droop compentation) equipment in 3 phases brushless
alternator being produced in HHI.
1.2. Here we describe about ExEq for low voltage alternators(HFx5,HFx6 series) only.

For the medium voltage alternators(3.0/3.3kV, 6.0/6.6 kV HSR series), all description is same

as that of low voltage alternator except additional step down transformer(T9).

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1.3. This guide for adjustment can be important reference for the trouble-shooting during operating
on the field.

10 2. Abstract of Excitation Equipments(ExEq)

3 phases brushless alternator, equipped with ExEq which has the voltage regulator with parallel
operation(droop compensation) equipment, consists of several parts but can be described as 3 main
parts as below.
The main roles for each part will be described.

Fig (1) Control circuit

load

reference value

voltage measuring (sensing)

AVR.

droop compensator
current transformer

bypass resistor

rectifier transformer

steady rectifier
thyristor

Main stator

reactor

capacitor

exciter field

residual magnetic flux

stator part

rotor part
Main rotor

main
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rotating rectifier

exciter rotor

exciter

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2.1. Main stator:

(1) Main armature or main stator of main machine
Main winding(static part) which generators the electric power proportional to the main rotor
current or main field current and supplies power to the load.

2.2. Rotor:
(1) Main field(rotating field of main machine)
(2) Rotating rectifier
(3) Armature (Exciter rotor) of exciter machine
The three-phase current(A.C.) generated in the rotor winding of the exciter is rectified to direct
current(D.C.) by rotating rectifiers(three-phase bridge circuit) and applied to the rotating pole
winding of the main generator which produces the magnetic flux required to generate the
voltage(electric power) at Main winding.

2.3. Static exciter:

(1) Automatic voltage regulator(AVR, controller)
(2) Exciter field (exciter stator)
(3) Excitation Equipment (ExEq) besides A.V.R
Static exciter contains exciter field and ExEq with AVR, but generally it means ExEq (AVR,
Transformers, Steady rectifier and etc.) except exciter field. Brief operating sequence is as below.

2.3.1 Exciting current (current required to produce about 115% of no-load rated output voltage)
proportional to the no-load voltage of Main stator is transferred to the Rectifier Transformer
(T6) via Reactor(L1).
2.3.2 Exciting current (current required to produce about 110% of full load rated output voltage by
compensating armature reaction and armature reactance) proportional to the load voltage of
Main stator is transferred to the Rectifier Transformer(T6) via Current transformers
(T1.T2.T3).

2.3.3 The exciter currents transferred to the Rectifier Transformer(T6) via Reactor(L1) and current
transformer(T1,T2,T3) are magnetically combined and transferred to the steady rectifier(V1
for HFx5, V29 for HFx6).
2.3.4 The Steady rectifier transforms A.C power transferred via rectifier transformer(T6) to D.C
power and this D.C power is supplied to the exciter field.

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2.3.5 AVR compares the terminal voltage (sensing voltage) compensated by droop compensator and
the reference voltage set by reference value setter and transforms the difference between
sensing voltage and reference voltage to the pulse. That pulse turns on the gate of thyristor.
2.3.6 By turning on Thyristor gate, the excess current (transferred from rectifier transformer(T6)
over the current required to keep proper output voltage bypasses through the bypass
resister(R1 for HFx5((6GA2 490-0A AVR), R48 for HFx6(6GA2 491-1A AVR)). By controlling the
bypass current the output terminal voltage of main stator can be kept required proper voltage
value.

Fig. (2) load current vs terminal voltage

voltage
bypass component
100[%]

voltage line without A.V.R.

voltage with A.V.R.

Load current

100[%]

3. Cabling, preliminary setting and pre-magnetizing

3.1. Cabling
3.1.1. Main power cable, exciter field cable, voltage control cables, measuring equipment
cables(CTs, PTs, winding sensors), sensing cable for over voltage or over current protection
and Control cable for switchboard equipped AVR shall be properly connected with proper
specification.
If differential current transformers(D-CTs) were equipped on the generator and the D-Cts
are not connected to differential relay, the CTs secondary winding of them shall be shorted
together to protect from burning at secondary winding by excess temperature(infinite
voltage).

