MINE VENTILATION

Specific gravity of G ases:

H2

0.070

CO

0.972

CO2

1.529

CH4

0.559

NO

1.037

N2O

1.530

NH3

0.590

O2

1.105

SO2

2.264

N2

0.967

H2S

1.175

Damps:
Firedamp

CH4 = 80 96 % ; N 2 = 10 20 % ; Higher Hydrocarbons = 5% ; CO2 = 3 5 %

Blackdamp

CO2 = 13 % ; N 2 = 87 %

Afterdamp

Residual Air = 30 50 % ; N2 = 44 58 % ; CO2 = 4 8 % ; CO = 2 4 %

Stinkdamp

H2S

Permissible Concentrations:
CH4

< 0.75 % in General body of return air

< 1.25 % in any part of mine

CO2

< 0.5 % ( 5000 ppm)

CO

< 0.005 % (50 ppm)

NOx

< 0.0005 % ( 5 ppm)

O2

>19 %

H2S

< 0.001 % (10 ppm)

SO2

< 0.0005 % ( 5 ppm)

Degree of G assiness of a Coal Seam:

Degree of G assiness
I
II
III

% of Inflammable gas in general

body of return air

Rate of emission of Methane

m3/t of coal

< 0.1
> 0.1

<1
1 10
> 10

Limits of explosibility of a mixture of combustible gases:

100

Diameter of Square duct:

D=
Where,

A = area of the duct (m 2)

P = perimeter of the duct (m)

Distance required for turbulent mixing of methane and air:

=
Where,

22

L = distance from source of gas (m)

f = dimensionless resistance co-efficient

r = radius of the duct (m)

Methane layering number:

=

24

Where,
= density of air (kg/m3)

= average velocity of air (m/s)

Q = quantity of methane emitted (m3/s)
W = width of airway (m)
2

g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s )

= density of methane (kg/m 3)

c

= percentage of CH4 (%)

= cross section area of measuring station (m2)

Grahams ratio:
Grahams Ratio =

0.1 0.5 % : Normal coal fire

1%

: Spontaneous heating

2%

: Heating in advanced stage approaching active fire

3 % or more : Active fire

Reynolds Number:

The flow is laminar if Re 2000 and turbu lent if Re 2000

Where,
V = velocity of flow (m/s)

= viscosity of the air

D = diameter of the duct (m)

= kinematic viscosity

= density of air (kg/m )

Pressure drop in mine airway:

=

=
=

=
=

64

0.316

8
2000)

> 2000)

Where,
L = length of the flow (m)

Q = flow through the airway (m3/s)

V = velocity of flow (m/s)

R = resistance of the path

D = diameter of the duct (m)

k = co-efficient of friction

P = perimeter of the duct (m)

f = Darcy-Weisbach resistance co-efficient

2

= density of air (kg/m3)

A = cross sectional area of the duct (m )

S = Area of the rubbing surface (m 2)

Shock loss:
=
Where,

X = Shock factor
= density of air (kg/m3)
P v = velocity pressure (Pa)

Co-efficient of contraction:

=
Where,

Z = contraction factor
=

= ratio of contraction

= ratio of expansion

Equivalent orifice:
1.2

=
Where,

1.2

Q = quantity of air flow (m 3/s)

P = pressure of air flow (Pa)
R = resistance to air flow

Natural ventilation pressure:

= (

) =

287 .1

0.378

287 .1

Where,
D = depth of the shaft (m)

e = average vapour pressure of moisture (Pa)

3

T = mean temperature (K)

g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

= density of air in D.C. shaft (kg/m )

= density of air in U.C. shaft (kg/m )
B = Barometric pressure (Pa)

Head generated by Mine fan:

=
=2

cot

( / )

( )
=

( / )

Where,
n = speed of the impeller (rps)

B = width of impeller (m)

r = radius of the impeller (m)

Q = quantity of water flowing (m3/s)

Fan laws:

These relations are true for geometrica lly sim ilar impellers. i.e. the diameter and the width of the
impeller changes in the same proportion
Where,

n = speed of impeller
D = diameter of the impeller

Pitot Static Tube:

