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Compressor Design, Triangle Velocity & Example

1. The document discusses different types of compressors and turbines used in aircraft engines, including axial flow, radial flow, and mixed flow compressors. 2. An example problem is provided to calculate the pressure ratio of a single stage axial compressor. Key steps include determining inlet and exit velocities using blade speed and airflow, calculating temperature changes, and determining the pressure ratio based on isentropic relations. 3. Comparing axial and radial compressors, axial flow designs allow for multiple stages and higher overall pressure ratios while radial flow has a larger pressure rise per stage.

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Candra Setiawan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
310 views

Compressor Design, Triangle Velocity & Example

1. The document discusses different types of compressors and turbines used in aircraft engines, including axial flow, radial flow, and mixed flow compressors. 2. An example problem is provided to calculate the pressure ratio of a single stage axial compressor. Key steps include determining inlet and exit velocities using blade speed and airflow, calculating temperature changes, and determining the pressure ratio based on isentropic relations. 3. Comparing axial and radial compressors, axial flow designs allow for multiple stages and higher overall pressure ratios while radial flow has a larger pressure rise per stage.

Uploaded by

Candra Setiawan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Compressor Design

Fluid Machinery
Positive Displacement
Working fluid is confined
within a boundary.

Energy transfer is by volume


changes due to the
movement of the
boundary.

Dynamic
Working fluid is not confine
within a boundary.

Energy transfer is by dynamic


effects of the rotor on
the fluid stream.

Dynamic Machine
A.K.A. Turbomachines
* Radial-Flow - Also called Centrifugal.
- Radial flow path.
- Large change in radius
from inlet to outlet.
* Axial-Flow - Flow path nearly parallel
to the axis of rotation.
- Radius of the flow path
does not very significantly.
* Mixed-Flow - Flow path radius changes
only moderately.

Or the load could be a compressor


within a Turbocharger for an
automobile, or a compressor in a jet
engine.

Turbomachines that add energy to the fluid stream


Pump - when the fluid is a liquid or a slurry.
Very small to very large pressure rise.

Rotating element is called an impeller.


Fans, Blowers, or Compressors when handling a gas or a vapor.
Fans - generally have a small pressure rise (< 1 inch water)
Blowers - moderate pressure rise (1 inch of mercury)

Compressors - very high pressure rise (up to 150,000 psi)

Jet Propulsion Principle (Thrust)


Pa
T

Po

Pa

Ai
T=Ai(po-pa)

Po

T: Thrust

Pa

Po

Pa: Ambient Pressure


ue

Steady-Flow
T

Po: Internal Pressure


ue: Exit Velocity

Pa

T=mua

Po

ua
ua: Mass-average Exhaust Velocity

Propeller Theory
Air Velocity (u)
Axis of
Rotation

Air Motion

Blade Speed (Ut)

w1t

Relative Approach
u
Velocity (w1t)

Ut

Relative Leaving
Velocity (w2t)

Blade Motion

Swirling Velocity (u)

Axial Component of
Leaving Velocity (ue)

w2t
w1t c2
Ut

ue

Leaving Velocity (c2)

Turning Angle ()

Limitation of the Propeller in Propulsion


In order to maintain good flow over the blade certain
conditions must be meet.
1. The relative approach angle and the blade leading
edge angle must be close to prevent flow
separation from the blade.
2. The turning angle must be keep quite small, or the
flow will also separate from the blade.
3. The relative approach velocity must not be too
close to the speed of sound. This is to prevent
shock waves from forming on the blade.
Thus conventional propellers are used for flight speeds well below
the speed of sound; usually at or below 135 m/s (300 mph).

Axis

Air
Motion w1t

Blade speed too high


u

Ut

Flight speed too slow

Operating outside of design


parameters

Blade
Motion

Axis

Poor design: Turning angle


is too large

Air
Motion

w1t
u
Ut

Blade
Motion

The Importance of the Compressor/Turbine in Modern Flight


It was not until 1939 that a compressor, combuster, and turbine
were coupled together to create the first turbo engine for aircraft
propulsion.