3.2. Pre-exciting(initial charging)

If generator voltage does not building up during initial starting, the brushless constant voltage
alternator has to be pre-excited to produce residual magnetism on exciter field core. After
once building up the rated voltage the alternator can be operated without additional preexciting because residual magnetism acts to build the voltage. According to actual situation
with test equipment one of the following method could be used for pre-exciting.

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3.2.1. Pre-exciting by external power :

Connect the line for external D.C power source(approx. DC 6V or DC 9V) to the terminals
+F1, -F2 of exciter field and keep 3 seconds.
* Note
Proper DC Power voltage depends on no-load exciting voltage of final shop test report.

4. Function of the components of excitation equipment

4.1 Reactor(L1):
Reactor(L1) transforms the main terminal voltage to the current which is supplied to the
exciter field as exciting current(Ifo:no-load exciting current) through rectifier transformer(T6).
The current can be adjusted by changing the size of L1 air gap located upper side of it. Ifo is
almost proportional to the size of L1 air gap. It means that the bigger air gap supplies bigger
Ifo and the smaller air gap supplies smaller Ifo.
Fig.(3) Vector diagram for exciting current

Ja.Xp
ep
Ja.Ra
Ua

Ua: terminal voltage(phase)

Ja: armature current
ep: internal voltage
Ja.Ra: voltage drop by resistance
Ja.Xp: voltage drop by Potier reactance
: power factor angle
Jf(Reactor): supply current from reactor
Jf(current): supply current from current transformer
* Jf = exciter field current before static rectifier bridge

Jf(total)

Ja

Jf(current)

Jf(Reactor)

4.2 Capacitor(C1, C2, C3)

By resonance with the reactance of reactor(L1) during increasing the rotating speed of the
generator, the capacitors(C1,C2,C3) acts to reduce the voltage built-up time.
4.3 Current transformer(T1, T2, T3)
CTs supply to the exciter field the exciting current proportional to load current via the rectifier
transformer. The CTs compensate the voltage drop coming from armature reaction and
armature reactance by supplying the load proportional current to the exciter field. The load
compensating current which is adjusted by changing the turn ratio of CTs keeps the output

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voltage at the constant value under same condition by supplying additional exciting current
required to compensate the voltage drop due to armature reaction and armature reactance.

4.4 Rectifier transformer(T6):

It acts as power transformer. The current supplied by Reactor(L1) from main bus and current
transformers(T1,T2,T3) is transformed and compounded magnetically by this rectifier
transformer(T6) and supplied to the exciter field. The current supplied by Reactor from main
bus is amplified by the turn ratio of the primary winding and secondary winding(the winding at
static rectifier side), and the current supplied by current transformer(T1,T2,T3) from main bus
is amplified by the turn ratio of the input winding(from current transformer) and output
winding(the winding at static rectifier side) of the rectifier transformer. These two currents
were compounded magnetically and supplied to the exciter field. The exciting current is
changed according to following regulation.
(1) Reduction of primary winding turn number(1U1 1U3) :
The exciting current proportional to the output voltage of generator decreases during noload operation.
(2) Reduction of input winding (from current transformers) turn number(2U1 2U8)
The exciting current proportional to the load current of generator decreases during on-load
operation.
(3) Reduction of output winding (the winding at static rectifier side) turn number(2U1 2U8)
The exciting current proportional to the output voltage and proportional to the load current
of generator increases at the same time during no-load or on-load operation.
At any case the amount of exciting current is inversely proportional to the turn number of
output winding(the winding at the static rectifier side) and proportional to the turn number
of input winding(primary winding during no-load operation, input winding at CTs side
during on-load operation).

4.5 Steady rectifier(V1 or V29):

It rectifies the AC power supplied via Rectifier transformer(T6) to DC power which is supplied to
exciter field.

