Input Description

2-1
(5 December 2014)
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* Section 2 - Input Description *
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This section of the manual describes the input to

GAMESS. The section is written in a reference, rather than
tutorial fashion. However, there are frequent reminders
that more information can be found on a particular input
group, or type of calculation, in the 'Further Information'
section of this manual. Numerous complete input files are
shown in the 'Input Examples' section.
Note that this chapter of the manual can be searched
online by means of the "gmshelp" command, if your computer
runs Unix. A command such as
gmshelp scf
will display the $SCF input group. With no arguments, the
gmshelp command will show you all of the input group names.
Type "<return>" to see the next screen, "b" to back up to
the previous screen, and "q" to exit the pager. If gmshelp
does not work, ask the person who installed GAMESS to fix
the 'gmshelp' script, as it is extremely useful.
The order of this section is chosen to approximate the
order in which most people prepare their input ($CONTRL,
$BASIS/$DATA, $GUESS, and so on). The next few pages
contain a list of all possible input groups, grouped in
this way. The PDF version of this file contains an index
of all group names in alphabetical order.

Input Description

2-2
*

name
function
module:routine
-----------------------Molecule, basis set, wavefunction specification:
$CONTRL chemical control data
INPUTA:START
$SYSTEM computer related options
INPUTA:START
$BASIS
basis set
INPUTB:BASISS
$DATA
molecule, geometry, basis set
INPUTB:MOLE
$ZMAT
internal coordinates
ZMATRX:ZMATIN
$LIBE
linear bend coordinates
ZMATRX:LIBE
$SCF
HF-SCF wavefunction control
SCFLIB:SCFIN
$SCFMI
SCF-MI input control data
SCFMI :MIINP
$DFT
density functional theory
DFT
:DFTINP
$TDDFT
time-dependent DFT
TDDFT :TDDINP
$CIS
singly excited CI
CISGRD:CISINP
$CISVEC vectors for CIS
CISGRD:CISVRD
$MP2
2nd order Moller-Plesset
MP2
:MP2INP
$RIMP2
resolution of the identity MP2
RIMP2 :RIDRVR
$AUXBAS RI-MP2's basis set specification RIMP2 :RIDRVR
$CCINP
coupled cluster input
CCSDT :CCINP
$EOMINP equation of motion CC
EOMCC :EOMINP
$MOPAC
semi-empirical specification
MPCMOL:MOLDAT
$GUESS
initial orbital selection
GUESS :GUESMO
$VEC
orbitals
(formatted) GUESS :READMO
$MOFRZ
freezes MOs during SCF runs
EFPCOV:MFRZIN
$DFTB
DFTB input
DFTBLB:INPUT
$DFTBSK Slater-Koster table input
DFTBSK:SKTAB
Note that MCSCF and CI input is listed below.
Potential energy surface options:
$STATPT
$TRUDGE
$TRURST
$FORCE
$CPHF
$CPMCHF
$MASS
$HESS
$GRAD
$DIPDR
$ALPDR
$VIB
$VIB2
$VSCF
$VIBSCF
$GAMMA
$EQGEOM

geometry search control

nongradient optimization
restart data for TRUDGE
hessian, normal coordinates
coupled-Hartree-Fock options
coupled-MR-Hartree-Fock options
isotope selection
force constant matrix (formatted)
gradient vector
(formatted)
dipole deriv. matrix (formatted)
alpha polar. der. (formatted)
HESSIAN restart data (formatted)
num GRAD/HESS restart (formatted)
vibrational anharmonicity
VSCF restart data (formatted)
3rd nuclear derivatives
equilibrium geometry data

STATPT:SETSIG
TRUDGE:TRUINP
TRUDGE:TRUDGX
HESS :HESSX
CPHF :CPINP
MCPCGX:MCPCGX
VIBANL:RAMS
HESS :FCMIN
HESS :EGIN
HESS :DDMIN
RAMAN :ADMIN
HESS :HSSNUM
HESS :HSSFUL
VSCF :VSCFIN
VSCF :VGRID
HESS :GAMMXX
HESS :FFCARX

Input Description
$HLOWT
$GLOWT
$IRC
$DRC
$MEX
$CONICL
$MD
$RDF
$GLOBOP
$GLBFRG
$GRADEX
$SURF

hessian data from equilibrium

3rd derivatives at equilibrium
intrinsic reaction coordinate
dynamic reaction path
minimum energy crossing point
conical intersection search
molecular dynamics trajectory
radial dist. functions for MD
Monte Carlo global optimization
Monte Carlo atom groups
gradient extremal path
potential surface scan

2-3
HESS :FFCARX
HESS :FFCARX
RXNCRD:IRCX
DRC
:DRCDRV
MEXING:MEXINP
MDEFP :MDX
MDEFP :RDFX
GLOBOP:GLOPDR
GLOBOP:GLOPDR
GRADEX:GRXSET
SURF :SRFINP

Interpretation, properties:
$LOCAL
$TRUNCN
$ELMOM
$ELPOT
$ELDENS
$ELFLDG
$POINTS
$GRID
$PDC
$MGC
$RADIAL
$MOLGRF
$STONE
$COMP
$RAMAN
$NMR
$MOROKM
$LMOEDA
$QMEFP
$FFCALC
$TDHF
$TDHFX

localized molecular orbitals

localized orbital truncations
electrostatic moments
electrostatic potential
electron density
electric field/gradient
property calculation points
property calculation mesh
MEP fitting mesh
mean gradient charges
atomic orbital radial data
orbital plots
distributed multipole analysis
thermochemical calculation
Raman intensity
NMR shielding tensors
Morokuma energy decomposition
LMO-based energy decomposition
QM/EFP energy decomposition
finite field polarizabilities
time dependent HF of NLO props
TDHF for NLO, Raman, hyperRaman

LOCAL :LMOINP
EFPCOV:TRNCIN
PRPLIB:INPELM
PRPLIB:INPELP
PRPLIB:INPELD
PRPLIB:INPELF
PRPLIB:INPPGS
PRPLIB:INPPGS
PRPLIB:INPPDC
PRPPOP:RADWFN
PARLEY:PLTMEM
PRPPOP:STNRD
COMP :COMPX
RAMAN :RAMANX
NMR
:NMRX
MOROKM:MOROIN
MOROKM:MMOEDIN
EFINP :QMEFPAX
FFIELD:FFLDX
TDHF :TDHFX
TDX:FINDTDHFX

Solvation models:
$EFRAG
use effective fragment potential
$FRAGNAME specifically named fragment pot.
$FRGRPL inter-fragment repulsion
$EWALD
Ewald sums for EFP electrostatics
$MAKEFP generate effective fragment pot.
$PRTEFP simplified EFP generation
$DAMP
EFP multipole screening fit
$DAMPGS initial guess screening params
$PCM
polarizable continuum model

EFINP :EFINP
EFINP :RDSTFR
EFINP :RDDFRL
EWALD :EWALDX
EFINP :EFPX
EFINP :PREFIN
CHGPEN:CGPINP
CHGPEN:CGPINP
PCM
:PCMINP

Input Description
$PCMGRD
$PCMCAV
$TESCAV
$NEWCAV
$IEFPCM
$PCMITR
$DISBS
$DISREP
$SVP
$SVPIRF
$COSGMS
$SCRF

PCM gradient control

PCM cavity generation
PCM cavity tesselation
PCM escaped charge cavity
PCM integral equation form. data
PCM iterative IEF input
PCM dispersion basis set
PCM dispersion/repulsion
Surface Volume Polarization model
reaction field points (formatted)
conductor-like screening model
self consistent reaction field

2-4
PCMCV2:PCMGIN
PCM
:MAKCAV
PCMCV2:TESIN
PCM
:DISREP
PCM
:IEFDAT
PCMIEF:ITIEFIN
PCMDIS:ENLBS
PCMVCH:MORETS
SVPINP:SVPINP
SVPINP:SVPIRF
COSMO :COSMIN
SCRF :ZRFINP

Integral, and integral modification options:

$ECP
$MCP
$RELWFN
$EFIELD
$INTGRL
$FMM
$TRANS

effective core potentials

model core potentials
scalar relativistic integrals
external electric field
2e- integrals
fast multipole method
integral transformation

ECPLIB:ECPPAR
MCPINP:MMPRED
INPUTB:RWFINP
PRPLIB:INPEF
INT2A :INTIN
QMFM :QFMMIN
TRANS :TRFIN

Fragment Molecular Orbital method:

$FMO
$FMOPRP
$FMOXYZ
$OPTFMO
$FMOHYB
$FMOBND
$FMOENM
$FMOEND
$OPTRST
$GDDI

define FMO fragments

FMO properties and convergers
atomic coordinates for FMO
input for special FMO optimizer
localized MO for FMO boundaries
FMO bond cleavage definition
monomer energies for FMO restart
dimer energies for FMO restart
OPTFMO restart data
group DDI definition

FMOIO :FMOMIN
FMOIO :FMOPIN
FMOIO :FMOXYZ
FMOGRD:OPTFMO
FMOIO :FMOLMO
FMOIO :FMOBON
FMOIO :EMINOU
FMOIO :EDIN
FMOGRD:RSTOPT
INPUTA:GDDINP

Polymer model:
$ELG

polymer elongation method

ELGLIB:ELGINP

Divide and conquer model:

$DANDC
$DCCORR
$SUBSCF
$SUBCOR
$MP2RES
$CCRES

DC SCF input
DC correlation method input
subsystem definition for SCF
subsystem definition for MP2/CC
restart data for DC-MP2
restart data for DC-CC

DCLIB
DCLIB
DCLIB
DCLIB
DCMP2
DCCC

:DCINP
:DCCRIN
:DFLCST
:DFLCST
:RDMPDC
:RDCCDC

Input Description

2-5

clusters in molecules
$CIMINP
$CIMATM
$CIMFRG

controls clusters in molecules

fine tune calculation level
fine tune atomic fragmentation

CIMINF:CIMINP
CIMINF:CIMINP
CIMINF:CIMPRT

quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics model:

$FFDATA
$FFPDB

QuanPol calculation for molecules QUANPO:QUANPOL

QuanPol calculation for proteins QUANPO:QUANPOL

MCSCF and CI wavefunctions, and their properties:

$CIINP
$DET
$CIDET
$GEN
$CIGEN
$ORMAS
$CEEIS
$CEDATA
$GCILST
$GMCPT
$PDET
$ADDDET
$REMDET
$SODET
$DRT
$CIDRT
$MCSCF
$MRMP
$DETPT
$MCQDPT
$EXCORR
$CASCI
$IVOORB
$CISORT
$GUGEM
$GUGDIA
$GUGDM
$GUGDM2
$LAGRAN
$TRFDM2
$DIABAT
$TRANST

control over CI calculation

determinant full CI for MCSCF
determinant full CI
determinant general CI for MCSCF
determinant general CI
determinant multiple active space
CI energy extrapolation
restart data for CEEIS
general MCSCF/CI determinant list
general MCSCF/CI determinant list
parent determinant list
add determinants to reference
remove determinants from ref.
determinant second order CI
GUGA distinct row table for MCSCF
GUGA CI (CSF) distinct row table
control over MCSCF calculation
MRPT selection
det. multireference pert. theory
CSF multireference pert. theory
interface to MPQC's R12 program
IVO-CASCI input
fine tuning of IVO-CASCI
GUGA CI integral sorting
GUGA CI Hamiltonian matrix
GUGA CI diagonalization
GUGA CI 1e- density matrix
GUGA CI 2e- density matrix
GUGA CI Lagrangian
GUGA CI 2e- density backtransform
diabatic states
transition moments, spin-orbit

GAMESS:WFNCI
ALDECI:DETINP
ALDECI:DETINP
ALGNCI:GCIINP
ALGNCI:GCIINP
ORMAS :FCINPT
CEEIS :CEEISIN
CEEIS :RDCEEIS
ALGNCI:GCIGEN
GMCPT :OSRDDAT
GMCPT :OSMKREF
GMCPT :OSMKREF
GMCPT :OSMKREF
FSODCI:SOCINP
GUGDRT:ORDORB
GUGDRT:ORDORB
MCSCF :MCSCF
MP2
:MRMPIN
DEMRPT:DMRINP
MCQDPT:MQREAD
EXCORR:GETEXC
IVOCAS:IVODRV
IVOCAS:ORBREAD
GUGSRT:GUGSRT
GUGEM :GUGAEM
GUGDGA:GUGADG
GUGDM :GUGADM
GUGDM2:GUG2DM
LAGRAN:CILGRN
TRFDM2:TRF2DM
DIAB:DIABINP
TRNSTN:TRNSTX

* this column is more useful to programmers than to users.

Input Description

$CONTRL

2-6

==========================================================

$CONTRL

group

(note:

only one "oh"!)

This group specifies the type of wavefunction, the type of

calculation, use of core potentials, spherical harmonics,
coordinate choices, and similar fundamental job options.
Because this is a very long input group, here is a short
list of its most important keywords:
SCFTYP, MPLEVL, CITYP, CCTYP, DFTTYP, TDDFT
RUNTYP, ICHARG, MULT, RELWFN/PP, NZVAR, ISPHER
SCFTYP

specifies the self-consistent field

wavefunction. You may choose from
= RHF

Restricted Hartree Fock calculation

(default)

= UHF

Unrestricted Hartree Fock calculation

= ROHF

Restricted open shell Hartree-Fock.

(high spin, see GVB for low spin)

= GVB

Generalized valence bond wavefunction,

or low spin ROHF. (needs $SCF input)

= MCSCF

Multiconfigurational SCF wavefunction

(this requires $DET or $DRT input)

= NONE

indicates a single point computation,

rereading a converged SCF function.
This option requires that you select
CITYP=ALDET, ORMAS, FSOCI, GENCI, or
GUGA, requesting only RUNTYP=ENERGY or
TRANSITN, and using GUESS=MOREAD.

The treatment of electron correlation for the above SCF

wavefunctions is controlled by the keywords DFTTYP, VBTYP,
MPLEVL, CITYP, and CCTYP contained in this group. No more
than one of these may be chosen in a single run (except as
part of RUNTYP=SURFACE). Scalar relativistic effects may
be incorporated using RELWFN for any of these wavefunction
choices, correlated or not.

Input Description

$CONTRL

2-7

DFTTYP = NONE
= XXXXXX

ab initio computation (default)

perform density functional theory run,
using the functional specified. Many
choices for XXXXXX are listed in the
$DFT and $TDDFT input groups.

TDDFT

no excited states (default)

generate time-dependent DFT excitation
energies, using the DFTTYP= functional,
for RHF or UHF references. Analytic
nuclear gradients are available for RHF.
See $TDDFT.
spin-flip TD-DFT, for either UHF or ROHF
references. Nuclear gradients and
solvent effects are coded. See $TDDFT.
(hyper)polarizability calculation, for
RHF only. See $TDDFT.

= NONE
= EXCITE

= SPNFLP
= POL

* * * * *
VBTYP

= NONE
= VB2000

no valence bond calculation (default)

use the VB2000 program to generate VB
wavefunctions, for SCFTYP=RHF or ROHF.
Analytic nuclear gradients are not
available. A $VB2000 input group is
required. See
~/gamess/vb2000/DOC/readme.GAMESS
for info about $VB2000, and see also
http://www.scinetec.com/~vb
* * * * *

MPLEVL =
= 0
= 2

chooses Moller-Plesset perturbation

theory level, after the SCF. See $MP2,
or $MRMP for MCSCF.
skip the MP computation (default)
perform second order energy correction.

MP2 (a.k.a. MBPT(2)) is implemented for RHF, UHF, ROHF, and

MCSCF wavefunctions, but not GVB. Gradients are available
for RHF, UHF, or ROHF based MP2, but for MCSCF, you must
choose numerical derivatives to use any RUNTYP other than
ENERGY, TRUDGE, SURFACE, or FFIELD.

Input Description

$CONTRL

2-8

* * * * *
CITYP

=
= NONE
= CIS

= SFCIS
= ALDET
= ORMAS
= FSOCI
= GENCI
= GUGA

PMTD1

chooses CI computation after the SCF,

for any SCFTYP except UHF.
skips the CI. (default)
single excitations from a SCFTYP=RHF
reference, only. This is for excited
states, with analytic nuclear gradients
available. See the $CIS input group.
spin-flip style CIS, see $CIS input.
runs the Ames Laboratory determinant
full CI package, requiring $CIDET.
runs an Occupation Restricted Multiple
Active Space determinant CI. The input
is $CIDET and $ORMAS.
runs a full second order CI using
determinants, see $CIDET and $SODET.
runs a determinant CI program that
permits arbitrary specification of
the determinants, requiring $CIGEN.
runs the Unitary Group CI package,
which requires $CIDRT input. Analytic
gradients are available only for RHF,
so for other SCFTYPs, you may choose
only RUNTYP=ENERGY, TRUDGE, SURFACE,
FFIELD, TRANSITN.

= For CITYP=ALDET or ORMAS, or for these two CI

steps in MCSCF runs, for EFP solvent calculations,
this flag enables use of "polarization method 1"
for the effective fragments. See also FSTATE
in $CIDET or $DET
= .TRUE. The EFP dipoles will not be re-polarized
to the CITYP wavefunction (default)
= .FALSE. The EFP dipoles will be re-polarized
to the CITYP wavefunction
* * * * *

CCTYP

chooses a Coupled-Cluster (CC calculation for the

ground state and, optionally, Equation of Motion
Coupled-Cluster (EOMCC) computation for excited
states, both performed after the SCF (RHF or ROHF).
See also $CCINP and $EOMINP.

Input Description

$CONTRL

2-9

Only CCSD and CCSD(T) for RHF can run in parallel.

For ROHF, you may choose only CCSD and CR-CCL.
= NONE
= LCCD
= CCD
= CCSD
= CCSD(T)
= R-CC
= CR-CC
= CR-CCL

= CCSD(TQ)

= CR-CC(Q)

skips CC computation (default).

perform a coupled-cluster calculation
using the linearized coupled-cluster
method with double excitations.
perform a CC calculation using the
coupled-cluster method with doubles.
perform a CC calculation with both
single and double excitations.
in addition to CCSD, the non-iterative
triples corrections are computed, giving
standard CCSD[T] and CCSD(T) energies.
in addition to all CCSD(T) calculations,
compute the renormalized R-CCSD[T] and
R-CCSD(T) energies.
in addition to all R-CC calculations,
the completely renormalized CR-CCSD[T]
and CR-CCSD(T) energies are computed.
in addition to a CCSD ground state, the
non-iterative triples energy correction
defining the rigorously size extensive
completely renormalized CR-CC(2,3), also
called CR-CCSD(T)_L theory, is computed.
Ground state only (zero NSTATE vector)
CCTYP=CR-EOM type CR-EOMCCSD(T) energies
and CCSD properties are also generated.
For further information about accuracy,
and A to D CR-CC(2,3) energy types,
see REFS.DOC.
in addition to all R-CC calculations,
non-iterative triple and quadruple
corrections are used, to give CCSD(TQ)
and various R-CCSD(TQ) energies.
in addition to all CR-CC and CCSD(TQ)
calculations, the CR-CCSD(TQ) energies
are obtained.

excited state options, note that EOM-CCSD

is available for RHF or ROHF references,
but triples corrections only for RHF cases.
= EOM-CCSD in addition to a CCSD ground state,
excited states are calculated using the
equation of motion coupled-cluster

Input Description

= CR-EOM

= CR-EOML

$CONTRL

2-10

method with singles and doubles.

in addition to the CCSD and EOM-CCSD,
noniterative triples corrections to CCSD
ground-state and EOM-CCSD excited-state
energies are found, using completely
renormalized CR-EOMCCSD(T) approaches.
in addition to printing all results that
CR-EOM obtains, this solves the lambda
equations, and gives triples corrections
analogous to ground state CR-CCL.

ionization processes,
= IP-EOM2
ionized EOMCC with up to 2h1p
excitations (i.e., IP-EOMCCSD)
= IP-EOM3A ionized EOMCC with all 1h and 2h1p,
and active-space 3h2p excitations
(i.e., IP-EOMCCSDt)
= EA-EOM2
electron-attached EOMCC with up to 2p1h
excitations (i.e., EA-EOMCCSD)
= EA-EOM3A electron-attached EOMCC with all 1p and
2p1h, and active-space 3p2h excitations
(i.e., EA-EOMCCSDt).
Labels "p" and "h" in the description of IP and EA EOMCC
methods refer to particles (unoccupied correlated orbitals)
and holes (occupied correlated orbitals). EA and IP runs
produce both ground and excited states of systems obtained
by attaching an electron to or removing an electron from
the underlying CCSD reference ground state, using the EOMCC
formalism. Thus, EA and IP runs read $CCINP as well as
$EOMINP inputs.
Any publication describing the results of CC calculations
obtained using GAMESS should reference the appropriate
papers, which are listed on the output of every run, and in
chapter 4 of this manual.
Analytic gradients are not available, so use CCTYP only for
RUNTYP=ENERGY, TRUDGE, SURFACE, or maybe FFIELD, or request
numerical derivatives.
Generally speaking, the Renormalized energies are obtained
at similar cost to the standard values, while Completely
Renormalized energies cost twice the time. For usage tips
and more information about resources on the various Coupled
Cluster methods, see Section 4, 'Further Information'.

Input Description

$CONTRL

2-11

CIMTYP

chooses a Cluster-In-Molecule (CIM) calculation.

= NONE
skip CIM computation, i.e., perform
a canonical calculation (default).
= SECIM
perform a single-environment CIM (SECIM)
computation.
= DECIM
perform a dual-environment CIM (DECIM)
computation.
= GSECIM
perform a generalized SECIM (GSECIM)
computation. The $CIMFRG must be
included as well.
See also $CIMINP and, optionally, $CIMFRG and $CIMATM.
If CIMTYP is given, SUBMTD in $CIMINP is required. Only
RUNTYP=ENERGY and SCFTYP=RHF or ROHF work when CIMTYP is
given. See SUBMTD in $CIMINP for more details.
* * * * *
RELWFN = NONE (default) See also the $RELWFN input group.
= IOTC infinite-order two-component method of
M. Barysz and A.J. Sadlej. This is the most
sound scalar relativity choice, being at the
infinite order instead of just third.
= DK
Douglas-Kroll transformation, available at
the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd order.
= RESC relativistic elimination of small component,
the method of T. Nakajima and K. Hirao,
available at 2nd order only.
= NESC normalised elimination of small component,
the method of K. Dyall, 2nd order only.
* * * * *
RUNTYP

specifies the type of computation, for

example at a single geometry point:
= ENERGY
= GRADIENT
= HESSIAN

= FMOHESS

Molecular energy. (default)

Molecular energy plus gradient.
Molecular energy plus gradient plus
second derivatives, including harmonic
harmonic vibrational analysis.
See the $FORCE and $CPHF input groups.
For FMO, use HESSFMO instead of HESSIAN.
the same as HESSIAN, for FMO runs,
supported only for RHF, R-DFT, UHF,

Input Description

= GAMMA

$CONTRL

2-12

U-DFT, and ROHF.

Evaluate up to 3rd nuclear derivatives,
by finite differencing of Hessians.
See $GAMMA, and also NFFLVL in $CONTRL.
multiple geometry options:

= OPTIMIZE
= TRUDGE
= SADPOINT
= MEX
= CONICAL
= IRC
= VSCF
= DRC
= MD
= GLOBOP
= OPTFMO
= GRADEXTR
= SURFACE

Optimize the molecular geometry using

analytic energy gradients. See $STATPT.
Non-gradient total energy minimization.
See $TRUDGE and $TRURST.
Locate saddle point (transition state).
See $STATPT.
Locate minimum energy crossing point on
the intersection seam of two potential
energy surfaces. See $MEX.
Locate conical intersection point on
the intersection seam of two potential
energy surfaces. See $CONICL.
Follow intrinsic reaction coordinate.
See $IRC.
anharmonic vibrational corrections.
See $VSCF.
Follow dynamic reaction coordinate.
See $DRC.
molecular dynamics trajectory, see $MD.
Monte Carlo-type global optimization.
See $GLOBOP.
genuine FMO geometry optimization using
nearly analytic gradient. See $OPTFMO.
Trace gradient extremal. See $GRADEX.
Scan linear cross sections of the
potential energy surface. See $SURF.
single geometry property options:

= COMP
= G3MP2
= PROP

composite thermochemistry calculation,

including G3MP2. See $COMP input.
evaluate heat of formation using the
G3(MP2,CCSD(T)) methodology. See test
example exam43.inp for more information.
Molecular properties will be calculated.
Orbital localization can be requested as
well. See $ELPOT, etc.
Converged orbitals must be input in a

Input Description

= RAMAN
= NACME

= NMR
= EDA
= QMEFPEA
= TRANSITN
= FFIELD
= TDHF
= TDHFX
= MAKEFP
= FMO0

$CONTRL

2-13

$VEC input, which suffice to reproduce

the wavefunction only for simple SCF:
RHF, UHF, ROHF, or DFT counterparts.
GVB also works (CICOEF may be needed).
All other calculations must instead use
RUNTYP=ENERGY to regenerate the density
matrix.
computes Raman intensities, see $RAMAN.
non-adiabatic coupling matrix element
between two or more state averaged MCSCF
wavefunctions. The calculation has no
specific input group, but must use only
SCFTYP=MCSCF with CISTEP=ALDET or ORMAS.
NMR shielding tensors for closed shell
molecules by the GIAO method. See $NMR.
Perform energy decomposition analysis.
Give one of $MOROKM or $LMOEDA inputs.
QM/EFP solvent energy analysis,
see $QMEFP.
Compute radiative transition moment or
spin-orbit coupling. See $TRANST.
applies finite electric fields, most
commonly to extract polarizabilities.
See $FFCALC.
analytic computation of time dependent
polarizabilities. See $TDHF.
extended TDHF package, including nuclear
polarizability derivatives, and Raman
and Hyper-Raman spectra. See $TDHFX.
creates an effective fragment potential,
for SCFTYP=RHF or ROHF only.
See $MAKEFP, $DAMP, $DAMPGS, $STONE, ...
performs the free state FMO calculation.
See $FMO.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Note that RUNTYPs which require the nuclear gradient are
GRADIENT, HESSIAN, OPTIMIZE, SADPOINT,
GLOBOP, IRC, GRADEXTR, DRC, and RAMAN
These are efficient with analytic gradients, which are
available only for certain CI or MP2 calculations, but no
CC calculations, as indicated above. See NUMGRD.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
NUMGRD

Flag to allow numerical differentiation

Input Description

$CONTRL

2-14

of the energy. Each gradient requires

the energy be computed twice (forward
and backward displacements) along each
totally symmetric modes. It is thus
recommended only for systems with just a
few symmetry unique atoms in $DATA.
The default is .FALSE.
EXETYP = RUN
= CHECK

= DEBUG
= routine

Actually do the run. (default)

Wavefunction and energy will not be
evaluated. This lets you speedily
check input and memory requirements.
See the overview section for details.
Note that you must set PARALL=.TRUE.
in $SYSTEM to test distributed memory
allocations.
Massive amounts of output are printed,
useful only if you hate trees.
Maximum output is generated by the
routine named. Check the source for
the routines this applies to.
* * * * * * *

ICHARG =

Molecular charge.

MULT

Multiplicity of the electronic state

singlet (default)
doublet, triplet, and so on.

=
= 1
= 2,3,...

(default=0, neutral)

ICHARG and MULT are used directly for RHF, UHF, ROHF.
For GVB, these are implicit in the $SCF input, while
for MCSCF or CI, these are implicit in $DRT/$CIDRT or
$DET/$CIDET input. You must still give them correctly.
* * * the next three control molecular geometry * * *
COORD

= choice for molecular geometry in $DATA.

= UNIQUE
only the symmetry unique atoms will be
given, in Cartesian coords (default).
= HINT
only the symmetry unique atoms will be
given, in Hilderbrandt style internals.
= PRINAXIS Cartesian coordinates will be input,
and transformed to principal axes.
Please read the warning just below!!!

Input Description

$CONTRL

= ZMT
= ZMTMPC
= FRAGONLY

2-15

GAUSSIAN style internals will be input.

MOPAC style internals will be input.
means no part of the system is treated
by ab initio means, hence $DATA is not
given. The system is defined by $EFRAG.

Note: the choices PRINAXIS, ZMT, ZMTMPC require input of

all atoms in the molecule. They also orient the molecule,
and then determine which atoms are unique. The
reorientation is likely to change the order of the atoms
from what you input. When the point group contains a 3fold or higher rotation axis, the degenerate moments of
inertia often cause problems choosing correct symmetry
unique axes, in which case you must use COORD=UNIQUE rather
than Z-matrices.
Warning: The reorientation into principal axes is done
only for atomic coordinates, and is not applied to the axis
dependent data in the following groups: $VEC, $HESS, $GRAD,
$DIPDR, $VIB, nor Cartesian coords of effective fragments
in $EFRAG. COORD=UNIQUE avoids reorientation, and thus is
the safest way to read these.
Note: the choices PRINAXIS, ZMT, ZMTMPC require the use
of a group named $BASIS to define the basis set. The first
two choices might or might not use $BASIS, as you wish.
UNITS

= distance units, any angles must be in degrees.

= ANGS
Angstroms (default)
= BOHR
Bohr atomic units

NZVAR

= 0
= M

= M

Use Cartesian coordinates (default).

If COORD=ZMT or ZMTMPC, and $ZMAT is not given:
the internal coordinates will be those defining
the molecule in $DATA. In this case, $DATA may
not contain any dummy atoms. M is usually
3N-6, or 3N-5 for linear.
For other COORD choices, or if $ZMAT is given:
the internal coordinates will be those defined
in $ZMAT. This allows more sophisticated
internal coordinate choices. M is ordinarily
3N-6 (3N-5), unless $ZMAT has linear bends.

NZVAR refers mainly to the coordinates used by OPTIMIZE

or SADPOINT runs, but may also print the internal's

Input Description

$CONTRL

2-16

values for other run types. You can use internals to

define the molecule, but Cartesians during optimizations!
* * * * * * *
Pseudopotentials may be of two types: ECP (effective core
potentials) which generate nodeless valence orbitals, and
MCP (model core potentials) producing valence orbitals with
the correct radial nodal structure. At present, ECPs have
analytic nuclear gradients and Hessians, while MCPs have
analytic nuclear gradients.
PP

=
= NONE
= READ
= SBKJC
= HW
= MCP

pseudopotential selection.
all electron calculation (default).
read ECP potentials in the $ECP input.
use Stevens, Basch, Krauss, Jasien,
Cundari ECP potentials for all heavy
atoms (Li-Rn are available).
use Hay, Wadt ECP potentials for heavy
atoms (Na-Xe are available).
use Huzinaga's Model Core Potentials.
The correct MCP potential will be chosen
to match the requested MCP valence basis
set (see $BASIS).
* * * * * * *

LOCAL

=
=
=
=
=
=

controls orbital localization.

NONE
Skip localization (default).
BOYS
Do Foster-Boys-like localization.
RUEDNBRG Do Edmiston-Ruedenberg localization.
POP
Do Pipek-Mezey population localization.
SVD
Do single value decomposition, to project
the molecular orbitals onto atoms. This
is available only for SCFTYP=RHF, ROHF,
and MCSCF (full space or ORMAS). The
ORIENT keyword in $LOCAL is pertinent.
See the related $LOCAL input.
Localization is not available for SCFTYP=GVB.
DFTB only works with LOCAL=POP (and NONE).
* * * * * * *
ISPHER =
= -1

Spherical Harmonics option

Use Cartesian basis functions to construct

Input Description

= 0

= +1

$CONTRL

2-17

symmetry-adapted linear combination (SALC)

of basis functions. The SALC space is the
linear variation space used. (default)
Use spherical harmonic functions to create
SALC functions, which are then expressed
in terms of Cartesian functions. The
contaminants are not dropped, hence this
option has EXACTLY the same variational
space as ISPHER=-1. The only benefit to
obtain from this is a population analysis
in terms of pure s,p,d,f,g functions.
Same as ISPHER=0, but the function space
is truncated to eliminate all contaminant
Cartesian functions [3S(D), 3P(F), 4S(G),
and 3D(G)] before constructing the SALC
functions. The computation corresponds
to the use of a spherical harmonic basis.

QMTTOL = linear dependence threshhold

Any functions in the SALC variational space whose
eigenvalue of the overlap matrix is below this
tolerence is considered to be linearly dependent.
Such functions are dropped from the variational
space. What is dropped is not individual basis
functions, but rather some linear combination(s)
of the entire basis set that represent the linear
dependent part of the function space. The default
is a reasonable value for most purposes, 1.0E-6.
When many diffuse functions are used, it is common
to see the program drop some combinations. On
occasion, in multi-ring molecules, we have raised
QMTTOL to 3.0E-6 to obtain SCF convergence, at the
cost of some energy.
MAXIT

= Maximum number of SCF iteration cycles. This

pertains only to RHF, UHF, ROHF, or GVB runs.
See also MAXIT in $MCSCF. (default = 30)
* * * interfaces to other programs * * *

MOLPLT = flag that produces an input deck for a molecule

drawing program distributed with GAMESS.
(default is .FALSE.)

Input Description

$CONTRL

2-18

PLTORB = flag that produces an input deck for an orbital

plotting program distributed with GAMESS.
(default is .FALSE.)
AIMPAC = flag to create an input deck for Bader's Atoms
In Molecules properties code. (default=.FALSE.)
For information about this program, see the URL
http://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/aimpac
FRIEND = string to prepare input to other quantum
programs, choose from
= HONDO
for HONDO 8.2
= MELDF
for MELDF
= GAMESSUK for GAMESS (UK Daresbury version)
= GAUSSIAN for Gaussian 9x
= ALL
for all of the above
PLTORB, MOLPLT, and AIMPAC decks are written to file
PUNCH at the end of the job. Thus all of these correspond
to the final geometry encountered during jobs such as
OPTIMIZE, SAPDOINT, IRC...
In contrast, selecting FRIEND turns the job into a
CHECK run only, no matter how you set EXETYP. Thus the
geometry is that encountered in $DATA. The input is
added to the PUNCH file, and may require some (usually
minimal) massaging.
PLTORB and MOLPLT are written even for EXETYP=CHECK.
AIMPAC requires at least RUNTYP=PROP.
* * *
NFFLVL

used to determine energies and gradients away

from equilibrium structures, at the coordinates
given in $DATA. The method will use a Taylor
expansion of the potential surface around the
stationary point. See $EQGEOM, $HLOWT, $GLOWT.
This may be used with RUNTYP=ENERGY or GRADIENT.
= 2 uses only Hessian information, which gives a
reasonable energy, but not such a good gradient.
= 3 uses Hessian and 3rd nuclear derivatives in the
Taylor expansion, producing more accurate values
for the energy and for the gradient.

Input Description

$CONTRL

2-19

* * * computation control switches * * *

For the most part, the default is the only sensible
value, and unless you are sure of what you are doing,
these probably should not be touched.
NPRINT =

NOSYM

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
1
2
3
4
5

=
=

7
8

= 0
= 1

ETOLLZ

Print/punch control flag

See also EXETYP for debug info.
(options -7 to 5 are primarily debug)
Extra printing from Boys localization.
debug for geometry searches
minimal output
print 2e-contribution to gradient.
print 1e-contribution to gradient.
normal printing, no punch file
extra printing for basis,symmetry,ZMAT
extra printing for MO guess routines
print out property and 1e- integrals
print out 2e- integrals
print out SCF data for each cycle.
(Fock and density matrices, current MOs
same as 7, but wider 132 columns output.
This option isn't perfect.
normal printing and punching (default)
more printout than 7. The extra output
is (AO) Mulliken and overlap population
analysis, eigenvalues, Lagrangians, ...
everything in 8 plus Lowdin population
analysis, final density matrix.
the symmetry specified in $DATA is used
as much as possible in integrals, SCF,
gradients, etc. (this is the default)
the symmetry specified in the $DATA input
is used to build the molecule, then
symmetry is not used again.
Some GVB
or MCSCF runs (those without a totally
symmetric charge density) require you
request no symmetry.

= threshold to label molecular orbitals by Lz

values. Small matrices of the Lz operator are
diagonalized for the sets of MOs whose orbital

Input Description

$CONTRL

2-20

energies are degenerate to within ETOLLZ. This

option may be used in molecules with distorted
linear symmetry for approximate labelling.
Default: 1.0d-6 for linear, 0 (disable) if not.
INTTYP selects the integral package(s) used, all of which
produce equally accurate results. This is therefore
used only for debugging purposes.
= BEST use the fastest integral code available for
any particular shell quartet (default):
s,p,L or s,p,d,L rotated axis code first.
ERIC s,p,d,f,g precursor transfer equation
code second, up to 5 units total ang. mom.
Rys quadrature for general s,p,d,f,g,L,
or for uncontracted quartets.
= ROTAXIS means don't use ERIC at all, e.g. rotated
axis codes, or else Rys quadrature.
= ERIC
means don't use rotated axis codes, e.g.
ERIC code, or else Rys quadrature.
= RYSQUAD means use Rys quadrature for everything.
GRDTYP = BEST

use Schlegel routines for spL gradient

blocks, and Rys quadrature for all
other gradient integrals. (default)
= RYSQUAD use Rys quadrature for all gradient
integrals. This option is only slightly
more accurate, but is rather slower.

NORMF

= 0
= 1

normalize the basis functions (default)

no normalization

NORMP

= 0

input contraction coefficients refer to

normalized Gaussian primitives. (default)
the opposite.

