Spreadsheet Option Functions Available with

Derivatives Markets, second edition

Robert L. McDonald
August 29, 2005

Contents
1 Introduction 2
1.1 Spreadsheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Using the Add-ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 A Note on Array Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Black-Scholes Functions 3
2.1 Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Greeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Black-Scholes Array Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Black Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.5 Perpetual American Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.6 CEV Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.7 Merton Jump Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Binomial Functions 6

4 Exotic Options 7
4.1 “Vanilla” Barrier Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2 Other Barrier Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.1 Cash-or-Nothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.2 Asset-or-Nothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 Asian Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 Compound Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.5 Exchange and Rainbow Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5 Interest Rate Functions 12

1
1 Introduction
This is documentation for the option-pricing functions available in the spread-
sheets accompanying the second edition of Derivatives Markets. All are user-
defined functions in Excel, written in VBA, with the code accessible and modi-
fiable via the Visual Basic editor built into Excel.

1.1 Spreadsheets
The following spreadsheets come with the book:

OptAll2.xls This provides examples of most (not all) of the pricing functions
described here. The

OptAll2.xla This is an add-in version of OptAll2.xls. See Section 1.2.

OptBasic2.xls This provides the basic Black-Scholes and binomial calcula-

tions, along with formulas for barrier, binary, and perpetual options. It is
a subset of OptAll2.xls.

OptBasic2.xla This is an add-in version of OptBasic2.

VBA examples2.xls This contains the VBA examples from Appendix D.

Data.xls This spreadsheet provides stock price and option price data for some
of the end-of-chapter problems.

1.2 Using the Add-ins

Spreadsheets defined as add-ins have the extension “.xla”. Add-ins are typically
used to provide additional functionality for Excel. The add-ins provided on this
CD-Rom allow you to have the option pricing functions automatically available
for use when you run Excel.
To use the add-ins, you first need to place this file where Excel can find it.
By default, according to the Excel help file:

Add-ins are stored by default in one of the following places:

• The Library folder or one of its subfolders in the Microsoft
Office/Office folder.
• The Documents and Settings/<user name>/Application Data/
Microsoft/AddIns folder.

You can place the add-in elsewhere, but you will then have to browse for it to
use it.
To install the add-in, select Tools|Add-ins and check the box for “OptAll2.xla”.
If the add-in you want does not appear in the list, you need to select “browse”
and locate it yourself. Once you install the add-in, you will have access to all

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of the functions in this spreadsheet, without needing to open the spreadsheet
explicitly.
You can create your own add-in easily from any spreadsheet by selecting
File|Save As and then specifying “Excel add-in (*.xla)”.
Please note that when you use add-in functions in a spreadsheet, the func-
tions are not saved with your spreadsheet and do not move from computer to
computer with the spreadsheet. If you want to have a “portable” spreadsheet
you should start with one of the option pricing spreadsheets, modify it as you
please, and then save it under a different name.

1.3 A Note on Array Functions

Some of the functions described here are array functions. This means that the
output of the function can be in more than one cell. In order to enter an array
function, do the following:

1. highlight the output range

2. press the F2 key to edit the first cell in the range

3. enter the formula

4. press the control, shift, and enter keys simultaneously.

Once you have completed these steps, you will notice that cells in the array
range exhibit the formula you entered surrounded by curly braces. Once an
array function is entered in a range, that range can only be edited or deleted as
a single entity. Excel will prohibit you from editing one cell of an array.

2 Black-Scholes Functions
The following symbol definitions are used in this section: “s” = stock price, “k”
= strike price, “v” = volatility (annualized), “r” = interest rate (continuously-
compounded, annualized), “t” = time to expiration (years), and “d” = dividend
yield (continuously-compounded, annualized).