4.6 Measuring(Step down) transformers(T7, T8): (HFx5 series only)

The high voltage(generator output voltage) is step downed by these transformer to the sensing
voltage(near to 24 [V]) and supplied to the AVR which measures this voltage to control the bypass current to keep the generator output voltage at the constant value.

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4.7 Intermediate transformer ((Droop compensation current transformer: T4, T5 or T4))

They add the sensing voltage via tandem potentiometer(R2/HFx5, S/HFx6) by supplying the
transformed current proportional to the load current. This additional voltage(proportional to the
load current) and the sensing voltage supplied through measuring transformer from output
voltage of generator are compounded in vector and compounded voltage is supplied to the AVR
as final sensing voltage. The sensing voltage of inside AVR increases(The actual output voltage
of generator decreases) according to increasing of reactive load current because the sensing
voltage increases to the maximum value at cos = 0 and minimum value(almost same as
before) at cos = 1.

Fig.(4) Vector Diagram of sensing voltage for HFx5 series generator

Sensing voltage (cos = 0)
Sensing voltage (cos = 1)

Line line voltage

Phase sequence of Phase voltage

Voltage drop at R2 (cos = 1)

Voltage drop at R2 (cos = 0)

4.8 Series(By pass) resistor(R1 or R48):

The output voltage of the generator can be controlled by controlling the bypass current which
flows through the bypass circuit with this series resistor. And some of U phase current of three
phases currents supplied to the static rectifier(V1 or V29) from Rectifier Transformer(T6) bypasses
through this series resistor. The bypass amount of U phase current is controlled by the thyristor,
which makes the ON or OFF circuit by the pulse signal supplied by voltage regulator. The voltage
regulator(A1) compares the sensing voltage value and the reference value given by reference
value setter, and makes the pulse according to the comparison result and supplies the time
controlled pulse to the thyristor.

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Fig. (5) Bypassing the exciting current by bypass resistor(HFx5 Type generator)
w

u
Ju

A.V.R. (A1)
Jb

R1

Jua

Js

F1

Jef
F2

Jb
Jef = Js - Jb
Jua = Ju - Jb
Jef = exciter field current
Js = total current of rectifier bridge (-) line
Jb = bypass current
Jua = u phase current of rectifier bridge
Ju = total current of u phase

4.9 Series(By pass) Thyristor(V28):

It makes the bypass circuit as ON or OFF state by the gat pulse supplied by Voltage regulator(A1).

5. Tap setting for No-Load voltage

The meaning of No-Load is that any load is not connected to three phases output terminals.

5.1 Tap setting for no-load maximum voltage

5.1.1 taps(no-load tap) at the secondary winding of T6 wired to the steady rectifier will be
adjusted that the generator output voltage is 108%~115% of rated voltage.
If the output voltage of the generator has big difference from 108~115% of rated
voltage, Stop the generator. Adjust the air gap of Reactor(L1).
Operate the generator in rated speed. Adjust T6 secondary tap to keep the output
voltage at 108~115% of rated voltage.

5.2 Tap setting for no-load rated voltage :

5.2.1 For HFx5 type(6GA2 490-0A AVR) of generator:
Reconnect the opened circuits such as cable No. 17,18,19 for sensing and 1,5 for by-pass
line of AVR (A1, controller).
Adjust the potentiometer Usoll on the AVR(A1) to keep the output voltage of the
generator at the rated value

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5.2.2 For HFx6(6GA2 491-1A AVR) series generator:

Reconnect the opened circuits such as multi connectors X1 for sensing and X3 for by-pass
Line of AVR (A1, controller).
Adjust the potentiometer U on the AVR(A1) to keep the output voltage of the generator at
the rated value.

