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Web Info On XML Stru

UTF-8 is the standard character encoding for XML and web documents. XML namespaces provide a way to avoid element name conflicts by applying prefixes that are associated with unique namespaces. Namespaces are declared using xmlns attributes and can be applied to root elements or individual elements.

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47 views

Web Info On XML Stru

UTF-8 is the standard character encoding for XML and web documents. XML namespaces provide a way to avoid element name conflicts by applying prefixes that are associated with unique namespaces. Namespaces are declared using xmlns attributes and can be applied to root elements or individual elements.

Uploaded by

powe2aj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?

>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
<title>Page Title</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" type="text/css"
media="screen" charset="utf-8"/>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
UTF = Universal character set Transformation Format.
UTF-8 uses 1 byte (8-bits) to represent characters in the ASCII set, and two or three
bytes for the rest.
UTF-16 uses 2 bytes (16 bits) for most characters, and four bytes for the rest.

UTF-8 - The Web Standard


UTF-8 is the standard character encoding on the web.
UTF-8 is the default character encoding for HTML5, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, SQL, and XML.

XML Encoding
The rst line in an XML document is called the prolog:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
The prolog is optional. Normally it contains the XML version number.
It can also contain information about the encoding used in the document. This prolog
specifies UTF-8 encoding:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

The XML standard states that all XML software must understand both UTF-8 and UTF-16.
UTF-8 is the default for documents without encoding information.
In addition, most XML software systems understand encodings like ISO-8859-1,
Windows-1252, and ASCII.

XML Namespaces provide a method to avoid element name conflicts.

Name Conflicts
In XML, element names are defined by the developer. This often results in a conflict
when trying to mix XML documents from different XML applications.
This XML carries HTML table information:

<table>
<tr>
<td>Apples</td>
<td>Bananas</td>
</tr>
</table>
This XML carries information about a table (a piece of furniture):

<table>
<name>African Coffee Table</name>
<width>80</width>
<length>120</length>
</table>
If these XML fragments were added together, there would be a name conflict. Both
contain a <table> element, but the elements have different content and meaning.
A user or an XML application will not know how to handle these differences.

Solving the Name Conflict Using a Prefix


Name conflicts in XML can easily be avoided using a name prefix.
This XML carries information about an HTML table, and a piece of furniture:

<h:table>
<h:tr>
<h:td>Apples</h:td>
<h:td>Bananas</h:td>
</h:tr>

</h:table>
<f:table>
<f:name>African Coffee Table</f:name>
<f:width>80</f:width>
<f:length>120</f:length>
</f:table>
In the example above, there will be no conflict because the two <table> elements have
different names.

XML Namespaces - The xmlns Attribute


When using prefixes in XML, a so-called namespace for the prefix must be defined.
The namespace is defined by the xmlns attribute in the start tag of an element.
The namespace declaration has the following syntax. xmlns:prefix="URI".

<root>
<h:table xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/">
<h:tr>
<h:td>Apples</h:td>
<h:td>Bananas</h:td>
</h:tr>
</h:table>
<f:table xmlns:f="http://www.w3schools.com/furniture">
<f:name>African Coffee Table</f:name>
<f:width>80</f:width>
<f:length>120</f:length>
</f:table>
</root>
In the example above, the xmlns attribute in the <table> tag give the h: and f: prefixes
a qualified namespace.
When a namespace is defined for an element, all child elements with the same prefix are
associated with the same namespace.
Namespaces can be declared in the elements where they are used or in the XML root
element:

<root xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/"
xmlns:f="http://www.w3schools.com/furniture">
<h:table>
<h:tr>
<h:td>Apples</h:td>
<h:td>Bananas</h:td>

</h:tr>
</h:table>
<f:table>
<f:name>African Coffee Table</f:name>
<f:width>80</f:width>
<f:length>120</f:length>
</f:table>
</root>
Note: The namespace URI is not used by the parser to look up information.
The purpose is to give the namespace a unique name. However, often companies use the
namespace as a pointer to a web page containing namespace information.
Try to go to http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/.

Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)


A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters which identifies an
Internet Resource.
The most common URI is the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) which identifies an
Internet domain address. Another, not so common type of URI is the Universal
Resource Name (URN).
In our examples we will only use URLs.

Default Namespaces
Defining a default namespace for an element saves us from using prefixes in all the child
elements. It has the following syntax:

xmlns="namespaceURI"
This XML carries HTML table information:

<table xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/">
<tr>
<td>Apples</td>
<td>Bananas</td>
</tr>
</table>
This XML carries information about a piece of furniture:

<table xmlns="http://www.w3schools.com/furniture">
<name>African Coffee Table</name>

<width>80</width>
<length>120</length>
</table>

Namespaces in Real Use


XSLT is an XML language that can be used to transform XML documents into other
formats, like HTML.
In the XSLT document below, you can see that most of the tags are HTML tags.
The tags that are not HTML tags have the prefix xsl, identified by the namespace
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform":

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>


<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
<xsl:template match="/">
<html>
<body>
<h2>My CD Collection</h2>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">Title</th>
<th style="text-align:left">Artist</th>
</tr>
<xsl:for-each select="catalog/cd">
<tr>
<td><xsl:value-of select="title"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="artist"/></td>
</tr>
</xsl:for-each>
</table>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>

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