2.1 Prices
Function Definition Function Description
BSCall(s, k, v, r, t, d) European call option price

BSPut(s, k, v, r, t, d) European put option price

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2.2 Greeks
BSCallDelta(s, k, v, r, t, d) European call delta

BSPutDelta(s, k, v, r, t, d) European put delta

BSCallGamma(s, k, v, r, t, d) European call gamma

BSPutGamma(s, k, v, r, t, d) European put gamma

BSCallVega(s, k, v, r, t, d) European call vega

BSPutVega(s, k, v, r, t, d) European put vega

BSCallRho(s, k, v, r, t, d) European call rho

BSPutRho(s, k, v, r, t, d) European put rho

BSCallTheta(s, k, v, r, t, d) European call theta

BSPutTheta(s, k, v, r, t, d) European put theta

BSCallPsi(s, k, v, r, t, d) European call psi

BSPutPsi(s, k, v, r, t, d) European put psi

BSCallElast(s, k, v, r, t, d) European call elasticity

BSPutElast(s, k, v, r, t, d) European put elasticity

BSCallImpVol(s, k, v, r, t, d, c) Implied volatility for European call

The option price is entered as
“c”; the volatility entered does not
matter.
BSPutImpVol(s, k, v, r, t, d, c) Implied volatility for European put
The option price is entered as
“c”; the volatility entered does not
matter.
BSCallImpS(s, k, v, r, t, d, c) Implied stock price for a given Eu-
ropean call option price
BSPutImpS(s, k, v, r, t, d, c) Implied stock price for a given Eu-
ropean put option price

4
2.3 Black-Scholes Array Functions
The functions in this section are all array functions (up to 16 × 16) and have an
extra string, “x ” as a parameter. This parameter controls the output, with a
“c” denoting “call” and “p” denoting “put”, and “d”, “g”, “r”, “v”, “t”, and “e”
denoting delta, gamma, rho, vega, theta, and elasticity. A“+” means continue
placing the output in the same row and a “/” means move to the next row.
For example, the string “cp+cd+cg/pp+pd+pg” will output a 2 row, 3 column
array containing a call price, delta, and gamma in the first row, with the same
information for a put in the second row.
BS(s,k,v,r,t,d,x) Black-Scholes prices and Greeks

BS Text(x) Array function providing text de-

scription of the items in the string
“x”
BS Text Greek(x) Array function providing text de-
scription of the Greeks corre-
sponding to items in the string “x”

2.4 Black Formula

The Black formula gives the price of an option where a futures contract is the
underlying asset. The Black formula is the Black-Scholes formula with the
dividend yield set equal to the interest rate. It is implemented as an array
function, exactly like the Black-Scholes array functions described in Section 2.3.
In particular, “x” is a format string, controlling the output of the function.
BlackFormula(s,k,v,r,t,d,x) Black-Scholes prices and Greeks

Black Text(x) Array function providing text de-

scription of the items in the string
“x”
Black Text Greek(x) Array function providing text de-
scription of the Greeks corre-
sponding to items in the string “x”

2.5 Perpetual American Options

There is no simple pricing formula for American options except when the options
are infinitely-lived. These functions are array functions, returning the option
price and the stock price at which the option should optimally be exercised, in
that order. The results may be returned in either a horizontal or vertical array.

Function CallPerpetual(s, k, v, r, Perpetual American call

d)
Function PutPerpetual(s, k, v, r, Perpetual American put
d)

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2.6 CEV Pricing
The CEV model for the stock price specifies the instantaneous standard devia-
tion of the stock return as

σ(S) = σ̄S (β−2)/2 (1)

Thus, the CEV pricing formula has two parameters in place of volatility: β and
σ̄. Setting these parameters appropriately requires care. If you observe a stock
to have a 30% volatility, then given a β, you would set σ̄ such that

σ̄ = 0.30 × S (2−β)/2

When β = 2, the CEV pricing model is the same as the Black-Scholes formula.
The CEV pricing functions are
CEVCall(s,k,σ̄,r,t,d,β) CEV call price
CEVPut(s,k,σ̄,r,t,d,β) CEV put price

2.7 Merton Jump Formula

The Merton formula for pricing with jumps requires three extra parameters: the
jump probability, λ; the expected size of a jump when one does occur, αJ ; and
the volatility of the jump magnitude, σJ . In the implementation here, the jump
mean and volatility are measured with respect to the natural log of the jump.
The jump pricing formula returns both the call and put prices in a 2 × 2
array.
MertonJump(s,k,v,r,t,d,λ,αJ ,σJ ) Call and put prices when the stock
price can jump, with the jump
magnitude determined by the log-
normal distribution.