5.3 Check voltage hunting and setting of rated voltage by adjusting the reference
value setter
5.3.1 For HFx5 series generator
Confirm that the output voltage could be smoothly adjusted by turning the reference value
setter from anticlockwise to clockwise and then adjust the reference value setter to set the
output voltage to the rated value. If the hunting on the output voltage or exciting current
would be seen, remove it by adjusting the potentiometers(Vr, Tn) on AVR(A1).
The standard position of potentiometers during shop test are Vr = 3.0 and Tn = 6.0.
5.3.2 For HFx6 series generator
Confirm that the output voltage could be smoothly adjusted by turning the reference value
setter from anticlockwise to clockwise and then adjust the reference value setter to set the
output voltage to the rated value. If the hunting on the output voltage or exciting current
would be seen, remove it by adjusting the potentiometers(K, T, R47) on AVR(A1).
The standard positions of potentiometers during shop test are K = 3.0, T = 50 and R47 =
20.

6. Tap setting for on-load

The on-load mentioned on this instruction means the current flowing on the armature(stator
winding) .

6.1 Tap setting for on-load maximum voltage:

6.1.1 Keep the rated speed after stating the generator. Adjust the taps on T6 side of the cables
from secondary winding of current transformers(T1,T2, T3) to the secondary windings of
rectifier transformer(T6) to reach the output voltage to 106% ~ 110% of rated value. If
the output voltage is largely different from 106% ~ 110% of rated value adjust the
secondary winding taps of T1,T2,T3 to get the output voltage near to required value after
stopping the generator and then try again to adjust T6 load taps as above.

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6.2 Droop setting for parallel operation during on load operation

6.2.1 HFx5 series generator
Adjust the load current to about 30% of rated value and reconnect the opened circuits such
as cable nos. 17, 18, 19 for sensing and 1, 5 for by-pass line of AVR(A1,controller).
Adjust the load current to the rated value, and then adjust the output voltage to 95%(5%
voltage droop) of rated value by increasing the Tandem potentiometer(R2) for reactive
current compensation.

6.2.2 HFx6 series generator

Adjust the load current to about 30% of rated value and reconnect the opened circuits such
as connectors X1 for sensing and X3 for by-pass line of AVR(A1,controller). Adjust the load
current to the rated value, and then adjust the output voltage to 95%(5% voltage droop) of
rated value by increasing the tandem potentiometer(S) on A1 for reactive current
compensation.

6.2.3 If the rated load current cannot be loaded due to the low supply power, the droop should be
set to the lower value proportional to the possible load comparing to rated load.( 5[%] droop
at 100[%] rated current)
(ex.) rated current = 2000 [A], rated voltage = 450 [V], possible load current = 1600 [A]
Droop setting value [%] = 5[%] * (1600 / 2000) = 4.0[%], output voltage =
(1 - 0.04) * 450 = 432 [V]

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Trouble shooting for each symptom

1. The cause and trouble shooting for each fault of the machine including excitation
equipment
Several different causes can produce same abnormal result during setting of excitation equipment.
So, it is recommended that the trouble shooting should be started to check one by one from the
most possible cause.

1.1 No voltage built-up or too low voltage built-up

Opened circuit(misconnection) with the cables or pins between exciter field(F1, F2) and steady

rectifier(+, -) terminals
Opened circuit(misconnection) with the cables or pins between the input terminals(U1,V1,W1) of

reactor(L1) and main bus.

Opened circuit(misconnection) with the cables or pins between the output terminals(U2, V2, W2) of

reactor(L1) and the primary winding terminals(1U1, 1V1,1W1) of rectifier transformer(T6).

Opened circuit(misconnection) with the cables or pins between the secondary winding terminals

(2UV, 2VV, 2WV) of rectifier transformer(T6) and the terminals(U, V, W) of static rectifier(V1 or
V29).
The failure(open or short) of the diode for steady rectifier(V1 or V29)
The failure(open or short) of the diode for rotating rectifier(V2)
Insulation failure between turns on the primary winding of rectifier transformer(T6)
Insulation failure between turns on the secondary winding of current transformers(T1, T2, T3)

1.2 Too High voltage built up

Short-circuited of rotating rectifier
Insulation failure between turns on the reactor (L1) winding
No-load taps for rectifier transformer(T6) is set on too high