=
Where,

= velocity (m/s)
P v = velocity pressure (Pa)
= density of air (kg/m3)
K = correction factor (for standard design, K = 1)

Relative humidity calculation:

Relative Humidity = 100 7 * (DBT WBT)

for DBT > 25C

= 100 8 * (DBT WBT)

for 20C < DBT < 25C

= 100 9 * (DBT WBT)

for DBT < 20C

MINE ENVIRONMENT
DUST
Air pollution standards:

Pollutant

Time weighted average

Concentration in Ambient air

Ecologically Sensitive
Industrial, Residential,
area (Notified by Central
Rural and other areas
Govt)

Particulate Matter (Size

less than 10 m) or PM10

Annual

60 g/m3

60 g/m3

24 Hours

100 g/m3

100 g/m3

Particulate Matter (Size

less than 2.5 m) or P M2.5

Annual

40 g/m3

40 g/m3

24 Hours

60 g/m3

60 g/m3

Annual

50 g/m3

20 g/m3

24 Hours

80 g/m3

80 g/m3

Annual

40 g/m3

30 g/m3

24 Hours

80 g/m3

80 g/m3

8 Hours

2 mg/m3

2 mg/m3

1 Hour

4 mg/m3

4 mg/m3

8 Hours

100 g/m3

100 g/m3

1 Hour

180 g/m3

180 g/m3

Annual

0.5 g/m3

0.5 g/m3

24 Hours

1.0 g/m3

1.0 g/m3

Annual

100 g/m3

100 g/m3

24 Hours

400 g/m3

400 g/m3

Sulphur Dioxide

Oxides of Nitrogen

CO

Ozone

Lead

Ammonia

Annual Measurement : 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval
24 Hours or 8 Hours or 1 Hour: These values shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year and 2% of the
time, that may exceed the limit but not on two consecutive days of measurement

Control Devices:
Gravity Settler:
=

18

Where,

= density of particulate matter

D = diameter of the particulate matter

= coefficient of viscosity

W = width of gravity settling chamber

H = height of gravity settling chamber

V avg = Horizontal velocity of

the gas in the chamber

= length of gravity settling chamber

Electrostatic precipitator (Deutsche Anderson Equation):

= 1 exp
Where,

V t = terminal settling velocity of the particulate matter

A = area of cross section of the plates
Q = rate of flow of polluted gas

Cyclone separator:
=

Where,

9
2

= density of particulate matter

H = height of the inlet

= coefficient of viscosity

Vc = centrifugal velocity

D = diameter of particulate matter

Wi = width of the inlet

N = effective number of turns gas makes in

traversing the cyclone

Dimensions in terms of D0 :
Wi = 0.25;

H = 0.5;

H1 = 2;

H2 = 2;

De = 0.5;

S = 0.625;

Dd = 0.25

SOUND
Pressure, Power and Intensity Levels:
= 20 log

= 10 log

= 10 log

Where,

)
)

SPL = Sound Pressure Level

Wref = 10-12 (W)

= RMS Sound pressure (Pa)

= sound intensity of interest (W/m2)

Iref = 10-12 (W/m2)

P 0 = reference pressure (Pa)

W = acoustic power (W)
Equivalent noise level:
= 10 log

Where,

10

Leq = equivalent sound pressure level

Li = sound pressure level for the time duration of ti

Day-Night Equivalent noise levels:

Where,

16

10

10 (
24
24
Ld = day equivalent noise levels (6 AM to 10 PM)
= 10 log

( ) )

Ln = night equivalent noise levels (10 P M to 6 A M)

Frequency spectrum:
= 2
=
Where,

k=1

for 1/1 octave bands,

f c = central frequency
Sound wave propagation:
Point source:

1/3 for 1/3 octave bands

and so on

20 log ( ) 11 (

= 20 [ log( ) log( )] (

= 10 [ log( ) log( )] (

Line source:

Where,

Lw = sound power level of the point source

Lp = sound pressure level of the point source at a radial distance of r from the source

Sound limits:

Area Code
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Leq limits ( dB(A) )