= 1
ITOL

=
= n

primitive cutoff factor (default=20)

products of primitives whose exponential
factor is less than 10**(-n) are skipped.

ICUT

= n

integrals less than 10.0**(-n) are not

saved on disk. (default = 9). Direct
SCF will calculate to a cutoff 1.0d-10
or 5.0d-11 depending on FDIFF=.F. or .T.

ISKPRP = 0

proceed as usual

Input Description
1

$CONTRL

2-21

skip computation of some properties which

are not well parallelised. This includes
bond orders and virial theorem, and can help
parallel scalability if many CPUs are used.
Note that NPRINT=-5 disables most property
computations as well, so ISKPRP=1 has no
effect in that case. (default: 0)
* * * restart options * * *

IREST

=
= -1
=
=
=
=
=

GEOM

0
1
2
3
4

restart control options

(for OPTIMIZE run restarts, see $STATPT)
Note that this option is unreliable!
reuse dictionary file from previous run,
useful with GEOM=DAF and/or GUESS=MOSAVED.
Otherwise, this option is the same as 0.
normal run (default)
2e restart (1-e integrals and MOs saved)
SCF restart (1-,2-e integrals and MOs saved)
1e gradient restart
2e gradient restart

=
select where to obtain molecular geometry
= INPUT from $DATA input (default for IREST=0)
= DAF
read from DICTNRY file (default otherwise)

As noted in the first chapter, binary file restart is

not a well tested option!
==========================================================

Input Description

$SYSTEM

2-22

==========================================================

$SYSTEM

group

(optional)

This group provides global control information for

your computer's operation. This is system related input,
and will not seem particularly chemical to you!
MWORDS =

the maximum replicated memory which your job can

use, on every core. This is given in units of
1,000,000 words (as opposed to 1024*1024 words),
where a word is defined as 64 bits. (default=1)

In case finer control over the replicated memory is needed,

this value can be given in units of words, with the old
keyword MEMORY, instead of MWORDS.
MEMDDI =

the grand total memory needed for the distributed

data interface (DDI) storage, given in units of
1,000,000 words. See Chapter 5 of this manual for
an extended explanation of running with MEMDDI.

note: the memory required on each processor core for a run

using p cores is therefore MEMDDI/p + MWORDS.
The parallel runs that currently require MEMDDI are:
SCFTYP=RHF
MPLEVL=2 energy or gradient
SCFTYP=UHF
MPLEVL=2 energy or gradient
SCFTYP=ROHF MPLEVL=2 OSPT=ZAPT energy or gradient
SCFTYP=MCSCF MPLEVL=2 energy
SCFTYP=MCSCF using the FULLNR or JACOBI convergers
SCFTYP=MCSCF analytic hessian
SCFTYP=any
CITYP=ALDET, ORMAS, GUGA
SCFTYP=any
energy localization
SCFTYP=RHF
CCTYP=CCSD or CCSD(T)
All other parallel runs should enter MEMDDI=0, for they use
only replicated memory.
Some serial runs execute the parallel code (on just 1 CPU),
for there is only a parallel code. These serial runs must
give MEMDDI as a result:
SCFTYP=ROHF MPLEVL=2 OSPT=ZAPT gradient/property run
SCFTYP=MCSCF analytic hessian
Two kinds of runs (RI-MP2 and parallel CCSD(T)) use an
additional type of memory, for which there is no input

Input Description

$SYSTEM

2-23

keyword. Please read EXETYP=CHECK output carefully to

learn the total memory/node requirements for these two!
TIMLIM =

time limit, in minutes. Set to about 95 percent

of the time limit given to the batch job (if you
use a queueing system) so that GAMESS can stop
itself gently. (default=525600.0 minutes)

PARALL =

a flag to cause the program to execute the

parallel algorithm, in cases where different
serial and parallel codes exist, if you happen to
be running on only one core.
The default is .FALSE. if you are running on one
core. The main purpose of this keyword is to
allow you to do EXETYP=CHECK runs on only one
core, when your intent is perform the actual
calculation in parallel.
PARALL is ignored for runs on more than one core,
when of course parallel algorithms are executed.

KDIAG

=
= 0
= 1
= 2
= 3

COREFL =

diagonalization control switch

use a vectorized diagonalization routine
if one is available on your machine,
else use EVVRSP. (default)
use EVVRSP diagonalization. This may
be more accurate than KDIAG=0.
use GIVEIS diagonalization
(not as fast or reliable as EVVRSP)
use JACOBI diagonalization
(this is the slowest method)

a flag to indicate whether or not GAMESS

should produce a "core" file for debugging
when subroutine ABRT is called to kill
a job. This variable pertains only to
UNIX operating systems. (default=.FALSE.)

BALTYP = Parallel load balance scheme:

= SLB uses static load balancing.
= DLB uses dynamic load balancing (default).
Dynamic load balancing attempts to spread out
possibly unequal work assignments based on the
rate at which different nodes complete tasks.
For historical reasons, it is permissible
to spell SLB as LOOP, and DLB as NXTVAL.

Input Description

$SYSTEM

2-24

MXSEQ2 = 300 (default)

MXSEQ3 = 150 (default)
Matrix/vector problem size in loops requiring
either O(N**2) or O(N**3) work, respectively.
Problems below these sizes are run purely serial,
to avoid poor communication/computation ratios.
NODEXT = array specifying node extensions in GDDI for each
file. Non-zero values force no extension.
E.g., NODEXT(40)=1 forces file 40 (file numbers
are unit numbers used in GAMESS, see "rungms" or
PROG.DOC) to have the name of $JOB.F40 on all
nodes, rather than $JOB.F40, $JOB.F40.001,
$JOB.F40.002 etc. This is convenient for FMO
restart jobs, so that the file name need not be
changed for each node, when copying the restart
file. Note that on machines when several CPUs use
the same directory (e.g., SMP) NODEXT should be
zero. (default: all zeros)
IOSMP

= Parallelise I/O on SMP machines with multiple hard

disks. Two parameters are specified, whose
meaning should be clear from the example.
iosmp(1)=2,6
2 refers to the number of HDDs per SMP box.
6 is the location of the character in the file
names that switches HDDs, i.e. if HDDs are mounted
as /work1 and /work2, then 6 refers to the
position of the number 1 in /work1. The file
system should permit disks attached with directory
names differing by one symbol.
(default: 0,0, disable the feature)

MODIO

= Global I/O options (bitwise additive)

(default: 0)
1 - forbid flushing files
2 - do not close dictionary file in GDDI
(only record indices are reset)
4 - do not print timings on each rank at run end.
8 - forbid grid data saving in DFT
(prevent F22 from being opened)
16 - reduce I/O in MD.
32 - do not open file F15 (in SOSCF) on slaves
and do not close on all.

Input Description

$SYSTEM

2-25

64 - use in-memory F15 (in SOSCF). This also

parallelizes one more step in SOSCF.
128 - always run EVVRSP sequentially. This is useful
on mixed CPU type clusters.
MODEIO=15 is recommended on computers w/o local disks.
MEM10

= words used to store dictionary file F10 in memory.

Selecting this option will skip any I/O for F10.
Default: 0 (disk-based F10)

==========================================================

Input Description

$BASIS

2-26

==========================================================

$BASIS

group

(optional)

This group allows certain standard basis sets to be

easily requested. Basis sets are specified by:
a)
b)
c)
d)

GBASIS plus optional supplementations such as NDFUNC,

BASNAM to read custom basis sets from your input,
EXTFIL to read custom bases from an external file,
or omit this group entirely, and give the basis set in
the $DATA input, which is completely general.

GBASIS requests various Gaussian basis sets. These include

options for effective core and model core potentials.
Rather oddly, GBASIS also can select semi-empirical models,
and in that case requests the Slater-type orbitals for the
MOPAC-type calculation.
Note: The first two groups of GBASIS keywords below (except
G3L and G3LX) define only the basic functions, without any
polarization functions and/or diffuse functions. For
example, main group elements have the basic functions for
their s,p valence orbitals. Polarization and/or diffuse
supplements are added separately to these GBASIS values,
with keywords NPFUNC, NDFUNC, NFFUNC, DIFFS, DIFFSP, POLAR,
SPLIT2, and SPLIT3, which are defined at the end of this
input group.
GBASIS = STO

- Pople's STO-NG minimal basis set.

Available H-Xe, for NGAUSS=2,3,4,5,6.
= N21 - Pople's N-21G split valence basis set.
Available H-Xe, for NGAUSS=3.
Available H-Ar, for NGAUSS=6.
= N31 - Pople's N-31G split valence basis set.
Available H-Ne,P-Cl for NGAUSS=4.
Available H-He,C-F for NGAUSS=5.
Available H-Kr, for NGAUSS=6, note that the
bases for K,Ca,Ga-Kr were changed 9/2006.
= N311 - Pople's "triple split" N-311G basis set.
Available H-Ne, for NGAUSS=6.
Selecting N311 implies MC for Na-Ar.
= G3L - Pople's G3MP2Large basis set, for H-Kr.

Input Description

$BASIS

2-27

= G3LX - Pople's G3MP2LargeXP basis set, for H-Kr.

NGAUSS = the number of Gaussians (N).
This parameter
pertains to GBASIS=STO, N21, N31, or N311.
GBASIS = MINI - Huzinaga's 3 gaussian minimal basis set.
Available H-Rn.
= MIDI - Huzinaga's 21 split valence basis set.
Available H-Rn.
= DZV - "double zeta valence" basis set.
a synonym for DH for H,Li,Be-Ne,Al-Cl.
(14s,9p,3d)/[5s,3p,1d] for K-Ca.
(14s,11p,5d/[6s,4p,1d] for Ga-Kr.
= DH
- Dunning/Hay "double zeta" basis set.
(3s)/[2s] for H.
(9s,4p)/[3s,2p] for Li.
(9s,5p)/[3s,2p] for Be-Ne.
(11s,7p)/[6s,4p] for Al-Cl.
= TZV - "triple zeta valence" basis set.
(5s)/[3s] for H.
(10s,3p)/[4s,3p] for Li.
(10s,6p)/[5s,3p] for Be-Ne.
a synonym for MC for Na-Ar.
(14s,9p)/[8s,4p] for K-Ca.
(14s,11p,6d)/[10s,8p,3d] for Sc-Zn.
= MC
- McLean/Chandler "triple split" basis.
(12s,9p)/[6s,5p] for Na-Ar.
Selecting MC implies 6-311G for H-Ne.
* * systematic basis set families * * *
These four families provide a hierachy of basis sets
approaching the complete basis set limits. These families
include relevant polarization and diffuse augmentations, as
indicated in their names.
GBASIS = CCn

- Dunning-type Correlation Consistent basis

sets, officially called cc-pVnZ.
Use n = D,T,Q,5,6 to indicate the level of
polarization.
Available for H-He, Li-Ne, Na-Ar, Ca, Ga-Kr
and for Sc-Zn for n=T,Q.
= ACCn - As CCn, but augmented with a set of diffuse
functions, e.g. aug-cc-pVnZ.
Availability is the same as CCn.

Input Description

$BASIS

2-28

= CCnC - As CCn, but augmented with tight functions

for recovering core and core-valence
correlation, e.g. cc-pCVnZ.

Available H-Ar for n=D,T,Q, also n=5 for H-Ne.

= ACCnC- As CCn, augmented with diffuse as well as

CCnC's tight functions, e.g. aug-cc-pCVnZ.
Availability is the same as CCnC.
= CCnWC the omega form of CCnC, e.g. cc-pwCVnZ, for
H-Ar, for n=T only. CCnWC's tight
functions are considered superior to CCnC's
for recovery of core/valence correlation.
= ACCnWC augmented form of CCnWC: aug-cc-pwCVnZ.
See extended notes below!
= PCseg-n -

Polarization Consistent basis sets.

n = 0,1,2,3,4 indicates the level of
polarization. (n=0 is unpolarized, n=1
is ~DZP, n=2 is ~TZ2P, etc.). These
provide a hierarchy of basis sets
suitable for DFT and HF calculations.
Available for H-Kr.
= APCseg-n - These are the PCseg-n bases, with
diffuse augmentation.
See extended notes below!
= SPK-nZP

= SPK-AnZP = SPKrnZP -

= SPKrAnZP -

Sapporo valence basis sets:

Sapporo family of non-relativistic
bases, n=D,T,Q, available H-Xe
diffuse augmentation of the above.
Sapporo family of relativistic bases
n=D,T,Q, available H-Xe. These should
be used only with a relativistic
transformation of the integrals, such
as RELWFN=IOTC or RELWFN=DK. These
sets are identical to SPK-nZP up to Ar.
diffuse augmentation of the above.
See extended notes below!

Sapporo core/valence basis sets:

- Sapporo family of non-relativistic
bases, n=D,T,Q, available H-Xe
= SPK-nZCD - diffuse augmentation of the above.
= SPKrnZC - Sapporo family of relativistic bases
n=D,T,Q, available H-Xe, and La-Lu.
To be used only with a relativistic
= SPK-nZC

Input Description

$BASIS

2-29

transformation of the integrals, such

as RELWFN=IOTC or RELWFN=DK. These
sets are identical to SPK-nZC up to Ar.
= SPKrnZCD - diffuse augmentation of the above.
See extended notes below!
= KTZV - Karlsruhe valence triple zeta basis, as
developed by Prof.Ahlrichs, see REFS.DOC.
= KTZVP- Karlsruhe valence triple zeta basis with a
set of single polarization (P).
= KTZVPP-Karlsruhe valence triple zeta basis with a
set of double polarization (PP).
The Karlsruhe sets are provided for H-Ar.
Normally these families are used as spherical harmonics,
see ISPHER=1 in $CONTRL. Failure to set ISPHER=1 will
result in discrepancies in energy values compared to the
literature or other programs, difficulties in converging
SCF/DFT, CC, CI, and/or response equation iterations, and
longer run times due to retention of unimportant MOs. The
calculations will refuse to run without ISPHER being set.
Important note about the PCseg basis set family:
1. These should be used only in spherical harmonic form.
2. The PCn basis sets included in GAMESS versions prior to
March 2014 were generally contracted, but were replaced by
computationally more efficient segmented contractions, and
renamed to PCseg-n. The segemented contractions have the
same or slightly better accuracy (especially for n=0) as
the original PCn bases, which are no longer available.
Important notes about the CC basis set family:
1. These should be used only in spherical harmonic form.
2. The CC5 and CC6 basis sets (and corresponding augmented
versions) contain h-functions, and CC6 also contains ifunctions. As of January 2013, GAMESS integral code can
correctly use h & i functions, so these three call up the
true basis sets. Prior to January 2013, GAMESS' integral
codes was restricted to g-functions, so these three
truncated away any h & i functions, to spdfg subsets, and
therefore were not the true basis sets.
3. Note that the CC basis sets are generally contracted,
which GAMESS can only handle by replicating the primitive

Input Description

$BASIS

2-30

basis functions, leading to a less than optimum performance

in AO integral evaluation.
4. The implementation of the cc-pVnZ and cc-pCVnZ basis
sets for Na-Ar include one additional tight d-function,
producing the so-called cc-pV(n+d)Z and cc-pV(n+d)Z sets,
which are known to improve results (see J.Chem.Phys. 114,
9244(2001) and Theoret.Chem.Acc. 120, 119(2008)). These
tight d versions are invoked by GBASIS=CCn or CCnC (and
also their augmented counterparts ACCn or ACC). This means
the old (and less accurate) basis sets without the tight
d's are not available for Na-Ar.
5. Alkali and alkali earth basis sets (Li,Be,Na,Mg) were
changed April 2013 so that regular, diffuse, tight d (for
Na/Mg), core/valence, and weighted core/valence sets agree
with their official publication: Theor. Chem. Acc. 128,
69(2011).
6. In case you are interested in scalar relativistic
effects, the CCT-DK and CCQ-DK sets optimized for use with
Douglas/Kroll are available for Sc-Kr. These will be used
if you type GBASIS=CCT or CCQ along with RELWFN=DK or IOTC,
using NR sets for elements lighter than Sc. DK versions of
ACCD or ACCT are available for Sc-Zn (but not Ga-Kr).
Notes about the Sapporo basis set family:
1. SPK is the international airport city code for Sapporo.
2. These should be used only in spherical harmonic form.
3. The relativistic bases were optimized at the 3rd order
of the Douglas-Kroll transformation, with a Gaussian nuclei
model, but can also be used with the infinite order twocomponent scheme IOTC (see RELWFN in $CONTRL). It would be
very illogical to use these all-electron relativistic bases
without also turning on scalar relativity!
4. Because they are stored in an external file supplied
with GAMESS, these can only be accessed via GBASIS in this
group, not by using them in-line in $DATA.
5. The core/valence basis sets treat (n-1)s,(n-1)p,ns for
s-block elements; (n-1)s,(n-1)p,ns,np for p block elements;
(n-1)s,(n-1)p,(n-1)d,ns for d block elements, and the 4s4f,5s-5d,6s for f block (lanthanides). Usage of these
suggests you should change the default number of core
orbitals, such as NACORE in $MP2 or NCORE in $CCINP.
6. The basis sets were extracted from the data base of
Segmented Gaussian Basis Sets, maintained by Takeshi Noro,
Quantum Chemistry Group, Sapporo, Japan:

Input Description

$BASIS

2-31

http://setani.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/sapporo/Welcome.do
The mapping between the data base names and the keywords
used in GAMESS is (for n=D,T,Q):
data base name
keyword
Sapporo-nZP
SPK-nZP
Sapporo-nZP+diffuse
SPK-AnZP
Sapporo-DK-nZP
SPKrnZP
Sapporo-DK-nZP+diffuse
SPKrAnZP
Sapporo-nZP-2012
SPK-nZC
Sapporo-nZP-2012+diffuse
SPK-nZCD
Sapporo-DK-nZP-2012
SPKrnZC
Sapporo-DK-nZP-2012+diffuse
SPKrnZCD

* * * Effective Core Potential (ECP) bases * * *

GBASIS = SBKJC- Stevens/Basch/Krauss/Jasien/Cundari
valence basis set, for Li-Rn. This choice
implies an unscaled -31G basis for H-He.
= HW
- Hay/Wadt valence basis.
This is a -21 split, available Na-Xe,
except for the transition metals.
This implies a 3-21G basis for H-Ne.
* * * Model Core Potential (MCP) bases * * *
Notes: Select PP=MCP in $CONTRL to automatically use the
model core potential matching your basis choice below.
References for these bases, and other information about
MCPs can be found in the REFS.DOC chapter. Another family
covering almost all elements is available in $DATA only.
GBASIS = MCP-DZP, MCP-TZP, MCP-QZP a family of double, triple, and quadruple zeta
quality valence basis sets, which are akin to the
correlation consistent sets, in that these include
increasing levels of polarization (and so do not
require "supplements" like NDFUNC or DIFFSP) and
must be used as spherical harmonics (see ISPHER).
Availability:
MCP-DZP:
56 elements Z=3-88,
except V-Zn, Y-Cd, La, Hf-Hg
MCP-TZP, MCP-QZP: 85 elements Z=3-88, except La

Input Description

$BASIS

2-32

The basis sets for hydrogen atoms will be the

corresponding Dunning's cc-pVNZ (N=D,T,Q).
= MCP-ATZP, MCP-AQZP MCP-TZP and MCP-QZP core potentials whose
basis sets were augmented with diffuse functions
Availability: same as for MCP-TZP, MCP-QZP
= MCPCDZP, MCPCTZP, MCPCQZP based on MCP-DZP, MCP-TZP, MCP-QZP,
with core-valence functions provided for the
alkali and alkaline earth atoms Na through Ra.
= MCPACDZP, MCPACTZP, MCPACQZP based on MCPCDZP, MCPCTZP, MCPCQZP,
with core-valence functions provided for the
alkali and alkaline earth atoms Na through Ra, and
augmented with diffuse functions.
The basis sets were extracted from the data base Segmented
Gaussian Basis Sets, maintained by Takeshi Noro, Quantum
Chemistry Group, Sapporo, Japan:
http://setani.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/sapporo/Welcome.do
The mapping between the data base names and the names used
in GAMESS is
data base name
GAMESS keyword
MCP/NOSeC-V-DZP
MCP/NOSeC-V-TZP
MCP/NOSeC-V-QZP

MCP-DZP
MCP-TZP
MCP-QZP

MCP/NOSeC-V-TZP+diffuse
MCP/NOSeC-V-QZP+diffuse

MCP-ATZP
MCP-AQZP

MCP/NOSeC-CV-DZP
MCP/NOSeC-CV-TZP
MCP/NOSeC-CV-QZP

MCPCDZP
MCPCTZP
MCPCQZP

MCP/NOSeC-CV-DZP+diffuse
MCP/NOSeC-CV-TZP+diffuse
MCP/NOSeC-CV-QZP+diffuse

MCPACDZP
MCPACTZP
MCPACQZP

GBASIS = IMCP-SR1 and IMCP-SR2 valence basis sets to be used with the improved
MCPs with scalar relativistic effects.

Input Description

$BASIS

2-33

These are available for transition metals except

La, and the main group elements B-Ne, P-Ar, Ge,
Kr, Sb, Xe, Rn.
The 1 and 2 refer to addition of first and second
polarization shells, so again don't use any of the
"supplements" and do use spherical harmonics.
= IMCP-NR1 and IMCP-NR2 closely related valence basis sets, but with
nonrelativistic model core potentials.
GBASIS = ZFK3-DK3, ZFK4-DK3, ZFK5-DK3, or
ZFK3LDK3, ZFK4LDK3, ZFK5LDK3
These are a family of model core potential basis sets
developed by Zeng/Fedorov/Klobukowski, for the p-block
elements from 2p to 6p. The potentials were paramaterized
taking into account both DK3 scalar relativistic and DK-SOC
effects. The fundamental basis functions are from the
Well-Tempered Basis Sets. The number after ZFK indicates
the augmentation levels, e.g. ZFK3 means the diffuse
functions from aug-cc-pVTZ are added, ZFK4 means from augcc-pVQZ, etc. The difference between ZFKn-DK3 and ZFKnLDK3
is that the common s and p exponents have been contracted
as a single L-shell for the outermost s and p valence
shells to save time in the "L" case. The s-block elements
from 1s to 4s have also been put in the library. For H/He,
all-electron aug-cc-pVnZ basis sets are used. For Li/Be,
the relativistically contracted atomic natural orbital allelectron basis sets (ANO-RCC) are used. For Na/Mg, and
K/Ca, unpublished MCP and basis sets based on ANO-RCC are
available, although the potentials have not been
extensively tested yet. No d-block elements can be used.
* * * semiempirical basis sets * * *
GBASIS =
=
=
=
=

MNDO
AM1
PM3
RM1
DFTB

selects
selects
selects
selects
selects

MNDO model Hamiltonian

AM1 model Hamiltonian
PM3 model Hamiltonian
RM1 model Hamiltonian
tight binding Hamiltonian

Note: The elements for which these exist can be found in

the 'further information' section of this manual. If you
pick one of these, all other data in this group is ignored.
Semi-empirical runs actually use valence-only Slater type

Input Description

$BASIS

2-34

orbitals (STOs), not Gaussian GTOs, but the keyword remains

GBASIS.
Except for NGAUSS, all other keywords such as NDFUNC, etc.
will be ignored for these. If you add NGAUSS, STO-NG
expansions of the valence STO functions in terms of
Gaussians will be added to the log file. Plotting programs
such as MacMolPlt can pick up this approximation to the
STOs used up from the ouput, in order to draw the orbitals.
The default NGAUSS=0 suppresses this output, but values up
to 6 may be given to control the accuracy of the STO-NG
printing.
--- supplementary functions --NDFUNC = number of heavy atom polarization functions to
be used. These are usually d functions, except
for MINI/MIDI. The term "heavy" means Na on up
when GBASIS=STO, HW, or N21, and from Li on up
otherwise. The value may not exceed 3. The
variable POLAR selects the actual exponents to
be used, see also SPLIT2 and SPLIT3. (default=0)
NFFUNC = number of heavy atom f type polarization
functions to be used on Li-Cl. This may only
be input as 0 or 1. (default=0)
NPFUNC = number of light atom, p type polarization
functions to be used on H-He. This may not
exceed 3, see also POLAR. (default=0)
DIFFSP = flag to add diffuse sp (L) shell to heavy atoms.
Heavy means Li-F, Na-Cl, Ga-Br, In-I, Tl-At.
The default is .FALSE.
DIFFS

= flag to add diffuse s shell to hydrogens.

The default is .FALSE.

Warning: if you use diffuse functions, please read QMTTOL

in the $CONTRL input group for numerical concerns.
POLAR

=
=
=
=

exponent of polarization functions

COMMON
(default for GBASIS=STO,N21,HW,SBKJC)
POPN31
(default for GBASIS=N31)
POPN311
(default for GBASIS=N311, MC)

Input Description
= DUNNING
= HUZINAGA
= HONDO7

$BASIS

2-35

(default for GBASIS=DH, DZV)

(default for GBASIS=MINI, MIDI)
(default for GBASIS=TZV)

SPLIT2 = an array of splitting factors used when NDFUNC

or NPFUNC is 2. Default=2.0,0.5
SPLIT3 = an array of splitting factors used when NDFUNC
or NPFUNC is 3. Default=4.00,1.00,0.25
The splitting factors are from the Pople school, and are
probably too far apart. See for example the Binning and
Curtiss paper. For example, the SPLIT2 value will usually
cause an INCREASE over the 1d energy at the HF level for
hydrocarbons.
The actual exponents used for polarization functions, as
well as for diffuse sp or s shells, are described in the
'Further References' section of this manual. This section
also describes the sp part of the basis set chosen by
GBASIS fully, with all references cited.
Note that GAMESS always punches a full $DATA input group.
Thus, if $BASIS does not quite cover the basis you want,
you can obtain this full $DATA from EXETYP=CHECK, and then
change polarization exponents, add Rydbergs, etc.
* * *
This may only be used with COORD=UNIQUE or HINT!
BASNAM = an array of names of customized basis set input
groups. BASNAM should obey the rule of no more
than six characters starting with a letter names,
and must avoid using any GBASIS string.
However, the individual basis inputs can use any
of the GBASIS sets by its standard name.
Basis supplementations such as DIFFS or NDFUNC may
only be given by explicit numerical values.
This is best explained by an example where a core potential
and valence-only basis set is used on a transition metal,
but not its ligands:

Input Description

$BASIS

2-36

$contrl scftyp=rohf icharg=+3 mult=4 runtyp=gradient

pp=read ispher=1 $end
$system mwords=1 $end
$guess guess=huckel $end
$basis basnam(1)=metal, ligO,ligO,ligO,ligO,ligO,ligO,
ligH,ligH,ligH,ligH,ligH,ligH,
ligH,ligH,ligH,ligH,ligH,ligH $end
$data
Cr+3(H2O)6 complex...SBKJC & 6-31G(d) geometry
Th
CHROMIUM
24.0
.0000000000 .0
.0000000000
OXYGEN
8.0
.0000000000 .0 2.0398916104
HYDROGEN
1.0
.7757887450 .0 2.6122732372
$end
!
core potential basis for Chromium
$metal
sbkjc
$end
!
normal 6-31G(d) for oxygen ligands
$ligO
n31 6
d 1 ; 1 0.8 1.0
$end
!
$ligH
n31 6

unpolarized basis for hydrogens

$end
$ecp
Cr-ecp SBKJC
O-ecp none
...snipped...
O-ecp none
H-ecp none
...snipped...
H-ecp none
$end

there must be 6 O's given here

there must be 12 H's given here

* * *
EXTFIL = a flag to read basis sets from an external file,

Input Description

$BASIS

2-37

defined by EXTBAS, rather than from $DATA.

(default=.false.)
It may be easier to use BASNAM to create custom basis sets!
BASNAM has the bonus that your input file contains all
information about the calculation, explicitly.
Except for MCP basis sets, no external file is provided
with GAMESS, thus you must create your own. The GBASIS
keyword must give an 8 or less character string, obviously
not using any internally stored names. Every atom must be
defined in the external file by a line giving the chemical
symbol, and this chosen string. Following this header line,
give the basis in free format $DATA style, containing only
S, P, D, F, G, and L shells, and terminating each atom by
the usual blank line. The external file may have several
families of bases in the same file, identified by different
GBASIS strings.
===========================================================

Input Description

$DATA

2-38

==========================================================

$DATA group
$DATAS group
$DATAL group

(required)
(if NESC chosen, for small component basis)
(if NESC chosen, for large component basis)

This group describes the global molecular data such as

point group symmetry, nuclear coordinates, and possibly
the basis set. It consists of a series of free format
card images. See $RELWFN for more information on large and
small component basis sets. The input structure of $DATAS
and $DATAL is identical to the COORD=UNIQUE $DATA input.
----------------------------------------------------------1-

TITLE

a single descriptive title card.

----------------------------------------------------------2-

GROUP, NAXIS

GROUP is the Schoenflies symbol of the symmetry group,

you may choose from
C1, Cs, Ci, Cn, S2n, Cnh, Cnv, Dn, Dnh, Dnd,
T, Th, Td, O, Oh.
NAXIS is the order of the highest rotation axis, and
must be given when the name of the group contains an N.
For example, "Cnv 2" is C2v. "S2n 3" means S6. Use of
NAXIS up to 8 is supported in each axial groups.
For linear molecules, choose either Cnv or Dnh, and enter
NAXIS as 4. Enter atoms as Dnh with NAXIS=2. If the
electronic state of either is degenerate, check the note
about the effect of symmetry in the electronic state
in the SCF section of REFS.DOC.
---------------------------------------------------------In order to use GAMESS effectively, you must be able
to recognize the point group name for your molecule. This
presupposes a knowledge of group theory at about the level
of Cotton's "Group Theory", Chapter 3.

Input Description

$DATA

2-39

Armed with only the name of the group, GAMESS is able

to exploit the molecular symmetry throughout almost all of
the program, and thus save a great deal of computer time.
GAMESS does not require that you know very much else about
group theory, although a deeper knowledge (character
tables, irreducible representations, term symbols, and so
on) is useful when dealing with the more sophisticated
wavefunctions.
Cards -3- and -4- are quite complicated, and are rarely
given. A *SINGLE* blank card may replace both cards -3and -4-, to select the 'master frame', which is defined on
the next page.
If you choose to enter a blank line, skip
to one of the -5- input sequences.
Note!
If the point group is C1 (no symmetry), skip over cards
-3- and -4- (which means no blank card).
----------------------------------------------------------3For
For
For
For
For
For

X1, Y1, Z1, X2, Y2, Z2

C1 group, there is no card -3- or -4-.
CI group, give one point, the center of inversion.
CS group, any two points in the symmetry plane.
axial groups, any two points on the principal axis.
tetrahedral groups, any two points on a two-fold axis.
octahedral groups, any two points on a four-fold axis.

----------------------------------------------------------4-

X3, Y3, Z3, DIRECT

third point, and a directional parameter.

For CS group, one point of the symmetry plane,
noncollinear with points 1 and 2.
For CI group, there is no card -4-.
For other groups, a generator sigma-v plane (if any) is
the (x,z) plane of the local frame (CNV point groups).
A generator sigma-h plane (if any) is the (x,y) plane of
the local frame (CNH and dihedral groups).

Input Description

$DATA

2-40

A generator C2 axis (if any) is the x-axis of the local

frame (dihedral groups).
The perpendicular to the principal axis passing through
the third point defines a direction called D1. If
DIRECT='PARALLEL', the x-axis of the local frame coincides
with the direction D1. If DIRECT='NORMAL', the x-axis of
the local frame is the common perpendicular to D1 and the
principal axis, passing through the intersection point of
these two lines. Thus D1 coincides in this case with the
negative y axis.
---------------------------------------------------------The 'master frame' is just a standard orientation for
the molecule. By default, the 'master frame' assumes that
1.
z is the principal rotation axis (if any),
2.
x is a perpendicular two-fold axis (if any),
3. xz is the sigma-v plane (if any), and
4. xy is the sigma-h plane (if any).
Use the lowest number rule that applies to your molecule.
Some examples of these rules:
Ammonia (C3v): the unique H lies in the XZ plane (R1,R3).
Ethane (D3d): the unique H lies in the YZ plane (R1,R2).
Methane (Td): the H lies in the XYZ direction (R2). Since
there is more than one 3-fold, R1 does not apply.
HP=O (Cs): the mirror plane is the XY plane (R4).
In general, it is a poor idea to try to reorient the
molecule. Certain sections of the program, such as the
orbital symmetry assignment, do not know how to deal with
cases where the 'master frame' has been changed.
Linear molecules (C4v or D4h) must lie along the z axis,
so do not try to reorient linear molecules.
You can use EXETYP=CHECK to quickly find what atoms are
generated, and in what order. This is typically necessary
in order to use the general $ZMAT coordinates.
* * * *
Depending on your choice for COORD in $CONTROL,

Input Description
if
if
if
if
if

COORD=UNIQUE,
COORD=HINT,
COORD=CART,
COORD=ZMT,
COORD=ZMTMPC,

$DATA
follow
follow
follow
follow
follow

card
card
card
card
card

2-41
sequence
sequence
sequence
sequence
sequence

U
U
C
G
M

Card sequence U is the only one which allows you to define

a completely general basis here in $DATA.
Recall that UNIT in $CONTRL determines the distance units.
----------------------------------------------------------5UAtom input. Only the symmetry unique atoms are
input, GAMESS will generate the symmetry equivalent atoms
according to the point group selected above.
if COORD=UNIQUE
***************

NAME, ZNUC, X, Y, Z

NAME

= 10 character atomic name, used only for printout.

Thus you can enter H or Hydrogen, or whatever.
ZNUC = nuclear charge. It is the nuclear charge which
actually defines the atom's identity.
X,Y,Z = Cartesian coordinates.
if COORD=HINT
*************
NAME,ZNUC,CONX,R,ALPHA,BETA,SIGN,POINT1,POINT2,POINT3
NAME = 10 character atomic name (used only for print out).
ZNUC = nuclear charge.
CONX = connection type, choose from
'LC'
linear conn.
'CCPA' central conn.
'PCC' planar central conn.
with polar atom
'NPCC' non-planar central conn.
'TCT' terminal conn.
'PTC' planar terminal conn.
with torsion
R
= connection distance.
ALPHA= first connection angle
BETA = second connection angle
SIGN = connection sign, '+' or '-'
POINT1, POINT2, POINT3 =
connection points, a serial number of a previously
input atom, or one of 4 standard points: O,I,J,K

Input Description

$DATA

2-42

(origin and unit points on axes of master frame).

defaults: POINT1='O', POINT2='I', POINT3='J'
ref- R.L. Hilderbrandt, J.Chem.Phys. 51, 1654 (1969).
You cannot understand HINT input without reading this.
Note that if ZNUC is negative, the internally stored
basis for ABS(ZNUC) is placed on this center, but the
calculation uses ZNUC=0 after this. This is useful
for basis set superposition error (BSSE) calculations.
---------------------------------------------------------* * * If you gave $BASIS, continue entering cards -5Uuntil all the unique atoms have been specified.
When you are done, enter a " $END " card.
* * * If you did not, enter cards -6U-, -7U-, -8U-.
----------------------------------------------------------6U- GBASIS, NGAUSS, (SCALF(i),i=1,4)
GBASIS can have exactly the same meaning as the keyword in
$BASIS. You may choose from STO, N21, N31, N311, ACCT,
PC4, ... A few of these require NGAUSS below.
In addition, GBASIS can be S, P (or L), D, F, G, H, or I to
enter an explicit basis set. L means both an S and P shell
with the same exponent. See NGAUSS below.
In addition, GBASIS may be defined as MCP, to indicate that
the current atom is represented by a model core potential,
and valence basis set. An internally stored basis and
potential will be applied (see REFS.DOC for the details).
The MCP basis supplies only the occupied atomic orbitals,
e.g. sp for a main group element, so please supplement with
any desired polarization. In case the keyword MCP is
followed by the keyword READ, everything will be taken from
the input file, namely the basis functions are read using
the sequence -6U-, -7U-, and -8U-, from lines following the
"MCP READ" line. In addition, "MCP READ" implies that the
parameters of the model core potentials, together with core
basis functions are in the input stream, in a $MCP input
group. Other MCP bases are available in the $BASIS input,
but note that to locate the MCP, the atom name must be a
chemical symbol, that is "P" instead of "Phosphorus".

Input Description

$DATA

2-43

NGAUSS is the number of Gaussians (N) in the Pople style

basis, or user input general basis. It has meaning only
for GBASIS=STO, N21, N31, or N311, or explicit GTO types
such as S,P,D,F...
Up to 4 scale factors may be entered. If omitted, standard
values are used. They are not documented as every GBASIS
treats these differently. Read the source code if you need
to know more. They are seldom given.
---------------------------------------------------------* * * If GBASIS is not S,P,D,F,... either add more
shells by repeating card -6U-, or go on to -8U-.
* * * If GBASIS=S,P,D,F,... enter NGAUSS cards -7U-.
----------------------------------------------------------7U- IG, ZETA, C1, C2
IG = a counter, IG takes values 1, 2, ..., NGAUSS.
ZETA = Gaussian exponent of the IG'th primitive.
C1 = Contraction coefficient for S,P,D,F,G shells,
and for the s function of L shells.
C2 = Contraction coefficient for the p in L shells.
---------------------------------------------------------* * * For more shells on this atom, go back to card -6U-.
* * * If there are no more shells, go on to card -8U-.
----------------------------------------------------------8UA blank card ends the basis set for this atom.
---------------------------------------------------------Continue entering atoms with -5U- through -8U- until all
are given, then terminate the group with a " $END " card.
--- this is the end of card sequence U --COORD=CART input:
----------------------------------------------------------5C- Atom input.
Cartesian coordinates for all atoms must be entered. They
may be arbitrarily rotated or translated, but must possess

Input Description

$DATA

2-44

the actual point group symmetry. GAMESS will reorient the

molecule into the 'master frame', and determine which
atoms are the unique ones. Thus, the final order of the
atoms may be different from what you enter here.
NAME, ZNUC, X, Y, Z
NAME

= 10 character atomic name, used only for printout.

