History Exam

Sovereignty Association:

Rene Levesque was behind the Sovereignty Association.

Quebec would forge a new partnership with Canada and would maintain major
economic institutions such as Canadian accuracy, banking systems, and Canada
free trade agreements.
The new nation could make its own laws and charge its own taxes and have its
own citizenship and immigration policies.
*Cold War:

After WW2 the word divided into two camps, the worlds communist states led
by the soviet union (Warsaw pact) against the worlds democratic states led by
the U.S(NATO).
The cold war began with an intense arms race that threatened world peace.

The Canadian Constitution:

Trudeau first started a constitutional campaign in 1971 , deal collapsed when
Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa withdrew his support after being criticised by
the Quebec media
In September of 1980, constitutional talks began once again
When the talks broke down with the 10 provinces, Trudeau announced the
Federal government would go on its own to the British Parliament to bring home
the constitution
Provinces fought Trudeaus decision and took it to the Supreme Court , the
Supreme Court approved Trudeau but he had to negotiate a settlement with the
Provincial Premiers first
Issues included language rights, natural resources, gender equality, provincial
rights
On November 1981, 9 of 10 Provinces agreed on the deal because of the
Notwithstanding clause
Aboriginals were not included in the original constitution but were added in later
when they asked for it
The constitution act was officially signed on April 17 th 1982 by Queen Elizabeth
on Parliament Hill
CCF/NDP:

CCF Co-operative Commonwealth Federation

Led by Winnipeg MP J.S Woodsworth, the CCF rejected both capitalism and
revolutionary communism in favour of democratic socialism
Were established in Western Canada during the depression
Later on known as the NDP

National Energy Program (NEP):

Trudeaus idea to ensure greater control of energy sources

the oil-rich in Alberta is a economic boom
NEP's 3 main goals:

50% ownership of Canadian oil and gas industry

Make Canada self sufficient
Taxing oil production
The government froze the price of oil so it was equal everywhere

Just Society:

Was Pierre Trudeaus vision of creating a country based on principles of freedom,

equality, and compassion
Trudeau envisioned all Canadians would have equal opportunity in the Just
Society
Just Society covered womans right, aboriginal peoples, refugees, immigrants,
homosexuals

CIDA:

Trudeau created Canadian International Development Agency in 1968

He did this to support an aid with money supplies and humanitarian aid during
earth quakes flood hurricanes and strikes
CIDA sponsored medical, personal, teachers, farmers, engineers, technians, to
help in third world countries
Due to CIDA Canada became the 5th largest donor country

The Third Option:

Trudeau wanted to create a more independent relationship with America

They wanted a close relationship with American but also wanted a close
relationship with other countries; for example the Peoples Republic of China
They built a new relationship with China which was mostly a trading relationship
China was Canadas fourth largest trading partner

U.N United Nations:

It was developed after WW2 to secure world peace in 1945

It consists of Canada, United States, and Britain
United Nations 4 main goals: To bring Security to avoid war, Encourage
cooperation among countries, improve living conditions around the world,
defend human rights
There first job for the U.N was to create the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights which was made by a law professor John Humphrey who was the head of
the division
Another job for the U.N was provide aid for the people who lost their homes
during the war or the people that left their home due to the Nazis this made
the U.N make the IRO
IRO: International Refugee Organization
Due to the IRO Canada dropped refugee policies and allowed entrance for
refugees

John Humphrey:

He was a Canadian Law Professor

He was the head of the U.N division for Human Rights
Wrote the Draft of what is the most important human rights document

Super Powers:

A country with great political influence and a powerful military such as the
United States and the Soviet Union

Clarity Act:

The act gave the federal government a say on a referendum question

Referendum: A vote on a specific government asked by the government in
which all eligible citizens could participate
It made sure any referendum results had to be seen at the house of commons
for a debate and a universal declaration of independence
This comforted many Canadians except the population of Quebec
Quebec rejected the clarity Act
Jack Paros suggested that party Quebecois should do the job instead of the
house of commons

Quebecs language law:

Trudeau wanted a new relationship with French and English Canada

When the Royale Commission issues its report, the commission made three
major recommendations: Make services of Federal Government more widely
available in French across the country, open the federal civil service equally to
French and English Canadians, improve and expand the teaching of French as a
second language
Trudeau introduced the Official Language s Act in 1969 which gave equal status
to the French and English languages and made Canada an official bilingual
country
Premier Bourassa passed Bill 22 in Quebec making French the only official
language in Quebec
All official documents and contracts were written in French, Businesses
communicate with their employees in French, all public signs be in French,
students be educated in another language only if they were fluent in French
English Canadians thought this Bill went too far while Quebec Nationalists
thought it wasnt enough
In 1977 under Rene Levesques new separatist government Bill 101 was
introduced ( known as Charter of the French Language )
Bill 101 added to Bill 22 by adding more regulations, with few expectations it
effectively banned the use of English in government and business in the
province
Also introduced strict measures to enforce the new laws and failure to comply
resulted in to $500 fines and $2000 fines for businesss
Many Canadians in and outside of Quebec protested Bill 101 as a violation of
human rights and many businesss left Montreal and moved their offices to
Toronto
In 1984, the Supreme court of Canada struck down on the clause
Bill 101 highlights were: Education: All Students had to attend French-language
schools unless at least one parent had been educated in an English School in
Quebec, Business: All commercial outside signs had to be in French only.
Workers could not be forced to speak any language other than French,
Government: French was the only official language in Quebec, All laws of the
province were in French

Canadas Trading Partners:

Canadas main trading partners are the United States, Mexico, and China

Mexico and the U.S because of the free trade agreement

Pacific Rim

Residential Schools:

Were designed to separate first Nations children from their families so they
could be more easily assimilated.
Children ages 7-15 were removed from their homes and forced to live in
dormitories far away from their communities
It was a boarding school for Aboriginal children, often operated by a religious
group in cooperation with the federal government
When children went to these schools they were given new names, new
uniforms, and European style haircuts
There were many strict rules

Multiculturalism:

Trudeau envisioned a country in which many different cultures would not only
live together peacefully but also maintain their cultural identities

In 1971 he officially recognised the diverse nature of Canada by adopting

multiculturalism as an official government policy first country to do so

The government had 4 basic objectives:

to assist groups to carry on their own cultural practices and activities,

to assist cultural groups to overcome any barriers to their participation in

an aspect of Canadian life,
to promote relations between all cultural groups,
to help immigrants learn either French or English to become full participates
in Canadian society

It demonstrated that the government formally recognised the rights and

distinct identities of many different cultures , all of which call Canada home

The multiculturalism policy ensure equality in Canada and that everyone would
get the same opportunity

It differentiated us from the US. Canada = Cultural Mosaic

US = Melting Pot

Somalia Peace Keeping Mission:

In 1990, clans in Somalia overthrew the government and got in a violent civil
war with one another for control over the country
The United Nations created the peace keeping mission calling it Operation
Restore Hope
Its goal was to end the civil war by disarming warring groups and proving relief
and humanitarian aid to Somalis
900 Canadian soldiers were sent on April 1992 to join an effort including 30 000
forces from 20 different Nations
There wasnt much organization in Somalia, as the no nation really represented
the United Nations and with so many different clans fighting, there was no
stable local organizing force
The mission ended in failure in 1995

For Canada, the mission tarnished Canadian peace keeps as questionable

photos of Canadian soldiers were revealed in which they were killing a number
of Somalis in uncertain circumstances
One Canadian soldier was convicted and sentenced to prison which later
became known as the Somalia affair

Wage & Price Controls:

Conservative leader Robert Stanfield introduced this but lost the election

He introduced this to slow down the rising of prices and unemployment

In 1975 Trudeau adopted the wage and price control

This made many Canadians mad because since the economy was not good at
the time, it increased prices and unemployment at the time

This led to a big strike because lots of people lost their jobs and wages werent
increasing

Robert Stanfields intention was to decrease these things but Trudeaus was to
set economic targets

Mackenzie King:

Prime Minister during WW2, longest serving Prime Minister

Family was devoted to the Nation

Part of the Liberal Party, and became P.M 1935

Reduced British influence on Canada

Warsaw pact:

The Warsaw pact which was led by the Soviet Union included communist states
of the world like: Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary
Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia

The Warsaw pact was created in 1955 it rivalled with NATO which were the
democratic states of the world led by the U.S

The Warsaw pact disbanded in 1980 with the fall of the Soviet Union

The White Paper:

Trudeaus government in 1969

To give aboriginals more equality

White paper: abolish Indian act, terminating treaties eliminate department of

Indian affairs, transfer responsibility to province

The White Paper angered Aboriginal people as they felt the government was
trying to assimilate them and deny them their basic rights

The Red paper created as a counter proposal & white paper failed

Patronage Appointments:

John Turner became the new Prime Minister when Pierre Trudeau retired in 1984
Patronage Act of appointing people to government jobs as a renewal for past
political support

Was a bad choice and he had to apologise to the public

This resulted in a Liberal Defeat in the election

Tommy Douglas:

Was father of universal Medicare in Canada

Was Premier of Saskatchewan where he won 6 straight majorities

Also leader of NDP party

Won the greatest Canadian on CBC

Led first Socialist government in North America

In 1947 Douglas took first steps to Universal health care by introducing public
hospital insurance in Saskatchewan

For $5 a year, every person in the province would receive hospital care
whenever it was needed

In 1966 Pearson introduced national health care for every Canadian

FIRA (Foreign Investment Review Agency) :

Introduced with the Trudeau government in 1973

Approve foreign takeovers of Canadian companies and screen the creation of
foreign owned companies in Canada
Mulroney replaced FIRA with Investment Canada in 1984
Made to control foreign investment

Jeanne Sauve:
Known as a woman of firsts
In 1972 1/5 woman elected to H.O.C
First woman to become a Federal Minister(Minister of Science & Tech)
Minister of Environment (1974-1975)
Minister of Communications (1975-1979)
1980-1983 first female speaker H.O.C
Focused on peace, national unity and youth
Arctic Sovereignty:

Canada said they owned the Northwest Part, there for they owned the Arctic
When the U.S ship passed through they disagreed that Canada owned the Arctic
and denied to ask permission to pass by
The Inuit say the arctic is their land as they have lived there for 1000s of years
Its still an on-going discussion

Diplomatic and Military changes under Trudeau:

No longer use of Nuclear weapons

Withdrew %50 from NATO, contribute less money
1984 removes nuclear weapons from military
Built economic ties with foreign countries like China

Avro Arrow:

Top of the line Military Jets, it was $12 million project

Project was expensive and other countries were interested in buying the jets

P.M Diefenbaker cancelled the project and agreed to buy American made
Bomarc defence nuclear missiles instead

Due to this 14 000 people lost their jobs

This was extremely controversial and many people were angry at Diefenbaker
for doing so

Gouzenko Affair:

Russian defector Igor Gouzenko

Gathered documents of spy ring which he bargained for asylum

Canadians were shocked as they now discovered there were Soviet Spies in
Canada

This incident caused communism paranoia all across Canada and North
America

Technological Warfare during the Cold War:

Nuclear weapons, such as the atom bomb and the hydrogen bomb

Weapons now more powerful

The Baby Boom:

The baby boom was a major demographic change after WWII

Before the baby boom, marriages were postponed because of war.

Family bonuses encouraged more babies

By 1956 children under the age of 5 made up 12.4% of the population

1945-1961 School enrolment doubles

Changing economy, higher expectations for students and better education for
job positions

Newfoundland:

After WW2, Newfoundland joined confederation as the 10 th province of

Canada(in 1949)

On July 22 1948, Confederation won in the Newfoundland Referendum

Joey Smallwood advocated the idea of bringing Newfoundland into the

confederation, in 1949 he became Newfoundlands first premier

Canada wanted NFL for its natural resources and strategic location on the
Atlantic Ocean

Due to the cold war and arms race, this made Canada want NFL even more

Small NFL business were wiped out by Canadian companies

Due to NFL now being part of Canada, international trade in the area would
improve

Suburbs:

Home ownership was more accessible where housing was on outskirts of town
on afford-able land
Suburbs would create stereotypical image of family
Initially, the new suburbs lacked shopping areas, restaurants, theatres, and
recreational facilities
In suburbs T.V started to replace many traditional family activities
Eventually supermarkets, department stores and shopping malls came to the
suburbs

GST:

Mulroney set out Goods and Service Tax

Applied at a rate of 7% purchase lower than the 13.5% before
Tax applied to almost all goods and services
The public disliked this and senators disapproved
Mulroney used a controversial method to get the Bill passed, he asked the
queen to appoint eight extra senators, which gave the progressive
conservatives a majority in the Senate and ensured a favourable vote on the
GST
Bill managed to get passed and came in effect on January 1 st 1991
The GST was the main reason the Conservatives lost the next Federal Election
Change in tax was supposed to be revenue neutral , supposed to provide the
government with the same tax revenue and consumers with lower prices
Consumers thought they were paying more and prices did not decline

The Indian Act:

Faced with Aboriginal activism, the government in 1947 announced plans to

review and revise the Indian Act
Revision gave First Nations more financial and internal control over their affairs (
freedom to more reserves, restored rights to aboriginal people to practice their
dance and celebrations
Overall act remained means of controlling First Nations
( Residential schools, discriminated against First Nations women by stripping
them of their legal status if they married non First Nations or Non-status men,
First Nations were still not allowed to vote
Goal of the Indian Act remained the same, to assimilate Aboriginal cultures in
Canada