Air Inlet

Exhaust
Gas Out

1. The turbine engine made supersonic flight possible in aircraft


2. Reduced the cost of air travel.
3. Lead to great improvements in aircraft safety.

Turboprop

Allison T56 Turboshaft

Turbofan

General Electric CF6 Turbofan

Turbojet

General Electric J79 Turbojet with Afterburner

Turbo Engine Comparison


Turboprop

Turbofan

Turbojet

Medium-speed

Internal Propeller

High speed

Moderate-size craft

Supersonic speeds

Mach 4

High efficiency

High bypass airflow

Low airflow rate

Limited flight speed

Med/High efficiency

Low efficiency

Geared transmission

No gearbox

High op temps

NOTE: Due to the ram compression due to flight speed, the optimum
compressor pressure ratio (CPR) goes to zero around Mach 4.
CPR 30:1 for subsonic flight.
CPR 10:1 @ Mach 2.

Compressor not needed at Mach 4; Ramjet.

Comparison of the Axial-Flow and Radial-Flow Compressors


Axial-Flow compressors do not significantly change the direction of
the flow stream, thus Axial-Flow Compressor allows for multiple
stages. Radial-Flow Compressors can not be staged.
While the Radial-Flow Compressor has a larger Compressor
Pressure Ratio (CPR) per stage, the multi-stages of the Axial-Flow
compressor allows for a larger overall CPR.
The frontal area for a given air flow rate is smaller for an Axial-Flow
Compressor than for a Radial-Flow Compressor.

The Axial-Flow Compressor has a higher efficiency.


Disadvantages are the higher cost to manufacture the Axial-Flow
Compressor, and the Radial-flow Compressor is more durable than
the Axial-Flow Compressor.

Example Problem
Given a first single stage of an Axial Compressor with the following
conditions: ambient pressure (Pin) 1 atmosphere, ambient
temperature (Tin) 300K, aircraft cruising speed (Vin) 170m/s, median
blade diameter (D) 0.5m, rotor rpm (Urotor) 8000rpm, turning angle
() 15 degrees, specific heat ratio () 1.4, air mass flow rate (mdot)
35kg/s, and (Cp) conversion factor 1004 m2/s2*K, calculate the first
stage Compressor Pressure Ratio (CPR).
Pin 1atm

Tin 300K

Vin 170

m
s

D .5m
2

Urotor

8000rpm

kg 1000gm

15deg
mdot 35

kg
s

1.4

Cp 1004

m
2

s K

Step 1.
Vin

W1

Create the velocity triangle


and calculate the relative
speed of the rotor blade from
the rotational velocity.

Blade motion

Wx U

D 2
U
8000
2 60 s

m
U 209.44
s

m
W x 209.44
s

Vin

Step 2.

W1

Calculate the air to blade


relative velocity and the
angle between the relative
and actual air speed.

W1

2
Wx

m
W 1 269.75
s

2
Vin

W x
1 atan

V in

50.934deg

Step 3.

W2

Vin

Axial velocity (Vin) does not change.


Calculate relative exit angle(2), then
portion of the relative blade speed
(Uw2). Calculate relative air speed (W2)

U w2

2 35.934deg

U w2 V in tan 2

U w2

m
123.214
s

W 2

V in

cos 2

m
209.956
s

Step 4.
V2

Calculate the portion of the relative


blade speed associated with the actual
air velocity (Uv2), the calculate the
actual air speed (V2).

W2

Vin
U v2

U w2

Uv2 W x Uw2
V2

2
Vin

2
Uv2

Uv2

m
86.226
s

m
V2 190.617
s

The Compressor Pressure


Ratio (CPR) is found from
the isentropic relationship.

P o2
P o1

T o2
T
o1

To1 is calculated from the following equation.


To2 has to be calculated from the specific work
of the compressor stage.
2

To1 Tin

Vin

2 Cp

To1 314.392K

Specific work of the stage is


calculated from the torque of the
shaft, angular velocity of the blade,
and mass flow rate of the air.

Torque of the shaft is:


Uv1

m
s

No initial tangential component


to the inlet velocity.

Power of the shaft is:

wstage

Tsha ft
mdot

Tshaft mdot Uv1 Uv2


2
D

Tsha ft 754.476J
2

Power Tsha ft
8000
60 s

Power 632.068kW

Specific work of
the stage is then:

wstage

Power
mdot

wstage 1.806 10

J
kg

Now To2 can be calculated from the specific work


To1, and the conversion factor.

To2 To1

wstage
Cp

To2 332.38K

wstage Ratio can be


Finally, the Compressor Pressure
To2 calculated!!!
To1
Cp

To2
CPR

To1

The answer is:

CPR 1.215

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