Mathematics HL

Additional Notes and Guidance on the exploration

Criteria and Notes

Additional notes have been written to provide further guidance to moderators on applying the criteria. These
notes will provide useful advice to teachers, so are included in this document.
Further advice and information on the exploration is available on the Online Curriculum Centre (OCC), will be
included in the subject report, and in the updated Teacher Support Material (TSM). This will include exemplar
student work both unmarked and marked.
One area which teachers need to be more familiar with is the use of citations. Information and guidance on all
aspects of academic honesty is available on the OCC, but it is essential that students acknowledge sources, and
cite these at the point where they occur in the work. It is not sufficient to note sources in the bibliography.
Feedback from moderators indicated that many teachers are not providing comments and annotations on the
work. Teachers should provide as much information as possible, including reasons why certain levels are
awarded, and background information. Marking information should be included on the work itself, as well as on
the form 5/EXCS.
Teachers are also responsible for checking that mathematics used is correct, and to indicate this, or note where
it is incorrect.

Criterion A: Communication
This criterion assesses the organization and coherence of the exploration. A well-organized exploration contains
an introduction, has a rationale (which includes explaining why this topic was chosen), describes the aim of the
exploration and has a conclusion. A coherent exploration is logically developed and easy to follow.
Graphs, tables and diagrams should accompany the work in the appropriate place and not be attached as
appendices to the document.
Achievement level
0
1
2
3
4

Descriptor
The exploration does not reach the standard described by the descriptors below.
The exploration has some coherence.
The exploration has some coherence and shows some organization.
The exploration is coherent and well organized.
The exploration is coherent, well organized, concise and complete.

Additional notes
A complete exploration will have all steps clearly explained, and will meet its aim.
Key ideas and concepts should be clearly explained. Mathematical definitions and terminology should be
considered under criterion B.
The use of technology is not required (although encouraged where appropriate). Therefore the use of analytic
approaches rather than technological ones does not necessarily mean lack of conciseness, and should not be
penalised. This does not mean that repetitive calculations are condoned.
An exploration which shows some organisation but does not have some coherence can achieve level 1.
The aim, introduction, rationale and conclusion do not have to be formally identified by the student and may be
in the main body of the exploration.
Organisation refers to the overall structure or framework, including the introduction, body, conclusion etc.
Coherence refers to how well different parts of the exploration link to each other. It can also refer to the overall
flow, including between different parts, or from text to mathematical presentation etc.

Criterion B: Mathematical presentation

This criterion assesses to what extent the student is able to:

use appropriate mathematical language (notation, symbols, terminology)

define key terms, where required

use multiple forms of mathematical representation such as formulae, diagrams, tables, charts, graphs and
models, where appropriate.

Students are expected to use mathematical language when communicating mathematical ideas, reasoning and
findings.
Students are encouraged to choose and use appropriate ICT tools such as graphic display calculators,
screenshots, graphing, spreadsheets, databases, drawing and word processing software, as appropriate, to
enhance mathematical communication.
Achievement level
0
1

Descriptor
The exploration does not reach the standard described by the descriptors below.
There is some appropriate mathematical presentation.

The mathematical presentation is mostly appropriate.

The mathematical presentation is appropriate throughout.

Additional notes
Mathematical presentation is not the same as communication. However, when there appears to be an
overlap, care has to be taken not to penalise a student for the same shortcoming in criteria A and B.
There are multiple facets to criterion B, including using correct notation and terminology, and selecting the
appropriate mathematical tool(s) and representation(s).
Level 3 can be achieved by using only one form of mathematical representation as long as this is
appropriate.
Consistency in presentation is expected, but if there are inconsistencies which do not adversely affect the
use of mathematics, they can be condoned.
Calculator and computer notation should not be penalized if it is software generated. It is expected that
students use appropriate mathematical notation in their own work.

Criterion C: Personal engagement

This criterion assesses the extent to which the student engages with the exploration and makes it their own.
Personal engagement may be recognized in different attributes and skills. These include thinking independently
and/or creatively, addressing personal interest and presenting mathematical ideas in their own way.
Achievement level
0
1

Descriptor
The exploration does not reach the standard described by the descriptors below.
There is evidence of limited or superficial personal engagement.

There is evidence of some personal engagement.

There is evidence of significant personal engagement.

There is abundant evidence of outstanding personal engagement.