Category of Are a/Zone

Day
75
65
55
50

Industrial area
Commercial area
Residential area
Silence zone

Night
70
55
45
40

Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):

=
Where,

(1 10

BODt = BOD at any time t (mg/L)

BODL = ultimate BOD (mg/L)
k

= a constant representing the rate of the BOD reaction

= time (day)

Coal mine discharge:

Parameters
pH
Total suspended solids
Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Oil & Grease (O&G)

Maximum permissible value

5.5 9.0
100 mg/L (200 mg/L in case of discharge into
land for irrigation)
30 mg/L
250 mg/L
10 mg/L

ILLUMINATION
Illumination standards:
Opencast Mines:

Location
Operational area of draglines and shovels
Operational area of drills
Operators cabin of Shovel, Dragline, Drill
etc.
Dumper haul road
Overburden dumps and coal dumps
Roadways and footpaths from bench to
bench
Coal handling plant, workshop and service
buildings

Minimum Illumination
(Lux)
5
10
10

Level in which illumination

is to be provided
Horizontal
Vertical
Vertical

30
0.5 3.0
3

Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal

As per the BIS spe cification

Underground Mines:

Place
Pit bottom
Main junctions
Roadways
Haulage engines, control gear and
haulage drum

Minimum average illumination level

(lumens per sq.ft.)
1.5 3.0
1.25
0.4
1.5

MINE SURVEYING
Correction Factors:
Correction for slope, Cs =
Where,

= (1 cos )

L = measured length (m)

= angle of the slope

H = level difference (m)

Correction for temperature, Ct = (
Where,

(m)

= co-efficient of thermal expansion

L = measured length (m)
Tm = mean temperature during measurement (K)
To = temperature at which the tape is standardized (K)

Correction for pull, Cp =

Where,

(m)

P = pull applied during measurement (N)
P 0 = pull under which the tape w as standardized (N)
A = cross sectional area of the tape (m 2)
E = Modulus of elasticity of the tape (N/m 2)
L = measure length (m)

Correction for sag, Cs =

Where,

( )

(m)

L = the distance between the supports (m)
M = mass of the tape between the two consecutive span (kg)
P = applied pull (N)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
TRAVERSING

Theodolite:
Magnifying Pow er of lens =

=
1

Where,

f = focal length of the lens

f 1 = distance between the lens and the object
f 2 = distance between the lens and the image

Permissible Linear Error:

=
Where,

1000

1 +

( )

12

P = perimeter of the traverse (m)

N = number of sides of the traverse
e = permissible error per angle (depends on the theodolite. Usually 1)

Permissible Angular error:

=
Where,

L = least count of the theodolite (generally 20 or 1)

N = number of sides

Close traverse survey:

=

cos

= sin

Where,

= ( cos ) + ( sin )

= = tan

cos

= bearing of the line of length L

Areas of irregular boundaries:

Mid-Ordinate Rule:
=

+ +

( 1)

Average Ordinate Rule:

=

( + + + )

( 1)

Trapezoidal Rule:
=

( + 2 + 2 + )
2 ( 1)

( 1)

Simpsons Rule:
=

Where,

( + ) + 4 ( + ) + 2 ( + )

3
O1 , O2 = ordinates at the mid-points of each division

h1 , h2 = ordinates at each of the points of division

n

= number of equal divisions of the base line

= common distance between the ordinates

Levelling:
=
Where,

)+(

= level difference between A and B

a1 , a2 = staff readings at A measuring from two stations respectively

b1 , b2 = staff readings at B measuring from two stations respectively
Correction for Curvature of earth:
=

Correction for refraction:

=

Where,

D = measured distance
R = radius of earth = 6371 km

Tacheometric Survey:
Case 1: Line of sight is horizontal and staff is held vertical
D= m * S + c
V = H S3
Case 2: Line of sight is inclined and staff is held vertical
D = m * S cos2 + c cos
V = H + m * S cos sin + c sin S3

14
6
=
7 2

Case 3: Line of sight is inclined and staff is normal to the line of sight
D = m * S cos + c cos + S3 sin
V = H + m * S cos sin + c sin S3 sin