Thus you can enter H or Hydrogen, or whatever.
ZNUC = nuclear charge. It is the nuclear charge which
actually defines the atom's identity.
X,Y,Z = Cartesian coordinates.
---------------------------------------------------------Continue entering atoms with card -5C- until all are
given, and then terminate the group with a " $END " card.
--- this is the end of card sequence C --COORD=ZMT input:

(GAUSSIAN style internals)

----------------------------------------------------------5G-

ATOM

Only the name of the first atom is required.

See -8G- for a description of this information.
----------------------------------------------------------6G-

ATOM

i1 BLENGTH

Only a name and a bond distance is required for atom 2.

See -8G- for a description of this information.
----------------------------------------------------------7G-

ATOM

i1 BLENGTH

i2 ALPHA

Only a name, distance, and angle are required for atom 3.

See -8G- for a description of this information.
----------------------------------------------------------8GATOM

ATOM

i1 BLENGTH

i2 ALPHA

i3 BETA i4

is the chemical symbol of this atom.

It can be

Input Description

$DATA

2-45

followed by numbers, if desired, for example Si3.

The chemical symbol implies the nuclear charge.
i1
defines the connectivity of the following bond.
BLENGTH is the bond length "this atom-atom i1".
i2
defines the connectivity of the following angle.
ALPHA
is the angle "this atom-atom i1-atom i2".
i3
defines the connectivity of the following angle.
BETA
is either the dihedral angle "this atom-atom i1atom i2-atom i3", or perhaps a second bond
angle "this atom-atom i1-atom i3".
i4
defines the nature of BETA,
If BETA is a dihedral angle, i4=0 (default).
If BETA is a second bond angle, i4=+/-1.
(sign specifies one of two possible directions).
---------------------------------------------------------o
o
o

Repeat -8G- for atoms 4, 5, ...

The use of ghost atoms is possible, by using X or BQ
for the chemical symbol. Ghost atoms preclude the
option of an automatic generation of $ZMAT.
The connectivity i1, i2, i3 may be given as integers,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,... or as strings which match one of
the ATOMs. In this case, numbers must be added to the
ATOM strings to ensure uniqueness!
In -6G- to -8G-, symbolic strings may be given in
place of numeric values for BLENGTH, ALPHA, and BETA.
The same string may be repeated, which is handy in
enforcing symmetry. If the string is preceded by a
minus sign, the numeric value which will be used is
the opposite, of course. Any mixture of numeric data
and symbols may be given. If any strings were given
in -6G- to -8G-, you must provide cards -9G- and
-10G-, otherwise you may terminate the group now with
a " $END " card.

----------------------------------------------------------9G-

A blank line terminates the Z-matrix section.

----------------------------------------------------------10G-

STRING VALUE

STRING is a symbolic string used in the Z-matrix.

VALUE is the numeric value to substitute for that string.

Input Description

$DATA

2-46

---------------------------------------------------------Continue entering -10G- until all STRINGs are defined.

Note that any blank card encountered while reading -10Gwill be ignored. GAMESS regards all STRINGs as variables
(constraints are sometimes applied in $STATPT). It is not
necessary to place constraints to preserve point group
symmetry, as GAMESS will never lower the symmetry from
that given at -2-. When you have given all STRINGs a
VALUE, terminate the group with a " $END " card.
--- this is the end of card sequence G --* * * *
The documentation for sequence G above and sequence M
below presumes you are reasonably familiar with the input
to GAUSSIAN or MOPAC. It is probably too terse to be
understood very well if you are unfamiliar with these. A
good tutorial on both styles of Z-matrix input can be
found in Tim Clark's book "A Handbook of Computational
Chemistry", published by John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
Both Z-matrix input styles must generate a molecule
which possesses the symmetry you requested at -2-. If
not, your job will be terminated automatically.
COORD=ZMTMPC input:

(MOPAC style internals)

----------------------------------------------------------5M-

ATOM

Only the name of the first atom is required.

See -8M- for a description of this information.
----------------------------------------------------------6M-

ATOM BLENGTH

Only a name and a bond distance is required for atom 2.

See -8M- for a description of this information.
----------------------------------------------------------7M-

ATOM BLENGTH j1 ALPHA j2

Input Description

$DATA

2-47

Only a bond distance from atom 2, and an angle with respect

to atom 1 is required for atom 3. If you prefer to hook
atom 3 to atom 1, you must give connectivity as in -8M-.
See -8M- for a description of this information.
----------------------------------------------------------8M-

ATOM BLENGTH j1 ALPHA j2 BETA j3 i1 i2 i3

ATOM, BLENGTH, ALPHA, BETA, i1, i2 and i3 are as described

at -8G-. However, BLENGTH, ALPHA, and BETA must be given
as numerical values only. In addition, BETA is always a
dihedral angle.
i1, i2, i3 must be integers only.
The j1, j2 and j3 integers, used in MOPAC to signal
optimization of parameters, must be supplied but are
ignored here. You may give them as 0, for example.
---------------------------------------------------------Continue entering atoms 3, 4, 5, ... with -8M- cards until
all are given, and then terminate the group by giving a
" $END " card.
--- this is the end of card sequence M --==========================================================
This is the end of $DATA!
If you have any doubt about what molecule and basis set
you are defining, or what order the atoms will be
generated in, simply execute an EXETYP=CHECK job to find
out!

Input Description

$ZMAT

2-48

==========================================================

$ZMAT

group

(required if NZVAR is nonzero in $CONTRL)

This group lets you define the internal coordinates in

which the gradient geometry search is carried out. These
need not be the same as the internal coordinates used in
$DATA. The coordinates may be simple Z-matrix types,
delocalized coordinates, or natural internal coordinates.
You must input a total of M=3N-6 internal coordinates
(M=3N-5 for linear molecules). NZVAR in $CONTRL can be
less than M IF AND ONLY IF you are using linear bends. It
is also possible to input more than M coordinates if they
are used to form exactly M linear combinations for new
internals. These may be symmetry coordinates or natural
internal coordinates. If NZVAR > M, you must input IJS and
SIJ below to form M new coordinates. See DECOMP in $FORCE
for the only circumstance in which you may enter a larger
NZVAR without giving SIJ and IJS.
**** IZMAT defines simple internal coordinates ****
IZMAT is an array of integers defining each coordinate.
The general form for each internal coordinate is
code number,I,J,K,L,M,N
IZMAT =1 followed by two atom numbers. (I-J bond length)
=2 followed by three numbers. (I-J-K bond angle)
=3 followed by four numbers. (dihedral angle)
Torsion angle between planes I-J-K and J-K-L.
=4 followed by four atom numbers. (atom-plane)
Out-of-plane angle from bond I-J to plane J-K-L.
=5 followed by three numbers. (I-J-K linear bend)
Counts as 2 coordinates for the degenerate bend,
normally J is the center atom. See $LIBE.
=6 followed by five atom numbers. (dihedral angle)
Dihedral angle between planes I-J-K and K-L-M.
=7 followed by six atom numbers. (ghost torsion)
Let A be the midpoint between atoms I and J, and
B be the midpoint between atoms M and N. This
coordinate is the dihedral angle A-K-L-B. The
atoms I,J and/or M,N may be the same atom number.
(If I=J AND M=N, this is a conventional torsion).
Examples: N2H4, or, with one common pair, H2POH.

Input Description

$ZMAT

2-49

Example - a nonlinear triatomic, atom 2 in the middle:

$ZMAT IZMAT(1)=1,1,2, 2,1,2,3, 1,2,3 $END
This sets up two bonds and the angle between them.
The blanks between each coordinate definition are
not necessary, but improve readability mightily.
**** the next define delocalized coordinates ****
DLC

is a flag to request delocalized coordinates.

(default is .FALSE.)

AUTO

is a flag to generate all redundant coordinates,

automatically. The DLC space will consist of all
non-redundant combinations of these which can be
found. The list of redundant coordinates will
consist of bonds, angles, and torsions only.
(default is .FALSE.)

NONVDW is an array of atom pairs which are to be joined

by a bond, but might be skipped by the routine
that automatically includes all distances shorter
than the sum of van der Waals radii. Any angles
and torsions associated with the new bond(s) are
also automatically included.
Cases where the AUTO generation of DLC coordinates fails to
find the full set of 3N-6 coordinates typically fall 6
short of 3N-6. These cases are invariably due to the
system being divided into pieces too far apart to have
bonds detected (for example, system A might be H-bonded to
system B, finding 3N-12 coordinates only). Adding NONVDW
input for that H-bond will tie A and B together, and result
in a correct AUTO generation of all 3N-6 coordinates.
Falling short by an integer multiple of 6 indicates more
than two pieces, requiring several NONVDW pairs. Falling
short by 3 coordinates indicates one of the separate
systems A or B is likely a single atom, which has no
rotational degrees of freedom, again it should be attached
by NONVDW.
DLC coordinate generation can be fine tuned by IXZMAT,
IRZMAT, IFZMAT whose format is the same as IZMAT:

Input Description

$ZMAT

2-50

IXZMAT is an extra array of simple internal coordinates

which you want to have added to the list generated
by AUTO. Unlike NONVDW, IXZMAT will add only the
coordinate(s) you specify.
IRZMAT is an array of simple internal coordinates which
you would like to remove from the AUTO list of
redundant coordinates. It is sometimes necessary
to remove a torsion if other torsions around a bond
are being frozen, to obtain a nonsingular G matrix.
IFZMAT is an array of simple internal coordinates which
you would like to freeze. See also FVALUE below,
which is --required-- input when IFZMAT is given.
IFZMAT/FVALUE work with ordinary coordinate input
using IZMAT, as well as with DLC, but in the former
case be careful that IFZMAT specifies coordinates
that were already given in IZMAT. In addition,
IFZMAT works only for IZMAT=1,2,3 type coordinates.
See IFREEZ in $STATPT you wish to freeze regular or
natural internal coordinates.
FVALUE is an array of values to which the internal
coordinates should be constrained. It is not
necessary to input $DATA such that the initial
values match these desired final values, but it is
helpful if the initial values are not too far away.
**** SIJ,IJS define natural internal coordinates ****
SIJ is a transformation matrix of dimension NZVAR x M,
used to transform the NZVAR internal coordinates in
IZMAT into M new internal coordinates. SIJ is a
sparse matrix, so only the non-zero elements are
given, by using the IJS array described below.
The columns of SIJ will be normalized by GAMESS.
(Default: SIJ = I, unit matrix)
IJS is an array of pairs of indices, giving the row and
column index of the entries in SIJ.
example - if the above triatomic is water, using
IJS(1) = 1,1, 3,1,
1,2, 3,2,
2,3
SIJ(1) = 1.0, 1.0,
1.0,-1.0,
1.0

Input Description

gives the matrix S=

$ZMAT

1.0
0.0
1.0

1.0
0.0
-1.0

2-51

0.0
1.0
0.0

which defines the symmetric stretch, asymmetric stretch,

and bend of water.
references for natural internal coordinates:
P.Pulay, G.Fogarasi, F.Pang, J.E.Boggs
J.Am.Chem.Soc. 101, 2550-2560(1979)
G.Fogarasi, X.Zhou, P.W.Taylor, P.Pulay
J.Am.Chem.Soc. 114, 8191-8201(1992)
reference for delocalized coordinates:
J.Baker, A. Kessi, B.Delley
J.Chem.Phys. 105, 192-212(1996)
==========================================================

Input Description

$LIBE

2-52

==========================================================

$LIBE

group

(required if linear bends are used in $ZMAT)

A degenerate linear bend occurs in two orthogonal planes,

which are specified with the help of a point A. The first
bend occurs in a plane containing the atoms I,J,K and the
user input point A. The second bend is in the plane
perpendicular to this, and containing I,J,K. One such
point must be given for each pair of bends used.
APTS(1)= x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,...

for linear bends 1,2,...

Note that each linear bend serves as two coordinates, so

that if you enter 2 linear bends (HCCH, for example), the
correct value of NZVAR is M-2, where M=3N-6 or 3N-5, as
appropriate.
==========================================================

Input Description

$SCF

2-53

==========================================================

$SCF

group

relevant if SCFTYP = RHF, UHF, or ROHF,

required if SCFTYP = GVB)

This group of parameters provides additional control

over the RHF, UHF, ROHF, or GVB SCF steps. It must be
given to define GVB open shell or perfect pairing
wavefunctions. See $MCSCF for multireference inputs.
DIRSCF = a flag to activate a direct SCF calculation,
which is implemented for all the Hartree-Fock
type wavefunctions: RHF, ROHF, UHF, and GVB.
This keyword also selects direct MP2 computation.
The default of .FALSE. stores integrals on disk
storage for a conventional SCF calculation.
FDIFF

= a flag to compute only the change in the Fock

matrices since the previous iteration, rather
than recomputing all two electron contributions.
This saves much CPU time in the later iterations.
This pertains only to direct SCF, and has a
default of .TRUE. This option is implemented
only for the RHF, ROHF, UHF cases.
Cases with many diffuse functions in the basis
set, or large molecules, may sometimes be "mushy"
at the end, rather than converging. Increasing
ICUT in $CONTRL by one may help this, or consider
turning this parameter off.

---- The next flags affect convergence rates.

NOCONV = .TRUE. means neither SOSCF nor DIIS will be used.
The default is .FALSE., making the choice of the
primary converger as follows:
for RHF, GVB, UHF, or ROHF (if Abelian): SOSCF
for any DFT, or for non-Abelian groups: DIIS.
DIIS
= selects Pulay's DIIS interpolation.
SOSCF = selects second order SCF orbital optimization.
Once either DIIS or SOSCF are initiated, the following
less important accelerators are placed in abeyance:
EXTRAP = selects Pople extrapolation of the Fock matrix.

Input Description
DAMP
SHIFT
RSTRCT
DEM

=
=
=
=

$SCF

2-54

selects Davidson damping of the Fock matrix.

selects level shifting of the Fock matrix.
selects restriction of orbital interchanges.
selects direct energy minimization, which is
implemented only for RHF. (default=.FALSE.)

defaults for
ab initio:
semiempirical:

EXTRAP
T
T

DAMP
F
F

SHIFT RSTRCT
F
F
F
F

DIIS
F/T
F

SOSCF
T/F
F

The above parameters are implemented for all SCF

wavefunction types, except that DIIS will work for GVB only
for those cases with NPAIR=0 or NPAIR=1.
CUHF

= flag requesting Constrained UHF, which causes

the occupied beta orbitals of a UHF run to lie
entirely within the occupied alpha orbital space.
This produces results identical to high spin
ROHF! Obviously, this keyword pertains only
when using SCFTYP=UHF. The default is .FALSE.,
meaning a spin-contaminated ordinary UHF solution
is sought. Applicable to UHF or UDFT energy and
gradients, or to UMP2 energy calculations.

---- These parameters fine tune the various convergers.

CONV

= SCF density convergence criteria.

Convergence is reached when the density change
between two consecutive SCF cycles is less than
this in absolute value. One more cycle will be
executed after reaching convergence.
Less
accuracy in CONV gives questionable gradients.
The default is 1.0d-05, except runs involving
CI, MP2, CC, or TDDFT use 1.0d-06 to obtain more
crisply converged virtual orbitals.

SOGTOL = second order gradient tolerance. SOSCF will be

initiated when the orbital gradient falls below
this threshold. (default=0.25 au)
ETHRSH = energy error threshold for initiating DIIS. The
DIIS error is the largest element of e=FDS-SDF.
Increasing ETHRSH forces DIIS on sooner.
(default = 0.5 Hartree)

Input Description

$SCF

2-55

MAXDII = Maximum size of the DIIS linear equations, so

that at most MAXDII-1 Fock matrices are used
in the interpolation. (default=10)
SWDIIS = density matrix convergence at which to switch
from DIIS to SOSCF. A value of zero means to
keep using DIIS at all geometries, which is the
default. However, it may be useful to have
DIIS work only at the first geometry, in the
initial iterations, for example transition
metal ECP runs which has a less good Huckel
guess, and then use SOSCF for the final SCF
iterations at the first geometry, and ever
afterwards. A suggested usage might be
DIIS=.TRUE. ETHRSH=2.0 SWDIIS=0.005.
This option is not programmed for GVB.
LOCOPT = When set to .TRUE., SCF options are locked
and do not change during the following:
SOSCF and DIIS switch (SWDIIS), DFT grid switch,
RHF -> DFT switch (SWOFF). If .FALSE., any
of these switches resets some SCF options, such
as SHIFT or DAMP. (Default: .FALSE.)
RESET

= In UHF, reset SOSCF or DIIS if energy rises

(Default: .TRUE. for UHF, .FALSE. otherwise).

DEMCUT = Direct energy minimization will not be done

once the density matrix change falls below
this threshold. (Default=0.5)
DMPCUT = Damping factor lower bound cutoff. The damping
damping factor will not be allowed to drop
below this value. (default=0.0)
note: The damping factor need not be zero to achieve valid
convergence (see Hsu, Davidson, and Pitzer, J.Chem.Phys.,
65, 609 (1976), see the section on convergence control),
but it should not be astronomical either.
* *
For
see
* *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
more info on the convergence methods,
the 'Further Information' section.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Input Description

$SCF

2-56

---- orbital modification options ---The four options UHFNOS, VVOS, MVOQ, and ACAVO are
mutually exclusive. The latter 3 require RUNTYP=ENERGY,
and should not be used with any correlation treatment.
UHFNOS = flag controlling generation of the natural
orbitals of a UHF function. (default=.FALSE.)
VVOS

= flag controlling generation of Valence Virtual

Orbitals. See J.Chem.Phys. 120, 2629-2637(2004).
The default is .FALSE.

VVOs are a quantitative realization of the concept of the

"lowest unoccupied molecular orbital". The implementation
allows any elements H-Xe, for RHF, ROHF, and GVB
wavefunctions, as well as DFT runs (see also VVOS in
$MCSCF). Core potentials may not be used. VVOS should be
much better MCSCF starting orbitals than either MVOQ or
ACAVO type virtuals.
MVOQ

= 0
= n

Skip MVO generation (default)

Form modified virtual orbitals, using a cation
with n electrons removed.
Implemented for
RHF, ROHF, and GVB.
If necessary to reach a
closed shell cation, the program might remove
n+1 electrons. Typically, n will be about 6.
= -1 The cation used will have each valence orbital
half filled, to produce MVOs with valence-like
character in all regions of the molecule.
Implemented for RHF and ROHF only.

ACAVO

PACAVO =

Flag to request Approximate Correlation-Adapted

Virtual Orbitals. Implemented for RHF, ROHF,
and GVB (w/o direct SCF). Default is .FALSE.

Parameters used to define the ACAVO generating

operator, which is defined as
a*T + b*Vne + c*Jcore + d*Jval + e*Kcore + f*Kval
The default, PACAVO(1)=0,0,0,0,0,-1, maximizes the exchange
interaction with valence MOs (see for example J.L.Whitten,
J.Chem.Phys. 56, 5458-5466(1972).
The K-orbitals of D.Feller, E.R.Davidson J.Chem.Phys. 74,
3977-3979(1981) are 0.06*F-K(valence), which is
PACAVO(1)= 0.06,0.06,0.12,0.12,-0.06,-1.06.

Input Description

$SCF

2-57

Of course, canonical virtuals are PACAVO(1)=1,1,2,2,-1,-1.

* * *
UHFCHK

= a flag to perform a RHF --> UHF wavefunction

stability test (relaxation of RHF orbitals to
unequal alpha and beta orbitals). This option is
implemented only for RHF, and involves testing
only pairs of orbitals at a single time:
this is not foolproof!
default is .FALSE.

NHOMO

= if UHFCHK is selected, the number of orbitals at

The top of the occupied orbital space to be
checked for instabilities.
Default= -1, meaning check HOMO and HOMO-1.

NLUMO

= if UHFCHK is selected, the number of orbitals

at the bottom of the virtual space checked.
Basis sets with diffuse functions should check
many more orbitals, to get past the diffuse MOs.
Default=2, meaning check LUMO, LUMO+1, LUMO+2.
* * *

MOM

= flag enabling the Molecular Overlap Method (MOM).

Currently works only with SCFTYP=UHF.
MOM computes excitations by selecting orbitals at
each iteration to resemble earlier iterations.
See J.Phys.Chem. A 112, 13164-13171(2008).
(default=.FALSE.)
note: MOM typically requires an initial MOREAD set of
ground-state MO's, reordered by NORDER=1 in conjunction
with the IORDER/JORDER arrays.
The MOM flag is an algorithm very similar to that enabled
by the RSTRCT flag. Note: RSTRCT works with all SCF types.
KPROJ

determines the flavor of the MOM projections p_j

obtained from the overlap matrix O(i,j).
KPROJ pertains only if the MOM flag is enabled.
= 0 p_j = |sum_i O(i,j)|
as given in the original MOM article
= 1 p_j = sum_i O(i,j) (default)
= 2 p_j = sum_i O(i,j)*O(i,j),
as implemented in Q-Chem

Input Description

$SCF

2-58

----- GVB wavefunction input ----The next parameters define the GVB wavefunction. See
also MULT in the $CONTRL input. The GVB wavefunction
assumes orbitals are in the order core, open, pairs.
NCO

The number of closed shell orbitals. The

default almost certainly should be changed!
(default=0).

NSETO

The number of sets of open shells in the

function. Maximum of 10. (default=0)

NO

An array giving the degeneracy of each open

shell set. Give NSETO values.
(default=0,0,0,...).

NPAIR

The number of geminal pairs in the -GVBfunction. Maximum of 12. The default
corresponds to open shell SCF (default=0).

CICOEF =

An array of ordered pairs of CI coefficients

for the -GVB- pairs.
(default = 0.90,-0.20,0.90,-0.20,...)
For example, a two pair case for water, say, might be
CICOEF(1)=0.95,-0.05,0.95,-0.05. If not normalized, as in
the default, CICOEF will be. This parameter is useful in
restarting a GVB run, with the current CI coefficients.
COUPLE =

A switch controlling the input of F, ALPHA,

and BETA. (Default=.FALSE.)
Input for F, ALPHA, BETA will be ignored unless you select
this variable as .TRUE.
F

An vector of fractional shell occupations.

ALPHA

An array of A coupling coefficients, given in

lower triangular order.

BETA

An array of B coupling coefficients, given in

lower triangular order.

Note: The default for F, ALPHA, and BETA depends on

the state chosen. Defaults for the most commonly occurring

Input Description

$SCF

2-59

cases are internally stored. See "Further Information" for

other cases, including degenerate open shells.
Note: ALPHA and BETA can be given for -ROHF- orbital
canonicalization control, see "Further Information".
----- miscellaneous options ----NPUNCH =
=
=
=
NPREO

0
1
2

option for output to the PUNCH file

do not punch out the final orbitals
punch out the occupied orbitals
punch out occupied and virtual orbitals
The default is NPUNCH = 2.

= energy and orbital printing options, applying

after other output options, for example NPRINT=-5
for no orbital output overrules this keyword.
Orbitals from NPREO(1) to NPREO(2) and orbital
energies from NPREO(3) to NPREO(4) are printed.
Positive values indicate plain ordinal numbers.
Non-positive values are relative to HOMO.
For NPREO(1) and (3), 0 is HOMO, -1 is HOMO+1 etc.
For NPREO(2) and (4), 0 is HOMO, -1 is HOMO+1 etc.
Numbers exceeding the total orbital count are
automatically adjusted to the maximum value.
Orbitals printed by NPREO(1) and NPREO(2) will
always have the orbital energy labels attached,
NPREO(3) to NPREO(4) define separate print-out of
the orbital energies.
HOMO here means the highest occupied orbital,
assuming a singlet RHF orbital occupation, that
is to say NE/2, no matter what SCFTYP is.
To print only the HOMO and LUMO LCAO coefficients.
and all orbital energies, enter:
NPREO(1)=0,-1,1,9999
Default: 1,9999,2,1 (meaning print all orbitals,
but no separate list of orbital energies).
----- options for virial scaling -----

VTSCAL =

A flag to request that the virial theorem be

satisfied. An analysis of the total energy
as an exact sum of orbital kinetic energies
is printed. The default is .FALSE.
This option is implemented for RHF, UHF, and ROHF, for
RUNTYP=ENERGY, OPTIMIZE, or SADPOINT. Related input is:

Input Description

$SCF

2-60

SCALF

initial exponent scale factor when VTSCAL is

in use, useful when restarting. The default
is 1.0.

MAXVT

maximum number of iterations (at a single

geometry) to satisfy the energy virial theorem.
The default is 20.

VTCONV =

convergence criterion for the VT, which is

satisfied when 2<T> + <V> + R x dE/dR is less
than VTCONV. The default is 1.0D-6 Hartree.

For more information on this option, which is most useful

during a geometry search, see M.Lehd and F.Jensen,
J.Comput.Chem. 12, 1089-1096(1991).
* *
For
see
* *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
more discussion of GVB/ROHF input
the 'further information' section
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

==========================================================

Input Description

$SCFMI

2-61

==========================================================

$SCFMI

group

(optional, relevant if SCFTYP=RHF)

The Self Consistent Field for Molecular Interactions

(SCF-MI) method is a modification of the usual Roothaan
equations that avoids basis set superposition error (BSSE)
in intermolecular interaction calculations, by expanding
each monomer's orbitals using only its own basis set.
Thus, the resulting orbitals are not orthogonal. The
presence of a $SCFMI group in the input triggers the use
of this option.
The implementation is limited to ten monomers, treated
at the RHF level. The energy, gradient, and therefore
semi-numerical hessian are available. The SCF step may be
run in direct SCF mode, and parallel calculation is also
enabled. The calculation must use Cartesian Gaussian AOs
only, not spherical harmonics. The SCF-MI driver differs
from normal RHF calculations, so not all converger methods
are available. Finally, this option is not compatible with
electron correlation treatments (DFT, MP2, CI, or CC).
The first 3 parameters must be given. All atoms of a
fragment must appear consecutively in $DATA.
NFRAGS

= number of distinct fragments present. Both

the supermolecule and its constituent monomers
must be well described as closed shells by RHF
wavefunctions.

NF
occupied

= an array containing the number of doubly

MF

= an array containing the number of atomic basis

functions located on each fragment.

ITER

= maximum number of SCF-MI cycles, overriding

the usual MAXIT value. (default is 50).

DTOL

= SCF-MI density convergence criteria.

(default is 1.0d-10)

MOs for each fragment.

Input Description

$SCFMI

2-62

ALPHA

= possible level shift parameter.

(default is 0.0, meaning shifting is not used)

DIISON

= a flag to active the DIIS convergence.

(default is .TRUE.)

MXDIIS
and

= the maximum number of previous effective Fock

overlap matrices to be used in DIIS

(default=10)
DIISTL

= the density change value at which DIIS starts.

(default=0.01)

A Huckel guess is localized by the Boys procedure onto each

fragment to provide starting orbitals for each:
ITLOC

= maximum number of iteration in the localization

step (Default is 50)

CNVLOC

= convergence parameter for the localization.

(default is .01).

IOPT

=
prints additional debug information.
= 0 standard outout (default)
= 1 print for each SCF-MI cycle MOs, overlap
between the MOs, CPU times.
= 2 print some extra informations in secular
systems solution.

==========================================================
"Modification of Roothan Equations to exclude BSSE
from Molecular Interaction calculations"
E. Gianinetti, M. Raimondi, E. Tornaghi
Int. J. Quantum Chem. 60, 157-166 (1996)
"Implementation of Gradient optimization algorithms
and Force Constant computations in BSSE-free direct
and conventional SCF approaches"
A. Famulari, E. Gianinetti, M. Raimondi, M. Sironi
Int. J. Quantum Chem. 69, 151-158 (1997)

Input Description

$DFT

2-63

==========================================================

$DFT

group

(relevant if DFTTYP is chosen)

(relevant if SCFTYP=RHF,UHF,ROHF)

Note that if DFTTYP=NONE, an ab initio calculation will

be performed, rather than density functional theory.
This group permits the use of various one electron
(usually empirical) operators instead of the true many
electron Hamiltonian. Two programs are provided, METHOD=
GRID or GRIDFREE. The programs have different functionals
available, and so the keyword DFTTYP (which is entered in
$CONTRL) and other associated inputs are documented
separately below. Every functional that has the same name
in both lists is an identical functional, but each METHOD
has a few functionals that are missing in the other.
The grid free implementation is based on the use of the
resolution of the identity to simplify integrals so that
they may be analytically evaluated, without using grid
quadratures. The grid free DFT computations in their
present form have various numerical errors, primarily in
the gradient vectors. Please do not use the grid-free DFT
program without reading the discussion in the 'Further
References' section regarding the gradient accuracy.
The grid based DFT uses a typical grid quadrature to
compute integrals over the rather complicated functionals,
using two possible angular grid types.
Achieving a self-consistent field with DFT is rather
more difficult than for normal HF, so DIIS is the default
converger.
Both DFT programs will run in parallel. See the two
lists below for possible functionals in the two programs.
See also the $TDDFT input group for excited states.
METHOD = selects grid based DFT or grid free DFT.
= GRID
Grid based DFT (default)
= GRIDFREE Grid free DFT

Input Description

$DFT

2-64

DFTTYP is given in $CONTRL, not here in $DFT! Possible

values for the grid-based program are listed first,
----- options for METHOD=GRID ----DFTTYP = NONE

means ab initio computation (default)

Many choices are given below, perhaps the most sensible are
local DFT: SVWN
pure DFT GGA: BLYP, PW91, B97-D, PBE/PBEsol
hybrid DFT GGA: B3LYP, X3LYP, PBE0
pure DFT meta-GGA: revTPSS
hybrid DFT meta-GGA: TPSSh, M06
but of course, everyone has their own favorite!
pure exchange functionals:
= SLATER
Slater exchange
= BECKE
Becke 1988 exchange
= GILL
Gill 1996 exchange
= OPTX
Handy-Cohen exchange
= PW91X
Perdew-Wang 1991 exchange
= PBEX
Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof exchange
These will be used with no correlation functional at all.
pure correlation functionals:
= VWN
Vosko-Wilk-Nusair correlation, using
their electron gas formula 5 (aka VWN5)
= VWN3
Vosko-Wilk-Nusair correlation, using
their electron gas formula 3
= VWN1RPA Vosko-Wilke-Nusair correlation, using
their e- gas formula 1, with RPA params.
= PZ81
Perdew-Zener 1981 correlation
= P86
Perdew 1986 correlation
= LYP
Lee-Yang-Parr correlation
= PW91C
Perdew-Wang 1991 correlation
= PBEC
Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof correlation
= OP
One-parameter Progressive correlation
These will be used with 100% HF exchange, if chosen.

= SVWN

combinations (partial list):

SLATER exchange + VWN5 correlation

Input Description

$DFT

2-65

Called LDA/LSDA in physics for RHF/UHF.

= SVWN1RPA Slater exchange + VWN1RPA correlation
= BLYP
BECKE exchange + LYP correlation
= BOP
BECKE exchange + OP correlation
= BP86
BECKE exchange + P86 correlation
= GVWN
GILL exchange + VWN5 correlation
= GPW91
GILL exchange + PW91 correlation
= PBEVWN
PBE exchange + VWN5 correlation
= PBEOP
PBE exchange + OP correlation
= OLYP
OPTX exchange + LYP correlation
= PW91
means PW91 exchange + PW91 correlation
= PBE
means PBE exchange + PBE correlation
There's a nearly infinite set of pairings (well, 6*9), so
we show only enough to give you the idea. In other words,
pairs are formed by abbreviating the exchange functionals
SLATER=S, BECKE=B, GILL=G, OPTX=O, PW91X=PW91, PBEX=PBE
and matching them with any correlation functional, of which
only two are abbreviated when used in combinations,
PW91C==>PW91, PBEC==>PBE
The pairings shown above only scratch the surface, but
clearly, many possibilities, such as PW91PBE, are nonsense!
pure DFT GGA functionals:
= EDF1
empirical density functional #1, which is
a modified BLYP from Adamson/Gill/Pople.
= PW91
Perdew/Wang 1991
= PBE
Perdew/Burke/Ernzerhof 1996
= revPBE
PBE as revised by Zhang/Yang
= RPBE
PBE as revised by Hammer/Hansen/Norskov
= PBEsol
PBE as revised by Perdew et al for solids
= HCTH93
Hamprecht/Cohen/Tozer/Handy's 1998 mod
to B97, omitting HF exchange, fitting to
93 atoms and molecules
= HCTH120 later fit to 120 systems
= HCTH147 later fit to 147 systems
= HCTH407 later fit to 407 systems (best)
= SOGGA
PBE revised by Zhao/Truhlar for solids
= MOHLYP
metal optimized OPTX, half LYP
= B97-D
Grimme's modified B97, with dispersion
correction (this forces DC=.TRUE.)
= SOGGA11 optimized with broad applicability for
chemistry, by Peverati/Zhao/Truhlar

Input Description

$DFT

2-66

hybrid GGA functionals:

= BHHLYP
HF and BECKE exchange + LYP correlation
= B3PW91
Becke's 3 parameter exchange hybrid,
with PW91 correlation functional
= B3LYP
this is a hybrid method combining five
functionals: Becke + Slater + HF exchange
(B3), with LYP + VWN5 correlation.
B3LYPV5 is a synonym for B3LYP.
= B3LYPV1R use VWN1RPA in place of VWN5, matches the
e- gas formula chosen by some programs.
= B3LYPV3 use VWN3 in place of B3LYP's VWN5
= B3P86
B3-type exchange, P86 correlation, using
VWN3 as the LDA part of the correlation.
B3P86V3 is a synonym for B3P86.
= B3P86V1R use VWN1RPA in place of VWN3
= B3P86V5 use VWN5 in place of VWN3
= B97
Becke's 1997 hybrid functional
= B97-1
Hamprecht/Cohen/Tozer/Handy's 1998
reparameterization of B97
= B97-2
Wilson/Bradley/Tozer's 2001 mod to B97
= B97-3
Keal/Tozer's 2005 mod to B97
= B97-K
Boese/Martin's 2004 mod for kinetics
= B98
Schmider/Becke's 1998 mode to B97,
using their best "2c" parameters.
= PBE0
a hybrid made from PBE
= X3LYP
HF+Slater+Becke88+PW91 exchange,
and LYP+VWN1RPA correlation.
= SOGGA11X a hybrid based on SOGGA11,
with 40.15% HF exchange.
Each includes some Hartree-Fock exchange, and also may use
a linear combination of many DFT parts.
range separated functionals:
These are also known as "long-range corrected functionals".
LC-BVWN, LB-BOP, LC-BLYP, or LC-BPBE are available by
selecting BVWN, BOP, BLYP, or BPBE and also setting the
flag LC=.TRUE. (see LC and also MU below). Others are
selected by their specific name, without using LC:
= CAMB3LYP coulomb attenuated B3LYP
= wB97
omega separated form of B97
= wB97X
wB97 with short-range HF exchange
= wB97X-D dispersion corrected wB97X
M11 is also range-separated, but is listed below with the
other meta-GGAs.

Input Description

$DFT

2-67

"double hybrid" GGA:

= B2PLYP
mixes BLYP, HF exchange, and MP2!
See related inputs CHF and CMP2 below.
"double hybrid" and "range separated":
= wB97X-2 intended for use with GBASIS=CCT,CCQ,CC5
= wB97X-2L intended for use with GBASIS=N311
NGAUSS=6 NDFUNC=3 NFFUNC=1 NPFUNC=3
DIFFSP=.T. DIFFS=.T.
Note: there are no analytic gradients for "double hybrids".
Note: the B2PLYP family uses the conventional MP2 energy
and may be used for closed shell or spin-unrestricted open
shell cases. The wB97X-2 family uses the SCS-MP2 energy,
and thus is limited to closed shell cases at present.
meta-GGA functionals:
These are not hybridized with HF exchange, unless that is
explicitly stated below.
= VS98
Voorhis/Scuseria, 1998
= PKZB
Perdew/Kurth/Zupan/Blaha, 1999
= tHCTH
Boese/Handy's 2002 metaGGA akin to HCTH
= tHCTHhyb tHCTH's hybrid with 15% HF exchange
= BMK
Boese/Martin's 2004 parameterization of
tHCTHhyb for kinetics
= TPSS
Tao/Perdew/Staroverov/Scuseria, 2003
= TPSSh
TPSS hybrid with 10% HF exchange
= TPSSm
TPSS with modified parameter, 2007
= revTPSS revised TPSS, 2009
= dlDF
a reparameterized M05-2X, reproducing
interaction energies which have had all
dispersion removed. This MUST be used
with a special -D correction to recover
dispersion. See 'Further References'.
= M05
Minnesota exchange-correlation, 2005
a hybrid with 28% HF exchange.
= M05-2X
M05, with doubled HF exchange, to 56%
= M06
Minnesota exchange-correlation, 2006
a hybrid with 27% HF exchange.
= M06-L
M06, with 0% HF exchange (L=local)
= M06-2X
M06, with doubled HF exchange, to 54%
= M06-HF
M06 correlation, using 100% HF exchange
= M08-HX
M08 with 'high HF exchange'
= M08-SO
M08 with parameters that enforce the

Input Description

$DFT

2-68

correct second order gradient expansion.