1.3 Voltage increases rapidly according to load current increase or sudden load
Setting too low turn number(too large secondary current) of secondary winding of current

transformers(T1, T2, T3)

Setting too low turn number(too large output current) of output winding for load tap of rectifier

transformer(T6)
Setting too large turn number(too large output current) of input winding for no-load tap of rectifier

transformer(T6)

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1.4 Sudden voltage drop

Opened circuit(misconnection) with one or several cables or pins between the secondary winding

terminals(2.2) of current transformers(T1, T2, T3) and the input terminals(2U, 2V, 2W) of
rectifier transformer(T6).
Insulation failure between turns on the secondary winding of current transformers(T1, T2, T3)
Insulation failure between turns on the secondary winding of rectifier transformer(T6)

1.5 Voltage rise or no voltage variation

Inverse polarity or incorrect wiring of drop compensator current transformers(T4, T5 for HFx5
series or T4 for HFx6 series)
Inverse polarity or incorrect wiring of measuring(step down) transformers(T7, T8) for HFx5 series
Incorrect phase(different phase voltage) connection to voltage sensing plug connector(X1) on AVR

for HFx6 series

1.6 Generator voltage not adjustable or too narrow control range by reference value setter
or A1(Usoll for HFx5 series or U for HFx6 series).
No wiring for reference value setter or S/W off for reference value setter
Incorrect position of Micro switch(S1-3) on ) for HFx6 series (normal : S1-3 to be OFF position).
Opened circuit(misconnection) with one or several cables or pins between the terminals 17, 18, 19

on AVR and secondary winding(2.1, 2.2) of sensing(step down) transformers(T7, T8) or between
main bus and primary winding(1.1, 1.2) of sensing transformer for HFx5 series
Sensing of higher than normal U-W phase voltage by incorrect wiring or polarity of sensing(step

down) transformers(T7, T8) for HFx5

Opened circuit or incomplete connection for voltage sensing plug connector(X1) on AVR for HFx6

series
Opened circuit or incomplete connection of the cable(1, 5) for bypass cables of AVR for HFx5
Opened circuit or incomplete connection for bypass plug connector(X3) on AVR for HFx6 series
Setting of bypass resistor(R1 or R48) at too high resistance value
Failure of thyristor(V28) for HFx6 series
Failure of AVR

1.7 Hunting of output voltage or exciting current with load or without load
Hunting of speed of Engine governor
Incomplete contact of connecting pins or cable
Loosened locking nut of potentiometers(VR & R2) on AVR for HFx5 series
Incorrect adjusting of potentiometers(Vr, Tn for HFx5 series, K, T, 47 for HFx6 series) on AVR
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 The wiring cable between AVR and reference value setter is too long or the reference value would
be infected by external magnetic noise.
The resistance value with bypass resistor(R1 or R48) is too low.
External power for initial charging is connected to the auxiliary terminals(+F1, -F2) for exciter

field.
Out of control by AVR because of too low no-load exciter current
Failure of AVR

1.8 Incorrect current sharing between generators in parallel operation

Incorrect

active load(KW) sharing due to different speed variation ratio of each prime

mover(engine governor).
Incorrect reactive load(KVAR) sharing due to different no load voltage setting by reference setter.
Voltage droop values by droop potentiometer(R2 or S on A1) are different from each other.
The accurate load sharing is impossible if the voltage droop values by droop potentiometer(R2 or S

on A1) are too low.

Voltage droop values are different from each other due to the long power cable(due to voltage drop

by high line resistance) from the generator to the circuit breaker.

1.9 The circuit breaker is opened due to high circulation current between generators during
synchronizing(break on for parallel operation).
High variation of active power due to instability of governor of prime mover
Different voltage droop setting from each other paralleling generator
Incorrect tap setting of current transformers(T1,T2,T3) or rectifier transformer(T6).

2. You can use Brief Troubleshooting sheet for electric trouble of the generator as shown in
attachments.

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