Additional notes
There must be evidence of personal engagement seen in the exploration. It is not sufficient that a teacher
comments that a student was highly engaged.
There are many ways of demonstrating personal engagement, not just those mentioned in the guide and TSM.
A common investigation/textbook problem is unlikely to achieve the higher levels on criterion C unless there
is clear evidence that the student has considered the problem from their own viewpoint or other contexts. This
could be demonstrated by the students considering and applying new mathematics.
Abundant evidence refers to what is reasonable for a DP student (rather than an experienced teacher) to
demonstrate in an exploration.

Criterion D: Reflection
This criterion assesses how the student reviews, analyses and evaluates the exploration. Although reflection
may be seen in the conclusion to the exploration, it may also be found throughout the exploration.
Achievement level
0
1

Descriptor
The exploration does not reach the standard described by the descriptors below.
There is evidence of limited or superficial reflection.

There is evidence of meaningful reflection.

There is substantial evidence of critical reflection.

Additional notes
Simply describing results represents limited or superficial reflection. Further consideration is required to achieve
the higher levels.
Some ways of showing meaningful reflection are: linking to the aims, commenting on what they have learnt,
considering some limitations or comparing different mathematical approaches.
Some ways of showing critical reflection are: considering what next, discussing implications of results, discussing
strengths and weaknesses of approaches, and considering different perspectives.
Substantial evidence is likely to mean that reflection is present throughout the exploration. Potentially it may be
seen only at the end; however this will need to be of a high quality in order to achieve a level 3.

Criterion E :Use of mathematics

This criterion assesses to what extent and how well students use mathematics in the exploration
Students are expected to produce work that is commensurate with the level of the course. The mathematics
explored should either be part of the syllabus, or at a similar level or beyond. It should not be completely based
on mathematics listed in the prior learning. If the level of mathematics is not commensurate with the level of the
course, a maximum of two marks can be awarded for this criterion.
The mathematics can be regarded as correct even if there are occasional minor errors as long as they do not
detract from the flow of the mathematics or lead to an unreasonable outcome. Sophistication in mathematics
may include understanding and use of challenging mathematical concepts, looking at a problem from different
perspectives and seeing underlying structures to link different areas of mathematics. Rigour involves clarity of
logic and language when making mathematical arguments and calculations. Precise mathematics is error-free
and uses an appropriate level of accuracy at all times.
Achievement
level
0
1
2
3
4

Descriptor
The exploration does not reach the standard described by the descriptors below.
Some relevant mathematics is used. Limited understanding is demonstrated.
Some relevant mathematics is used. The mathematics explored is partially correct. Some knowledge
and understanding are demonstrated.
Relevant mathematics commensurate with the level of the course is used. The mathematics explored
is correct. Good knowledge and understanding are demonstrated.
Relevant mathematics commensurate with the level of the course is used. The mathematics explored
is correct and reflects the sophistication expected. Good knowledge and understanding are
demonstrated.
Relevant mathematics commensurate with the level of the course is used. The mathematics explored
is correct and reflects the sophistication and rigour expected. Thorough knowledge and
understanding are demonstrated.
Relevant mathematics commensurate with the level of the course is used. The mathematics explored
is precise and reflects the sophistication and rigour expected. Thorough knowledge and
understanding are demonstrated.

Additional notes
A key word in the descriptors is demonstrated. Obtaining a correct answer is not sufficient to demonstrate
understanding. A student must demonstrate their understanding (even limited understanding) in order to
achieve level 2 or higher in this criterion.
For knowledge and understanding to be thorough it must be demonstrated throughout the work.
Regression using technology is commensurate with the level of the course, but understanding must be
demonstrated in order for the candidate to achieve level 1 or higher.
The mathematics used need only be what is required to support the development of the exploration. This
could be a few small topics or even a single topic from the syllabus. It will be better to do a few things well,
rather than a lot of things not so well. If the mathematics used is relevant to the topic being explored,
commensurate with the course, and understood by the student, then it can achieve a high level in this
criterion.

The exploration does not necessarily need to contain the mathematical rigour and sophistication that is
assessed in the later parts of the examinations, or that seen in the old IA tasks.
It is acceptable for students to solve hard problems using simple topics and harder topics may be used
to solve simpler problems. In either situation sophistication and rigour can be demonstrated.
The use of technology is highly encouraged, however higher levels are awarded for the sophisticated use of
technology as opposed to the use of sophisticated technology.
While topics specifically listed in the Prior Learning are not considered commensurate with the course, other
topics not listed in the syllabus may be commensurate.