3 Binomial Functions
The following symbol definitions are used in this section: “s” = stock price, “k”
= strike price, “v” = volatility (annualized), “r” = interest rate (continuously-
compounded, annualized), “t” = time to expiration (years), “d” = dividend
yield (continuously-compounded, annualized), “N” = number of binomial steps,
“opstyle” = option style (0 = European, 1 = American), and “vest” = the period
of time during which the option cannot be exercised (after this time, exercise is
permitted). If “N”, the number of binomial steps, is set less than or equal to 0,
then N is internally reset to be 100.
By default, all binomial calculations are done using the forward tree used
in Chapter 10. There is a constant in the VBA code called “TreeType”. If set
equal to 0 (the default), all calculations are done with a forward tree. If equal to
1, a CRR tree is used, and if equal to 2, a lognormal tree is used (see CSection
11.3).

6
 The functions in this section are all array functions, returning the option
price, along with delta, gamma, and theta, in that order.
So, for example, if you just enter the BinomCall function in a single cell, it
will return the option price. If you enter it as an array function spanning two
cells, you will get the price and delta, etc... The array can be entered either
horizontally or vertically.
BinomCall(s, k, v, r, t, d, Binomial call
opstyle, N)
BinomPut(s, k, v, r, t, d, opstyle, Binomial put
N)
BinomCallBermudan(s, k, v, r, t, d, Binomial Bermudan call
opstyle, N, vest)
BinomPutBermudan(s, k, v, r, t, d, Binomial Bermudan put
opstyle, N, vest)
BinomOptFixedDivCall(s, k, v, r, t, Binomial call price when under-
div amt, div h, div next, opstyle, lying asset pays dollar dividends
N) in amount div amt, with the first
payment coming at time div next,
with dividends spaced div h apart.
The function
BinomOptFixedDivPut(s, k, v, r, t, Binomial put price when under-
div amt, div h, div next, opstyle, lying asset pays dollar dividends
N) in amount div amt, with the first
payment coming at time div next,
with dividends spaced div h apart.

4 Exotic Options
The following symbol definitions are used in this section: “s” = stock price, “k”
= strike price, “v” = volatility (annualized), “r” = interest rate (continuously-
compounded, annualized), “t” = time to expiration (years), “d” = dividend
yield (continuously-compounded, annualized), “rho” = correlation coefficient,
and “H” = barrier.

4.1 “Vanilla” Barrier Options

For ordinary barrier puts and calls, the (descriptive) names are of the form

Option Type + Barrier Type

For example, the pricing function for an up-and-in call is “CallUpIn”.

CallDownIn(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Down-and-in call

CallDownOut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Down-and-out call

7
CallUpIn(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Up-and-in call

CallUpOut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Up-and-out call

PutDownIn(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Down-and-in put

PutDownOut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Down-and-out put

PutUpIn(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Up-and-in put

PutUpOut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Up-and-out put

4.2 Other Barrier Options

For most other barrier options, the function names are mnemonic, and have
three parts:
Payoff Type + Barrier Type + Option Type
In particular,

• The payoff type is one of

Cash the payoff is $1

Asset the payoff is one unit of the asset

• The barrier type is one of

DI “down-and-in”, in other words the stock price is initally above the

barrier, which must be hit in order for the payoff to be received.
DO “down-and-out”, in other words the stock price is initally above the
barrier, which must not be hit in order for the payoff to be received.
UI “up-and-in”, in other words the stock price is initally below the bar-
rier, which must be hit in order for the payoff to be received.
UO “up-and-out”, in other words the stock price is initally below the
barrier, which must not be hit in order for the payoff to be received.
• The option type is one of