Cod Fishing:

Cod fishing was the foundation of NFLs economy

In 1992 , John Crosby announced 2 year temporary stop to cod fishing because
Canadian and Foreign vessels over fished and cod was disappearing
This was devastating for Newfoundlands economy
There was a direct loss of 40 000 jobs
The government provided a $5 billion aid package for those affected

The NFL government started to rebuild their economy with different ways like
tourism, oil and gas development, and film industry

The Auto Pact:

The 1950s and 1960s were boom years for Canadas automobile industry
Economic relations between Canada and the U.S were better than political
relations
By late 1960s most Canadian automakers started to disappear while others
were being bought out by American companies , Canadians were paying about
30% more for the same car and there were barriers like tariffs
In 1965, the Liberal government signed an agreement with the U.S : The auto
pact, this eliminated tariffs in the auto industry
This deal proved to be good for Canada has employment in the auto industry
rose by 27% and new investment was up by $500 million and exports to the U.S
increased

The Canadian Flag:

In 1964, Canadians became embroiled in a long and bitter debate over a new
national flag
The red ensign consisting of the Union Jack on the top corner and Canadas coat
of arms was Canadas unofficial flag prior
Pearson unveiled his proposal: a cluster of three red maple leaves on a white
background with blue bars one either side
Diefenbaker demanded Britain to be represented in the new flag
The debate went on for 6 months in the House of Commons , a committee of
members from all parties took on the task of finding an acceptable design
They chose a red maple leaf on white background with red bars on each side,
Diefenbaker was still pissed and launched a file buster that brought the house
of commons to a stand still
In the end there was a vote and 163 were with the new design and 78 against,
on February 15th 1965, Canadas new flag was officially made

FLQ (Front de Liberation de Quebec) :

Groups of extreme separatist in Quebec

October 5th 1970, they kidnapped James Cross, Britains trade commissioner
Later abducted Quebecs labour Minister Pierre Laporte
FLQ would commit terrorist acts in effort to earn sovereignty for Quebec
Because of the FLQ Trudeau put the War Measures Act in to effect
Laporte was murdered and Cross was later found safely

The Summit Series:

Was a hockey series between Canada and the Soviet Union in 1972 , both teams
were known as the best hockey nations in the world
After the 4 games played in Canada, the Canadian team had 1 win 1 tie and 2
losses
On September 28th , the final game was played in Russia, schools closed early
and businesss closed early in Canada
Canada won the final game due to late game heroics of Paul Henderson giving
Canada the lead with 34 seconds left
After the series, the NHL opened its doors to Soviet and Eastern European
players

Notwithstanding Clause:

Section 33 of Charters Rights and Freedoms, which allows parliament or a

provincial government to declare a l aw valid even though the law may violate
some of the rights protected in the Charter

The Charlottetown Accord:

Many people in Quebec saw the defeat of the Meech Lake Accord as a rejection
to the province by the rest of the country, now 2/3 of people were in favour of
independence in Quebec
Charlottetown Accord included proposed changes to the Canadian Constitution
such as:
Social and economic issues ; Canadians would be guaranteed programs that
protected their universal health-care system reasonable access to housing and
food, publicly funded education, workers right, and the environment
The Senate. A triple E (equal, elected, and effective) Senate would be
introduced replacing the appointed Senate. It included provisions for equal
provincial representation in an elected Senate, with special seats reserved for
aboriginal representation
Quebec. The province would be recognised as a distinct society with its own
language culture and civil law tradition. It would be guaranteed at least a 25
percent representation in the House of Commons
Minority Rights: The language rights of English-speaking communities in Quebec
and French speaking communities in the rest of Canada would be protected
Aboriginal Rights: The right to self-government for aboriginal nations was
accepted and recognized as one of the three orders of government along with
Ottawa and the provinces

The Shamrock Summit:

In March of 1985, U.S President Ronald Reagan visited Canada for the first time
since Mulroney came in power
This was known as the Shamrock summit
During the meetings P.M and Presidents agreed some shared military defence
programs, including involvement for Canada in the creation of Reagans
proposed strategic Defence Initiative
They also set the storage for the Free Trade Agreement negotiations that were
soon to follow
Most memorable event for the summit happened on March 17 th (St. Patricks
Day) When Mulroney, Reagan and their wives stand with each other and sung
When Irish Eyes Are Smiling

OKA:

Oka is located in Montreal (small town)

