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r6 - SCV - PV - 2012 June MarkB PDF

Microinverters are the fastest growing segment in the solar industry, says Greentech Media. Enphase's microinverter System is UL certified to: UL 1741, IEEE 1547, CSA C22. The company has 300+ employees worldwide and 100+ patents filed or issued Offices in united states, canada, France, italy, uk, new zealand, and china.

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98 views

r6 - SCV - PV - 2012 June MarkB PDF

Microinverters are the fastest growing segment in the solar industry, says Greentech Media. Enphase's microinverter System is UL certified to: UL 1741, IEEE 1547, CSA C22. The company has 300+ employees worldwide and 100+ patents filed or issued Offices in united states, canada, France, italy, uk, new zealand, and china.

Uploaded by

sanjiiv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mark Baldassari

Director, Codes and Standards

The Effects of Temperature on PV Systems


2008-2012 Enphase Energy

Agenda
Quick Introduction to Enphase
The Enphase Microinverter System
Effects of Temperature on PV Systems
Enphase Test Results
Questions

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

Introducing Enphase

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

Our Company

Headquarters in Petaluma
California
Founded in March 2006
Publicly traded on NASDAQ
(ENPH)
300+ employees worldwide
100+ patents filed or
issued
Offices in United States,
Canada, France, Italy,
United Kingdom, New
Zealand, and China
2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

Enphase Evolution

Improving Performance & Simplifying Installation

94%

2008

1st Gen

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

95%

2009 - 2010

2nd Gen

96%

2011 - 2012

3rd Gen

Enphase Growth

Microinverters are the fastest growing segment


in the solar industry. Greentech Media
30%

20%

10%

0%
2008

> 1,800,000 Units

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

> 43,000 Systems

2009

2010

2011

31% Market Share


(CA residential)

Enphase System

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

End-to-End Solution

Enphase
Microinverters

Envoy
Gateway

Enlighten
Software
2008-2012 Enphase Energy

M215 Microinverter

Microinverter

Networking

Software

Grid-tied Microinverter
One Microinverter per PV Module
Per-module MPPT
Certified to: UL 1741, IEEE 1547,
CSA C22.2
Rugged:
Environmental & lifecycle testing
beyond IEC 61215
NEMA6 (IP67) enclosure
-40 oC to +65 oC
2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

Microinverter

Networking

Software

Inverter on a Circuit Board


One platform across portfolio
Economies of scale similar to hitech electronics

Digital Power Control


System on a chip does sensing,
control & communication
High speed & precision enables
single-stage power conversion

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

10

Envoy Communication Gateway

Microinverter

Networking

Software

Powerful Networking
Monitors microinverters through
Powerline Communication
Bi-directional communications for
web-based management

Simple Setup
Auto-detection of microinverters
Plug and Play connection to
broadband router

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

11

Enlighten Monitoring Software

Microinverter

Networking

Software

Per-Module Monitoring
Monitors each module &
microinverter
Flexible views & graphs
No additional cost

Automated Reports & Alerts


Monthly email summaries
Automatic issue notification for
owner & installer

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

12

Performance
Per-module Power Conversion

Maximum Harvest

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

13

Reliability
Unit & System Protected for

25 Years

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

14

Simplicity
All AC Makes Installation

Fast & Flexible

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

15

Safety

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

16

Safety to Prevent Fires

High Voltage DC is a Danger for Firefighters


DC Disconnects are for Service Personnel and do Little
for Firefighters

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

17

Fire Danger

Up to
600 Volts DC

Utility
Central/String
Inverter

High Voltage DC Dangers


Faults pose serious risk of fire or electrocution
Sustained arc faults up to 2700 Degrees Celsius
2008-2012 Enphase Energy

18

Microinverter safe for emergency workers

Utility
Load Center

DC
~38 V

AC

Single
Module

Microinverters &
AC Electrical

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

19

Safety
No High-Voltage DC Means

Safer Solar

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

20

Effects of
Temperature on PV
Systems
2008-2012 Enphase Energy

21

Why is Temperature Important?


What is the Temperature Outside?
How Hot is it Under the Module?

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

22

Effect on PV Modules

Power and Voc are inversely proportional to temperature


As temperature goes up, PV Power and Voc go down
PV Power and Voc vs. Temperature
350

50

Voc = Voc(1 + TC Voc(T - 25)/100)


Voc = 37(1 - 0.37(T-25)/100)

45
40

250

35
30

200
150

25

P = Pmpp(1 + TC Pmpp(T - 25)/100)


P = 235(1 - 0.45(T-25)/100)

20
15

100

Voc (V)

Power (W)

300

Power
Voc

10

50

5
0

0
-35

-25

-15

-5

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

Temperature (oC)
2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

23

Effect on Conductor Ampacity

NFPA 70: NEC 2008 supplies ampacity tables and


describes calculation methods
See Section 310.15 and Table 310.16

Conductor Ampacity (A)

Conductor Ampactiy vs. Temperature


160
140
120
100
80

10 AWG

60

6 AWG
2 AWG

40
20
0
20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Temperature (oC)

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

24

Determining Outside Ambient Temperature

NOAA, Weather Underground, iPhone apps,


etc.
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and
Air-Conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE.org
Solar America Board for Codes and Standards,
SolarABCs.org

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

25

Experiment
Measure temperature on typical residential Rooftop in
Phoenix Arizona

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

26

Thermalcouples Mounted

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

27

Data Collected

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

28

Temperature Results

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

29

Conclusions

Temperature affects PV Power and Voc


ASHRAE data is referenced in the NEC as a
reliable source for historical temperature data
Temperature on the roof determines conductor
ampacity, use the Code
Temperature under the PV module is not as
hot as you might think

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

30

Questions

2008-2012 Enphase Energy | Confidential

31

Experience Enphase

2008-2012 Enphase Energy

32

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