Call in order for the payoff to be received, the asset price must be above
the strike at expiration
Put in order for the payoff to be received, the asset price must be below
the strike at expiration

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For example, an option that pays $1 if the stock price exceeds the strike price
at expiration, provided that the barrier, below the inital stock price, has not
been hit would have the name

CashDOCall = |Cash
{z } + DO
|{z} + Call
|{z}
Payoff of $1 if the barrier, below and the stock price
the intial stock price, exceeds the strike
has not been hit at expiration

4.2.1 Cash-or-Nothing

CashCall(s, k, v, r, t, d) Cash-or-nothing call Receive $1 if

st > k at expiration
CashPut(s, k, v, r, t, d) Cash-or-nothing put Receive $1 if
st < k at expiration
CashDICall(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Cash-or-nothing down-and-in call
Receive $1 if st > k at expiration
and the barrier H < s has been
hit.
CashDOCall(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Cash-or-nothing down-and-out
call Receive $1 if st > k at
expiration and the barrier H < s
has not been hit.
CashDOPut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Cash-or-nothing down-and-out
put Receive $1 if st < k at
expiration and the barrier H < s
has not been hit.
CashDIPut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Cash-or-nothing down-and-out
put Receive $1 if st < k at
expiration and the barrier H < s
has been hit.
CashUICall(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Cash-or-nothing up-and-in call
Receive $1 if st > k at expiration
and the barrier H > s has been
hit.
CashUOCall(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Cash-or-nothing up-and-out call
Receive $1 if st > k at expira-
tion and the barrier H > s has
not been hit.
CashUOPut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Cash-or-nothing up-and-out put
Receive $1 if st < k at expira-
tion and the barrier H > s has
not been hit.

9
CashUIPut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Cash-or-nothing up-and-in put
Receive $1 if st < k at expiration
and the barrier H > s has been
hit.
DR(s, v, r, t, d, h) Down rebate Receive $1 at the
time the barrier, H < s, is hit.
UR(s, v, r, t, d, h) Up rebate Receive $1 at the time
the barrier, H > s, is hit.
DRDeferred(s, v, r, t, d, h) Deferred down rebate Receive $1
at expiration if prior to expiration
the barrier, H < s, is hit.
URDeferred(s, v, r, t, d, h) Deferred up rebate Receive $1 at
expiration if prior to expiration
the barrier, H < s, is hit.

4.2.2 Asset-or-Nothing
Note that there is no difference between an option that pays H if the share price
hits H, and an option that pays a share if the share price hits H.
AssetCall(s, k, v, r, t, d) Asset-or-nothing call Receive one
unit of the asset if st > k at expi-
ration
AssetPut(s, k, v, r, t, d) Asset-or-nothing put Receive one
unit of the asset if st < k at expi-
ration
AssetDICall(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Asset-or-nothing down-and-in call
Receive one unit of the asset if
st > k at expiration and the bar-
rier H < s has been hit.
AssetDOCall(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Asset-or-nothing down-and-out
call Receive one unit of the asset
if st > k at expiration and the
barrier H < s has not been hit.
AssetDOPut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Asset-or-nothing down-and-out
put Receive one unit of the asset
if st < k at expiration and the
barrier H < s has not been hit.
AssetDIPut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Asset-or-nothing down-and-out
put Receive one unit of the asset
if st < k at expiration and the
barrier H < s has been hit.

10
AssetUICall(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Asset-or-nothing up-and-in call
Receive one unit of the asset if
st > k at expiration and the bar-
rier H > s has been hit.
AssetUOCall(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Asset-or-nothing up-and-out call
Receive one unit of the asset if
st > k at expiration and the bar-
rier H > s has not been hit.
AssetUOPut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Asset-or-nothing up-and-out put
Receive one unit of the asset if
st < k at expiration and the bar-
rier H > s has not been hit.
AssetUIPut(s, k, v, r, t, d, h) Asset-or-nothing up-and-in put
Receive one unit of the asset if
st < k at expiration and the bar-
rier H > s has been hit.