= M11
M11 range-separated hybrid
= M11-L
M11 local (0% HF exchange) with
dual-range exchange
When the M06 family was created, Truhlar recommended M06
for the general situation, but see his "concluding remarks"
in the M06 reference about which functional is best for
what kind of test data set. The most recent M11 family is
probably a better choice, and two functionals fit all the
needs of the older M05/M06/M08 families.
An extensive bibliography for all functionals can be
found in the 'Further References' section of this manual.
Note that only a subset of these functionals can be used
for TD-DFT energy or gradients. These subsets are listed
in the $TDDFT input group.
* * * dispersion corrections * * *
Many exchange-correlation functionals fail to compute
intra- and inter-molecular dispersion interactions
accurately. Two possible correction schemes are provided
below. The first uses empirically chosen C6 and C8
coefficients, while the latter obtains these from the
molecular DFT densities. At most, only one of the LRDFLG
or DC options below may be chosen.
DC

= a flag to turn on Grimme's empirical dispersion

correction, involving scaled R**(-6) terms.
N.B. This empiricism may also be added to plain
Hartree-Fock, by choosing DFTTYP=NONE with DC=.T.
Three different versions exist, see IDCVER.
(default=.FALSE., except if DFTTYP=B97-D, wB97X-D)

IDCVER = 1 means 1st 2004 implementation.

= 2 means 2nd 2006 implementation DFT-D2,
default for B97-D, wB97X-D.
= 3 means 3rd 2010 implementation DFT-D3,
default for all others.
Setting IDCVER will force DC=.TRUE.
DCCHG

= a flag to use Chai-Head-Gordon damping function

instead of Grimme's 2006 function. Pertinent only

Input Description

$DFT

2-69

for the DFT-D2 method. Forces DC=.TRUE.

(default=.FALSE. except for wB97X-D)
DCABC

= a flag to turn on the computation of the E(3) nonadditive energy term. Pertinent only for DFT-D3,
it forces DC=.TRUE. (default=.FALSE.)

The following parameters govern Grimme's semiempirical

dispersion term. They are basis set and functional
dependent, so they exist for only a few DFTTYP. Default
values are automatically selected and printed out in the
output file for many common density functionals.
The following keywords are for entering non-standard
values. For DFT-D2 values, see also:
R.Peverati and K.K.Baldridge
J.Chem.Theory Comput. 4, 2030-2048 (2008).
For DFT-D3 values, and a detailed explanation of each
parameter, see:
S. Grimme, J. Antony, S. Ehrlich and H. Krieg,
J.Chem.Phys. 132, 154104/1-19(2010)
DCALP

= alpha parameter in the DFT-D damping function

(same as alpha6 in Grimme's DFT-D3 notation).
Note also that alpha8 and alpha10 in DFT-D3 have
constrained values of:
alpha8 = alpha6 + 2, alpha10 = alpha8 + 2.
Default=14.0 for DFT-D3
=20.0 for DFT-D2
=23.0 for DFT-D1
=6.00 for DCCHG=.TRUE.

DCSR

= sR exponential parameter to scale the van der

Waals radii (same as sR,6 in Grimme's DFT-D3
notation). Note also that sR,8 in DFT-D3 have a
fixed value of 1.0.
Optimized values are automatically selected for
some of the more common functionals, otherwise,
the default is 1.00 for DFT-D3, 1.10 for DFT-D2,
and 1.22 for DFT-D1.

DCS6

= s6 linear parameter for scaling the C6 term.

Optimized values are automatically selected for
some of the more common functionals, otherwise,
the default is 1.00.

Input Description
DCS8

$DFT

2-70

= s8 linear parameter for scaling the C8 term of

DFT-D3. Pertinent only for DFT-D3.
Optimized values are automatically selected for
some of the more common functionals, otherwise,
the default is 1.00.

The old keywords DCPAR and DCEXP were replaced by DCS6 and
DCSR in 2010. Similarly, DCOLD has morphed into IDCVER.
- - The Local Response Dispersion (LRD) correction includes
atomic pair-wise -C6/R**6, -C8/R**8, and -C10/R**10 terms,
whose coefficients are computed from the molecular system's
electron density and its nuclear gradient. The nuclear
gradient assumes the dispersion coefficients do not vary
with geometry, which causes only a very small error in the
gradient. Optionally, 3 and 4 center terms may be added,
at the 1/R**6 level; in this case, nuclear gradients may
not be computed at all.
Since the three numerical parameters are presently known
only for the long-range exchange corrected BOP functional,
calculations may specify simply DFTTYP=LCBOPLRD. The
"LCBOPLRD" functional will automatically select the
following:
DFTTYP=BOP
LC=.TRUE. MU=0.47
LRDFLG=.TRUE. LAMBDA=0.232 KAPPA=0.600 RZERO=3.22
leaving only the choice for MLTINT up to you.
References for LRD are
T.Sato, H.Nakai J.Chem.Phys. 131, 224104/1-12(2009)
T.Sato, H.Nakai J.Chem.Phys. 133, 194101/1-9(2010)
LRDFLG = flag choosing the Local Response Dispersion (LRD)
C6, C8, and C10 corrections. Default=.FALSE.
MLTINT = flag to add the 3 and 4 center 6th order terms,
the default=.FALSE. Note that nuclear gradients
are not available if these multi-center terms
are requested.
Three numerical parameters may be input. The defaults
shown are optimized for the BOP functional with the LC
correction for long-range exchange.

Input Description

$DFT

2-71

LAMBDA = parameter adjusting the density gradient

correction for the atomic and atomic pair
polarizabilities. (default=0.232)
KAPPA = parameter in the damping function (default=0.600)
RZERO = parameter in the damping function (default=3.22)
It may be interesting to see a breakdown of the total
dispersion correction, using these keywords:
PRPOL

= print out atomic effective polarizabilities

(default=.FALSE.)
PRCOEF = N (default N=0)
print out dispersion coefficient to N-th order.
PRPAIR = print out atomic pair dispersion energies
(default=.FALSE.)
* * * range separation * * *
LC

= flag to turn on the long range correction (LC),

which smoothly replaces the DFT exchange by the
HF exchange at long inter-electron distances.
(default=.FALSE.)
This option can be used only with the Becke
exchange functional (Becke) and a few correlation
functionals: DFTTYP=BVWN, BOP, BLYP, BPBE only.
For example, B3LYP has a fixed admixture of HF
exchange, so it cannot work with the LC option.
See H.Iikura, T.Tsuneda, T.Yanai, and K.Hirao,
J.Chem.Phys. 115, 3540 (2001).

MU

= A parameter for the long range correction scheme.

Increasing MU increases the HF exchange used,
very small MU produces the DFT limit.
(default=0.33)

Other range-separated options exist, invoked by naming the

functional, such as DFTTYP=CAMB3LYP (see the DFTTYP keyword
for a full list).
* * * B2x-PLYP double hybrid functionals * * *
B2xPLYP Double Hybrid functionals have the general formula:

Input Description

$DFT

2-72

Exc = (1-cHF) * ExGGA + cHF * ExHF

+ (1-cMP2) * EcGGA + cMP2 * E(2)
The next keywords allow the choice of cHF and cMP2. Both
values must be between 0 and 1 (0-100%).
CHF

= amount of HF exchange. (default=0.53)

CMP2

= amount of MP2. (default=0.27)

Some other common double hybrid functionals are available

simply by choosing DFTTYP=B2PLYP, and changing the CHF and
CMP2 parameters. Popular parametrizations are:
CHF
CMP2
-----------------------------------------B2-PLYP (default)
|
0.53 |
0.27
|
-----------------------------------------B2K-PLYP
|
0.72 |
0.42
|
-----------------------------------------B2T-PLYP
|
0.60 |
0.31
|
-----------------------------------------B2GP-PLYP
|
0.65 |
0.36
|
-----------------------------------------* * * Grid Input * * *
Only one of the three grid types may be chosen for the run.
The default (if no selection is made) is the Lebedev grid.
In order to duplicate results obtained prior to April 2008,
select the polar coordinate grid NRAD=96 NTHE=12 NPHI=24.
Energies can be compared if and only if the identical grid
type and density is used, analogous to needing to compare
with the identical basis set expansions. See REFS.DOC for
more information on grids. See similar inputs in $TDDFT.
Lebedev grid:
NRAD

= number of radial points in the Euler-MacLaurin

quadrature. (default=96)

NLEB

= number of angular points in the Lebedev grids.

(default=302). Possible values are 86, 110, 146,
170, 194, 302, 350, 434, 590, 770, 974, 1202,
1454, 1730, 2030...

Input Description

$DFT

2-73

Meta-GGA functionals require a tighter grid to achieve the

same accuracy. For this reason a tighter default grid of
NRAD=99 and NLEB=590 is chosen by default with all meta-GGA
functionals.
The default for NLEB means that nuclear gradients will be
accurate to about the default OPTTOL=0.00010 (see $STATPT),
590 approaches OPTTOL=0.00001, and 1202 is "army grade".
The next two specify radial/angular in a single keyword:
SG1

= a flag to select the "standard grid 1", which has

24 radial points, and various pruned Lebedev
grids, from 194 down to 6. (default=.FALSE.
This grid is very fast, but produces gradients
whose accuracy reaches only OPTTOL=0.00050.
This grid should be VERY USEFUL for the early
steps of a geometry optimization.

JANS

= two unpublished grids due to Curtis Janssen,

implemented here differently than in MPQC:
= 1 uses 95 radial points for all atoms, and prunes
from a Lebedev grid whose largest size is 434,
thus using about 15,000 grid points/atom.
= 2 uses 155 radial points for all atoms, and prunes
from a Lebedev grid whose largest size is 974,
thus using about 71,000 grid points/atom.
This is a very accurate grid, e.g. "army grade".
The information for pruning exists only for H-Ar,
so heavier elements will use the large radial/
Lebedev grid without any pruning.

polar coordinate grid:

NRAD

= number of radial points in the Euler-MacLaurin

quadrature. (96 is reasonable)

NTHE

= number of angle theta grids in Gauss-Legendre

quadrature (polar coordinates). (12 is reasonable)

NPHI

= number of angle phi grids in Gauss-Legendre

quadrature. NPHI should be double NTHE so points
are spherically distributed. (24 is reasonable)

Input Description

$DFT

2-74

The number of angular points will be NTHE*NPHI. The values

shown give a gradient accuracy near the default OPTTOL of
0.00010, while NTHE=24 NPHI=48 approaches OPTTOL=0.00001,
and "army grade" is NTHE=36 NPHI=72.
* * * Grid Switching * * *
At the first geometry of the run, pure HF iterations will
be performed, since convergence of DFT is greatly improved
by starting with the HF density matrix. After DFT engages,
most runs (at all geometries, except for PCM or numerical
Hessians) will use a coarser grid during the early DFT
iterations, before reaching some initial convergence.
After that, the full grid will be used. Together, these
switchings can save considerable CPU time.
SWOFF =

turn off DFT, to perform pure SCF iterations,

until the density matrix convergence falls below
this threshold. This option is independent of
SWITCH and can be used with or without it. It is
reasonable to pick SWOFF > SWITCH > CONV in $SCF.
SWOFF pertains only to the first geometry that the
run computes, and is automatically disabled if you
choose GUESS=MOREAD to provide initial orbitals.
The default is 5.0E-3.

SWITCH = when the change in the density matrix between

iterations falls below this threshhold, switch
to the desired full grid (default=3.0E-4)
This keyword is ignored if the SG1 grid is used.
NRAD0

= same as NRAD, but defines initial coarse grid.

default = smaller of 24 and NRAD/4

NLEB0

= same as NLEB, but defines initial coarse grid.

default = 110

NTHE0

= same as NTHE, but defines initial coarse grid.

default = smaller of 8, NTHE/3

NPHI0

= same as NPHI, but defines initial coarse grid.

default = smaller of 16, NPHI/3

Input Description

$DFT

2-75

technical parameters:
THRESH = threshold for ignoring small contributions to the
Fock matrix. The default is designed to produce
no significant energy loss, even when the grid is
as good as "army grade". If for some reason you
want to turn all threshhold tests off, of course
requiring more CPU, enter 1.0e-15.
default: 1.0e-4/Natoms/NRAD/NTHE/NPHI
GTHRE

= threshold applied to gradients, similar to THRESH.

< 1 assign this value to all thresholds
= 1 use the default thresholds (default).
> 1 divide default thresholds by this value.
If you wish to increase accuracy, set GTHRE=10.
The default introduces an error of roughly 1e-7
(a.u./bohr) in the gradient.

Input Description

$DFT

2-76

The keyword $DFTTYP is given in $CONTRL, and may have these

values if the grid-free program is chosen:
----- options for METHOD=GRIDFREE ----DFTTYP = NONE

means ab initio computation (default)

exchange functionals:
= XALPHA
X-Alpha exchange (alpha=0.7)
= SLATER
Slater exchange (alpha=2/3)
= BECKE
Becke's 1988 exchange
= DEPRISTO Depristo/Kress exchange
= CAMA
Handy et al's mods to Becke exchange
= HALF
50-50 mix of Becke and HF exchange
correlation functionals:
= VWN
Vosko/Wilke/Nusair correlation, formula 5
= PWLOC
Perdew/Wang local correlation
= LYP
Lee/Yang/Parr correlation
exchange/correlation functionals:
= BVWN
Becke exchange + VWN5 correlation
= BLYP
Becke exchange + LYP correlation
= BPWLOC
Becke exchange + Perdew/Wang correlation
= B3LYP
hybrid HF/Becke/LYP using VWN formula 5
= CAMB
CAMA exchange + Cambridge correlation
= XVWN
Xalpha exchange + VWN5 correlation
= XPWLOC
Xalpha exchange + Perdew/Wang correlation
= SVWN
Slater exchange + VWN5 correlation
= SPWLOC
Slater exchange + PWLOC correlation
= WIGNER
Wigner exchange + correlation
= WS
Wigner scaled exchange + correlation
= WIGEXP
Wigner exponential exchange + correlation

AUXFUN = AUX0
= AUX3

THREE

uses no auxiliary basis set for resolution

of the identity, limiting accuracy.
uses the 3rd generation of RI basis sets,
These are available for the elements H to
Ar, but have been carefully considered for
H-Ne only. (DEFAULT)

= a flag to use a resolution of the identity to

turn four center overlap integrals into three
center integrals. This can be used only if
no auxiliary basis is employed. (default=.FALSE.)
==========================================================

Input Description

$TDDFT

2-77

==========================================================

$TDDFT

group
(relevant if TDDFT chosen in $CONTRL)

This group generates molecular excitation energies by

time-dependent density functional theory computations (or
time-dependent Hartree-Fock, also known as the Random Phase
Approximation). The functional used for the excited states
is necessarily the same one that is used for the reference
state, specified by DFTTYP in $CONTRL.
For conventional TD-DFT (TDDFT=EXCITE in $CONTRL), the
orbitals are optimized for RHF or UHF type reference
states. Analytic nuclear gradients are available for
singlet excited states, while the energy of excited states
of other multiplicities can be computed. Two-photon
absorption cross-sections may be predicted for singlet
excited states. Ground state hyperpolarizabilities may be
computed with the TDDFT module.
For spin-flip TD-DFT (TDDFT=SPNFLP in $CONTRL), the
calculation obtains orbitals for a reference state of
either UHF or ROHF type, with MULT in $CONTRL determining
the Ms quantum number of the reference. The reference
state's Ms is set equal to the S value implied by $CONTRL's
MULT=2S+1. The SF-TD-DFT then uses only determinants with
Ms=S-1, due to the flip of one alpha spin into a beta spin.
This means that target states (which are spin contaminated)
will have multiplicities around the range S-1 to S, only.
It is quite possible for some of the target states to have
a lower energy than the reference!!! Nuclear gradients and
properties are available.
See just below for "limitations" below regarding the two
different TD-DFT types.
TD-DFT is a single excitation theory. All of the
caveats listed in the $CIS input group about states with
double excitation character, need for Rydberg basis sets,
greatly different topology of excited state surfaces, and
so on apply here as well. Please read the introduction to
the $CIS input group! If you use very large or very small
Gaussian exponents, you may need to increase the number of

Input Description

$TDDFT

2-78

radial grid points (the program prints advice in such

cases).
TDHF, TDDFT, and CIS are related in the following way:
-- Tamm/Dancoff approximation -->
|
TDHF
CIS
DFT |
V
TDDFT
TDDFT/TDA
Here TDHF means absorption of photons, to produce excited
states (TDHF is called RPA in the physics community). This
meaning of TDHF should not be confused with the photon
scattering processes computed by RUNTYP=TDHF or TDHFX,
which generate polarizabilities. Note, in particular, that
CITYP=CIS is equivalent to using TDDFT=EXCITE DFTTYP=NONE
TAMMD=.TRUE., provided the former is run with no frozen
cores. Solvent effects for CIS calculations are therefore
available via the TDDFT codes.
Excited state properties are calculated using the TDDFT
excited state electronic density only during gradient runs,
or by setting TDPRP below.
The TD-DFT codes excite all electrons, that is, there is
no frozen core concept. Please see the 4th chapter of this
manual for more information on both types of TD-DFT.
"limitations" for TDDFT=EXCITE:
Permissible values for DFTTYP are shown below. These
include "NONE" which uses TDHF (i.e. the Random Phase
Approximation), noting that extra states may need to be
solved for in order to be sure of getting the first few
states correctly. If nuclear gradients are needed, you may
choose any of the following functionals:
NONE
SVWN, SOP, SLYP, OLYP,
BVWN, BOP, BLYP (and their LC=.TRUE. versions)
B3LYP, CAMB3LYP, B3LYP1, PBE, PBE0
For evaluation of just the excitation energies, you may use
many more functionals, notably including the metaGGAs in
the last three lines:
NONE
SVWN, SVWN1, SPZ81, SP86, SOP, SLYP,
BVWN, BVWN1, BPZ81, BP86, BOP, BLYP, OLYP,

Input Description

$TDDFT

2-79

B3LYP, CAMB3LYP, B3LYP1, B3PW91, X3LYP, PW91, PBE, PBE0

VS98, PKZB,
M05, M05-2X, M06, M06-HF, M06-L, M06-2X, M08-HX, M08-SO
TPSS, TPSSm, TPSSh, and revTPSS
The LC flag in $DFT automatically carries over to TDDFT
runs. The LC option may be used with the "B" functionals,
and (like the similar range-separated CAMB3LYP) is useful
in obtaining better descriptions for charge-transfer
excitations or Rydberg excitation energies than are the
conventional exchange correlation functionals (whether pure
or hybrid). The LC flag is also available for excited
state gradient computation.
Limits specific to the references for TDDFT=EXCITE are:
For SCFTYP=RHF, excitation energies can be found for
singlet or triplet coupled excited states. For singlet
excited states only, analytic gradients and properties can
be found, for either full TD-DFT or in the Tamm/Dancoff
approximation. For RHF references, solvent effects can be
included by EFP1 or PCM (or both together), for both TD-DFT
excitation energies and their nuclear gradients.
For SCFTYP=UHF, excited states with the same spin
projection as the ground state are found. MULT in $CONTRL
governs the number of alpha and beta electrons, hence
Ms=(MULT-1)/2 is the only good quantum number for either
the ground or excited states. Since U-TDDFT is a single
excitation theory, excited states with <S> values near Ms
and near Ms+1 will appear in the calculation. There are no
properties other than the excitation energy, nor gradients,
nor solvent effects, at present.
"limitations" for TDDFT=SPNFLP:
Spin-flip TDDFT is programmed in the "collinear
approximation" which means only the HF exchange term
carries a large impact on the excitation energies. Pure
DFT functionals may be used, but normally hybrids with
large HF exchange fractions are used. The LC option for
range-separation hybrids cannot be used, which also removes
CAMB3LYP. Finally, no meta-GGA may be used. Note that
spin-flip TD-DFT in the Tamm/Dancoff approximation using
DFTTYP=NONE is equivalent to spin-flip CIS.

Input Description

$TDDFT

2-80

MULT below is ignored, as the Ms of target states is

fixed solely by MULT in $CONTRL. The spin-flip code
operates only in the Tamm/Dancoff approximation, so TAMMD
below is automatically .TRUE. Nuclear gradients and/or
excited state properties are available only in the gas
phase. Solvation effects are available for both energy and
gradient calculations, for EFP1, C-PCM, or both.
--------NSTATE = Number of states to be found (excluding the
reference state). The default is 1 more state.
IROOT

= State used for geometry optimization and property

evaluation. (default=1)
TDDFT=EXCITE counts the reference as 0, and this
should be the lowest state. Hence IROOT=1 means
the 1st excited state, just as you might guess.
TDDFT=SPNFLP labels the reference state as 0, but
this might not be the lowest state overall. The
meaning of IROOT=1 is the lowest state, omitting
the reference state from consideration. Hence
IROOT=1 might specify the ground state!

MULT

= Multiplicity (1 or 3) of the singly excited

states. This keyword applies only when the
reference is a closed shell. (default is 1)
This parameter is ignored when TDDFT=SPNFLP.

TDPRP

= a flag to request property computation for the

state IROOT. Properties can only be obtained when
the nuclear gradient is computable, see gradient
restrictions noted in the introduction to this
group. Properties require significant extra
computer time, compared to the excitation energy
alone, so the default is .FALSE. Properties are
always evaluated during nuclear gradient runs,
when they are a free by-product.

TPA

= a flag requesting two-photon absorption crosssections. These are computed for each of the
NSTATE excited states, after first evaluating

Input Description

$TDDFT

2-81

their excitation energies. The TPA calculation is

only available for closed shell references, only
for singlet excited states (MULT=1), and may not
be used with the Tamm/Dancoff approximation.
Solvent effects may be treated by EFP.
TAMMD

is a flag selecting the Tamm/Dancoff approximation

be used. This may be used with closed shell
excitation energies or gradients, or open shell
excitation energies. Default = .FALSE.
This parameter is ignored by TDDFT=SPNFLP, which
is only coded in the Tamm/Dancoff approximation.

NONEQ

is a flag controlling PCM's solvent behavior:

.TRUE. splits the dielectric constant into a bulk
value (EPS in $PCM) and a fast component (EPSINF),
see Cossi and Barone, 2001. The idea is that
NONEQ=.t. is appropriate for vertical excitations,
and .f. for adiabatic. (the default is .TRUE.)
This keyword is ignored by TDDFT=SPNFLP.

* * * ground state polarizability calculation * * *

(use TDDFT=HPOL option in $CONTRL)
These two frequency dependent polarizability calculations
may be requested in the same run (more efficient). These
properties are available only for closed shell references,
require the default MULT=1 value in this input group, and
may not be used with the Tamm/Dancoff approximation.
Solvent effects may be treated by EFP.
ALPHA

= requests the polarizability.

Default=.FALSE.
If BETA is not chosen, give just one PFREQ.

BETA

= requests the hyperpolarizability. Default=.FALSE.

Two values are required for PFREQ.

PFREQ

= an array of one or two input frequencies, omega1

and omega2, to yield the polarizability
alpha(omega1;omega1) [if BETA=.F.]
alpha(omega2;omega2) [if BETA=.T.]
alpha(omega3;omega3) [if BETA=.T.]
and/or to yield the hyperpolarizability
beta(omega3;omega1,omega2).

Input Description

$TDDFT

2-82

The output photon frequency is determined from

omega3=-(omega1+omega2). Useful special cases
second harmonic generation
beta(-2W;W,W),
electro-optic Pockels effect beta(-W;W,0), and
optical rectification
beta(0;W,-W)
are among the possibilities.
The default is the static polarizability and/or
static hyperpolarizability: PFREQ(1)=0.0,0.0
PFREQ is given in atomic units: PFREQ=45.56/lamda,
for wavelength lambda in nm.
* * * Grid Selection * * *
The grid type and point density used in $TDDFT may be
chosen independently of the values in $DFT. Excitation
energies accurate to 0.01 eV may be obtained with grids
that are much sparser than those needed for the ground
state, and this is reflected in the defaults. Prior to
April 2008, the default grid was NRAD=24 NTHE=8 NPHI=16.
NRAD

= number of radial grid points in Euler-Maclaurin

quadrature, used in calculations of the second or
third derivatives of density functionals.
(default=48)

NLEB

= number of angular points in the Lebedev grid.

(default=110)

NTHE

= number of theta grid points if a polar coordinate

grid is used.

NPHI

= number of phi grid points if a polar coordinate

grid is used. NPHI should be twice NTHE.

SG1

= flag selecting "standard grid one".

(default=.FALSE.)

See both $DFT and REFS.DOC for more information on grids.

The "army grade" standard for $TDDFT is NRAD=96 combined
with either NLEB=302 or NTHE=12/NPHI=24.
the remaining parameters are technical in nature:

Input Description

$TDDFT

2-83

CNVTOL = convergence tolerance in the iterative TD-DFT

step. (default=1.0E-7)
MAXVEC = the maximum number of expansion vectors used by
the solver's iterations, per state (default=50).
The total size of the expansion space will be
NSTATE*MAXVEC.
NTRIAL = the number of initial expansion vectors used.
(default is the larger of 5 and NSTATE).
==========================================================

Input Description

$DFTB

2-84

==========================================================

$DFTB

group

(relevant for GBASIS=DFTB)

Density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) is turned on by

selecting GBASIS=DFTB in $BASIS. $DFTB controls optional
parameters for a DFTB calculation. DFTB is formulated in a
two-center approximation utilizing implicitly a minimal
pseudoatomic orbital basis set with corresponding,
pretabulated one- and two-center integrals.
Because of
this, many properties (for instances, multipoles higher
than dipoles) and many options are ignored or not available
in the current implementations of DFTB. DFTB also uses an
independent SCF driver (SCF in DFTB is also called SCC, see
below), so most SCF options are not available for DFTB.
Only SCFTYP=RHF and UHF are implemented. SCFTYP=ROHF is
available, only when all SPNCST values are zero. DFTB does
not explicitly use symmetry (C1 throughout) since integrals
are never computed during the calculations. Slater-Koster
tables are only defined for spherical functions (5d) so
DFTB sets ISPHER=1. Most $GUESS options do not work for
DFTB (DFTB does not use initial orbitals in the usual
sense). Other than the default (METHOD=HUCKEL, which is
ignored), only METHOD=MOREAD works (note that SCC-DFTB can
use initial charges on atoms, derived from the orbitals).
RUNTYP=OPTIMIZE, HESSIAN and RAMAN are available for full
(non-FMO) DFTB, whereas RUNTYP=OPTIMIZE and OPTFMO are
available for FMO-DFTB. At present, DFTB may not be
combined with any solvation model, and excited states
(i.e., from time-dependent DFTB), are also not available.
In DFTB calculation, the atom type is determined by its
name, not its nuclear charge as elsewhere in GAMESS. The
nuclear charge (the second column in $DATA) is used only in
population analysis, but not in SCF. DFTB uses a notion of
"species", which means an atomic type. The species are
numbered according to the order in which atoms appear in
$DATA. For instances, in water there are two species, O and
H. An atomic type of each species needs MAXANG, which for
most but not all atoms is set automatically.

Input Description
NDFTB

$DFTB

2-85

order of the Taylor expansion of the total energy

around a reference density in the DFTB model.
= 1 NCC-DFTB, also called DFTB1.
NCC stands for non-charge-consistent, i.e., no
explicity charge-charge interaction term is
included in the energy calculation.
= 2 SCC-DFTB, also called DFTB2.
SCC means a self-charge-consistent approach,
and SCC implies that SCF iterations are carried
out that converge monopolar charges towards
self-consistency.
= 3 DFTB3, including 3rd order correction using
Hubbard derivatives (HUBDER).
In order to reproduce the published DFTB3
approach, it is necessary to also specify
DAMPXH=.TRUE. to add other terms.
Gaus, M. et al. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2011,
7, 931-948 is referred to as Gaus2011 below.
Default: 2.

DAMPXH =

a flag to include the damping function for X-H

atomic pair in DFTB3. See also DAMPEX, and eq 21
in Gaus2011.
The damping function is used when at least one
atom in a pair is "H". "HYDROGEN" and any other
name will turn off the damping.
Default: .false.

DAMPEX =

an exponent used in the damping function for X-H

atomic pairs. The default value is 4.2
(see Table 2 in Gaus2011 for more details).

SRSCC

a flag to perform shell-resolved SCC calculation.

If set to .false., the code uses the Hubbard
value for an s orbital for p and d orbitals,
ignoring their Hubbard values defined in SlaterKoster tables.
Using .true. enables the use of proper Hubbard
values for p and d orbitals, implemented only
for DFTB1 and DFTB2.
Default: .false.

ITYPMX

Convergence method of SCC calculations.

= -1 Use standard GAMESS convergence methods.
SOSCF and DIIS are supported, but DEM is not.

Input Description
= 0

= 1
= 2

$DFTB

2-86

Broyden's method.
Interpolation is applied for atomic
(or shell-resolved when SRSCC=.TRUE.)
charges, but not Hamiltonian matrix.
(reserved)
DIIS for charges.
Default: 0.

ETEMP

= electronic temperature in Kelvin. Non-zero values

of ETEMP help SCF convergence of nearly-degenerate
systems by smearing occupation numbers around the
Fermi-level. Only the Fermi-Dirac distribution
function is available as a smearing function. The
default value is 0 Kelvin, meaning the smearing
function is not used.
ETEMP is implemented only for SCFTYP=RHF and when
FMO is not used.

DISP

dispersion model for DFTB.

= NONE no Dispersion correction.
= UFF UFF-type dispersion correction.
Parameters for atomic numbers up to 36 are
available internally or can be supplied in
DISPPR for any atom.
Built-in parameters are taken from Rappe
et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 10024.
= SK
The Slater-Kirkwood type dispersion
correction omitting the change polarizability
depending on the number of bonds.
No default values of DISPPR are available.
Some are listed in the manual of the DFTB+
program.

DISPPR

an array of parameters used for dispersion

correction, listed in sets for each species.
For DISP=UFF, DISPPR(1) and DISPPR(2) define the
non-bonded distance (Angs.) and energy (kcal/mol)
for the first species, respectively, and so on.
For DISP=SK, a set for a species has 3 parameters,
the polarizability (Angstrom^3), cutoff length
(Angstrom), and atomic charge.
Default: see DISP.

HUBDER

an array of Hubbard derivatives for each species

(1 per species) used only for DFTB3 calculations.

Input Description

$DFTB

2-87

Default values are set only for C, H, N, O, and P

using the final row of Table 2 in Gaus2011 (see
the paper for other choices).
MAXANG

SPNCST

array of maximum angular momentum of each species,

which determines the number of basis functions.
DFTB uses only valence orbitals and electrons!
Most elements have proper default values, but for
some atomic types (i.e., species) you need to
manually define the values.
an array of spin constants used in unrestricted
(UHF) DFTB calculation. Provide 6 spin constants,
W_{ss}, W_{sp}, W_{pp}, W_{sd}, W_{pd}, & W_{dd},
for each species in a continuous array. Constants
for some elements can be found in the manual of
the DFTB+ program.
* * *

The following options are FMO-DFTB specific (Nishimoto, Y.

et al. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 10, 4801-4812, 2014).
FMO-DFTB has many limitations and some FMO options are not
supported (for instance, AFO, multilayer FMO etc). Only
single layer, restricted (RHF) FMO2-DFTB1 and FMO2-DFTB2
are implemented at present. DFTB3, SRSCC, ETEMP etc are not
available. FMO-DFTB is available for the energy and
approximate gradient (no SCZV terms).
MODESD = controls the behavior of ES-DIM (electrostatic
dimer) approximation (bit additive).
1 Calculate interfragment repulsive energy for ES
dimers (almost never used).
2 Add up all ES-DIM energies. This means that
individual ES dimer energies are not calculated,
but only their total lump sum, computed with the
dynamic load balancing.
4 Lump ES-DIM routine with static load balancing.
The bits of 2 or 4 are mutually exclusive.
Default: 0 (i.e., individual ES dimer energies).
MODGAM = controls the calculation of gamma values
(interatomic 1/R-like function) in FMO-DFTB2.

Input Description

$DFTB

2-88

0 Calculate gamma values on the fly. (default)

1 Calculate once and prestore gamma values.
This option is faster but takes more memory.
==========================================================

Input Description

$DFTSBK

2-89

==========================================================

$DFTBSK

group

(required if GBASIS=DFTB)

This group is required for all DFTB calculations. It

defines the file names for Slater-Koster parameters
describing pairwise interactions for each pair of species
(see $DFTB for the introduction).
The group is free-formatted, and consists of N*N lines,
where N is the number of species. Each line has the
format:
species-i species-j "i-j parameter file name"
Note that (species-i species-j) is different from (speciesj species-i), and both must be given! For example,
C O "/home/user/DFTB/mio-0-1/C-O.skf"
which defines carbon-oxygen parameters to be in that file.
Naturally, this file must be readable on the computer where
calculations are actually run.
The names of species should be the same as in $DATA
(for FMO, in $FMOXYZ). In FMO-DFTB calculations, these
names must be atomic symbols (H, He, ...), otherwise names
may be used (hydrogen, helium, ...) truncated to 8 symbols.
The names may include numbers, as in (H.1).
Slater-Koster parameters are available from
http://www.dftb.org/
(for free) and from some other sources. There are many
different parameter sets, for instance, the above example
uses the "mio-0-1" set. Follow the requirements on proper
citations when using these parameters.
==========================================================

Input Description

$CIS

2-90

==========================================================

$CIS

group

required when CITYP=CIS

required when CITYP=SFCIS

The CIS method (singly excited CI) is the simplest way

to treat excited states. By Brillouin's Theorem, a single
determinant reference such as RHF will have zero matrix
elements with singly substituted determinants. The ground
state reference therefore has no mixing with the excited
states treated with singles only. Reading the references
given in Section 4 of this manual will show the CIS method
can be thought of as a non-correlated method, rigorously so
for the ground state, and effectively so for the various
excited states. Some issues making CIS rather less than a
black box method are:
a) any states characterized by important doubles are
simply missing from the calculation.
b) excited states commonly possess Rydberg (diffuse)
character, so the AO basis used must allow this.
c) excited states often have different point group
symmetry than the ground state, so the starting
geometries for these states must reflect their
actual symmetry.
d) excited state surfaces frequently cross, and thus
root flipping may very well occur.
The normal CIS implementation allows the use of only RHF
references, but can pick up both singlet and triplet
excited states. Nuclear gradients are available, as are
properties. The CIS run automatically includes computation
of the dipole moments of all states, and all pairwise
transition dipoles and oscillator strengths.
The spin-flip type of CIS is very similar to spin-flip TDDFT (the $TDDFT input contains more information about how
spin-flip runs select the target state's Ms by $CONTRL's
MULT value). The reference state must be UHF or ROHF, with
MULT in $CONTRL at least 3. The target states of the CIS
have one lower Ms, after one alpha spin in the reference is
flipped to beta. Nuclear gradients are possible.
Solvent effects are not available for either CIS or SFCIS.

Input Description

$CIS

2-91

It is worthwhile to look at the $TDDFT input, which is a

very similar calculation. The TD-DFT program offers the
possibility of recovering some of the correlation energy,
permits some solvent models, and can be used for MEX/CONICL
surface intersection searches.
The first six keywords are chemically important, while the
remainder are mostly technical.
NACORE = n Omits the first n occupied orbitals from the
calculation (frozen core approximation).
For CITYP=CIS, the default for n is the number
of chemical core orbitals.
For CITYP=SFCIS, the default, which is also the
only possibility, is 0.
NSTATE =

Number of states to be found (excluding the

reference state). No default is provided.

IROOT

State for which properties and/or gradient will

be calculated. Only one state can be chosen.
The reference state is referred to as 0, and in
the case of CITYP=SFCIS, might have a higher
energy than some of the NSTATE target states.

CISPRP =

Flag to request the determination of CIS level

properties, using the relaxed density. Relevant
to RUNTYP=ENERGY jobs, although the default is
.FALSE. because additional CPHF calculation will
be required. Properties are an automatic byproduct of runs involving the CIS or SFCIS
nuclear gradient.

HAMTYP =
=

Type of CI Hamiltonian to use, if CITYP=CIS.

SAPS spin-adapted antisymmetrized product of
the desired MULT will be used (default)
DETS determinant based, so both singlets and
triplets will be obtained.

=
MULT

Multiplicity (1 or 3) of the singly excited

SAPS (the reference can only be singlet RHF).
Only relevant for SAPS-based CITYP=CIS run,
as SFCIS controls the Ms for target states by
the value of MULT in $CONTRL.

Input Description

$CIS

2-92

- - - - - - - - - - - DIAGZN =
=
=

Hamiltonian diagonalization method.

DAVID use Davidson diagonalization. (default)
FULL construct the full matrix in memory and
diagonalize, thus determining all states
(not recommended except for small cases).

