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2 4 Atp Respiraton Ans PDF

1. The document discusses muscle cell structure and function. It describes actin and myosin filaments seen under an electron microscope and their roles in muscle contraction. It also discusses oxygen use and ATP production during aerobic respiration in muscle cells. 2. Muscle cells have a large number of mitochondria with many cristae to produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. They need more ATP than other cell types like skin cells due to the high energy demands of muscle contraction. 3. During aerobic respiration, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and undergoes reactions to produce carbon dioxide, reduced NADH and acetyl CoA. The electron transport chain uses these products to establish proton gradients and synthesise ATP from

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144 views5 pages

2 4 Atp Respiraton Ans PDF

1. The document discusses muscle cell structure and function. It describes actin and myosin filaments seen under an electron microscope and their roles in muscle contraction. It also discusses oxygen use and ATP production during aerobic respiration in muscle cells. 2. Muscle cells have a large number of mitochondria with many cristae to produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. They need more ATP than other cell types like skin cells due to the high energy demands of muscle contraction. 3. During aerobic respiration, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and undergoes reactions to produce carbon dioxide, reduced NADH and acetyl CoA. The electron transport chain uses these products to establish proton gradients and synthesise ATP from

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tess_15
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1.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

Myosin filaments drawn longitudinally in A-band region;


Actin filaments drawn longitudinally from Z-line to edge of H-zone;
[Max. 1 mark if Actin and Myosin are not correctly labelled]

Electron microscope has greater resolution / able to tell two close objects
apart better / electrons have shorter wavelength/higher frequency;

Correct answer = 20;


Allow 1 mark for:
16 1000
;
8000
OR
16
40
8000

2
[5]

2.

(a)

Needed to make ATP / for phosphorylation;

(b)

(Oxygen) needed for formation of ATP / phosphorylation;


(Oxygen) used (so its level falls);
(Oxygen) reacts (with H) to produce water;
In the electron transport chain / at terminal acceptor;
Allows recycling of reduced coenzymes / NAD / FAD;

3 max

(c)

Because equal amounts of ADP were added;

(d)

Less oxygen available in medium at Z than at Y


OR because oxygen all used up / runs out;

(e)

(i)

Glucose cannot enter mitochondria BECAUSE too large to enter /


no carrier system for it;
OR glucose cannot be metabolised / equivalent BECAUSE necessary
enzymes not present;

(Note single marks here for a suitable suggestion, and for a


connected, plausible reason / also that suggestion and reasons
may cross over. Allow, each for 2: no cytoplasm, no glycosis,
not to pyruvate)

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(ii)

Label glucose and determine its failure to enter mitochondria;


Break mitochondrial membrane (to allow entry of glucose);
Release appropriate enzymes from mitochondrion;
Add glycolytic enzymes / cytoplasm to medium in advance;
(OR suitable suggestions re. possible reason previously given)

1
[9]

3.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(more cristae / larger surface area) for electron transport chain /


more enzymes for ATP production/oxidative phosphorylation;
muscle cells use more ATP (than skin cells)(not just more respiration);

(i)

pyruvate;

(ii)

carbon dioxide formed / decarboxylation;


hydrogen released / reduced NAD formed;
acetyl coenzyme A produced;

2 max

NAD/FAD reduced / hydrogen attached to NAD/FAD;


H+ ions/electrons transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme/carrier to carrier /
series of redox reactions;
energy made available as electrons passed on;
energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate /
using ATPase;
H+ / protons passed into intermembrane space;
H+ / protons flow back through stalked particles/enzyme;
3 max
[8]

4.

(a)

Anaerobic respiration

(b)

Increase in the intensity of exercise increases concentration of lactate

(c)

Athletes are the same gender / use same athlete;


Athletes are same age;
Athletes have similar fitness / body mass;Increase number of athletes /
repeat investigation more gradients;
Control to measure lactate concentration (at rest).

(d)

Time required for lactate to diffuse into blood (from muscle)

(e)

Increase in lactate / lactate produced;


Fall in (blood) pH / increase in hydrogen ions;
Effect on enzymes / muscle proteins.

max 2
1

max 2
[7]

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5.

(a)

(b)

(i)

Water and carbon dioxide/H2O and CO2;

(ii)

Releases energy on breakdown/hydrolysis;


Uses energy from other reactions to form;
Can be readily moved/stored/broken down when needed;
Allows energy to be released in suitable amounts;

max 2

(i)

RuBP + CO2 (2) GP;

(ii)

RuBP still being produced;


But no carbon dioxide for it to react with/to form GP;

2
[6]

6.

(a)

(a)

(c)

Glycogen;
Triglycerides;
Decrease in acidity / pH;
Increase in acidity / pH;
Muscle fatigue;
Denaturation / alteration of proteins / enzymes;
(i)

0.225g (per kilogram of body mass);

(ii)

Lactate is produced during anaerobic respiration;


Athletes take in more oxygen (at higher intensities of exercise);
Anaerobic respiration delayed / aerobic respiration lasts longer;
Aerobic respiration provides more energy;

2 max
1

3 max
[8]

7.

(a)

ATP;

(b)

(i)

Lactate lactic acid;

(ii)

Oxidation / converted to pyruvate; (Accept., reacts with oxygen,


hydrogen removed)
broken down/used to release energy/ATP;
resynthesis to glucose/glycogen;

(c)

(i)

(Almost) entirely anaerobic respiration (under 10s);


no oxygen used in anaerobic respiration / needed from breathing;

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2 max

(ii)

Low energy release from anaerobic respiration;


oxygen / glucose not supplied fast enough for (fully) aerobic;
Or build-up of lactate / lactic acid;
causing muscle fatigue / pain / stiffness / disruption of enzymes;
Or glycogen stores used up;
no / slow supply of glucose to replace;

2 max
[8]

8.

(a)

(b)

(i)

29.47(29.5); (2 marks for correct answer)


40%/0.4 of 2800 / 38;

(ii)

released as heat;

(i)

glucose only partly broken down / only broken down to lactate;

(ii)

lactate/lactic acid has built up/been produced;


oxygen used to break down lactate;
convert it back to pyruvate/glucose/glycogen;

2 max
[6]

9.

(a)

lactate/lactic acid/pyruvate; ATP;

(b)

(i)

(ii)

energy demand is very high/high respiration rate;


unable to supply enough oxygen to muscles/tissues/cells/
insufficient time for oxygen to reach muscles/tissues/cells /
insufficient oxygen in muscles/tissues/cells;
break down with oxygen /oxidise lactate;
convert to pyruvate / glucose / glycogen / CO2 + water;
by aerobic respiration;

2 max
[6]

10.

(a)

CO2, water, ATP, reduced NAD/FAD;

(accept creatine phosphate)(any 2 - one tick)

(b)

(i)

build up/increased concentration of lactate;


lowers pH/increases H+/increases acidity;
enzymes / named protein inhibited(not denatured);

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2 max

(ii)

lactate/pyruvate is an energy source;


muscles have increased/immediate energy or ATP supply;
(accept lactate replenishes glycogen or glucose)
restores pH levels;

2 max
[5]

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