4.3 Asian Options

There are straightforward closed-form solutions for geometric average European
options, but not for arithmetic average options (see Chapter 19). Hence, the
only functions implemented in Excel are for options with payoffs based on the
geometric average price at expiration, Gt , which is computed over the life of the
option.
The geometric average can be computed based on prices sampled N times
over the life of the option. If N is not specified, a continuous average is assumed.
GeomAvgPriceCall(s, k, v, r, t, d, Geometric average price call
Optional N) Option with time t payoff
max(0, Gt − k).
GeomAvgPricePut(s, k, v, r, t, d, Geometric average price put Op-
Optional N) tion with time t payoff max(0, k −
Gt ).
GeomAvgStrikeCall(s, m, v, r, t, d, Geometric average strike call Op-
Optional N) tion with time t payoff max(0, st −
Gt ).
GeomAvgStrikePut(s, m, v, r, t, d, Geometric average strike put
Optional N) Option with time t payoff
max(0, Gt − st ).

4.4 Compound Options

European compound options are options to buy or sell some other option, and
as such have two expiration dates. The first, denoted t1, is the date at which
the option to buy or sell an option must be exercised. The second, t2 is the

11
date at which the bought or sold option expires. The strike price for buying or
selling the underlying option at date t1 is denoted “x”.
CallOnCall(s, k, x, v, r, t1, t2, Compound call on call Call option
d) to buy a call option
PutOnCall(s, k, x, v, r, t1, t2, d) Compound put on call Put option
to sell a call option
CallOnPut(s, k, x, v, r, t1, t2, d) Compound call on put Call option
to buy a put option
PutOnPut(s, k, x, v, r, t1, t2, d) Compound put on put Put option
to sell a put option

4.5 Exchange and Rainbow Options

Exchange options and rainbow options have payoffs depending on two or more
asset prices. An exchange option is the right to exchange one asset for another
(ordinary calls and puts are exchange options where one of the two assets is
cash). A rainbow option has the payoff max(S, Q, K), where S and Q are risky
asset prices with dividend yields δs and δq , volatilities vs and vq , and correlation
coefficient ρ. For binomial valuation, the number of binomial steps is N and the
option style, OpStyle, is 0 for a European option and 1 for an American option.
BSCallExchange(s,vs , δs , q, vq , δq , European exchange call Option to
ρ, t) acquire s by giving up q.
BSPutExchange(s,vs , δs , q, vq , δq , European exchange put Option to
ρ, t) give up s in exchange for q.
BinomCallExchange(s,vs , δs , q, vq , American exchange call Option to
δq , ρ, t, OpStyle, N) acquire s by giving up q.
BinomPutExchange(s,vs , δs , q, vq , American exchange put Option to
δq , ρ, t, OpStyle, N) give up s in exchange for q.
RainbowCall(s,vs , δs , q, vq , δq ,ρ, European rainbow call Option on
K, r, t) the maximum of s, q, and K.
RainbowPut(s,vs , δs , q, vq , δq ,ρ, K, European rainbow put Option on
r, t) the minimum of s, q, and K.

5 Interest Rate Functions

These are array functions which compute prices, yields, delta, and gamma for
zero-coupon bonds. These functions assume the short-term interest rate is gen-
erated by a process of the form

dr = a(b − r)dt + srη dZ

where η = 0 for the Vasicek formula and η = 0.5 for the CIR formula. The
interest rate risk premium is φ.

12
Vasicek(a, b, φ, v, r, T) Vasicek interest rate function Ar-
ray function which returns the
price of a zero-coupon bond pay-
ing $1, the long-term yield, delta
and gamma with respect to the in-
terest rate, and the yield to matu-
rity.
CIR(a, b, φ, v, r, T) Cox-Ingersoll-Ross interest rate
function Array function which re-
turns the price of a zero-coupon
bond paying $1, the long-term
yield, delta and gamma with re-
spect to the interest rate, and the
yield to maturity.

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