DGAPRX =

Flag to control whether approximate diagonal

elements of the CIS Hamiltonian (based only on
the orbital energies) are used in the Davidson
algorithm. Note, this only affects the rate of
convergence, not the resulting final energies.
If set .FALSE., the exact diagonal elements are
determined and used. Default=.TRUE.

NGSVEC =

Dimension of the Hamiltonian submatrix that is

diagonalized to form the initial CI vectors.
The default is the greater of NSTATE*2 and 10.

MXVEC

Maximum number of expansion basis vectors in the

iterative subspace during Davidson iterations,
before the expansion basis is truncated. The
default is the larger of 8*NSTATE and NGSVEC.

NDAVIT =

Maximum number of Davidson iterations.

Default=50.

DAVCVG =

Convergence criterion for Davidson eigenvectors.

Eigenvector accuracy is proportional to DAVCVG,
while the energy accuracy is proportional to its
square. The default is 1.0E-05.

CHFSLV =
=

Chooses type of CPHF solver to use.

CONJG selects an ordinary preconditioned
conjugate gradient solver. (default)
DIIS selects a diis-like iterative solver.

=
RDCISV =

Flag to read CIS vectors from a $CISVEC input

group in the input file. Default is .FALSE.

MNMEDG =

Flag to force the use of the minimal amount of

memory in construction of the CIS Hamiltonian
diagonal elements. This is only relevant when
DGAPRX=.FALSE., and is meant for debug purposes.

Input Description

$CIS

2-93

The default is .FALSE.

MNMEOP =

Flag to force the use of the minimal amount of

memory during the Davidson iterations. This is
for debug purposes. The default is .FALSE.

==========================================================

$CISVEC

group

required if RDCISV in $CIS is chosen

This is formatted data generated by a previous CIS run, to

be read back in as starting vectors. Sometimes molecular
orbital phase changes make these CI vectors problematic.
==========================================================

Input Description

$MP2

2-94

==========================================================

$MP2

group

(relevant to SCFTYP=RHF,UHF,ROHF if MPLEVL=2)

Controls 2nd order Moller-Plesset perturbation runs,

if requested by MPLEVL in $CONTRL. MP2 is implemented for
RHF, high spin ROHF, or UHF wavefunctions, but see also
$MRMP for MCSCF. Analytic gradients and the first order
correction to the wavefunction (i.e. properties) are
available for RHF, ROHF (if OSPT=ZAPT), and UHF. The $MP2
input group is not usually given. See also the DIRSCF
keyword in $SCF to select AO integral direct MP2.
The spin-component-scaled MP2 (SCS-MP2) energy of
Grimme is printed for SCFTYP=RHF references during energy
runs. See also the keyword SCSPT below. Only the CODE=IMS
program is able to do analytic gradients for SCS-MP2.
Special serial codes exist for RHF or UHF MP2 energy
or gradient, or the ROHF MP2 energy. Parallel codes using
distributed memory are available for RHF, ROHF, or UHF MP2
gradients. In fact, the only way that ROHF MP2 gradients
can be computed on one node is with the parallel code,
using MEMDDI!
MP2 energy values using solution models are computed
by using the solvated SCF orbitals in the perturbation
step. All of the MP2 nuclear gradient programs contain
additional terms required for EFP, PCM, EFP plus PCM, or
COSMO solvation models.
NACORE = n Omits the first n occupied orbitals from the
calculation. The default for n is the number
of chemical core orbitals.
NBCORE =

Same as NACORE, for the beta orbitals of UHF.

It is almost always the same value as NACORE.

MP2PRP=

a flag to turn on property computation for jobs

jobs with RUNTYP=ENERGY. This is appreciably
more expensive than just evaluating the second
order energy correction alone, so the default
is to skip properties. Properties are always
computed during gradient runs, when they are
an almost free byproduct. (default=.FALSE.)

Input Description

$MP2

2-95

OSPT=

selects open shell spin-restricted perturbation.

This parameter applies only when SCFTYP=ROHF.
Please see the 'further information' section for
more information about this choice.
= ZAPT picks Z-averaged perturbation theory. (default)
= RMP picks RMP (aka ROHF-MBPT) perturbation theory.

CODE

the program implementation to use, choose from

SERIAL, DDI, or IMS according to the following
chart, depending on SCFTYP and whether the run
involves gradients,

RHF
RHF
energy gradient
SERIAL
DDI
IMS
RIMP2

SERIAL
DDI
IMS
-

UHF
UHF
ROHF
ROHF
ROHF
energy gradient
energy gradient energy
OSPT=ZAPT
ZAPT
RMP
SERIAL SERIAL
SERIAL
SERIAL
DDI
DDI
DDI
DDI
RIMP2
-

The default for serial runs (p=1) is CODE=IMS for RHF, and
CODE=SERIAL for UHF or ROHF (provided PARALL is .FALSE. in
$SYSTEM). When p>1 (or PARALL=.TRUE.), the default becomes
CODE=DDI. However, if FMO is in use, the default for
closed shell parallel runs is CODE=IMS. The "SERIAL" code
for OSPT=RMP will run with modest scalability when p>1.
The many different MP2 programs are written for different
hardware situations. Here N is the number of atomic basis
functions, and O is the number of correlated orbitals in
the run:
The original SERIAL programs use N**3 memory, and have
larger disk files and generally takes longer than CODE=IMS.
The IMS program uses N*O**2 memory, and places most of its
data on local disks (so you must have good disk access),
and will run in parallel...ideal for small clusters. Using
this program on a node where the disks are of poor quality
(SATA-type) and with many cores accessing that single disk
may be very I/O bound. Adding more memory can make this
program run more efficiently. Network traffic is modest
when running in parallel.

Input Description

$MP2

2-96

The DDI program uses N**4 memory, but this is distributed

across all nodes, and there is essentially no I/O...ideal
for large parallel machines where the manufacturer has
forgotten to include disk drives. MEMDDI must be given in
$SYSTEM for these codes, so large problems may require many
nodes to aggregate enough MEMDDI. The network traffic is
high, so an Infiniband quality network or better preferred.
Scalability is very good, for example, this program has
been used up to 4,000 cores on Altix/ICE equipment.
All of the programs just mentioned should generate the same
numerical results, so select which one best matches your
hardware.
The RIMP2 program is an approximation to the true MP2
energy, using the "resolution of the identity" to reduce
the amount of data stored (in memory and/or on disk), and
also the total amount of computation. See the paper on
this program for its reduced CPU and memory requirements.
Network traffic is modest. The code has options within the
$RIMP2 input to govern the use of replicated memory versus
shared memory, as well as the use of disk storage versus
distributed memory, so you can tune this to your hardware.
References for the various programs are given in REFS.DOC.
NOSYM

CUTOFF =

disables the orbital symmetry test completely.

This is not recommended, as loss of orbital
symmetry is likely to mean a bad calculation.
It has the same meaning as the keyword in
$CONTRL, but just for the MP2 step. (Default=0)
transformed integral retention threshold, the
default is 1.0d-9 (1.0d-12 in FMO runs).

The following keyword applies only to RHF references:

SCSPT = spin component scaled MP2 energy selection.
= NONE - the energy will be the normal MP2 value.
This is the default.
= SCS - the energy used for the potential surface
will be the SCS energy value.
Use of SCSPT=SCS causes gradients to be those for the SCSMP2 potential surface. For CODE=IMS, the nuclear gradient
can be evaluated analytically. See NUMGRD in $CONTRL if

Input Description

$MP2

2-97

for some reason you wish to use the other two closed shell
codes for SCS-MP2 gradients.
The following keywords apply to any CODE=SERIAL MP2 run, or
to parallel ROHF+MP2 runs using OSPT=RMP:
LMOMP2=

a flag to analyze the closed shell MP2 energy

in terms of localized orbitals. Any type of
localized orbital may be used. This option
is implemented only for RHF, and its selection
forces use of the METHOD=3 transformation, in
serial runs only. The default is .FALSE.

CPHFBS =

BASISMO solves the response equations during

gradient computations in the MO basis. This
is programmed only for RHF references without
frozen core orbitals, when it is the default.
BASISAO solves the response equations using
AO integrals, for frozen core MP2 with a RHF
reference, or for ROHF or UHF based MP2.

NWORD =

controls memory usage. The default uses all

available memory. Applies to CODE=SERIAL.
(default=0)

METHOD= n

selects transformation method, 2 being the

segmented transformation, and 3 being a more
conventional two phase bin sort implementation.
3 requires more disk, but less memory. The
default is to attempt method 2 first, and
method 3 second. Applies only to CODE=SERIAL.

AOINTS=

defines AO integral storage during conventional

integral transformations, during parallel runs.
DUP stores duplicated AO lists on each node, and
is the default for parallel computers with slow
interprocessor communication, e.g. ethernet.
DIST distributes the AO integral file across all
nodes, and is the default for parallel
computers with high speed communications.
Applies only to parallel OSPT=RMP runs.

==========================================================

Input Description

$RIMP2

2-98

===========================================================

$RIMP2

group

(optional, relevant if CODE=RIMP2 in $MP2)

This group controls the resolution of the identity MP2

program, which approximately evaluates the MP2 energy. The
RI approximation greatly reduces the computer resources
required, while suffering only a small error in the
energies. Thus, very large atomic basis sets may be used.
The input below controls both utilization of the computer
resources, and the accuracy of the calculation. See also
$AUXBAS, regarding the auxiliary basis set, whose choice
also affects the accuracy of the calculation.
The program is enabled for parallel calculation, and is
tuned to today's SMP nodes. It is limited to energy
calculations only, without any solvent effects, for RHF or
UHF references.
IAUXBF = 0 uses Cartesian Gaussians
= 1 uses spherical harmonics
for the auxiliary basis set used to expand the
MP2 energy expression into products of 3-index
matrices. The default is inherited from ISPHER.
The next two control computer resources, trading memory for
disk storage.
GOSMP

= flag requesting shared memory use. The default

is .TRUE. in multi-core nodes, but .FALSE. in a
uniprocessor. This option means only one copy of
certain large matrices is stored per node.

USEDM

= a flag to store two and three center repulsion

integrals in distributed memory (.TRUE.), or in
disk files (.FALSE., which is the default).
Selection of this flag requires MEMDDI in $SYSTEM.
The default is .TRUE.

The RI approximation reduces CPU time, memory requirements,

and total disk storage requirements compared to exact
calculation. Experimentation with these two keywords will
let you tune the program to your hardware situation. For
example, choosing GOSMP=.TRUE. and USEDM=.TRUE. will run
without any extra disk files, while setting GOSMP=.TRUE.

Input Description

$RIMP2

2-99

and USEDM .FALSE. will minimize memory usage (and network

usage) at the expense of doing disk I/O.
Total memory usage per node can be obtained by running
EXETYP=CHECK. Note the largest replicated memory printed
during the RIMP2's output, dividing by 1000000 to get the
correct input for MWORDS (round up a bit). Note the
largest shared memory requirement printed, also dividing by
100000, and rounding up a bit. Note the distributed memory
requirement, which is already in megawords, and is the
correct input for MEMDDI. Then, assuming you use p total
compute process on multiple n-way nodes, the memory per
node is
GBytes/node= 8(n*MWORDS + shared + n*MEMDDI/p)/1024
Turning off GOSMP reduces the shared memory to 0 but
increases MWORDS, which is multiplied by the number of
cores per node! Turning off USEDM leads to MEMDDI=0 by
using disk storage instead.
If additional memory is available, increasing MWORDS can
lead to a reduction in the level of the occupied orbital
batch, or "LV". Larger MWORDS permits a smaller LV, which
will in turn reduce the required computational time, and
the required network traffic or disk I/O. The value of LV
used is the last line appearing after "CHECKING SIZE OF
OCCUPIED ORBITAL BATCH".
The next four control numerical accuracy, but see $AUXBAS
which is even more influential in regards the accuracy!
OTHAUX = flag to orthogonalize the RI basis set by
diagonalization of the overlap matrix. If there
is reason to suspect linear dependence may exist
in the RI basis, select this option to have a
more numerically stable result. Larger RI basis
sets such as CCT and ACCT, in particular, may
benefit from selecting this. (default=.FALSE.)
STOL

= threshold at which to remove small overlap matrix

eigenvectors, ignored if OTHAUX=.FALSE. This
keyword is analogous to QMTTOL in $CONTRL for the
true AO basis. (default= 1.0d-6)

IVMTD

= selects the procedure for removing redundancies

when inverting the two-center, two-e- matrix.

Input Description

$RIMP2

2-100

= 0 use Cholesky decomposition (default)

= 2 use diagonalization
VTOL

= threshold at which to remove redundancies. This

is ignored unless IVMTD=2 (default= 1.0d-6)

Don't forget to see also the $AUXBAS input group!

An example of this program follows. The molecule is taxol,
with 1032 AOs and MOs in the 6-31G(d) basis, correlating
164 valence orbitals. The RI basis set used is SVP, which
matches the true basis set in quality. There are 4175 AOs
in the RI basis. The job was run on a single 8-way node
(n=8, p=1,2,4,8), using MWORDS=50 (leading to LV=6),
MEMDDI=580, and the largest shared memory needed is 95
million words. The total node memory is thus
(8 bytes/word)*(8*50 + 95 + 8*580/ 8)/1024 = 8.4 GBytes
easily fitting into a modern 16 GByte node. It reduces to
(8 bytes/word)*(8*50 + 95 + 8*580/16)/1024 = 6.1 GB/node
if two 8-way nodes are used. Scaling is
p
SCF
RI-MP2 job total
1
7391
7919
15366
2
3718
4131
7860
4
1857
2290
4174
8
952
1488
2479
16
486
758
1276 using two 8-way nodes.
numerical results are E(RI-MP2)= -2920.607512
versus the exact E(MP2)= -2920.606231
The 0.0013 error should be measured against the total 2nd
order correlation energy, which is -8.7855, while noting
the time for the 2nd order E is similar to the SCF time.
===========================================================

Input Description

$AUXBAS

2-101

===========================================================

$AUXBAS

group

(required if CODE=RIMP2 in $MP2)

This group specifies the auxiliary basis set used to

define the resolution of the identity in the RI-MP2 method.
The RI methods are formally exact if the RI basis set is
complete, so selecting larger bases improves the results.
However, this also increases the computational cost of the
run! It is reasonable to use smaller RI basis sets when
the AO basis is modest, and increase the RI basis when you
use very large AO bases.
CABNAM specifies built-in basis sets for the RI:
= SVP
Ahlrich's SVP basis,
available H-Kr
= TZVP Ahlrich's TZVP basis, available H-Ar
= TZVPP Ahlrich's TZVPP basis, available H-Ar
= CCD
cc-pVDZ basis, available H-Ar
= ACCD aug-cc-pVDZ basis, available H-Ar
= CCT
cc-pVTZ basis, available H-Ar
= ACCT aug-cc-pVTZ basis, available H-Ar
= XXXXX externally defined: see EXTCAB.
CABNAM has no default, this is a required input!
Note IAUXBF in $RIMP2 for selecting spherical harmonics
versus Cartesian Gaussians.
EXTCAB = flag to read the basis from an external file.
(default is .FALSE.)
This is analogous to EXTBAS in $BASIS: no external files
are provided with GAMESS. The value for CABNAM=XXXX must
be 8 or fewer letters: avoid the name of any built in
auxiliary basis. Your XXXX bases will be read from a file
defined by environment variable EXTCAB, in the execution
script. Every atom present in your molecule must be
defined in the external file by a line giving its chemical
symbol and then XXXX. Following this header, give the basis
in free format $DATA style, containing only S, P, D, F, and
G shells, terminating each atom by the usual blank line.
===========================================================

Input Description

$CCINP

2-102

==========================================================

$CCINP

group

(optional, relevant for any CCTYP)

This group controls a coupled-cluster calculation

specified by CCTYP in $CONTRL. The reference orbitals may
be RHF or high spin ROHF. If this group is not given, as
is often the case, all valence electrons are correlated.
Several ground state CCTYP choices obey at least a few of
the keywords from $EOMINP, so please see that group too.
Excited state runs such as CCTYP=EOM-CCSD or CR-EOML read
$CCINP to define orbital ranges for the ground state CCSD
prior to generating excitations under $EOMINP's control.
A number of CCTYP choices have been superceded by more
advanced equations. For example, R-CC and CR-CC were
developed prior to their CR-CCL replacement, while CR-EOML
supercedes CR-EOM. CR-CCL provides a good approximation to
the fully iterated CCSDT method, and so is superior to the
familiar CCSD(T). A reasonable menu is:
RHF
ROHF (high spin)
-----------------ground states [properties]:
CCSD [CCPRP]
CCSD [n/a]
CCSD(T)
n/a
CR-CCL
CR-CCL
excited states [properties]:
EOM-CCSD [CCPRPE]
EOM-CCSD
MULT=1
MULT=1,3,5 or
spin-contaminated
CR-EOML
n/a
ionization processes:
EA-EOM3a
n/a
IP-EOM3a
n/a
MULT=2,4
CR-CCL =left-CCSD
+ CR-CC(2,3) perturbative triples.
CR-EOML=left-EOM-CCSD + CR-CC(2,3) perturbative triples.
Parallel computation is possible for RHF references
only, and only for CCTYP=CCSD or CCSD(T). Memory use in
parallel runs is exotic: use EXETYP=CHECK with PARALL in
$SYSTEM set on prints the per node memory requirements.

Input Description

$CCINP

2-103

See the "Further Information" section of this manual

for more details about coupled-cluster runs.
**** The first four pertain to both RHF and ROHF ****
NCORE

= gives the number of frozen core orbitals to be

omitted from the CC calculation. The default
is the number of chemical core orbitals.

NFZV

= the number of frozen virtual orbitals to be

omitted from the calculation. (default is 0)

MAXCC

= defines the maximum number of CCSD (or LCCD, CCD)

iterations. This parameter also applies to ROHF's
left CC vector solver, but not RHF's left vector.
See MAXCCL for RHF. (default=30)

ICONV

= defines the convergence criterion for the cluster

amplitudes, as 10**(-ICONV). The ROHF reference
also uses this for its left eigenstate solver, but
see CVGEOM in $EOMINP for RHF references.
(default is 7, but it tightens to 8 for FMO-CC.)

**** the next group pertains to RHF reference only ****

CCPRP

= a flag to select computation of the CCSD level

ground state density matrix (see also CCPRPE in
$EOMINP for EOM-CCSD level excited states). The
computation takes significant extra time, to
obtain left eigenstates, so the default is .FALSE.
except for CCTYP=CR-CCL or CR-EOML, where the work
required for properties must be done anyway.
This keyword is only available in serial runs.

Notes: CCSD is the only level at which properties can be

obtained. Therefore this option can only be chosen for
CCTYP=CCSD, CR-CCL, EOM-CCSD, CR-EOM, or CR-EOML. A CCSD
run requesting CCPRP=.TRUE. will internally change itself
to EOM-CCSD to run the left CCSD, but since NSTATE of
$EOMINP will still be zero, this remains a ground state
calculation. Note that the convergence criterion for left
eigenstates is CVGEOM in $EOMINP, which is set to obtain
excitation energies, and may need tightening.

Input Description

$CCINP

2-104

There is little reason to select any of these:

MAXCCL = iteration limit on the left eigenstate needed by
CCSD properties, or CR-CCL energies.
This is just a synonym for MAXEOM in $EOMINP.
If you want to alter the left state's convergence
tolerance, use CVGEOM in $EOMINP. The right CCSD
state's convergence is set by MAXCC and ICONV.
NWORD

= a limit on memory to be used in the CC steps.

The default is 0, meaning all memory available
will be used.

IREST

= defines the restart option. If the value of IREST

is greater or equal 3, program will restart from
the earlier CC run. This requires saving the disk
file CCREST from the previous CC run. Values of
IREST between 0 and 3 should not be used. In
general, the value of IREST is used by the program
to set the iteration counter in the restarted run.
The default is 0, meaning no restart is attempted.

MXDIIS = defines the number of cluster amplitude vectors

from previous iterations to be included in the
DIIS extrapolation during the CCSD (or LCCD, CCD)
iterative process. The default value of MXDIIS is
5 for all but small problems. The DIIS solver can
be disengaged by entering MXDIIS = 0. It is not
necessary to change the default value of MXDIIS,
unless the CC equations do not converge in spite
of increasing the value of MAXCC.
AMPTSH = defines a threshold for eliminating small cluster
amplitudes from the CC calculations. Amplitudes
with absolute values smaller than AMPTSH are set
to zero. The default is to retain all small
amplitudes, meaning fully accurate CC iterations.
Default = 0.0.
**** the next group pertains to ROHF reference only ****
There is little reason to select any of these.
MULT

= spin multiplicity to use in the reference

determinant during the CC computation.

Input Description

$CCINP

2-105

The value of MULT given in the $CONTRL input

determines the spin state for the ROHF orbital
optimization, and is the default for the CC.
It would be quite unusual to use a different
spin in the SCF than in the CC. The MULT keyword
in $EOMINP is of greater physical interest.
IOPMET = method for the CR-CC(2,3) triples correction.
= 0 means try 1 and then try 2 (default)
= 1, the high memory option
This option uses the most memory, but the least
disk storage and the least CPU time.
= 2, the high disk option
This option uses least memory, by storing a large
disk file. Time is slightly more than IOPMET=1,
but the disk file is (NO**3 * NU**3)/6 words,
where NO = correlated orbitals, and NU= virtuals.
= 3, the high I/O option
This option requires slightly more memory than 2,
and slightly more disk than 1, but does much I/O.
It is also the slowest of the three choices.
Check runs will print memory needed by all three options.
KREST

= 0 fresh start of the CCSD equations (default)

= 1 restart from AMPROCC file of a previous run

KMICRO = n performs DIIS extrapolation of the open shell

CCSD, every n iterations (default is 6)
Enter 0 to avoid using the DIIS converger.
LREST

= 0 fresh start of the left CCSD equations (default)

= 1 restart from AMPROCC file of a previous run

LMICRO = n performs DIIS extrapolation of the open shell

left equations, every n iterations (default is 5)
Enter 0 to avoid using the DIIS converger.
KMICRO and LMICRO are ignored for trivial
problem sizes.
==========================================================

Input Description

$EOMINP

2-106

==========================================================

$EOMINP

group
(optional, for CCTYP=EOM-CCSD, CR-EOM, or CR-EOML)
(optional, for CCTYP=EA-EOMx or IP-EOMx)
(optional for CCSD properties, or CCTYP=CR-CCL)

This group controls the calculation of excited states

by the equation of motion coupled cluster with single and
double excitations, with optional triples corrections. It
also pertains to electron attachment and detachment
processes, which may result in the system being left in an
excited state. EOM-CCSD can be selected for RHF or ROHF
reference states, while all other CCTYP listed above can be
used only with SCFTYP=RHF.
These EOM-type runs consist of an SCF calculation on
the reference state, followed by a ground state CCSD (see
the $CCINP input to control the ground state calculation,
and the orbital range correlated), followed by an EOM-CCSD,
IP-EOMCC, or EA-EOMCC calculations on the target states
(see NSTATE below). In some cases, triples corrections
based on the method of moments approach may follow.
The input group permits selection of how many states
are computed (machine time is linear in the number of
states). Since the target state default is simplistic (only
one excited state in the totally symmetric representation),
it is usually necessary to give this group, to select
NSTATE and IROOT sensibly.
Because this input group is used for several CCTYP
calculations, not all keywords are used in every case, or
the keywords may have slightly different meanings:
a) if the reference type is RHF, and CCTYP is EOM-CCSD, CREOM, or CR-EOML, keywords MULT and NACT are ignored.
b) if the reference type is ROHF, and CCTYP is EOM-CCSD,
keywords CCPRPE, NACT, MTRIP, MEOM, MCI, MINIT, CVGCI,
MAXCI, MICCI are ignored. MULT is sometimes ignored.
c) if the reference type if RHF, and CCTYP is an ionization
process (EA/IP), keywords CCPRPE, MTRIP, MEOM, MCI, MINIT,
CVGCI, MAXCI, MICCI are ignored.
Additional information on CC and EOM methods can be
found in the "Further Information" section of this manual.

Input Description

$EOMINP

2-107

--- spin and space symmetry, and state selection:

MULT

= Spin multiplicities for the target states.

The meaning depends on the particular calculation.
The default for cases using $EOMINP's MULT is -1.
If any doubly excited states or EA/IP quartets
are sought, be sure to select MINIT=1 so that
the initial guess states include these.

In case the run is IP-EOM or EA-EOM type, the run will

pass through open shell code, although the reference
in $CONTRL must be given as RHF and MULT=1. The IP or EA
states will be spin adapted.
MULT = -1 means target both doublet and quartet states
= 2 means consider only doublet states
= 4 means consider only quartet states, which can
be produced at the EOM-CCSD level by a double
that unpairs two electrons, and attaches (or
detaches) a third electron.
In case the run is EOM-CCSD, SCFTYP=ROHF, but $CONTRL
selects a closed shell reference by MULT=1:
MULT = -1 means target singlet, triplet, and pentuplets.
= 1 consider only singlet excited states
= 3 consider only triplet excited states
= 5 consider only pentuplet excited states.
In case the run is EOM-CCSD, SCFTYP=ROHF, and $CONTRL
selects a genuinely open shell reference, the EOM states
will not be perfectly spin adapted. The spin projection
of Ms from $CONTRL's (MULT-1)/2 is the only good quantum
number. The excited states will have S values near to
Ms, Ms+1, or Ms+2 since single and double excitations are
treated. Note that target states with spins LOWER than
Ms are not generated, even if they exist in nature. The
output will not print approximate S or <S**2> values,
but will label spatial symmetry.
MULT = input will be ignored
In case the run is an RHF reference EOM-CCSD (or triples
correction), the target states are singlets, only.
MULT = input will be ignored

Input Description

$EOMINP

2-108

GROUP

the name of the Abelian group to be used, which

may be only one of the groups shown in the
table below. The default is taken from $DATA,
and is reset to C1 if the group is non-Abelian.
The purpose is to let the Abelian symmetry be
turned off by setting GROUP=C1, if desired.
Symmetry is used to help with the initial
excited state selection, for controlling
the EOMCC calculations, and for labeling the
calculated states in the output (not to speed
up the calculations).

NSTATE

an array of up to 8 integers telling how many

excited states of each symmetry type should be
computed. The default is
NSTATE(1)=1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
meaning 1 totally symmetric state is to be found.
The ground state is always computed, and MUST NOT
be included in NSTATE's input, for excited state
runs. For EA or IP runs, the NSTATE input MUST
include the target ion's ground state, and may
include excited states of the ion.
See also ISELCT below.

There is no particular reason the first excited state (or

ionic ground state) should be totally symmetric, so most
runs should give a sensible NSTATE input. Up to 10 states
can be found in any irrep. Machine time is linear in the
number of states to be found, so be realistic!
NSTATE uses this order for irreducible representations:
irrep 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C1
A
C2
A
B
Cs
A'
A''
Ci
Ag
Au
C2v A1
A2
B1
B2
C2h Ag
Au
Bg
Bu
D2
A
B1
B2
B3
D2h Ag
Au
B1g B1u B2g B2u B3g B3u
As an aside, NSTATE(1)=0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 for RHF references
will calculate the ground state only, generating the type
I, II, or possibly III CR-CCSD(T) energies, which aren't
otherwise available in a direct ground state calculation.

Input Description

IROOT

$EOMINP

2-109

selects the state whose energy is to be saved

for further calculations, such as numerical
gradients, or whose properties are evaluated,
see CCPRPE below.
The first integer lists the irrep number, from
the same table as NSTATE, and the second lists
the number of the state. Thus, IROOT(1)=3,2
means the second B1 state, if GROUP=C2V.
(default IROOT(1)=1,0)

IROOT's default is moderately sensible for a RHF-based

excited state run, corresponding to the ground state
(labeled as state 0), as this state must lie in the totally
symmetric representation. ROHF-based excitations, or EA/IP
runs should select something appropriate!
If degenerate EOM-CCSD states are detected, only one such
state will be triples-corrected. The state chosen for
possible triples will be the lower irrep number, so make
sure IROOT matches this.
ISELCT

= an array allowing experts to reduce the number of

states that are actually solved for. When given,
NSTATE determines the number of states generated
by the initial guess procedures, with ISELECT
selecting those which carry into the calculation.
NSTATE(1)=2,2,2,2 with ISELCT(1)=1,3,5,7 prepares
two guesses in each irrep, but only iterates the
EOM-CCSD equations for the lowest state in each
irrep (the guesses are counted serially).

The next two keywords address triples corrections.

Note that non-iterative triples corrections are not
presently available for any SCFTYP=ROHF reference.
MTRIP

selects the type of noniterative triples

corrections to SCFTYP=RHF EOM-CCSD energies.
MINIT applies only to CCTYP=CR-EOM or CR-EOML:
1 = compute the CR-EOMCCSD(T) triples corrections
termed type I and II in the output. This is the
default, which skips the iterative CISD
calculations needed to construct the
CR-EOMCCSD(T) triples corrections of type III.
2 = after performing an additional CISD calculation,

Input Description

$EOMINP

2-110

evaluate all types of the CR-EOMCCSD(T) triples

corrections, including types I, II, and III.
This choice of MTRIP uses approximately 50 %
more memory, but less CPU time than MTRIP=4.
3 = evaluate the CR-EOMCCSD(T) corrections of type
III only. As with MTRIP=2, this calculation
includes the iterative CISD calculation, which
is needed to construct the type III triples
corrections, in addition to the EOMCCSD and
CR-EOMCCSD(T) calculations.
4 = carry out MTRIP=1 calculations, followed by
MTRIP=3 calculations, thus evaluating all types
of the CR-EOMCCSD(T) corrections (types I, II,
and III in the output). As with MTRIP=2, this
calculation includes the CISD iterations, which
are needed to construct the type III triples
corrections, in addition to the EOMCCSD and
CR-EOMCCSD(T) calculations.
NACT pertains only to EA-EOM3A or IP-EOM3A runs:
NACT

= the number of active MOs used to select the 3p2h

or 3h2p excitations in EA-EOMCCSDt (EA-EOM3A) or
IP-EOMCCSDt (IP-EOM3A) calculations.
For CCTYP=EA-EOM3A, used to describe the (N+1) esystem, NACT refers to the NACT lowest unoccupied
orbitals of the N e- reference system.
For CCTYP=IP-EOM3A, used to describe the (N-1) esystem, NACT refers to the NACT highest occupied
orbitals of the N e- reference system.
The default for NACT is 0, which allows no three
particle or three hole operators, and thus yields
only EA-EOMCC2 or IP-EOMCC2 results.
In other words, you should input a value for NACT!

CCPRPE = a flag to select computation of the EOM-CCSD level

excited state density matrices (see also CCPRP in
$CCINP for ground states).
The computation takes extra time, to obtain left
eigenstates, so the default is .FALSE.
CCPRPE can be used only if SCFTYP=RHF and CCTYP=EOM-CCSD,
CR-EOM, or CR-EOML. The property printout includes
transition moments and oscillator strengths between all
pairs of states, as well as the full range of Gaussian

Input Description

$EOMINP

2-111

properties (see $ELMOM, etc), for state IROOT only. CC

density matrices are square, not symmetric, which means
that CCSD natural orbitals come in left/right pairs. To
minimize the amount of output, only left natural orbitals
for excited state IROOT will be found in the log file.
--- iterative solver selection:
MEOM

selects the solver for the EOMCCSD calculations:

0 = one EOMCCSD root at a time, united iterative
space for all calculated roots (default)
1 = one root at a time, separate iterative space for
each calculated root
2 = the Hirao-Nakatsuji multi-root solver
3 = one root at a time, separate iterative space for
all computed right/left roots. (compare to 1)
4 = one root at a time, united iterative spaces
for each right/left root (compare to 0).
For open shell references, or IP/EA runs, there is only one
EOM-CCSD solver, so MEOM is ignored.
MEOM=0,1,2 obtain all the right eigenvectors first, and
then if properties are being computed, proceed to compute
the left eigenvectors. MEOM=3,4 obtain right and left
eigenvectors simultaneously, and therefore should only be
chosen if you are computing properties (see CCPRP/CCPRPE).
MCI

selects the solver for the CISD step, which

is irrelevant unless MTRIP is bigger than 1.
1 = one root at a time, separate iterative space for
each calculated root (default)
2 = the Hirao-Nakatsuji multi-root solver (slower)

--- initial guess for EOM-CCSD (and possible CISD) solvers:

For both MINIT and MACT below, S and D stand for using all
singles or doubles, while s and d mean restricting those
excitations, both from and to a smaller number of orbitals.
Of course, to define the range of orbitals "active" in the
initial guess, inputs NOACT and NUACT (and perhaps MOACT)
below must be given. The reason that MINIT=1 is preferred
is that low-lying states with non-negligible double
excitation character, or significant multi-configurational

Input Description

$EOMINP

2-112

character are missing in a simple CIS guess, and thus may

not appear in the final converged calculations.
MINIT

selects the initial guess procedure for EOM-CCSD,

and possibly CISD iterations, in case MTRIP>1.
MINIT applies to all runs reading $EOMINP.
1 = Use EOMCCSd to start the EOMCCSD iterations,
and CISd to start possible CISD iterations.
2 = Use CIS wave functions to start both EOMCCSD,
or any possible CISD calculations.
MINIT's default is 2, but MINIT=1 is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED!

MACT

= fine tuning
For MINIT=1
For MINIT=1
For MINIT=2
For MINIT=2
The default

of MINIT's EOM-CCSD initial guess

MACT=0, use EOMCCSd guess
MACT=1, use EOMCCsd guess
MACT=0, use CIS guess
MACT=1, use CIs guess
for MACT is 0.

MINIT applies to all calculations reading $EOMINP, while

MACT applies only if SCFTYP=ROHF.
the next three define the initial guess active space:
There are no default values of NOACT and NUACT,
so the user MUST provide NOACT and NUACT values
if they are needed. NOACT and NUACT are usually
small (5 or so), but should be chosen to avoid
splitting any degenerate orbital shells.
NOACT
NUACT
MOACT

the number of occupied MOs in the active space

for little s or little d initial guesses.
the number of unoccupied MOs in the active space
for little s or little d initial guesses.
array allows explicit selection of the active
orbitals used to define the EOMCCSd and CISd
initial guesses. If not provided, the MOACT
array is filled such that the NOACT highest
occupied and NUACT lowest unoccupied orbitals
are selected. If MOACT is given, the number of
values provided must be NOACT+NUACT.
MOACT is most useful in the virtual space, where
the lowest orbitals might be diffuse in nature.
An example with 15 occupied orbitals, and where
the user has searched the virtual space looking
for valence-like orbitals, might be

Input Description

$EOMINP

2-113

MINIT=1 NOACT=3 NUACT=5

MOACT(1)=13,14,15, 19,20,24,25,30
--- iteration control:
CVGEOM
MAXEOM

MICEOM

convergence criterion on the EOMCCSD excitation

amplitudes R1 and R2 (default=1.0d-4).
maximum number of iterations in the EOMCCSD
calculations (default=50). For MEOM=0 or 1,
this is the maximum number of iterations per
each calculated state. For MEOM=2, this is
the maximum number of iterations for all
states of the EOMCCSD multi-root procedure.
maximum number of microiterations in the
EOMCCSD calculations (default=80). Rarely used.
For MEOM=1 (separate iterative space for each
root), this is the maximum number of
microiterations for each calculated state.
For MEOM=0 or 2 (united iterative space
for all calculated roots), this is the
maximum number of microiterations for all
calculated states. It is much better to
perform calculations with MICEOM > MAXEOM
(i.e., in a single iteration cycle). If
for some reason the EOMCCSD convergence is
very slow and the iterative space becomes
very large, it may be worth changing the
default MICEOM value to MICEOM < MAXEOM
to reduce the disk usage. This is not
going to happen too often and normally there
is no need to change the default MICEOM value.

The next three apply only to closed shell reference

triples, if the triples method MTRIP is greater than 1:
CVGCI
MAXCI

MICCI

convergence criterion for the CISD expansion

coefficients (default=1.0d-4).
maximum number of iterations in the CISD
calculation (default=50). For MCI=1, this
is the maximum number of iterations per each
calculated CISD state. For MCI=2, this is
the maximum number of iterations for all
states of the CISD multi-root procedure.
maximum number of microiterations in the

Input Description

$EOMINP

2-114

CISD calculation (default=80). Rarely used.

For MCI=1 (separate iterative space for each
root), this is the maximum number of
microiterations for each calculated state.
For MCI=2 (united iterative space for all
calculated roots), this is the maximum
number of microiterations for all calculated
states. In analogy to MICEOM, it is much
better to perform the CISD calculations with
MICCI > MAXCI (i.e., in a single iteration
cycle).
---- restarts:
JREST

= 0 this is not a restart

= 1 restart data is read from AMPROCC file
One use for this is to request additional states, with
the restart taking any converged roots from disk, and
doing an initial guess for additional states.
You must not change MULT when restarting.

