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Chapter 2 - Problems and Exercises

The document summarizes solutions to problems about tensor and Voigt notations, differences in subscript usage between compliance and piezoelectric matrices, and calculating spontaneous strain and polarization for barium titanate. Specifically: 1) It explains that tensor notation uses 4th order tensors to represent compliance and stiffness coefficients while Voigt notation simplifies to 2nd order matrices by using the 6 independent strain/stress components. 2) It describes why the compliance matrix uses s13 while the piezoelectric matrix uses d31, relating to how each is defined based on applied stresses versus displacements. 3) It calculates the spontaneous strain in barium titanate to be 1% by comparing distorted and und

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Ali Fahem
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79 views

Chapter 2 - Problems and Exercises

The document summarizes solutions to problems about tensor and Voigt notations, differences in subscript usage between compliance and piezoelectric matrices, and calculating spontaneous strain and polarization for barium titanate. Specifically: 1) It explains that tensor notation uses 4th order tensors to represent compliance and stiffness coefficients while Voigt notation simplifies to 2nd order matrices by using the 6 independent strain/stress components. 2) It describes why the compliance matrix uses s13 while the piezoelectric matrix uses d31, relating to how each is defined based on applied stresses versus displacements. 3) It calculates the spontaneous strain in barium titanate to be 1% by comparing distorted and und

Uploaded by

Ali Fahem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 2 -- PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES

1. Explain the difference between tensor notations and Voigt matrix notations in the writing
of the compliance and stiffness matrices
Solution
The tensor notations write the compliance and stiffness coefficients as 4th order tensors, i.e.,
indexed coefficients that depend on four independent indices. Each of these indices takes values
1 through 3, according to the three independent directions of the three-dimensional space. The
reason for the compliance and stiffness matrices having four independent indices is that the strain
and stress are shown as 2nd order tensors, i.e., variables that depend on two independent indices
each. On this argument, one arrives at the tensor equations (2.1) and (2.2). However, through
symmetry arguments, it can be shown that the strain and stress matrices only have six
independent variables each. For example, the strain matrix has three direct strains and three shear
strains. This observation permits simplification of notations, which leads to the Voigt matrix
notations. The six independent strains and stresses are presented in columns, i.e. single-index
variables. For example, S1 , S 2 , , S6 . Hence, the 4th order compliance and stiffness tensors
reduce to 2nd order tensors, i.e., matrices, as illustrated in Equations (2.22) through (2.27).

2. Explain the following difference in subscripts usage: the (1,3) term in the compliance
matrix is denoted s13 , whereas the (1,3) term in the piezoelectric coefficient matrix is
denoted d31
Solution
The difference in subscript usage originates in the definition of the two physical constants.
Reference is made to Equations (2.22) and (2.23). On one hand, the compliance matrix [s ] is
defined directly by Equation (2.22) as strain columns obtained when a unit stress is applied one
at a time in each of the six major directions. On the other hand, the piezoelectric coefficient
matrix [d ] is defined by Equation (2.23) as electric displacement columns obtained when a unit
stress is applied one at a time in each of the six major directions. The piezoelectric coefficient
matrix that appears in Equation (2.22) is the transpose of the piezoelectric coefficient matrix
defined in Equation (2.23). This fact is apparent in Equation (2.26), which is the matrix
t
equivalent of Equation (2.22); this equation shows the term [d ] . For these reasons, the (1,3)
term in Equation (2.22) is denoted d31 .

3. Calculate the spontaneous strain, S S , and the spontaneous polarization, P S , for the barium
titanate lattice shown in Figure 2.10.

c = 403.6 pm

3.6 pm

6.1 pm

Ti4+

12.0 pm

O2

Ba2+

a = 399.2 pm

Figure 2.9

Ionic shifts inducing spontaneous strain and spontaneous polarization in barium


titanate

Solution
(a) Spontaneous strain is the calculating by assuming that the undistorted cell height was a, while
the distorted cell height is c. Hence,
c a 403.6 399.2
=
SS =
=
0.01 1%
a
399.2
(b) Spontaneous polarization is defined as the polarization per unit volume. The polarization is
calculated as the sum of the dipole moments of each ion, weighted according to their
contribution to the unit cell. Thus,
2e
For the Ba2+ cations,=
pBa 2+ 8=
6.1 12.2 e pm
8
For the Ti4+ cations, pTi4+ =4e 12.0 =48.0 e pm
2e
(3.6)
= 7.2 e pm
2
where
=
e 1.602 1019 C is the value of the unit charge and 1 pm = 1012 m .
The total polarization is
p = pBa 2+ + pTi 4+ + pO 2 = 67.4 e pm = 1.080 1029 Cm
Thus, the spontaneous polarization is
p
1.080 1029
PS =
=
= 0.170 C/m 2
12 2
12
a 2c
399.2 10
403.6 10

For the O2 anions, p=


2
O 2

)(

This predicted value is not too far off from the experimental value of 0.250 C/m 2 .

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