OKA announced on April 1989, a local golf course would be expanded from 9 to
18 holes
The land that would be used to expand the course was an believed to be an
ancient sacred burial ground by the Six Nations Mohawk
Over 200 Six Nations Mohawk people came out to protest the expansion

The protests began to turn violent as Mohawk Warriors came and set up
blockades
After one police officer was killed, 2500 Canadian military troops were brought
in to fix the situation
In the end the Mulroney government bought the land and gave it to the Six
Nations Mohawk

The Marshall Plan:

After WW2, The U.S was determined to fight the spread of communism in
Europe by re-building the war-ravaged economies of Western Europe
In 1947, the U.S introduced the Marshall Plan, Canada contributed $706 million
in goods to war-torn countries in Western Europe
Between 1948-1953, Canada and the U.S had shipped $13.5 billion worth of
supplies to 16 European countries
The effort succeeded in rapidly rebuilding the economies of Western Europe and
prevented more spread of Communism

Greenpeace:
Greenpeace
DDT= pesticide was harming fish and bird population, so Trudeau stopped the
usage of insect sides
the US would test nuclear weapons on the Atlantic Ocean on the North Pacific
and this was bother people and harming the environment, therefore a group
called Greenpeace full of environmentalists formed to take action.
They set out on the water with a leaky fish boat, and wanted to challenge the
US to blow that up. But there was a storm that day and they could not go. This
raised a lot of concerns as people saw the wrongs, and so much so that the
states stopped practicing nuclear bombs in North Pacific. the arctic was being
polluted so
Canada put a law that no one could dump their garbage in a certain radius of
the arctic to Canada, the US thought this was not fair as the arctic was
international
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) :
In 1947, Canada joined 22 other countries in the GATT
This agreement would reduce tariffs and stimulate world trade
In the agreement, if one nation gave trading privileges to one country in the
agreement, it had to give it to all the countries
Canada joined the Agreement so it could make more trading partners and have
less dependence on the United States
Thanks to GATT Canadas economy continued to grow
Branch Plants:

A factory or business owned and controlled by a larger company that is based in

a foreign country ( DEF )
like Alcan is owned by Alcoa, but they changed the name so more Canadians
would buy their products

Maurice Duplessis

A lawyer who sensed the new political opportunity at hand.

He joined forces with a group of rebellious Liberals to form the Union

Nationale.

In the election campaign in 1936, he promised to defend French language,

religion, and culture against English Business interests. His campaign strategy
worked

In 1948, he created the Quebec flag, the fleur-de-lys.

In 1954, he introduced a provincial income tax system

Also, the Duplessis government passed the Padlock Law which was to give the
authorities the power to enter any public or private building to search for and
seize communist propaganda.

Counter Culture:

A sub culture with values and lifestyles that are in oppositions to the
conventions of the dominant culture

It was reflected in the music of the 1960s generation

Canadian folk music had become alive and it expressed the protests, fears,
and hopes of the younger generation.

It gave Canadians their identity and expressed hope for solutions to society
problems.

AS the 1960s progressed, the counter culture would leave its imprint on
North American society.

NORAD:

North American Air Defence Agreement.

Under this agreement, each country maintained its own independent air force.

In 1958, the agreement was signed.

Both countries the U.S and Canada would be joint under control.

Western Alienation:

In the 1970s feelings of alienation were raised in the West.

On election night in February 18, 1980, westerners feelings of powerlessness

seemed to be confirmed.

Megaprojects:

Three of the biggest and most expensive megaprojects in history which had a
significant impact on Canadian society were the Trans-Canada Highway, the
Trans-Canada Pipeline, and the St. Lawrence Sea way. Also, some huge
hydroelectric power projects were being made.

The Trans-Canada Highway was there to create a post war employment.

The highway would provide a continuous link from St. Johns, Newfoundland,
to Victoria, British Columbia, of over 8000 kilometres of hard surfaced two
lane road.

In 1966, the entire route was paved from coast to coast.

The route of the Trans-Canada Pipeline was from Alberta across Canada north
of Lake Superior and ending in Montreal.

When the pipeline reached Ontario, more money was needed to complete the
project.

The government would release a bill that would provide financing for the rest
of the pipeline.

The bill was passed very quickly

The Americans had joined Canada of constructing the St. Lawrence Sea way.

Constructing began in 1955.

It opened in June 1959 and now both of the countries could harness the power
of the rapids to generate hydroelectric power.

Acronyms:
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement
FIRA: Foreign Investment Review Agency
NORAD: North American Aerospace Defence Command
GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

UN: United Nations

GST: Goods Service Tax
NDP: New Democratic Party