==========================================================

Input Description

$MOPAC

2-115

==========================================================

$MOPAC

group

(relevant if GBASIS=PM3, AM1, or MNDO)

This group affects only semi-empirical jobs, which are

selected in $BASIS by keyword GBASIS.
PEPTID = flag for peptide bond correction.
By default a molecular mechanics-style torsion
potential term is added for every peptide bond
linkage found. The intent is to correct these
torsions to be closer to planar than they would
otherwise be in the semi-empirical model. Here,
the peptide bond means any
O
H
\\
/
C----N
/
\
X
One such torsion is added for O-C-N-H and one for
O-C-N-X. This term is parameterized as in MOPAC6.
Default=.TRUE.
==========================================================

Input Description

$GUESS

2-116

==========================================================

$GUESS

group

(optional, relevant for all SCFTYP's)

This group controls the selection of initial molecular

orbitals.
GUESS = Selects type of initial orbital guess.
= HUCKEL
Carry out an extended Huckel calculation
using a Huzinaga MINI basis set, and
project this onto the current basis.
This is implemented for atoms up to Rn,
and will work for any all electron or
core potential basis set.
(default for most runs)
= HCORE
Diagonalize the one electron Hamiltonian
to obtain the initial guess orbitals.
This method is applicable to any basis
set, but does not work as well as the
HUCKEL guess.
= MOREAD
Read in formatted vectors punched by an
earlier run. This requires a $VEC deck,
and you MUST pay attention to NORB below.
= RDMINI
Read in a $VEC deck from a converged SCF
calculation using GBASIS=MINI, to project
the MINI orbitals onto the current basis.
The option improves upon the Huckel guess
because it involves SCF orbitals, which
are typically easily obtained in the small
MINI basis. This option doesn't work if
the current basis uses core potentials.
potentials. The $VEC from the MINI run
must contain all virtual orbitals.
= MOSAVED (default for restarts) The initial
orbitals are read from the DICTNRY file
of the earlier run.
= SKIP
Bypass initial orbital selection. The
initial orbitals and density matrix are
assumed to be in the DICTNRY file. Mostly
used for RUNTYP=HESSIAN when the hessian
is being read in from the input.
The next options are less general, being for Fragment
Molecular Orbital runs, or Divide and Conquer runs:

Input Description
= FMO
= HUCSUB
= DMREAD

$GUESS

2-117

Read orbitals from the DICTNRY file, from

previous FMO run with MODPRP=1.
Perform a Huckel guess in each subsystem
of a Divide and Conquer run
Read a density matrix from a formatted $DM
group, produced by a previous Divide and
Conquer run, see NDCPRT in $DANDC.

All GUESS types except 'SKIP' permit reordering of the

orbitals, carry out an orthonormalization of the orbitals,
and generate the correct initial density matrix, for RHF,
UHF, ROHF, and GVB, but note that correct computation of
the GVB density requires also CICOEF in $SCF. The density
matrix cannot be generated from the orbitals alone for MP2,
CI, or MCSCF, so property evaluation for these should be
RUNTYP=ENERGY rather than RUNTYP=PROP using GUESS=MOREAD.
PRTMO = a flag to control printing of the initial guess.
(default=.FALSE.)
PUNMO = a flag to control punching of the initial guess.
(default=.FALSE.)
MIX

= rotate the alpha and beta HOMO and LUMO orbitals

so as to generate inequivalent alpha and beta
orbital spaces. This pertains to UHF singlets
only. This may require use of NOSYM=1 in $CONTRL
depending on your situation. (default=.FALSE.)

NORB

= The number of orbitals to be read in the $VEC

group. This applies only to GUESS=MOREAD.

For -RHF-, -UHF-, -ROHF-, and -GVB-, NORB defaults to the

number of occupied orbitals. NORB must be given for -CIand -MCSCF-. For -UHF-, if NORB is not given, only the
occupied alpha and beta orbitals should be given, back to
back. Otherwise, both alpha and beta orbitals must
consist of NORB vectors.
NORB may be larger than the number of occupied MOs, if you
wish to read in the virtual orbitals. If NORB is less
than the number of atomic orbitals, the remaining orbitals
are generated as the orthogonal complement to those read.
NORDER = Orbital reordering switch.
= 0 No reordering (default)
= 1 Reorder according to IORDER and JORDER.

Input Description

$GUESS

2-118

IORDER = Reordering instructions, giving the new molecular

orbital order. This parameter applies to the
common orbitals (both alpha and beta) except for
UHF, where IORDER only affects the alpha MOs.
Examples (let there be 10 occupied orbitals):
transposition of HOMO and LUMO:
IORDER(10)=11,10
a different transposition:
IORDER(10)=15 IORDER(15)=10
a more general permutation:
IORDER(8)=11,8,9,10
so the new orbital 10 is the original 9th.
The default is IORDER(i)=i.
JORDER = Reordering instructions.
Same as IORDER, but for the beta MOs of UHF.
INSORB = the first INSORB orbitals specified in the $VEC
group will be inserted into the Huckel guess,
making the guess a hybrid of HUCKEL/MOREAD. This
keyword is meaningful only when GUESS=HUCKEL, and
it is useful mainly for QM/MM runs where some
orbitals (buffer) are frozen and need to be
transferred to the initial guess vector set,
see $MOFRZ. (default=0)
* * * the next are 3 ways to clean up orbitals * * *
PURIFY = flag to symmetrize starting orbitals. This is the
most soundly based of the possible procedures.
However it may fail in complicated groups when the
orbitals are very unsymmetric. (default=.FALSE.)
TOLZ

= level below which MO coefficients will be set

to zero. (default=1.0E-7)

TOLE

= level at which MO coefficients will be equated.

This is a relative level, coefficients are set
equal if one agrees in magnitude to TOLE times
the other. (default=5.0E-5)

SYMDEN = project the initial density in order to generate

symmetric orbitals. This may be useful if the

Input Description

$GUESS

2-119

HUCKEL or HCORE guess types give orbitals of

impure symmetry (?'s present). The procedure
will generate a fairly high starting energy, and
thus its use may not be a good idea for orbitals
of the quality of MOREAD. (default=.FALSE.)
==========================================================

Input Description

$VEC $DM $MOFRZ

2-120

==========================================================

$VEC

group

(optional, relevant for all SCFTYP's)

(required if GUESS=MOREAD)

This group consists of formatted vectors, as written

onto file PUNCH in a previous run. It is considered good
form to retain the titling comment cards punched before
the $VEC card, as a reminder to yourself of the origin of
the orbitals.
For Morokuma decompositions, the names of this group
are $VEC1, $VEC2, ... for each monomer, computed in the
identical orientation as the supermolecule. For transition
moment or spin-orbit coupling runs, orbitals for states
one and possibly two are $VEC1 and $VEC2.
==========================================================

$DM

group

(relevant in Divide and Conquer runs)

This group consists of a formatted density matrix,

read in exactly the format it was written. See GUESS=DM,
and NDCPR in $DANDC.
==========================================================

$MOFRZ

group

(optional, relevant for RHF, ROHF, GVB)

This group controls freezing the molecular orbitals

of your choice during the SCF procedure. If you choose
this option, select DIIS in $SCF since SOSCF will not
converge as well. GUESS=MOREAD is required in $GUESS.
FRZ

= flag which triggers MO freezing. (default=.FALSE.)

IFRZ

= an array of MOs in the input $VEC set which are

to be frozen. There is no default for this.

==========================================================

Input Description

$STATPT

2-121

==========================================================

$STATPT

group

(for RUNTYP=OPTIMIZE or SADPOINT)

This group controls the search for stationary points.

Note that NZVAR in $CONTRL determines if the geometry
search is conducted in Cartesian or internal coordinates.
METHOD = optimization algorithm selection.

Pick from

NR

Straight Newton-Raphson iterate. This will

attempt to locate the nearest stationary
point, which may be of any order. There
is no steplength control. RUNTYP can be
either OPTIMIZE or SADPOINT

RFO

Rational Function Optimization. This is

one of the augmented Hessian techniques
where the shift parameter(s) is(are) chosen
by a rational function approximation to
the PES. For SADPOINT searches it involves
two shift parameters. If the calculated
stepsize is larger than DXMAX the step is
simply scaled down to size.

QA

Quadratic Approximation. This is another

version of an augmented Hessian technique
where the shift parameter is chosen such
that the steplength is equal to DXMAX.
It is completely equivalent to the TRIM
method. (default)

SCHLEGEL The quasi-NR optimizer by Schlegel.

CONOPT, CONstrained OPTimization. An algorithm
which can be used for locating TSs.
The starting geometry MUST be a minimum!
The algorithm tries to push the geometry
uphill along a chosen Hessian mode (IFOLOW)
by a series of optimizations on hyperspheres
of increasingly larger radii.
Note that there currently are no restart
capabilitites for this method, not even
manually.

Input Description

$STATPT

2-122

OPTTOL = gradient convergence tolerance, in Hartree/Bohr.

Convergence of a geometry search requires the
largest component of the gradient to be less
than OPTTOL, and the root mean square gradient
less than 1/3 of OPTTOL. (default=0.0001)
NSTEP

= maximum number of steps to take. Restart data

is punched if NSTEP is exceeded. The default is
50 steps for a minimum search, but only 20 for
a transition state search, which benefit from
relatively frequent Hessian re-evaluations.
--- the next four control the step size ---

DXMAX

= initial trust radius of the step, in Bohr.

For METHOD=RFO, QA, or SCHLEGEL, steps will
be scaled down to this value, if necessary.
(default=0.3 for OPTIMIZE and 0.2 for SADPOINT)
For METHOD=NR, DXMAX is inoperative.
For METHOD=CONOPT, DXMAX is the step along the
previous two points to increment the hypersphere
radius between constrained optimizations.
(default=0.1)

the next three apply only to METHOD=RFO or QA:

TRUPD

= a flag to allow the trust radius to change as

the geometry search proceeds. (default=.TRUE.)

TRMAX

= maximum permissible value of the trust radius.

(default=0.5 for OPTIMIZE and 0.3 for SADPOINT)

TRMIN

= minimum permissible value of the trust radius.

(default=0.05)

--- the next three control mode following --IFOLOW = Mode selection switch, for RUNTYP=SADPOINT.
For METHOD=RFO or QA, the mode along which the
energy is maximized, other modes are minimized.
Usually referred to as "eigenvector following".
For METHOD=SCHLEGEL, the mode whose eigenvalue
is (or will be made) negative. All other
curvatures will be made positive.

Input Description

$STATPT

2-123

For METHOD=CONOPT, the mode along which the

geometry is initially perturbed from the minima.
(default is 1)
In Cartesian coordinates, this variable doesn't
count the six translation and rotation degrees.
Note that the "modes" aren't from mass-weighting.
STPT

= flag to indicate whether the initial geometry

is considered a stationary point. If .true.
the initial geometry will be perturbed by
a step along the IFOLOW normal mode with
stepsize STSTEP. (default=.false.)
The positive direction is taken as the one where
the largest component of the Hessian mode is
positive. If there are more than one largest
component (symmetry), the first is taken as
positive.
Note that STPT=.TRUE. has little meaning with
HESS=GUESS as there will be many degenerate
eigenvalues.

STSTEP = Stepsize for jumping off a stationary point.

Using values of 0.05 or more may work better.
(default=0.01)
IFREEZ = array of coordinates to freeze. These may be
internal or Cartesian coordinates. For example,
IFREEZ(1)=1,3 freezes the two bond lengths in
the $ZMAT example, which was for a triatomic
$CONTRL NZVAR=3 $END
$ZMAT IZMAT(1)=1,1,2, 2,1,2,3, 1,2,3 $END
while optimizing the angle.
If NZVAR=0, so that this value applies to the
Cartesian coordinates instead, the input of
IFREEZ(1)=4,8 means to freeze the x coordinate
of the 2nd and y coordinate of the 3rd atom.
See also IFZMAT and FVALUE in $ZMAT, and IFCART
below, as IFREEZ does not apply to DLC internals.
In a numerical Hessian run, IFREEZ specifies
Cartesian displacements to be skipped for a
Partial Hessian Analysis. IFREEZ can pertain to
EFP particles, but only during RUNTYP=HESSIAN,

Input Description

$STATPT

2-124

where the 6 translational and rotational degrees

of freedom of each EFP come AFTER the QM atom
coordinates. For more information:
J.D.Head, Int.J.Quantum Chem. 65, 827, 1997
H.Li, J.H.Jensen
Theoret. Chem. Acc. 107, 211-219(2002)
IFCART = array of Cartesian coordinates to freeze during
a geometry optimization using delocalized internal
coordinates. This probably works less well than
IFREEZ when it freezes Cartesians. Only one of
IFREEZ or IFCART may be chosen in a single run.
IACTAT = array of "active atoms", which is a complimentary
input to IFREEZ. Any atom *not* included in the
list has its Cartesian coordinates frozen. Thus
IACTAT(1)=3,-5,107,144,202,-211 allows 15 atoms,
namely 3-5, 107, 144, and 202-211 to be optimized,
while all other atoms are frozen. NZVAR in
$CONTRL must be 0 when this option is chosen.
IFREEZ and IACTAT are mutually exclusive. The latter acts
by generating a IFREEZ for all atom coordinates not defined
as "active", so users can input whichever list is shorter.
--- The next two control the hessian matrix quality --HESS

= selects the initial hessian matrix.

= GUESS chooses an initial guess for the hessian.
(default for RUNTYP=OPTIMIZE)
= READ causes the hessian to be read from a $HESS
group. (default for RUNTYP=SADPOINT)
= RDAB reads only the ab initio part of the
hessian, and approximates the effective
fragment blocks.
= RDALL reads the full hessian, then converts
any fragment blocks to 6x6 T+R shape.
(this option is seldom used).
= CALC compute the hessian, see $FORCE input.

IHREP

= the number of steps before the hessian is

recomputed. If given as 0, the hessian will
be computed only at the initial geometry if
you choose HESS=CALC, and never again. If
nonzero, the hessian is recalculated every

Input Description

$STATPT

2-125

IHREP steps, with the update formula used on

other steps. (default=0)
HSSEND = a flag to control automatic hessian evaluation
at the end of a successful geometry search.
(default=.FALSE.)
--- the next two control the amount of output --Let 0 mean the initial geometry, L mean the last
geometry, and all mean every geometry.
Let INTR mean the internuclear distance matrix.
Let HESS mean the approximation to the hessian.
Note that a directly calculated hessian matrix
will always be punched, NPUN refers only to the
updated hessians used by the quasi-Newton step.
NPRT

1
0
-1
-2

NPUN

3
2
1
0
-1
-2

Print
Print
Print
Print

INTR
INTR
INTR
INTR

at
at
at
at

all,
all,
all,
0+L,

orbitals
orbitals
orbitals
orbitals

at all
at 0+L (default)
never
never

Punch all orbitals and HESS at all

Punch all orbitals at all
same as 0, plus punch HESS at all
Punch all orbitals at 0+L, otherwise only
occupied orbitals (default)
Punch occ orbitals at 0+L only
Never punch orbitals

---- the next parameters control harmonic constraints --Harmonic constraints can be added to the current geometry
by setting ALL the keywords below. For instance, to
harmonically constrain the distance between atom 3 and 12
to a distance of 2.0 Angstrom and a force constant of 500
kcal/mol, the following example can be used:
IHMCON(1)=1,3,12 SHMCON(1)=2.0 FHMCON(1)=500.0
The default is all zeros which means do not do this.
IHMCON = array of coordinates to constrain. The input
is similar to IZMAT in $ZMAT, a code integer,
and the atoms involved in the coordinate.
The code integer may only be 1, for stretches.
SHMCON = equilibrium constraint values for the distances

Input Description

$STATPT

2-126

specified by IHMCON, given in Angstrom.

FHMCON = array of force constants for the distances
specified by IHMCON, given in kcal/mol.
---- the following parameters are quite specialized ---PURIFY = a flag to help eliminate the rotational and
translational degrees of freedom from the
initial hessian (and possibly initial gradient).
This is much like the variable of the same name
in $FORCE, and will be relevant only if internal
coordinates are in use. (default=.FALSE.)
PROJCT = a flag to eliminate translation and rotational
degrees of freedom from Cartesian optimizations.
The default is .TRUE. since this normally will
reduce the number of steps, except that this
variable is set false when POSITION=FIXED is
used during EFP runs.
ITBMAT = number of micro-iterations used to compute the
step in Cartesians which corresponds to the
desired step in internals. The default is 5.
UPHESS = SKIP
BFGS
POWELL
POWELL
MSP
SCHLEGEL

do not update Hessian (not recommended)

default for OPTIMIZE using RFO or QA
default for OPTIMIZE using NR or CONOPT
default for SADPOINT
mixed Murtagh-Sargent/Powell update
only choice for METHOD=SCHLEGEL

---- NNEG, RMIN, RMAX, RLIM apply only to SCHLEGEL ---NNEG

= The number of negative eigenvalues the force

constant matrix should have. If necessary the
smallest eigenvalues will be reversed. The
default is 0 for RUNTYP=OPTIMIZE, and 1 for
RUNTYP=SADPOINT.

RMIN

= Minimum distance threshold. Points whose root

mean square distance from the current point is
less than RMIN are discarded. (default=0.0015)

Input Description

RMAX

$STATPT

2-127

= Maximum distance threshold. Points whose root

mean square distance from the current point is
greater than RMAX are discarded. (default=0.1)

RLIM

= Linear dependence threshold. Vectors from the

current point to the previous points must not
be colinear. (default=0.07)
==========================================================
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
See the 'further information' section for
some help with OPTIMIZE and SADPOINT runs
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Input Description

$TRUDGE

2-128

==========================================================

$TRUDGE

group

(required for RUNTYP=TRUDGE)

This group defines the parameters for a non-gradient

optimization of exponents or the geometry. The TRUDGE
package is a modified version of the same code from Michel
Dupuis' HONDO 7.0 system, origially written by H.F.King.
Presently the program allows for the optimization of 10
parameters.
Exponent optimization works only for uncontracted
primitives, without enforcing any constraints. Two
non-symmetry equivalent H atoms would have their p
function exponents optimized separately, and so would two
symmetry equivalent atoms! A clear case of GIGO.
Geometry optimization works only in HINT internal
coordinates (see $CONTRL and $DATA inputs). The total
energy of all types of SCF wavefunctions can be optimized,
although this would be extremely stupid as gradient
methods are far more efficient. The main utility is for
open shell MP2 or CI geometry optimizations, which may
not be done in any other way with GAMESS. If your run
requires NOSYM=1 in $CONTRL, you must be sure to use only
C1 symmetry in the $DATA input.
OPTMIZ = a flag to select optimization of either geometry
or exponents of primitive gaussian functions.
= BASIS
for basis set optimization.
= GEOMETRY for geometry optimization (default).
This means minima search only, there is no saddle
point capability.
NPAR

= number of parameters to be optimized.

IEX

= defines the parameters to be optimized.

If OPTMIZ=BASIS, IEX declares the serial number
of the Gaussian primitives for which the exponents
will be optimized.
If OPTMIZ=GEOMETRY, IEX define the pointers to
the HINT internal coordinates which will be optimized.

Input Description

$TRUDGE

2-129

(Note that not all internal coordinates have to be

optimized.) The pointers to the internal coordinates
are defined as: (the number of atom on the input
list)*10 + (the number of internal coordinate for that
atom). For each atom, the HINT internal coordinates
are numbered as 1, 2, and 3 for BOND, ALPHA, and BETA,
respectively.
P

Defines the initial values of the parameters to be

optimized. You can use this to reset values given
in $DATA. If omitted, the $DATA values are used.
If given here, geometric data must be in Angstroms
and degrees.

A complete example is a TCSCF multireference 6-31G

geometry optimization for methylene,
$CONTRL SCFTYP=GVB CITYP=GUGA RUNTYP=TRUDGE
COORD=HINT $END
$BASIS GBASIS=N31 NGAUSS=6 $END
$DATA
Methylene TCSCF+CISD geometry optimization
Cnv 2
C
6.
LC 0.00 0.0 0.00 - O K
H
1.
PCC 1.00 53. 0.00 + O K I
$END
$SCF
NCO=3 NPAIR=1 $END
$TRUDGE OPTMIZ=GEOMETRY NPAR=2
IEX(1)=21,22
P(1)=1.08 $END
$CIDRT GROUP=C2V SOCI=.TRUE. NFZC=1 NDOC=3 NVAL=1
NEXT=-1 $END
using GVB-PP(1), or TCSCF orbitals in the CI. The starting
bond length is reset to 1.09, while the initial angle will
be 106 (twice 53). Result after 17 steps is R=1.1283056,
half-angle=51.83377, with a CI energy of -38.9407538472
Note that you may optimize the geometry for an excited
CI state, just specify
$GUGDIA
NSTATE=5 $END
$GUGDM
IROOT=3
$END
to find the equilibrium geometry of the third state (of
five total states) of the symmetry implied by your $CIDRT.
==========================================================

Input Description

$TRURST

2-130

==========================================================

$TRURST

group

(optional, relevant if RUNTYP=TRUDGE)

This group specifies restart parameters for TRUDGE

runs and accuracy thresholds.
KSTART indicates the conjugate gradient direction in which
the optimization will proceed. ( default = -1 )
-1 .... indicates that this is a non-restart run.
0 .... corresponds to a restart run.
FNOISE accuracy of function values.
Variation smaller than FNOISE are not considered to be
significant (Def. 0.0005)
TOLF accuracy required of the function (Def. 0.001)
TOLR accuracy required of conjugate directions (Def. 0.05)
For geometry optimization, the values which give
better results (closer to the ones obtained with gradient
methods) are: TOLF=0.0001, TOLR=0.001, FNOISE=0.00001
==========================================================

Input Description

$FORCE

2-131

==========================================================

$FORCE

group

(optional, relevant for RUNTYP=HESSIAN,OPTIMIZE,SADPOINT)

This group controls the computation of the hessian
matrix (the energy second derivative tensor, also known
as the force constant matrix), and an optional harmonic
vibrational analysis. This can be a very time consuming
calculation. However, given the force constant matrix,
the vibrational analysis for an isotopically substituted
molecule is very cheap. Related input is HESS= in
$STATPT, and the $MASS, $HESS, $GRAD, $DIPDR, $VIB inputs.
Calculation of the hessian automatically yields the dipole
derivative tensor, giving IR frequencies. Raman
intensities are obtained by following with RUNTYP=RAMAN.
METHOD = chooses the computational method:
= ANALYTIC is a fully analytic calculation. This
is implemented for SCFTYP=RHF, UHF, ROHF,
GVB (for NPAIR=0 or 1, only), and
MCSCF (for CISTEP=ALDET or ORMAS, only).
R-DFT and U-DFT are also analytic.
This is the default for these cases.
= SEMINUM does numerical differentiation of
analytically computed first derivatives.
This is the default for UHF, MCSCF using
other CISTEPs, DFT, all solvent,
models, relativistic corrections, and
most MP2 or CI runs.
= FULLNUM numerically differentiates the energy
twice, which can be used by all other
cases. It requires many energies (a
check run will tell how many) and so
it is mainly useful for systems with
only very few symmetry unique atoms.
The default for METHOD is to pick ANALYTIC over SEMINUM if
that is programmed, and SEMINUM otherwise. FULLNUM will
never be chosen unless you specifically request it.
RDHESS = a flag to read the hessian from a $HESS input,
rather than computing it. This variable pertains
only to RUNTYP=HESSIAN. See also HESS= in the

Input Description

$FORCE

$STATPT input group.

2-132

(default is .FALSE.)

PURIFY = controls cleanup

Given a $ZMAT, the hessian and dipole derivative
tensor can be "purified" by transforming from
Cartesians to internals and back to Cartesians.
This effectively zeros the frequencies of the
translation and rotation "modes", along with
their IR intensities. The purified quantities
are punched out. Purification does change the
Hessian slightly, frequencies at a stationary
point can change by a wave number or so. The
change is bigger at non-stationary points.
(default=.FALSE. if $ZMAT is given)
PRTIFC = prints the internal coordinate force constants.
You MUST have provided $ZMAT input to use this.
(Default=.FALSE.)
--- the next four apply to numeric differentiation ---NVIB

= 1

= 2

VIBSIZ =

The number of displacements in each Cartesian

direction for force field computation. This
pertains only to METHOD=SEMINUM, as FULLNUM
always uses double difference formulae.
Move one VIBSIZ unit in each positive
Cartesian direction. This requires 3N+1
evaluations of the wavefunction, energy, and
gradient, where N is the number of SYMMETRY
UNIQUE atoms given in $DATA.
Move one VIBSIZ unit in the positive direction
and one VIBSIZ unit in the negative direction.
This requires 6N+1 evaluations of the
wavefunction and gradient, and gives a small
improvement in accuracy. In particular, the
frequencies will change from NVIB=1 results by
no more than 10-100 wavenumbers, and usually
much less. However, the normal modes will be
more nearly symmetry adapted, and the residual
rotational and translational "frequencies"
will be much closer to zero. (default)
Displacement size (in Bohrs). This pertains to
Both SEMINUM and FULLNUM. Default=0.01

Input Description

$FORCE

2-133

Let 0 mean the Vib0 geometry, and

D mean all the displaced geometries
NPRT

= 1
= 0

Print orbitals at 0 and D

Print orbitals at 0 only (default)

NPUN

= 2
= 1
= 0

Punch all orbitals at 0 and D

Punch all orbitals at 0 and occupied orbs at D
Punch all orbitals at 0 only (default)

----- the rest control normal coordinate analysis ---VIBANL = flag to activate vibrational analysis.
(the default is .TRUE. for RUNTYP=HESSIAN, and
otherwise is .FALSE.)
SCLFAC = scale factor for vibrational frequencies, used
in calculating the zero point vibrational energy.
Some workers correct for the usual overestimate
in SCF frequencies by a factor 0.89. ZPE or other
methods might employ other factors, see
J.P.Merrick, D.Moran, L.Radom
J.Phys.Chem.A 111, 11683-11700 (2007).
The output always prints unscaled frequencies, so
this value is used only during the thermochemical
analysis. (Default is 1.0)
TEMP

= an array of up to ten temperatures at which the

thermochemistry should be printed out. The
default is a single temperature, 298.15 K. To
use absolute zero, input 0.001 degrees.

FREQ

= an array of vibrational frequencies. If the

frequencies are given here, the hessian matrix
is not computed or read. You enter any imaginary
frequencies as negative numbers, omit the
zero frequencies corresponding to translation
and rotation, and enter all true vibrational
frequencies. Thermodynamic properties will be
printed, nothing else is done by the run.

PRTSCN = flag to print contribution of each vibrational

mode to the entropy. (Default is .FALSE.)

Input Description

$FORCE

2-134

DECOMP = activates internal coordinate analysis.

Vibrational frequencies will be decomposed into
"intrinsic frequencies", by the method of
J.A.Boatz and M.S.Gordon, J.Phys.Chem., 93,
1819-1826(1989). If set .TRUE., the $ZMAT input
may define more than 3N-6 (3N-5) coordinates.
(default=.FALSE.)
PROJCT = controls the projection of the hessian matrix.
The projection technique is described by
W.H.Miller, N.C.Handy, J.E.Adams in J. Chem.
Phys. 1980, 72, 99-112. At stationary points,
the projection simply eliminates rotational and
translational contaminants. At points with
non-zero gradients, the projection also ensures
that one of the vibrational modes will point
along the gradient, so that there are a total of
7 zero frequencies. The other 3N-7 modes are
constrained to be orthogonal to the gradient.
Because the projection has such a large effect on
the hessian, the hessian is punched both before
and after projection. For the same reason, the
default is .FALSE. to skip the projection, which
is mainly of interest in dynamical calculations.
==========================================================
There is a program ISOEFF for the calculation of kinetic
and equilibrium isotope effects from the group of Piotr
Paneth at the Technical University of Lodz. This program
will accepts data computed by GAMESS (and other programs),
and can be requested from [email protected]

Input Description

$CPHF

2-135

==========================================================

$CPHF

group

(relevant for analytic RUNTYP=HESSIAN)

This group controls the solution of the response

equations, also known as coupled Hartree-Fock (CPHF).
POLAR = a flag to request computation of the static
polarizability, alpha. Because this property
needs 3 additional response vectors, beyond those
needed for the hessian, the default is to skip the
property. (default = .FALSE.)
CPHF

= nature of integrals driving the formation of the

response equation. The defaults are intelligent,
so this is meant mostly for experts/debugging.
= AO
forms response equations from AO integrals,
which usually takes less memory, and is more
parallel. This is the default for RHF, UHF,
ROHF, R-DFT, or U-DFT. AO-driven mode is
not available for any other cases.
= MO
forms response equations from transformed
MO integrals. This is the default for GVB
or MCSCF. This is available forRHF or ROHF.
= AODDI forms response equations from AO integrals,
using distributed memory (see MEMDDI). This
does AO integrals about 2x more than AO,
but spreads the CPHF memory requirement out
across multiple nodes. Coded only for RHF.

SOLVER = linear equation solver choice. This is primarily

a debugging option. For RHF analytic Hessians,
choose from CONJG (default), DIIS, ONDISK, not all
of which will work for all CPHF= choices.
For imaginary frequency dependent polarizability
responses (MAKEFP jobs), choose GMRES (default),
biconjugate gradient stabilized BCGST, DODIIS, or
an explicit solver GAUSS. Most response equations
have only one solver programmed, and thus ignore
this keyword.
NWORD

= controls memory usage for this step. The default

uses all available memory. (default=0)
==========================================================

Input Description

$CPMCHF

2-136

==========================================================

$CPMCHF

group
(relevant for analytic RUNTYP=HESSIAN,NACME,CONICAL)

This group controls the solution of the response

equations, also called coupled perturbed multiconfiguration
Hartree-Fock, for MCSCF wavefunctions. These are needed
for analytic hessians (CISTEP=ALDET or ORMAS), or for
state-averaged gradients or non-adiabatic coupling matrix
element calculations. The full response equations are
solved for hessians, while Z-vector equations are used for
NACME and SA-gradients.
The default converger is a (linear) conjugate gradient
(CG) method, but three others may be chosen. Difficult
cases might work upwards from the default CG method by:
$cpmchf $end
$cpmchf ipdir=50 $end
$cpmchf gcro=.t.
micit=5 kicit=10 $end
$cpmchf gcrodr=.t. micit=10 kicit=5 $end
$cpmchf gcrodr=.t. micit=30 kicit=10 reclin=.false. $end
$cpmchf gcrodr=.t. micit=20 kicit=10 reclin=.false.
prcchg=.true. prctol=1.0 $end
$cpmchf gcro=.t.
micit=50 kicit=100
prcchg=.true. prctol=1.0 $end
where the last one is "the sledgehammer". The options
shown in the next to last case very often work, and will be
considerably faster than the last set, which should always
work. GCRO will typically take many fewer iterations than
CG, a measure of its robustness, but will use more machine
time due to its microiterations.
--- the next set apply to any CP-MCHF converger --MAXIT

= maximum iterations.

(default=300)

CPTOL

= accuracy tolerance for cpmchf equations Ax=b.

(compared to r/||b||, within orbital, CI, and
state averaged components)
(default=1.0D-07)

PRCCHG

= a flag to adjust the linear equation's

preconditioning. (Default=.FALSE.)
For ORMAS runs in particular, the standard

Input Description

$CPMCHF

2-137

preconditioner might lead to ill-conditioning

with very small elements. If selected, any
preconditioner elements below PRCTOL will be
reset to a value of 1.0
PRCTOL = a tolerance to keep preconditioner elements,
if PRCCHG is chosen. Default=1.0D-6
--- for RUNTYP=NACME --NAPICK

= a flag to select running through z-vector setup

and choose which linear equations to solve.
.TRUE. leads to z-vector linear equations.
.FALSE. leads to non-z-vector linear equations.
The z-vector equations are advantageous when the
degrees of freedom exceeds the no. of electronic
states involved in the state-averaging.
(The defaults are set to enforce this option.)
The z-vector equations are also advantageous
when only a few NA couplings out of the total
total possible couplings are of interest.
If CISTEP=ORMAS, NAPICK=.TRUE. is forced.
Selecting NAPICK=.TRUE. requires the choice of
NA couplings in the NACST array (see below).
(default=varies... see ROUTINE NACMEX for notes)

NACST

= an array that indicates which NA couplings to

Calculate, if NAPICK is chosen. For example, if
WSTATE in $DET contains at least four states,
the NACME can be limited to state pairs 1<->2 and
3<->4 by NACST(1)=3,4, 1,2. Note that you should
pick increasing order within any pair of states!
The program always generates the state-specific
gradient of every state with a non-zero WSTATE.
(default=none)

--- the next three choose the other CPMCHF convergers --If none is selected, conjugate gradient (CG) is used.
GCRODR

= a flag to select Generalized Conjugate Residual

with inner Orthogonalization with Deflated
Restarting. (default=.FALSE.)

GCRO

= a flag to select Generalized Conjugate Residual

Input Description

$CPMCHF

with inner Orthogonalization.

CGGCRO

2-138
(default=.FALSE.)

= a flag to alternate between GCRO and CG solvers.

(default=.FALSE.)

--- next apply only to GCRODR:

RECLIN

= a flag to select recycling of Krylov subspaces

from the first linear equation. (recycle linear).
The first CP-MCHF linear equation is solved
and a recyclable subspace is generated.
Then, after a projection of approximate solution
across the subspace from the first system,
the rest of the linear equations are solved.
The recycled subspace may or may not give rapid
convergence with fewer iterations. See MICIT and
KICIT. (default=.TRUE.)
--- next apply only to GCRODR,GCRO,CGGCRO:

MICIT

KICIT

= total size of the Krylov expansion space, namely

the number of micro-iterations within an overall
iteration. While the MICIT variable has no limit,
fifty or more micro-iterations start to become
computationally unmanagable for larger systems.
The default often must be increased for large
systems or for geometries far from equilibrium.
In addition, the GCRODR converger has a slightly
modified scheme for the micro-iterations.
In the first iteration, MICIT micro-iterations
are performed in a GMRES(MICIT) iteration.
However, for subsequent iterations, (MICIT-KICIT)
micro-iterations are performed.
(default=5, often increased to 20 or 30)
= the size of the recyclable Krylov basis saved and
modified from iteration to iteration, created
from eigenvectors with small eigenvalues. If
this space is too small, the run will experience
ill-conditioning, but if too large, the search
space includes ineffective parts.
In case PRCCHG is chosen, make sure the number of
vectors reset from small values does not exceed

Input Description

$CPMCHF

2-139

KICIT, if it does, increase KICIT.

(default=5, usually small, e.g. 5-10 for GCRODR)
(MICIT> KICIT for GCRODR)
(KICIT>=MICIT for GCRO and CGGCRO)
--- next apply only to (linear) CG:
NACFAC =

number of iterations before softening the current

convergence tolerance by 1/3, for CG only. Use
NACFAC=0 (or MAXIT) to prevent raising the
from the initial CPTOL.
(default=50)

IPDIR

number of iterations before resetting the

residual from a pseudo-residual to the true
residual. This reset also resets the search
directions, since keeping the old 'ill-rounded'
directions is not very beneficial.
If a run almost convergences but struggles in
later iterations, IPDIR=50 is recommended.
This option appears more useful for NACME
rather than Hessian runs.
(default=MAXIT)

--- next apply only to CGGCRO:

ITERA

ITERB

= the number of (linear) CG iterations to apply

before alternation to the GCRO converger.
(default=5)

= the number of GCRO iterations to apply

before alternation to the (linear) CG converger.
(default=5)
==========================================================

Input Description

$MASS

2-140

==========================================================

$MASS

group (relevant for RUNTYP=HESSIAN, IRC, or DRC)

This group permits isotopic substitution during the

computation of mass weighted Cartesian coordinates. Of
course, the masses affect the frequencies and normal modes
of vibration.
AMASS = An array giving the atomic masses, in amu. The
default is to use the mass of the most abundant
isotope. Masses through element 104 are stored.
example - $MASS AMASS(3)=2.0140 $END
will make the third atom in the molecule a deuterium.
==========================================================

Input Description

$HESS $GRAD

2-141

==========================================================

$HESS

group
(relevant for RUNTYP=HESSIAN if RDHESS=.TRUE.)
(relevant for RUNTYP=IRC if FREQ,CMODE not given)
(relevant for RUNTYP=OPTIMIZE,SADPOINT if HESS=READ)

Formatted force constant matrix (FCM), i.e. hessian

matrix. This data is punched out by a RUNTYP=HESSIAN job,
in the correct format for subsequent runs. The first card
in the group must be a title card.
$HESS information is always punched in Cartesians. It
will be transformed into internal coordinate space if a
geometry search uses internals. It will be mass weighted
(according to $MASS) for IRC and frequency runs.
The initial FCM is updated during the course of a
geometry optimization or saddle point search, and will be
punched if a run exhausts its time limit. This allows
restarts where the job leaves off. You may want to read
this FCM back into the program for your restart, or you
may prefer to regenerate a new initial hessian. In any
case, this updated hessian is absolutely not suitable for
frequency prediction!
==========================================================

$GRAD

group
(relevant for RUNTYP=OPTIMIZE or SADPOINT)
(relevant for RUNTYP=HESSIAN when RDHESS=.TRUE.)

Formatted gradient vector at the $DATA geometry.

data is read in the same format it was punched out.

This

For RUNTYP=HESSIAN, this information is used to

determine if you are at a stationary point, and possibly
for projection. If omitted, the program pretends the
gradient is zero, and otherwise proceeds normally.
For geometry searches, this information (if known) can
be read into the program so that the first step can be
taken instantly.
==========================================================

Input Description

$DIPDR $ALPDR

2-142

==========================================================

$DIPDR

group

(relevant for RUNTYP=HESSIAN if RDHESS=.T.)

Formatted dipole derivative tensor, punched in a

previous RUNTYP=HESSIAN job. If this group is omitted,
then a vibrational analysis will be unable to predict the
IR intensities, but the run can otherwise proceed.
==========================================================

$ALPDR

group

(relevant for RUNTYP=RAMAN or HESSIAN)

Formatted alpha polarizability derivative tensor,

punched by a previous RUNTYP=RAMAN job. If both $DIPDR and
$ALPDR group are found in the input file, the applied
electric field computation will be skipped, to immediately
evaluate IR and Raman intensities. This restart may be
most relevant for isotopic substitution.
If this group is found during RUNTYP=HESSIAN, the Raman
intensities will be added to the output. You might want to
restart as RUNTYP=HESSIAN instead of RUNTYP=RAMAN in order
to have access to PROJCT or the other options available in
the $FORCE input group.
==========================================================

Input Description

$VIB $VIB2

2-143

==========================================================

$VIB

group

(relevant for RUNTYP=HESSIAN, METHOD=SEMINUM)

Formatted restart data, consisting of energies,

gradients, and dipole moments. This data is read in the
same format by which is was written to the RESTART file.
Just add a " $END" card, and place this group into the
input file to effect a restart. If the final
displacement's gradient was written as zero, delete the
entire last data set (energy, gradient, and dipole).
In case the numerical hessian was run in groups (see
$GDDI), the $VIB entries will be out of order. The
unsorted data can be read back in, if and only if the new
run is also using processor groups. Note that assembling a
complete $VIB could be sent to one core in one group, but
use NGROUP=1 to make it look like a "group run".
This group can be used to turn a less accurate single
differencing run into a more accurate double differencing
run (NVIB in $HESS).
The mere presence of this group triggers the restart.
==========================================================

$VIB2

group

(relevant for hessians, METHOD=FULLNUM)

(relevant for gradients, with NUMGRD=.TRUE.)

Formatted restart information, consisting of energy values,

as written to the RESTART file. Just add a " $END" line at
the bottom, and place this group into the input file to
effect a restart. This group has the same name ($VIB2),
but different contents, depending on whether you are
restarting a numerical gradient or a fully numerical
hessian job.
The mere presence of this group triggers the restart.
===========================================================

Input Description

$VSCF

2-144

==========================================================

$VSCF

group

(optional, relevant to RUNTYP=VSCF)

This group governs the computation of vibrational

frequencies including anharmonic effects. Besides the
keywords shown below, the input file must contain a $HESS
input (and perhaps a $DIPDR input), to start with
previously obtained harmonic vibrational information. The
VSCF method requires only energies, so any energy type in
GAMESS may be used, perhaps with fully numerical harmonic
vibrational information. Energies are sampled along the
directions of the harmonic normal modes, and usually along
pairs of harmonic normal modes, after which the nuclear
vibrational wavefunctions are obtained. The dipole on the
grid points may be used to give improved IR intensities.
The most accurate calculation computes the potential
surface directly, on all grid points, but this involves
many energy evaluations. An attractive alternative is the
Quartic Force Field approximation of Yagi et al., which
computes a fit to the derivatives up to fourth order by
computing a specialized set of points, after which this fit
is used to generate the full grid of points for the solver.
Since there are a great many independent energy
evaluations, no matter which type of surface is computed,
the VSCF method allows for computations in subgroups (much
like the FMO method). Thus any $GDDI input group will be
read and acted upon, if found.
Vibrational wavefunctions are obtained at an SCF-like
level, termed VSCF, using product nuclear wavefunctions,
along with an MP2-like correction to the vibrational
energy, which is termed correlation corrected (cc-VSCF).
In addition, vibrational energy levels based on second
order degenerate pertubation theory (see VDPT) or a CI
analog (see VCI) may be obtained.
Most VSCF applications have been carried out with an
electronic structure level of MP2 with triple zeta basis
sets. This is thought to give accuracy to 50 wavenumbers
for the larger fundamentals. Use of internal coordinates
is known to give improved accuracy for lower frequencies,
particularly in weakly bound clusters.

Input Description

$VSCF

2-145

Restarts involve the $VIBSCF input (which has different

formats for each PETYP), and the READV keyword. Restarts
are safest on the same machine, where normal mode phases
are reproducible.
References for the VSCF method, the QFF approximation,
and the solvers are given in Chapter 4 of this manual,
along with a number of sample applications.
* * * * *
The first input variables control the generation of the
potential surface on which the nuclear vibrations occur:
PETYP

= DIRECT computes the full potential energy surface,

according to NCOUP/NGRID. The total number
of energy/dipole calculations for NCOUP=2
will be M*NGRID + (M*(M-1)/2)*NGRID*NGRID,
where M is the number of normal modes.
This is the default.
= QFF
the Quartic Force Field approximation to
the potential surface is obtained. This is
usually only slightly less accurate, but
has a greatly reduced computational burden,
namely 6*M + 12*M*(M-1)/2 energy/dipoles.

INTCRD = flag setting the coordinate system used for the

grids. Any internal coordinates to be used must
be defined in $ZMAT, using 3N-6 simple, DLC, or
natural internal coordinates. Of course, you must
enter NZVAR in $CONTRL as well.
The default is to use Cartesians (default .FALSE.)
INTTYP = 0 default if INTCRD=.FALSE. (ignore this keyword)
= 1 implies that the $ZMAT contains only stretches,
bends, and torsions. It also selects an
approximate transformation between Cartesian
and internal coords.
= 2 the other $ZMAT coordinates may be used, and
the coordinate transformation will be iterated
to convergence. (default if INTCRD=.TRUE.)
NCOUP

= the order of mode couplings included.

Input Description

$VSCF

2-146

= 1 computes 1-D grids along each harmonic mode

= 2 adds additionally, 2-D grids along each pair
of normal modes. (default=2)
= 3 adds additionally, 3-D grids for mode triples,
for PETYP=DIRECT only.
NGRID

= number of grid points to be used in solving for

the anharmonic vibrational levels. In the case
of PETYP=DIRECT, each of these grid points must be
explicitly computed. For PETYP=QFF these grid
points are obtained from a fitted quartic force
field. Reasonable values are 8 or 16 for DIRECT,
with 16 considered significantly more accurate.
For PETYP=QFF, the generation of the solver grid
is very fast, so use 16 always. (default=16)

AMP

= step size for PETYP=DIRECT displacements. The

maximum distance along each mode is a function of
its frequency,
amplitude(i)=sqrt(2*(AMP+1/2)/freq(i))
so that AMP resembles a vibrational quantum
number. The default goes far enough past the
classical turning points of the fundamentals to
capture the relevant part of the surface.
(default = 7.0)

STPSZ

= step size for PETYP=QFF displacements. The

step along each mode depends on the harmonic
frequency, as well as this parameter, whose
default is usually satisfactory (default=0.5)

In case the user wants to control each normal mode with a

separate parameter, arrays of values may be given, using
the keywords AMPX(1)=xx,yy,... or STPSZX(1)=xx,yy,zz...
IMODE

= array of modes for which anharmonic effects will

be computed. IMODE(1)=10,19 computes anharmonic
energies and wavefunctions for modes 10 and 19,
only. In the current implementation, pairs of
modes cannot be coupled, so NCOUP is forced to 1
if this option is specified. This approximation
is intended for larger molecules, where the whole
VSCF calculation is prohibitive.
* * * * *

Input Description

$VSCF

2-147

The next set of keywords relates to the solver step which

finds the vibrational states. The results always include
VSCF and cc-VSCF (SCF and non-degenerate MP2-like
solutions). Use of the restart option makes comparing the
solvers very fast, compared to the time to generate the
electronic potential energy surface's points.
VDPT

= option to use 2nd order degenerate perturbation

theory, based on the ground and singly excited
vibrational levels. Results for virtual CI within
the same singly excited space will also be given.
(default=.TRUE.)

VCI

= option to use the virtual CI solver within a space

of the ground and both singly and doubly excited
vibrational levels. Selection of VCI turns VDPT
off. (default=.FALSE.)

The solver always finds the ground vibrational state (v=0)

by default, and defaults to finding the fundamentals (v=1
in every mode). It can rapidly find excited levels (such
as all v=2) if restarted (see READV) from $VIBSCF, using
the following to control the excitation levels:
IEXC

= 1 obtain fundamental frequencies (default)

= 2 instead, obtain first overtones
= 3 instead, obtain second overtones

IEXC2

= 0 skip combination bands (default)

= 1 add one additional quanta in other modes
= 2 add two other quanta in one mode at a time.

IEXC
0
1
2
3
1
1
2

IEXC2
0
0
0
0
1
2
1

for H2O, which has only three modes:

only 000 ground state, no transitions
000, and 100, 010, 001 (fundamentals)
000, and 200, 020, 002 (1st overtones)
000, and 300, 030, 003 (2nd overtones)
000, and 100, 010, 001, 110, 101, 110
(1st overtones and combinations)
000, and 100, 010, 001, 210, 201, 021
000, and 200, 020, 002, 120, 102, 012
between them, 1st and 2nd overtones,
and all 2-1-0 combinations.

Input Description

$VSCF

2-148

ICAS1, ICAS2 = starting and ending vibrations whose quanta

are included. The default is all modes, ICAS1=1
and ICAS2=3N-6 (or 3N-5).
SFACT

= a numerical cutoff for small contributions in

the solver. The default is 1d-4: 5d-3 or 1d-3 may
affect accuracy of results, 1d-4 is safer, and
1d-5 might not converge.

VCFCT

= scaling factor for pair-coupling potential.

Sometimes when pair-coupling potential values
are larger than the corresponding single mode
values, they must be scaled down. It is seldom
necessary to select a scaling other than unity.
(Default=1.0)
* * * * *

The next two relate to simplified intensity computation.

These simplifications are aimed at speeding up MP2 runs, if
one does not care so much about intensities, and would like
to eliminate the considerable extra time to compute MP2level dipoles. DMDR must not be used if overtones are
being computed.
DMDR

= if true, indicates that the harmonic dipole

derivative tensor $DIPDR will be read and used,
rather than computing dipoles. (default=.FALSE.)

MPDIP

= for MP2 electronic structure, a value of .FALSE.

uses SCF level dipoles in order to save the time
needed to obtain the MP2 density at every grid
point. It is more accurate to use the DMDR flag
instead of this option, if an MP2 level $DIPDR is
available. (default=.TRUE.)
* * * *

These relate to the initial harmonic mode generation.

Normally, a $HESS is provided, from which harmonic
modes are obtained. It is possible to give the
harmonic data explicitly with the first two:
RDFRQ

= array of harmonic frequencies, starting from the

smallest.

Input Description

CMODE

$VSCF

2-149

= array of normal mode displacements given in the

same order as the frequencies read in RDFRQ. The
data should be the x,y,z displacement of the first
atom of the first mode, then x,y,z for the second
atom, then going on to give each additional mode.

PROJCT = controls the projection of the hessian matrix

(same meaning as in $FORCE). Default is .TRUE.
which removes small mixings between rotations
or translations and the harmonic modes.
* * * *
READV

= flag to indicate restart data $VIBSCF should be

read in to resume an interrupted calculation, or
to obtain overtones in follow-on runs.
(default is .FALSE.)

GEONLY = option to generate all points on the potential

energy surface needed by the VSCF routine, without
energy evaluations. The purpose of this is to
prepare a set of geometries at which the energy
is needed. A possible use for this is to obtain
energies from a different program package, which
might have an energy unavailable in GAMESS, but
which lacks its own VSCF program.
(default=.false.)
==========================================================

$VIBSCF

group

(optional, relevant to RUNTYP=VSCF)

This is restart data, as written to the disk file RESTART

in a complete or partially completed previous run. Append
a " $END", and also select READV=.TRUE. to read the data.
$VIBSCF's contents are different for PETYP=DIRECT or QFF.
The format of this group changed in December 2006, so that
old groups can no longer be used.
==========================================================

Input Description

$GAMMA $EQGEOM $HLOWT $GLOWT

2-150

==========================================================

$GAMMA

group

required if RUNTYP=GAMMA

This group governs evaluation of the 3rd derivative of the

energy with respect to nuclear coordinates, by finite
differentiation of Hessians (see $FORCE options).
NFCM

= n describes the amount of restart data provided.

The default is n=-1, to evaluate everything.
A value of n means that n+1 $FCM groups are to
be read from the file (hessian #0 means the
equilibrium geometry). Restart data is read from
a .gamma file, created by an earlier run.

DELTA = step size, default=0.01 Bohr

PRTALL = flag to print full Hessian and Gamma matrix,
the default is .FALSE.
PRTSYM = flag to print unsymmetrical Gamma elements,
the default is .FALSE.
PRTBIG = flag to print large Gamma elements, default = .F.
==========================================================

$EQGEOM

group

required if NFFLVL=2 or 3 in $CONTRL

The coordinates of the stationary point, where the hessian

and possibly 3rd derivative information was evaluated, in
exactly the format it was printed by RUNTYP=GAMMA.
==========================================================

$HLOWT
$GLOWT

group

required if NFFLVL=2 or 3 in $CONTRL

group

required if NFFLVL=3 in $CONTRL

These are the lower triangular parts of the hessian and 3rd
derivative matrices, read in the same format as printed by
an earlier RUNTYP=GAMMA.
==========================================================

Input Description

$IRC

2-151

==========================================================

$IRC

group

(relevant for RUNTYP=IRC)

This group governs the location of the intrinsic

reaction coordinate (also called the minimum energy path,
MEP), a steepest descent path in mass weighted coordinates,
that connects the saddle point to reactants and products.
The IRC serves a proof of the mechanism for a reaction, and
is a starting point for reaction path dynamics.
The IRC may be found for systems with QM atoms, EFP
particles, or the combinations of QM and EFP particles, or
QM plus the optional SIMOMM plug-in MM atoms.
Restart data for RUNTYP=IRC is written into the PUNCH
file. Information summarizing the reaction path is written
to the TRAJECT file, which should be saved, appending these
as various restarts are done. The graphics program
MacMolPlt can display a movie of the entire mechanism, if
you join the entire forward and entire backwards trajectory
files, while changing the path distance parameter in the
reverse part to a negative value.
----- there are five integration methods chosen by PACE.
PACE = GS2

GCUT

RCUT
ACUT
MXOPT
IHUPD

selects the Gonzalez-Schlegel second order

method. This is the default method.
Related input is:

cutoff for the norm of the mass-weighted gradient

tangent (the default is chosen in the range from
0.00005 to 0.00020, depending on the value for
STRIDE chosen below.
cutoff for Cartesian RMS displacement vector.
(the default is chosen in the range 0.0005 to
0.0020 Bohr, depending on the value for STRIDE)
maximum angle from end points for linear
interpolation (default=5 degrees)
maximum number of constrained optimization steps
for each IRC point (default=20)
is the hessian update formula. 1 means Powell,
2 means BFGS (default=2)

Input Description

$IRC

2-152

GA

is a gradient from the previous IRC point, and is

used when restarting.
OPTTOL is a gradient cutoff used to determine if the IRC
is approaching a minimum. It has the same meaning
as the variable in $STATPT. (default=0.0001)
PACE = LINEAR selects linear gradient following (Euler's
method). Related input is:
STABLZ switches on Ishida/Morokuma/Komornicki reaction
path stabilization. The default is .TRUE.
DELTA initial step size along the unit bisector, if
STABLZ is on. Default=0.025 Bohr.
ELBOW is the collinearity threshold above which the
stabilization is skipped. If the mass weighted
gradients at QB and QC are almost collinear, the
reaction path is deemed to be curving very little,
and stabilization isn't needed. The default is
175.0 degrees. To always perform stabilization,
input 180.0.
READQB,EB,GBNORM,GB are energy and gradient data
already known at the current IRC point. If it
happens that a run with STABLZ on decides to skip
stabilization because of ELBOW, this data will be
punched to speed the restart.
PACE = QUAD
SAB
GA

selects quadratic gradient following.

Related input is:

distance to previous point on the IRC.

gradient vector at that historical point.

PACE = AMPC4

selects the fourth order Adams-Moulton

variable step predictor-corrector.
Related input is:

GA0,GA1,GA2 which are gradients at previous points.

PACE = RK4

selects the 4th order Runge-Kutta variable

step method. There is no related input.

Input Description

$IRC

2-153

----- The next two are used by all PACE choices ----STRIDE = Determines how far apart points on the reaction
path will be. STRIDE is used to calculate the
step taken, according to the PACE you choose.
The default is good for the GS2 method, which is
very robust. Other methods should request much
smaller step sizes, such as 0.10 or even 0.05.
(default = 0.30 sqrt(amu)-Bohr)
NPOINT = The number of IRC points to be located in this
run. The default is to find only the next point.
(default = 1)
----- constraint ----Of course, applying a constraint to the saddle point search
and the reaction path means that you are not locating the
true saddle, nor following the true reaction path.
IFREEZ = array of Cartesian coordinates to freeze. The
IRC stepper works in mass-weighted Cartesian
space, making it impossible to freeze internal
coordinates. An input of IFREEZ(1)=4,8 means to
freeze the x coordinate of the 2nd atom and the
y coordinate of the 3rd atom, that is, we count
coordinates x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,x3,y3,z3,...
----- The next two let you choose your output volume ----Let F mean the first IRC point found in this run,
and L mean the final IRC point of this run.
Let INTR mean the internuclear distance matrix.
NPRT

1
0
-1
-2

NPUN

1
0
-1
-2

Print
Print
Print
Print

INTR
INTR
INTR
INTR

at
at
at
at

all,
all,
all,
F+L,

orbitals
orbitals
orbitals
orbitals

at all IRC points

at F+L (default)
never
never

Punch all orbitals at all IRC points

Punch all orbitals at F+L, only occupied
orbitals at IRC points between (default)
Punch all orbitals at F+L only
Never punch orbitals

Input Description

$IRC

2-154

----- The next two tally the reaction path results. The
defaults are appropriate for starting from a saddle
point, restart values are automatically punched out.
NEXTPT = The number of the next point to be computed.
STOTAL = Total distance along the reaction path to next
IRC point, in mass weighted Cartesian space.

----- The following controls jumping off the saddle point.

If you give $HESS input, FREQ and CMODE will be
generated automatically.
SADDLE = A logical variable telling if the coordinates
given in the $DATA deck are at a saddle point
(.TRUE.) or some other point lying on the IRC
(.FALSE.). If SADDLE is true, either a $HESS
group or else FREQ and CMODE must be given.
(default = .FALSE.) Related input is:
TSENGY = A logical variable controlling whether the energy
and wavefunction are evaluated at the transition
state coordinates given in $DATA. Since you
already know the energy from the transition state
search and force field runs, the default is .F.
FORWRD = A logical variable controlling the direction to
proceed away from a saddle point. The forward
direction is defined as the direction in which
the largest magnitude component of the imaginary
normal mode is positive. (default =.TRUE.)
EVIB
= Desired decrease in energy when following the
imaginary normal mode away from a saddle point.
(default=0.0005 Hartree)
FREQ
= The magnitude of the imaginary frequency, given
in cm**-1.
CMODE = An array of the components of the normal mode
whose frequency is imaginary, in Cartesian
coordinates. Be careful with the signs!
You must give FREQ and CMODE if you don't give a $HESS
group, when SADDLE=.TRUE. The option of giving these
two variables instead of a $HESS does not apply to the

Input Description

$IRC

2-155

GS2 method, which must have a hessian input, even for

restarts. Note also that EVIB is ignored by GS2 runs.
* *
For
the
* *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
hints about IRC tracking, see
'further information' section.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

==========================================================

Input Description

$DRC

2-156

==========================================================

$DRC

group

(relevant for RUNTYP=DRC)

This group governs "direct dynamics", following the

dynamical reaction coordinate, which is a classical
trajectory based on quantum chemistry potential energy
surfaces. These may be either ab initio or semi-empirical,
and are computed "on the fly" as the trajectory proceeds.
Because the vibrational period of a normal mode with
frequency 500 wavenumbers is 67 fs, a DRC needs to run for
many steps in order to sample a representative portion of
phase space. Restart data can be found in the job's OUTPUT
file, with important results summarized to the TRAJECT
file. Almost all DRCs break molecular symmetry, so build
your molecule with C1 symmetry in $DATA, or specify NOSYM=1
in $CONTRL. RUNTYP=DRC may not be used with EFP particles.
NSTEP

= The number of DRC points to be calculated, not

including the initial point. (default = 1000)

DELTAT = is the time step.

(default = 0.1 fs)

TOTIME = total duration of the DRC computed in a previous

job, in fs. The default is the correct value
when initiating a DRC. (default=0.0 fs)
* * *
In general, a DRC can be initiated anywhere,
so $DATA might contain coordinates of the
equilibrium geometry, or a nearby transition
state, or something else. You must also
supply an initial kinetic energy, and the
direction of the initial velocity, for which
there are a number of options:
EKIN
= The initial kinetic energy (default = 0.0
kcal/mol)
See also ENM, NVEL, and VIBLVL regarding alternate
ways to specify the initial value.
VEL

= an array of velocity components, in Bohr/fs.

When NVEL is false, this is simply the direction

Input Description

initial

$DRC

2-157

of the velocity vector. Its magnitude will be

automatically adjusted to match the desired
kinetic energy, and it will be projected so that
the translation of the center of mass is removed.
Give in the order vx1, vy1, vz1, vx2, vy2, ...

NVEL

= a flag to compute the initial kinetic energy from

the input VEL using the sum of mass*VEL*VEL/2.
This flag is usually selected only for restarts.
(default=.FALSE.)
The next three allow the kinetic energy to be
partitioned over all normal modes. The
coordinates in $DATA are likely to be from
a stationary point! You must also supply $HESS
input, which is the nuclear force constant
matrix at the starting geometry.

VIBLVL = a flag to turn this option on (default=.FALSE.)

VIBENG = an array of energies (in units of multiples of
the hv of each mode) to be imparted along each
normal mode. The default is to assign the zero
point energy only, VIBENG(1)=0.5, 0.5, ..., 0.5
when HESS=MIN, and 0.0, 0.5, ..., 0.5 if HESS=TS.
If given as a negative number, the initial
direction of the velocity vector is along the
reverse direction of the mode. "Reverse" means
the phase of the normal mode is chosen such that
the largest magnitude component is a negative
value. An example might be VIBENG(4)=2.5 to add
two quanta to mode 4, along with zero point
energy in all modes.
RCENG

= reaction coordinate energy, in kcal/mol. This is

the initial kinetic energy given to the imaginary
frequency normal mode when HESS=TS. If this is
given as a negative value, the direction of the
velocity vector will be the "reverse direction",
meaning the phase of the normal mode will be
chosen so its largest component is negative.
* * *

Input Description

$DRC

2-158

The next two pertain to initiating the DRC along

a single normal mode of vibration. No kinetic
energy is assigned to the other modes. You must
also supply $HESS input for the initial geometry.
NNM

= The number of the normal mode to which the initial

kinetic energy is given. The absolute value of NNM
must be in the range 1, 2, ..., 3N-6. If NNM is a
positive/negative value, the initial velocity will
lie in the forward/reverse direction of the mode.
"Forward" means the largest normal mode component
is a positive value. (default=0)

ENM

= the initial kinetic energy given to mode NNM,

in units of vibrational quanta hv, so the amount
depends on mode NNM's vibrational frequency, v.
If you prefer to impart an arbitrary initial
kinetic energy to mode NNM, specify EKIN instead.
(default = 0.0 quanta)

To summarize, there are 5 ways to initiate a trajectory:

1. VEL vector with NVEL=.TRUE. This is difficult to
specify at your initial point, and so this option
is mainly used when restarting your trajectory.
The restart information is always in this format.
2. VEL vector and EKIN with NVEL=.FALSE. This will
give a desired amount of kinetic energy in the
direction of the velocity vector.
3. VIBLVL and VIBENG and possibly RCENG, to give some
initial kinetic energy to all normal modes.
4. NNM and ENM to give quanta to a single normal mode.
5. NNM and EKIN to give arbitrary kinetic energy to
a single normal mode.
* * *
The most common use of the next two is to analyze
a trajectory with respect to the normal modes of
a minimum energy geometry it travels around.
NMANAL = a flag to select mapping of the mass-weighted
Cartesian DRC coordinates and velocity (conjugate
momentum) in terms of normal modes at a nearby

Input Description

$DRC

2-159

reference stationary point (which can be either a

minimum or transition state). This reference
geometry could in fact be the same as the initial
point of the DRC, but does not need to be.
If you choose this option, you must supply C0,
HESS2, and $HESS2 input corresponding to the
reference stationary point. (default=.FALSE.)
C0

= an array of the coordinates of the stationary

reference point (the coordinates in $DATA might
well be some other coordinates). Give in the
order x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,... in Angstroms.
* * *
The next options apply to input choices which may
read a $HESS at the initial DRC point, namely NNM
or VIBLVL, or to those that read a $HESS2 at some
reference geometry (NMANAL).

HESS
HESS2

= MIN indicates the hessian supplied for the initial

geometry corresponds to a minimum (default).
= TS indicates the hessian is for a saddle point.
= MIN (default) or TS, the same meaning, for the
reference geometry.
These are used to decide if modes 1-6 (minimum) or
modes 2-7 (TS) are to be excluded from the hessian
as the translational and rotational contaminants.
If the initial and reference geometries are the same,
these two hessians will be duplicates of each other.

The next variables can cause termination of a run, if

molecular fragments get too far apart or close together.
NFRGPR = Number of atom pairs whose distance will be
checked. (default is 0)
IFRGPR = Array of the atom pairs.

2 times NFRGPR values.

FRGCUT = Array for a boundary distance (in Bohr) for atom

pairs to end DRC calculations. The run will
stop if any distance exceeds the tolerance, or if
a value is given as a negative number, if the

Input Description

$DRC

2-160

distance becomes shorter than the absolute value.

In case the trajectory starts outside the bounds
specified, they do not apply until after the
trajectory reaches a point where the criteria
are satisfied, and then goes outside again.
Give NFRGPR values.
* * *
The final variables control the volume of output.
Let F mean the first DRC point found in this run,
and L mean the last DRC point of this run.
NPRTSM = summarize the DRC results every NPRTSM steps,
to the TRAJECT file. (default = 1)
NPRT

1
0
-1

NPUN

2
1
0
-1

Print orbitals at all DRC points

Print orbitals at F+L (default)
Never print orbitals
Punch all orbitals at all DRC points
Punch all orbitals at F+L, and occupied
orbitals at DRC points between
Punch all orbitals at F+L only (default)
Never punch orbitals

==========================================================

Input Description

$MEX

2-161

===========================================================

$MEX

group

(relevant if RUNTYP=MEX)

This group governs a search for the lowest energy on the

3N-7 dimensional "seam" of intersection of two different
electronic potential energy surfaces. Such Minimum Energy
Crossing Points are important for processes such as spinorbit coupling that involve transfer from one surface to
another, and thus are analogous to transition states on a
single surface. The present program requires that the two
surfaces differ in spin quantum number, or space symmetry,
or both. Analytic gradients are used in the search.
In case the two potential surfaces have identical spin
and space symmetry, this kind of intersection point is
referred to as a Conical Intersection. See $CONICL using
RUNTYP=CONICAL instead.
SCF1, SCF2

= define the molecular wavefunction types,

possibly in conjunction with the usual
MPLEVL and DFTTYP keywords.

MULT1, MULT2 = give the spin multiplicity of the states.

Permissible combinations of wavefunctions are
RHF with ROHF/UHF
ROHF with ROHF
UHF with UHF
as well as their MP2 and DFT counterparts, and
GVB with ROHF/UHF
MCSCF with MCSCF (CISTEP=ALDET or GUGA only)
NSTEP

= maximum number of search steps (default=50)

STPSZ

= Step size during the search

NRDMOS =
=
=
=
=

(default = 0.1D+00)

Initial orbitals can be read in

0 No initial orbitals (default)
1 Read in orbitals for first state (in $VEC1)
2 Read in orbitals for second state (in $VEC2)
3 Read in orbitals for both ($VEC1 and $VEC2)

Input Description

$MEX

2-162

NMOS1

= Number of orbitals for first state's $VEC1.

NMOS2

= Number of orbitals for second state's $VEC2.

NPRT

= Printing orbitals
= 0 No orbital printed out except at the first
geometry (default)
= 1 Orbitals are printed each geometry. If MCSCF
is used, CI expansions are also printed.

Finer control of the convergence criterion:

TDE

= energy difference between two states

(default = 1.0D-05)

TDXMAX = maximum displacement of coordinates

(default = 2.0D-03)
TDXRMS = root mean square displacement
(default = 1.5D-03)
TGMAX

= maximum of effective gradient between the two

states (default = 5.0D-04)

TGRMS

= root mean square effective gradient tolerance

(default = 3.0D-04)

===========================================================
Usage notes:
1. Normally $CONTRL will not give SCFTYP or MULT keywords.
SCF1 and SCF2 can be given in any order. The combinations
permitted ensure roughly equal sophistication in the
treatment of electron correlation.
2. After reading $MEX, SCFTYP and MULT will be set to the
more complex of the two choices, which is considered to be
RHF < ROHF < UHF < GVB < MCSCF. This permits the $SCF
input defining a GVB wavefunction to be read and tested for
correctness, in a GVB+ROHF run. Since only one SCFTYP is
stored while reading the input, you might need to provide
some keywords that are normally set by default for the
other (such as ensuring DIIS is selected in $SCF if either
of the states is UHF).

Input Description

$MEX

2-163

3. It is safest by far to prepare and read $VEC1 and $VEC2

groups so that you know what electronic states you start
with. It is a good idea to regenerate both states at the
end of the MEX search, to be sure that they remain as you
began.
4. It is your responsibility to make sure that the states
have a different space symmetry, or a different spin
symmetry (or both). That is why note 3 is so important.
5. $GRAD1 and/or $GRAD2 groups containing gradients may be
given to speed up the first geometry of the MEX search.
6. The search is even trickier than a saddle point search,
for it involves the peaks and valleys of BOTH surfaces
being generated. Starting geometries may be guessed as
lying between the minima of the two surfaces, but the
lowest energy on the crossing seam may turn out to be
somewhere else. Be prepared to restart!
7. The procedure is a Newton-Raphson search, conducted in
Cartesian coordinates, with a Lagrange multiplier imposing
the constraint of equal energy upon the two states. The
hessian matrices in the search are guessed at, and
subjected to BFGS updates. Internal coordinates will be
printed (for monitoring purposes) if you define $ZMAT, but
the stepper operates in Cartesian coordinates only. No
geometry constraints can be applied, apart from the point
group in $DATA.
A good paper to read about this kind of search is
A.Farazdel, M.Dupuis J.Comput.Chem. 12, 276-282(1991)

Input Description

$CONICL

2-164

===========================================================

$CONICL

group

(relevant if RUNTYP=CONICAL)

This group governs a search for the lowest energy on the

3N-7 dimensional "seam" of intersection of two electronic
potential energy surfaces of the same spin and space
symmetry. Such Conical Intersections (CI) are important in
photochemistry, where they serve as "funnels" for the
transfer from an excited state to a lower state. See
RUNTYP=MEX and the $MEX input for the simpler case where
the two surfaces differ by either space or spin symmetry.
Three search procedures are given, one of which requires
the non-adiabatic coupling matrix element (NACME), and two
others which do not require NACME information. The conical
intersection search is available only for MCSCF (for which
NACME are available) or for TD-DFT potential surfaces
(where NACME are not available). The TD-DFT must be used
in the Tamm/Dancoff approximation (see TAMMD in $TDDFT),
but can be either conventional or spin-flip.
The search utilizes some of the options of $STATPT, but
note that the Schlegel stepper and HESS=CALC are not
permitted. It may be reasonable to try the RFO stepper
sometimes. The search can only be run in Cartesian
coordinates. Restarts are possible only by updating the
coordinates in $DATA.
At present, the only solvation model that is supported
is conventional TD-DFT with EFP1.
OPTTYP = search procedure choice, see references below!
= GPWNAC Gradient Projection with NACME, so this
is only available for MCSCF.
= BPUPD
branching plane updating method (default)
= PENALTY penalty-constrained optimization method
Note that for MCSCF surfaces, if state-averaging is used,
the program executes the code needed to produce NACME
vectors, to producing the state-averaged gradients. There
is essentially no extra time required to produce also the
NACME, hence the GPWNAC stepper might as well be used.

Input Description

$CONICL

2-165

IXROOT = array of two states whose CI point is sought.

For example, this might be IXROOT(1)=2,3
The roots are counted exactly the same as IROOT in
the $DET or $TDDFT input groups. For the latter
case, set IXROOT to 0 if you want the ground state
to be one of the two surfaces searched on.
There is no default for IXROOT!
SYMOFF = flag to switch off point group symmetry,
the default is .TRUE.
DEBUG

= flag to print debugging info, default is .FALSE.

The following are meaningful only for OPTTYP=PENALTY:

TOLSTP = energy difference tolerance
default=1d-6 Hartree
TOLGRD = gradient convergence tolerance
default=5d-3 Hartree/Bohr
ALPHA

= parameter ensuring a singularity free penalty,

default=0.02 Hartree

SIGMA

= Lagrange multiplier for the penalty term. In

case the energy gap between the states is not
acceptable at the CI point, increase the value.
default = 3.5 (unitless)

An understanding of the search procedures can be gained by

reading the following papers:
Gradient Projection with NACME:
M.J.Bearpark, M.A.Robb, H.B.Schlegel
Chem.Phys.Lett. 223, 269(1994)
Branching Plane Updating method:
S.Maeda, K.Ohno, K.Morokuma
J.Chem.Theor Comput. 6, 1538(2010)
Penalty constrained update method:
B.G.Levine, C.Ko, J.Quenneville, T.J.Martinez
Mol.Phys. 104, 1039(2006)
B.G.Levine, J.D.Coe, T.J.Martinez
J.Phys.Chem.B 112, 405(2008)
A comparative study of the first two procedures is

Input Description

$CONICL

2-166

T.W.Keal, A.Koslowski, W.Thiel

Theoret.Chem.Acc. 118, 837(2007)
===========================================================

Input Description

$MD

2-167

===========================================================

$MD

group

(relevant if RUNTYP=MD)

This group controls the molecular dynamics trajectory for a

collection of quantum mechanical atoms and/or Effective
Fragment Potential particles.
A typical MD simulation starts with an equilibration phase,
running long enough to produce a randomized structure and
velocity distribution. Typically equilibration is done
with an NVT ensemble, allowing the system to equilibrate to
a desired temperature. A production run restarts with the
positions and the velocity and quaternion data from the
equilibration run, might use either a NVE or NVT ensemble,
and collects radial distribution functions and other
properties.
Only a few properties are computed from the MD trajectory,
apart from correct radial distribution functions. In
particular, the pressures, diffusion constants, and heats
of vaporization that appear on the printout (presently only
for pure EFP runs) are from a preliminary code, which has
not yet been verified.
If the system contains only EFP particles, it may be placed
in a periodic box, according to the minimum image
convention. The optional periodic boundary conditions,
along with cut-offs, are given in the $EFRAG input. See
also the $EWALD input group for long-range electrostatic
treatment if PBC is used.
The first keywords relate to the steps:
MDINT

= MD integrator selection.
= FROG (leapfrog). This is less accurate, and lacks
the special ensemble stepper option NVTNH.
= VVERLET (velocity Verlet) - default.

DT

= MD time step size, in seconds, default=1.0d-15,

which is a femtosecond.

NVTNH

selects a integrator step appropriate to the

desired ensemble. This is only implemented for

Input Description

$MD

2-168

velocity Verlet.
= 0 means use NVE Verlet stepping
= 1 means use NVT Verlet stepping
= 2 means use Nose/Hoover chain NVT Verlet stepping
The default is 2 if either NVT option RSTEMP or
RSRAND is chosen, but is 0 otherwise.
NSTEPS = number of MD time steps to be found in this run,
default=10000.
TTOTAL = total time elapsed in the previous part of a MD
trajectory which is being restarted (READ=.TRUE.).
The default means this trajectory is a new one, or
perhaps the start of a production phase of the MD.
(default=0.0 seconds)
* * *
BATHT

= bath temperature, in Kelvin (default=300.0)

This value is used during NVT runs, or if the
MD is initialized to a Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity
distribution.
* * *
Two options exist to create NVT runs, to bring
the system to a desired bath temperature.
If neither is chosen, the ensemble is NVE:

RSTEMP = flag to rescale the temperature.

DTEMP

default=.FALSE.

= temperature range for the RSTEMP option. The

velocities are rescaled to the bath temperature
if T < (BATHT-DTEMP) or T > (BATHT+DTEMP).
The default is DTEMP=100.0 degrees.

RSRAND = flag to reset to Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution,

using random numbers (same algorithm as MBT and
MBR) to choose individual velocity magnitudes and
directions. default=.FALSE.
NRAND

= number of steps for the RSRAND option. Reassign

velocities (translational and rotational) every
NRAND time steps. Default=1000.

Input Description

$MD

2-169

NVTOFF = step number at which to turn off either NVT

thermostat, and switch to NVE. At this point, the
NVTNH parameter will be reset to 0, and the PROD
flag will be turned on, so that the production
run will start (gathering and printing the RDF
information to .log file). This keyword is also
useful in NVE runs to postpone the accumulation of
production information. The default means no
switch to NVE (default=0).
JEVERY = report simulation quantities (write info such as
energies, temps, etc. to .log file) and collect
RDF info each JEVERY time step. Default=10
KEVERY = write coordinates (to log and TRAJECT files),
velocity/quaternion restart info (to the TRAJECT
file and RDFs (to log file) at each KEVERY step.
default=100
PROD

= production run, at present this means only that

information for radial distribution functions is
collected, and printed. default=.FALSE.

DELR

= spacing for radial bins in RDF calculations,

default=0.02 Angstroms.

NPROP

= step number at which to begin collecting data for

the other properties, such as pressure and
diffusion constants. This should be a value
between 1 and NSTEPS, as it counts off the current
run's steps. Default=0.

PBCOUT = print PBC coordinates in the end of simulation

(i.e. all molecules will be contained in one box)
Default=.FALSE.
* * *
SSBP

= flag to add spherical solvent boundary condition

using the harmonic restraint potential(V)
V=0.5*SFORCE*(R-DROFF)**2.
(Default=.FALSE)

SFORCE = the force constant for SSBP in kcal/mol-A**2

(default: 0.0).

Input Description

CCMS

$MD

2-170

= flag to add a harmonic potential to constrain

the center of mass of the QM subsystem. This will
keep the QM subsystem in QM/MM-MD with spherical
boundary conditions near the center of sphere.
(Default=.FALSE)

CFORCE = the force constant for CCMS in kcal/mol-A**2

(default: 0.0).
DROFF

= is an array of distances such that V=0 if R<DROFF.

The first and second elements of the array are for
MM and QM subsystems of QM/MM-MD, respectively.
(default: 1.0d+10).

USAMP

= flag to apply harmonic constraint potential(V)

V=0.5*UFORCE*(R-RZERO)**2
(default: .false.).

UFORCE = the force constant for USAMP in kcal/mol-A**2

(default: 0.0).
RZERO

IUSTYP

= array of reference values for USAMP. Distances and

angles are in Angstrom and Degree, respectively.
(default: all 0.0).
specifies
= 0
= 1
= 2
= 3
= 4

the type of USAMP

bond constraint (default value)
asymmetric bond constraint
angle constraint
torsion constraint
asymmetric and bond constraint.
This is for 2 dimensional umbrella
sampling of an atom shift reaction (atom
1 is moving from atom 2 to 3), and a
bond distance between atom 4 and 5.
So it requires 5 elements in IPAIR!
= 5 asymmetric coordinate + Restraint
IPAIR contains three atoms, where atom 1
is moving from atom 2 to 3 by asymmetric
coordinate. This restraint forces atom
1 to stay between atom 2 and 3.
= 6 Normal constraining for up to 2 bonds
based on flexible constraints. IPAIR
must contain 4 values for the two bonds.

Input Description

$MD

2-171

= 7 Asymmtric coordinate based on flexible

constraints. IPAIR should contains all
the corresponding atoms.
= 8 The center of mass coordinates of two
QM parts. IPAIR should include only the
first part of QM atoms.
= 9 The center of mass coordinates with
respect to the center of sphere (0,0,0).
IPAIR should not be used, since GAMESS
will automatically generate the center
of mass of your QM part.
IPAIR

is an array of atom numbers to which the umbrella

sampling potentials are applied. For example, a
bond constraint for atom 1 and 2 is IPAIR(1)=1,2.
An asymmetric bond constraint requires three
atoms, in which the atom 1 migrates from atom 2 to
3. IUSTYP=4 requires 5 atoms: the first three
atoms are for asymmetric bond constraint.
Default: 0.
* * *

MREMD

specifies the type of REMD (Replica Exchange MD).

NGROUPS in $GDDI must be greater than 1 in order
for this option to be effective. Note that
currently REMD works only for NVT.
= 0 no REMD
= 1 one dimension REMD

LEVERY

Temperature exchange at LEVERY steps during REMD

runs. (default: 1000)
If JEVERY.gt.LEVERY, JEVERY is reset to LEVERY.
* * *

The following keywords control starting MD conditions.

Normally an MD trajectory is initiated with both MBT and
MBR chosen, while restarts would select only READ. The
restart data is written to the TRAJECT file. To restart
requires merging particle coordinates into $DATA and/or
$EFRAG, and placing the new $MD input below your existing
$MD input, thus keeping your choices for the variables
above (both $MD input groups will be read).

Input Description

$MD

2-172

MBT

= get translational velocities from a random

Maxwell-Boltzmann ensemble. Default=.FALSE.

MBR

= get rotational velocities from a random MaxwellBoltzmann ensemble. Default=.FALSE.

QRAND

= if .TRUE., generate random quaternions, an option

that is not normally chosen.
if .FALSE., use EFP particle coordinates and the
initial MBT/MBR assigned velocities to set
correct quaternion data (default is .FALSE.)

READ

= read velocities (translational and rotational) and

quaternions and their first and second derivatives
from input file. Default is .FALSE. Set the
other three values MBT/MBR/QRAND off if you choose
restarting with READ.

For READ=.TRUE., the following restart data is required.

This data may be copied from the TRAJECT file, in exactly
the format it was written out. The required data depends
on your choice for the integrator, see MDINT above. In
addition, you will need to update the particle coordinates
in $DATA and/or $EFRAG, using data from the TRAJECT file.
TVELQM(1)= quantum atom's translational velocities (both).
TVEL(1)= array of EFP translational velocities (both).
RVEL(1)= array of EFP rotational velocities (VVERLET).
RMOM(1)= array of EFP rotational momenta (FROG).
QUAT(1)= array of EFP quaternions (both).
QUAT1D(1)= EFP quaternion first derivatives (VVERLET).
QUAT2D(1)= EFP quaternion second derivatives (VVERLET).
extra reading:
"Computer Simulation of Liquids"
M.P.Allen, D.J.Tildesley Oxford Science, 1987
"Understanding Molecular Simulation"
D.Frenkel, B.Smit Academic Press, 2002
===========================================================

Input Description

$RDF

2-173

==========================================================

$RDF

group

(relevant for RUNTYP=MD)

This group defines the pairs of atoms for which the

radial distribution functions are to be computed, at the
end of a molecular dynamics trajectory. The input is
similar in style to $EFRAG, consisting of separate lines,
with the word STOP ending each particular pair.
Line 1.
NRDF=<no.RDFs>
gives the number of RDFs which should be computed.
Line 2.
<pair title> <FRAG1> <FRAG2> <no.pairs>
gives a string for the printout (a good choice involves
both atoms, such as ClCl), the name of the $FRAGNAME
containing the first atom of the pair, the name of the
$FRAGNAME input group with the second atom of the pair, and
how many such pairs exist.
Line 3.
<label> <num.atom1> <num.atom2>
gives a label (arbitrary), the position of the atom within
the $FRAG1 group, and the 2nd atom's within the $FRAG2.
This line must be repeated <no.pairs> times.
Line 4.
STOP
the word STOP ends this RDF's pair input.
Lines 2-4 must then be repeated a total of <no.RDFs> times.
An example will make this all clear. If there is only one
type of fragment used, such as water (so $EFRAG contains
only FRAGNAME=WATER), and assuming that this $WATER group
defining the water EFP has atoms in the order O,H,H:
$RDF
nrdf=3
OO
dum
STOP
OH
dum
dum
dum
dum

water
1
1

water

water
1
2
1
3
2
1
3
1

water

Input Description
STOP
HH
dum
dum
dum
dum
STOP
$end

water
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
3

$RDF

water

2-174

==========================================================

Input Description

$GLOBOP

2-175

==========================================================

$GLOBOP

group

(relevant to RUNTYP=GLOBOP)

This controls the Metropolis Monte Carlo search method

for finding local and global minima. Systems can include
EFP fragments, FMO fragments, or fully ab initio groups or
some combination of the three (excluding FMO and ab
initio). The present code is backwards compatible with old
runtyp=globop inputs.
There are options
search, or a multiple
Local minimization of
selected by the Monte

for a single temperature Monte Carlo

temperature simulated annealing.
some or all of the structures
Carlo is an option.

Accepted coordinates and energy can be printed to a

trajectory file in the scratch file, using a keyword
described below. A perl script named "globop_extract" is
provided in the standard GAMESS distribution, which can
extract the lowest energies (and matching coordinates) from
the TRAJECT data set.
See REFS.DOC for an overview of this RUNTYP.
RNDINI =

flag to randomize the particles given in input,

usually choosing the particle at random, placing
it near the center of the coordinate origin but
in such a way that it does not collide with any
particles placed earlier. The default is to use
coordinates as given in $EFRAG (default .FALSE.)

JSTRND =

If RNDiNI and JSTRND are both true, the run ends

after the randomization and energy calculation.
(default .TRUE.)

RIORD

relevant only if RNDINI is .TRUE.

RAND selects EFP particles in random order, as
well as randomizing their coordinates. (default)
STANDARD chooses the particles in the same order
that they were given in $EFRAG, so only their
positions are randomized.

=
=
=

Input Description

$GLOBOP

2-176

See REFS.DOC for some ideas on how to build clusters with

these two inputs.
TEMPI

initial temperature used in the simulation.

(default = 20000 K)

TEMPF

final temperature. If TEMPF is not given and

NTEMPS is greater than 1, TEMPF will be
calculated based on a cooling factor of 0.95.

NTEMPS =

number of temperatures used in the simulation.

If NTEMPS is not given but TEMPF is given,
NTEMP will be calculated based on a cooling
factor of 0.95. If neither NTEMP nor TEMPF is
given, the job defaults to a single temperature
Monte Carlo calculation.

MCTYP

Bitwise label of fragment types being used

1 = ab initio groups
2 = FMO fragments
4 = EFP fragments
6 = FMO and EFP

NFRMOV =

number of EFP fragments to move on each step.

(default=1)

NFMORV =

number of FMO fragments or ab initio groups to

move on each step. (default=1)

MCMIN

flag to enable geometry optimization to minimize

the energy is carried out every NSTMIN steps.
(default=.true.)

NGEOPT =

number of geometries to be evaluated at each

temperature. (default = 100)

NTRAN

number of translational steps in each block.

(default=5)

NROT

number of rotational steps in each block.

(default=5)

NBLOCK =

the number of blocks of steps can be set directly

with this variable, instead of being calculated
from NGEOPT, NTRAN, and NROT, according to

Input Description

$GLOBOP

2-177

NBLOCK=NGEOPT/(NTRAN+NROT)
If NBLOCK is input, the number of geometries at
each temperature will be taken as
NGEOPT=NBLOCK*(NTRAN+NROT)
Each block has NTRAN translational steps followed
by NROT rotational steps.
NAIFG

number of ab initio groups for odd values of

MCTYP. If not the default value, then $GLBFRG
must be included (default=no. of atoms in $DATA)

AIMOVE =

applicable to MCTYP=4 with ab initio atoms only.

maximum translation movement of ab initio atoms
during EFP movement step. (default=0.0)

SCALE

2 value array that scales max movement and

rotation. first value is translations
second is rotations (default=1.0,1.0)

ALPHA

controls the rate at which information from

successful steps is folded into the maximum step
sizes for each of the 6*(number of fragments)
coordinates. ALPHA varies between 0 and 1.
ALPHA=0 means do not change the maximum step
sizes, and ALPHA=1 throws out the old step sizes
whenever there is a successful step and uses the
successful step sizes as the new maxima. This
update scheme was used with the Parks method
where all fragments are moved on every step. It
is not normally used with the Metropolis method.
(default = 0)

BOLTWT =

method for calculating the Boltzmann factor,

which is used as the probability of accepting a
step that increases the energy.
STANDARD = use the standard Boltzmann factor,
exp(-delta(E)/kT) (default)
AVESTEP = scale the temperature by the average
step size, as recommended in the Parks reference
when using values of ALPHA greater than 0.

=
=

NSTMIN =

After this number of geometry steps are taken, a

local (Newton-Raphson) optimization will be
carried out. If this variable is set to 1, a
local minimization is carried out on every step,

Input Description

$GLOBOP

2-178

reducing the MC space to the set of local minima.

Irrelevant if MCMIN is false. (default=10)
OPTN

if set to .TRUE., at the end of the run local

minimizations are carried out on the final
geometry and on the minimum-energy geometry.
(default=.FALSE.)

DACRAT =

the desired acceptance ratio, the program tries

to achieve this by adjusting the maximum step
size. Setting this to 0.0 disables any change to
the maximum step size. (default = 0.5)

UPDFAC =

the factor used to update the maximum step size

in the attempt to achive the desired acceptance
ratio (DACRAT). If the acceptance ratio at the
previous temperature was below DACRAT, the step
size is decreased by multiplying it by UPDFAC.
If the acceptance ratio was above DACRAT, the
step size is increased by dividing it by DACRAT
It should be between 0 and 1. (default = 0.95)

SEPTOL =

the separation tolerence between atoms in either

the EFP or FMO fragments. If a step moves atoms
closer than this tolerence, the step is rejected.
(default = 1.5 Angstroms)

XMIN, XMAX, YMIN, YMAX, ZMIN, ZMAX = mimimum and maximum

values for the Cartesian coordinates of the
fragment. If the first point in a fragment steps
outside these boundaries, periodic boundary
conditions are used and the fragment re-enters on
the opposite side of the box. The defaults of
-10 for minima and +10 for maxima should usually
be changed.
NPRTGO = controls the amount of output,
= -2 reduces output even more than -1
= -1 reduces output further, needed for MCMIN=.true.
= 0 gives minimal output (default)
= 1 gives the normal GAMESS amount of output
= 2 gives maximum output
For large simulations, even IOUT=0 may produce
a log file too large to work with easily.

Input Description

$GLOBOP

2-179

If geometry optimization is being done at each

Monte Carlo generated structure, you can use
the NPRT in $STATPT to further suppress output.
RANDOM =
=

=
=

controls the choice of random number generator.

DEBUG uses a simple random number generator with
a constant seed. Since the same sequence of
random numbers is generated during each job, it
is useful for debugging.
RAND1 uses the simple random number generator
used in DEBUG, but with a variable seed.
RAND3 uses a more sophisticated random number
generator described in Numerical Recipes, with a
variable seed (default).

IFXFRG =

array whose length is the number of fragments.

It allows one or more fragments to be fixed
during the simulation.
=0 allows the fragment to move during the run
=1 fixes the fragment
For example, IFXFRG(3)=1 would fix the third
fragment, the default is IFXFRG(1)=0,0,0,...,0

NPRBND =

number of pairs of atoms to be positionally

linked. A non-zero value requires IBNDS to
be specified in GLBFRG. (default 0)

NSMTP

number of steps in each secondary Monte Carlo

that occurs when an FMO or AI group is moved.
(default 0)

SMTEMP =

Temperature below which the secondary Monte

Carlo search will be carried out. (default 0)

==========================================================

Input Description

$GLBFRG group

$GLOBOP

2-180

(relevant to RUNTYP=GLOBOP)

==========================================================
This group defines the sets of ab initio atoms in $DATA
that are treated as groups in Monte Carlo runs. It also
defines any groups that are to be frozen, not moved during
the Monte Carlo search.
AIFRG

= an array assigning atoms to groups. Two styles

are supported (the choice is made based on
AIFRG(1): if it is nonzero, choice (a) is taken,
otherwise AIFRG(1) is ignored and choice (b) is
taken):
a) AIFRG(i)=m assigns atom i is to fragment m.
AIFRG(i) must be given for each atom.
b) the style is
a1 a2 ... ak 0
b1 b2 ... bm 0
...
Elements a1...ak are assigned to fragment 1,
then b1...bm are assigned to fragment 2,etc.
An element is one of the following:
I
or
I -J
where I means atom I, and a pair I,-J means
the range of atoms I-J. There must be no space
after the "-"!
Example:
AIFRG(1)=1,1,1,2,2,1 is equivalent to
AIFRG(1)=0, 1,-3,6,0, 4,5,0
Both assign atoms 1,2,3 and 6 to fragment 1,
and 4,5 to fragment 2.

NAICUT = automatically divides a molecule into fragments by

assigning NAICUT atoms to each fragment (useful
for something like water clusters). This sets
AIFRG, so it need not be included. If 0, the
automatic option is disabled. (default: 0)
IFXFMO = array of FMO fragments or ab initio groups that
are not moved during the Monte Carlo search.
if an optimization step (MCMIN or OPTN) is used,
the fragment/group will likely be moved.

Input Description

$GLOBOP

IBNDS

= Array of atoms to be positionally linked.

example for two pairs between atoms 1 and 5,
and 3 and 6.
IBNDS(1)=1,5,3,6

PRSEP

= Maximum separation allowed for paired atoms.

The default should be changed (defalt 1.0d+00)

2-181

==========================================================

Input Description

$GRADEX

2-182

==========================================================

$GRADEX

group

(optional, for RUNTYP=GRADEXTR)

This group controls the gradient extremal following

algorithm. The GEs leave stationary points parallel to
each of the normal modes of the hessian. Sometimes a GE
leaving a minimum will find a transition state, and thus
provides us with a way of finding that saddle point. GEs
have many unusual mathematical properties, and you should
be aware that they normally differ a great deal from IRCs.
The search will always be performed in cartesian
coordinates, but internal coordinates along the way may
be printed by the usual specification of NZVAR and $ZMAT.
METHOD = algorithm selection.
SR
A predictor-corrector method due to Sun
and Ruedenberg (default).
JJH A method due to Jorgensen, Jensen and
Helgaker.
NSTEP

= maximum number of predictor steps to take.

(default=50)

DPRED

= the stepsize for the predictor step.

(default = 0.10)

STPT

= a flag to indicate whether the initial geometry

is considered a stationary point. If .TRUE.,
the geometry will be perturbed by STSTEP along
the IFOLOW normal mode.
(default = .TRUE.)

STSTEP = the stepsize for jumping away from a stationary

point. (default = 0.01)
IFOLOW = Mode selection option. (default is 1)
If STPT=.TRUE., the initial geometry will be
perturbed by STSTEP along the IFOLOW normal mode.
Note that IFOLOW can be positive or negative,
depending on the direction the normal mode
should be followed in. The positive direction
is defined as the one where the largest component
of the Hessian eigenvector is positive.

Input Description

$GRADEX

2-183

If STPT=.FALSE. the sign of IFOLOW determines

which direction the GE is followed in. A positive
value will follow the GE in the uphill direction.
The value of IFOLOW should be set to the Hessian
mode which is parallel to the gradient to avoid
miscellaneous warning messages.
GOFRST = a flag to indicate whether the algorithm should
attempt to locate a stationary point. If .TRUE.,
a straight NR search is performed once the NR
step length drops below SNRMAX. 10 NR step are
othen allowed, a value which cannot be changed.
(default = .TRUE.)
SNRMAX = upper limit for switching to straight NR search
for stationary point location.
(default = 0.10 or DPRED, whichever is smallest)
OPTTOL = gradient convergence tolerance, in Hartree/Bohr.
Used for optimizing to a stationary point.
Convergence of a geometry search requires the
rms gradient to be less than OPTTOL.
(default=0.0001)
HESS

= selection of the initial hessian matrix,

when STPT=.TRUE.
= READ causes the hessian to be read from a $HESS.
= CALC causes the hessian to be computed. (default)

---- the next parameters apply only to METHOD=SR ---DELCOR = the corrector step should be smaller than this
value before the next predictor step is taken.
(default = 0.001)
MYSTEP = maximum number of micro iteration allowed to
bring the corrector step length below DELCOR.
(default=20)
SNUMH

= stepsize used in the numerical differentiation

of the Hessian to produce third derivatives.
(default = 0.0001)

Input Description

$GRADEX

2-184

HSDFDB = flag to select determination of third derivatives.

At the current geometry we need the gradient, the
Hessian, and the partial third derivative matrix
in the gradient direction.
If .TRUE., the gradient is calculated at the
current geometry, and two Hessians are calculated
at SNUMH distance to each side in the gradient
direction. The Hessian at the geometry is formed
as the average of the two displaced Hessians.
If .FALSE., both the gradient and Hessian are
calculated at the current geometry, and one
additional Hessian is calculated at SNUMH in the
gradient direction.
The default double-sided differentiation produces
a more accurate third derivative matrix, at the
cost of an additional wave function and gradient.
(default = .TRUE.)
==========================================================
* *
See
for
* *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
the 'further information' section
some help with GRADEXTR runs.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Input Description

$SURF

2-185

==========================================================

$SURF

group

(relevant for RUNTYP=SURFACE)

This group allows you to probe a potential energy

surface along a small grid of points. Note that there is
no option to vary angles, only distances. The scan can
be made for any SCFTYP, or for the MP2 or CI surface. You
may specify two rather different calculations to be done
at each point on the grid, through the RUNTYPn, SCFTYPn,
and electron correlation keywords.
* * * below, 1 and 2 refer to different calculations * * *
RUNTP1,RUNTYP2 = some RUNTYP supported in $CONTRL
First RUNTYP=RUNTP1 and then RUNTYP=RUNTP2 will be
performed, for each point on the grid. The second
run is omitted if RUNTP2 is set to NONE.
default: RUNTP1=ENERGY RUNTP2=NONE
SCFTP1,SCFTP2 = some SCFTYP supported in $CONTRL
default: SCFTYP in $CONTRL
CITYP1,CITYP2 = some CITYP supported in $CONTRL
default: CITYP in $CONTRL
MPLEV1,MPLEV2 = some MPLEVL supported in $CONTRL
default: MPLEVL in $CONTRL
CCTYP1,CCTYP2 = some CCTYP supported in $CONTRL
default: CCTYP in $CONTRL
DFTYP1,DFTYP2 = some DFTTYP supported in $DFT
default: DFTTYP in $DFT
You may need to help by giving values in $CONTRL that will
permit the program to estimate what is coming in the values
here. For example, if you want to request hessians here,
it may be good to give RUNTYP=HESSIAN in $CONTRL so that
in its earliest stages of a job, the program can initialize
for 2nd derivatives. There is less checking here than on
$CONTRL input, so don't request something impossible such
as two correlation methods simultaneously, or analytic
hessians for MP2, or other things that are impossible.

Input Description

$SURF

2-186

* * * below, 1 and 2 refer to different coordinates * * *

IVEC1

= an array of two atoms, defining a coordinate from

the first atom given, to the second.

IGRP1

= an array specifying a group of atoms, which must

include the second atom given in IVEC1. The
entire group will be translated (rigidly) along
the vector IVEC1, relative to the first atom
given in IVEC1.

ORIG1

= starting value of the coordinate, which may be

positive or negative. Zero corresponds to the
distance given in $DATA.

DISP1

= step size for the coordinate. If DISP1 is set

to zero, then the keyword GRID1 is read.

NDISP1 = number of steps to take for this coordinate.

GRID1

= an array of grid points at which to compute the

energy. This option is an alternative to the
ORIG1, DISP1 input which produces an equidistant
grid. To use GRID1, one has to set DISP1=0.0.
The number of grid points is given in NDISP1, and
is limited to at most 100 grid points. The input
of GRID1(1)=ORIG1,ORIG1+DISP1,ORIG1+DISP1*2,...
would reproduce an equidistant grid given by ORIG1
and DISP1.

ORIG1, DISP1, and GRID1 should be given in Angstrom.

There are no reasonable defaults for these keywords.
IVEC2, IGRP2, ORIG2, DISP2, NDISP2, GRID2 have the same
meaning as their "1" counterparts, and permit you to make
a two dimensional map along two displacement coordinates.
If the "2" data are not input, the surface map proceeds in
only one dimension.
==========================================================

Input Description

$LOCAL

2-187

==========================================================

$LOCAL

group

(relevant if LOCAL=RUEDNBRG or BOYS)

(relevant if LOCAL=POP or SVD)

This group allows input of additional data to control

the localization methods. If no input is provided, the
valence orbitals will be localized as much as possible,
while still leaving the wavefunction invariant. There are
many specialized options for Localized Charge Distribution
analysis, and for EFP generation.
LOCAL=RUEDENBRG, BOYS, and POP all work by sequences of
two by two Jacobi rotations. This needs iteration control,
and permits fine tuning of the orbital pairs rotated,
leading to keywords such as SYMLOC and MOIN/MOOUT below.
LOCAL=SVD does a direct projection of the RHF, ROHF, or
MCSCF orbitals onto the basis set of each atom, taking in
turn atoms one by one, with a symmetric orthogonalization
between atoms at the end. Consequently, many keywords here
pertaining to iteration control and to various orbital
restrictions (MOIN, MOOUT, SYMLOC, etc) don't pertain to
LOCAL=SVD.
N.B.

Since Boys localization needs the dipole integrals,

do not turn off dipole moment calculation in $ELMOM.

MAXLOC = maximum number of localization cycles. This

applies to BOYS or POP methods only. If the
localization fails to converge, a different
order of 2x2 pairwise rotations will be tried.
(default=250)
CVGLOC = convergence criterion. The default provides
LMO coefficients accurate to 6 figures.
(default=1.0E-6)
SYMLOC = a flag to restrict localization so that orbitals
of different symmetry types are not mixed. This
option is not supported in all possible point
groups. The purpose of this option is to give a
better choice for the starting orbitals for GVB-PP
or MCSCF runs, without destroying the orbital's
symmetry. This option is compatible with each of

Input Description

$LOCAL

2-188

the 3 methods of selecting the orbitals to be

included. If chosen in a run requesting VVOS (see
$SCF), occupied and virtual orbitals will also not
be permitted to mix in a localization of these two
separate orbital spaces. (default=.FALSE.)
ORIENT = a flag to request orientation of the localized
orbitals for bond-order analysis. After the
localization, the orbitals on each atom are
rotated only among themselves, in order to direct
the orbitals towards neighboring atom's orbitals,
to which they are bonded. The density matrix,
or bond-order matrix, of these Oriented LMOs is
readily interpreted as atomic populations and
bond orders. This option can only be used for
LOCAL=RUEDNBRG when SCFTYP=MCSCF, or if LOCAL=SVD.
(default=.FALSE.)
EXTLOC = options to localize external orbitals, above the
valence MBS orbital space (SVD and ATMNOS), and
to control internal orbital localization (SPLITxx
keywords), in the valence minimal basis space.
= NONE
(default)
= SVD
Forms the SVD quasi-atomic external
orbitals using an SVD with respect to the
accurate atomic minimal basis functions.
The localization of all internal orbitals
means that ORMAS wavefunctions are not
left invariant, nor are full spaces which
are not full valence type.
= ATMNOS Performs the EXTLOC=SVD option, and then
forms the ordered external orbitals using
exchange integrals.
= SPLITQA Performs the EXTLOC=SVD and EXTLOC=ATMNOS
options, and then, form split-localized
orbitals in the internal orbital space,
preserving ORMAS subspaces when doing the
latter step.
The next two skip localization in the external
space, which saves time, for cases where only
localization of internal orbitals is needed:
= SPLITQ2 Forms the split-localized orbitals in the
internal orbital space, preserving any
ORMAS subspaces (wavefunction will be left
invariant).

Input Description

$LOCAL

2-189

= SPLITQ3 Forms the split-localized orbitals in the

internal orbital space, but these splitlocalized orbitals do not preserve the
ORMAS wavefunction. In other words, the
split-localization treats the calculation
as if it had a single united active space.
PRTLOC = a flag to control supplemental printout. The
extra output is the rotation matrix to the
localized orbitals, and, for the Boys method,
the orbital centroids, for the Ruedenberg
method, the coulomb and exchange matrices,
for the population method, atomic populations.
(default=.FALSE.)
----- The following keywords select the orbitals which
are to be included in the localization. You may
select from FCORE, NOUTA/NOUTB, or NINA/NINB,
but may choose only one of these three groups.
These options do not pertain to LOCAL=SVD:
FCORE

= flag to freeze all the chemical core orbitals

present.
All the valence orbitals will be
localized. You must explicitly turn this
option off to choose one of the other two
orbital selection options. (default=.TRUE.)
* * *

NOUTA

= number of alpha orbitals to hold fixed in the

localization. (default=0)

MOOUTA = an array of NOUTA elements giving the numbers of

the orbitals to hold fixed. For example, the
input NOUTA=2 MOOUTA(1)=8,13 will freeze only
orbitals 8 and 13. You must enter all the
orbitals you want to freeze, including any cores.
This variable has nothing to do with cows.
NOUTB =

number of beta orbitals to hold fixed in -UHFlocalizations. (default=0)

MOOUTB = same as MOOUTA, except that it applies to the

beta orbitals, in -UHF- wavefunctions only.

Input Description

$LOCAL

2-190

* * *
NINA

= number of alpha orbitals which are to be

included in the localization. (default=0)

MOINA

= an array of NINA elements giving the numbers of

the orbitals to be included in the localization.
Any orbitals not mentioned will be frozen.

NINB

= number of -UHF- beta MOs in the localization.

(default=0)

MOINB

= same as MOINA, except that it applies to the

beta orbitals, in -UHF- wavefunctions only.

ORMFUL = this flag is relevant only to CISTEP=ORMAS MCSCF

localizations. By default, the localization is
restricted such that the multiple active spaces
are not mixed, leaving the total wavefunction
invariant. It may be used to localize within the
full range of active MOs. (Default is .FALSE.)
----- The following keywords are used for the localized
charge distribution (LCD), a decomposition scheme for
the energy, or multipole moments, or the first
polarizability. See also LOCHYP in $FFCALC for the
decomposition of hyperpolarizabilities.
EDCOMP = flag to turn on LCD energy decomposition.
Note that this method is currently implemented
for SCFTYP=RHF and ROHF and LOCAL=RUEDNBRG only.
The SCF LCD forces all orbitals to be localized,
overriding input on the previous page. See also
LMOMP2 in the $MP2 input. (default = .FALSE.)
MOIDON = flag to turn on LMO identification and subsequent
LMO reordering, and assign nuclear LCD automatically. (default = .FALSE.)
DIPDCM = flag for LCD molecular dipole decomposition.
(default = .FALSE.)

Input Description

$LOCAL

2-191

QADDCM = flag for LCD molecular quadrupole decomposition.

(default = .FALSE.)
POLDCM = flag to compute the static alpha polarizability,
and its decomposition in terms of LCDs.
LMO dipole polarizabilities are the polarizability
term in the EFP model.
The computation is done analytically, for SCFTYP
of RHF or ROHF, but must be done numerically for
their DFT counterparts (choose one of POLNUM or
POLAPP). No other correlation method makes sense,
since the point of this keyword is a decomposition
over localized orbitals.
LOCAL may be BOYS or RUEDNBRG.
See also LOCHYP in $FFCALC for a similar breakdown
of static beta and gamma hyperpolarizabilities.
Default=.FALSE., except that RUNTYP=MAKEFP turns
this computation on, automatically.
POLNUM = flag to force numerical rather than analytical
calculation of the polarizabilities. This may be
much faster for larger molecules. The numerical
polarizabilities of bonds in or around aromatic
rings sometimes are unphysical. (default=.FALSE.)
See D.R.Garmer, W.J.Stevens
J.Phys.Chem. 93, 8263-8270(1989).
This keyword cannot be used with POLDYN or POLAPP.
POLAPP = flag to force calculation of the polarizabilities
using a perturbation theory expression. This may
be useful in larger molecules. (default=.FALSE.)
See R.M. Minikis, V. Kairys, J.H. Jensen
J.Phys.Chem.A 105, 3829-3837(2001)
Quality of the results is not as good as POLNUM!
This keyword cannot be used with POLDYN or POLNUM.
POLANG = flag to choose units of localized polarizability
output. The default is Angstroms**3, while false
will give Bohr**3. (default=.TRUE.)
ZDO

= flag for LCD analysis of a composite wavefunction,

given in a $VEC input of a van der Waals complex,
using the zero differential overlap approximation.
The MOs are not orthonormalized and the intermolecular electron exchange energy is neglected.

Input Description

$LOCAL

2-192

Also, the molecular overlap matrix is printed

out. This is a very specialized option.
(default = .FALSE.)
----- The following keywords can be used to define the
nuclear part of an LCD. They are usually used to
rectify mistakes in the automatic definition
made when MOIDON=.TRUE. The index defining the
LMO number then refers to the reordered list of LMOs.
NMOIJ

= array giving the number of nuclei assigned to a

particular LMO.

IJMO

= is an array of pairs of indices (I,J), giving

the row (nucleus I) and column (orbital J)
index of the entries in ZIJ and MOIJ.

MOIJ

= arrays of integers K, assigning nucleus K as the

site of the Ith charge of LCD J.

ZIJ

= array of floating point numbers assigning a

charge to the Ith charge of LCD J.

IPROT

= array of integers K, defining nucleus K as a

proton.

DEPRNT = a flag for additional decomposition printing,

such as pair contributions to various energy
terms, and centroids of the Ruedenberg orbitals.
(default = .FALSE.)
----- The following keywords are used to build large EFPs
from several RUNTYP=MAKEFP runs on smaller molecular
fragments, by excluding common regions of overlap.
For example, an EFP for n-octanol can be build from
two MAKEFP runs, on n-pentane and n-pentanol,
CH3CH2CH2CH2-CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
CH3CH2CH2CH2[-CH3]
[CH3]-CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
by excluding operlapping regions shown in brackets
from the two EFPs. See J.Phys.Chem.A 105, 3829-3837,
(2001) for more information.

Input Description

$LOCAL

2-193

NOPATM = array of atoms that define an area to be excluded

from a DMA ($STONE) during a RUNTYP=MAKEFP run.
All atomic centers specified, and the midpoints
of any bonds to them, are excluded as expansion
points. The density due to all LMOs primarily
centered on these atoms are excluded from the DMA
(see also KMIDPT). Furthermore, polarizability
tensors for these LMOs are excluded.
KPOINT = array of "boundary atoms", those atoms that are
covalently bonded to the atoms given in NOATM.
KMIDPT = flag to indicate whether the density due to bond
LMOs (and associated expansion points) between
the NOPATM atoms and the KPOINT atoms are to be
included in the DMA. (default = .TRUE.)
NODENS = an array that specifies the atoms for which the
associated electronic density will be removed
before the multipole expansion. This provides an
EFP with net integer charge. (P.A.Molina, H.Li,
J.H.Jensen J.Comput.Chem. 24, 1972-1979(2003).
The following keywords relate to the computation of
imaginary frequency dynamic polarizabilities. This is
useful in the development of the dispersion energy formula
in the EFP2 model, but may also be computed separately, if
wished.
POLDYN = a flag to compute imaginary frequency dependent
dynamic polarizabilities (alpha), by analytic
means. Available only for uncorrelated RHF.
(default=.FALSE., but .TRUE. if RUNTYP=MAKEFP)
NDPFRQ = number of imaginary frequencies to compute.
Default=1 for most runs, but=12 if RUNTYP=MAKEFP.
DPFREQ = an array of imaginary frequencies to be used,
entered as real numbers (absolute values). The
default=0.0 for most runs, which is silly, because
this just computes the normal static dipole
polarizability! For RUNTYP=MAKEFP, the program
uses 12 internally stored values, which serve as
the roots for a Gauss-Legendre quadrature to
extract the C6 dispersion coefficients. Given in

Input Description

$LOCAL

2-194

atomic units.
For more information, see
I.Adamovic, M.S.Gordon

Mol.Phys. 103, 379-387(2005).

==========================================================
* *
For
the
the
* *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
hints about localizations, and
LCD energy decomposition, see
'further information' section.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

==========================================================

Input Description

$TRUNCN

2-195

==========================================================

$TRUNCN

group

(optional, relevant for RHF)

This group controls the truncation of some of the

localized orbitals to just the AOs on a subset of the
atoms. This option is particularly useful to generate
localized orbitals to be frozen when the effective
fragment potential is used to partition a system across a
chemical bond. In other words, this group prepares the
frozen buffer zone orbitals. This group should be used in
conjunction with RUNTYP=ENERGY (or PROP if the orbitals
are available) and either LOCAL=RUEDNBRG or BOYS, with
MOIDON set in $LOCAL.
DOPROJ = flag to activate MO projection/truncation, the
default is to skip this (default=.FALSE.)
AUTOID = forces identification of MOs (analogous to MOIDON
in $LOCAL). This keyword is provided in case the
localized orbitals are already present in $VEC,
in which case this is a faster RUNTYP=PROP with
LOCAL=NONE job. Obviously, GUESS=MOREAD.
(default=.FALSE.)
PLAIN

= flag to control the MO tail truncation. A value

of .FALSE. uses corresponding orbital projections,
H.F.King, R.E.Stanton, H.Kim, R.E.Wyatt, R.G.Parr
J. Chem. Phys. 47, 1936-1941(1967) and generates
orthogonal orbitals. A value of .TRUE. just sets
the unwanted AOs to zero, so the resulting MOs
need to go through the automatic orthogonalization
step when MOREAD in the next job.
(default=.FALSE.)

IMOPR

= an array specifying which MOs to be truncated. In

most cases involving normal bonding, the options
MOIDON or AUTOID will correctly identify all
localized MOs belonging to the atoms in the zone
being truncated. However, you can inspect the
output, and give a list of all MOs which you want
to be truncated in this array, in case you feel
the automatic assignment is incorrect.
Any orbital not in the truncation set, whether
this is chosen automatically or by IMOPR, is left

Input Description

$TRUNCN

2-196

completely unaltered.
- - There are now two ways to specify what orbitals are to
be truncated. The most common usage is for preparation of
a buffer zone for QM/MM computations, with an Effective
Fragment Potential representing the non-quantum part of
the system. This input is NATAB, NATBF, ICAPFR, ICAPBF,
in which case the $DATA input must be sorted into three
zones. The first group of atoms are meant to be treated
in later runs by full quantum mechanics, the second
group by frozen localized orbitals as a 'buffer', and the
third group is to be substituted later by an effective
fragment potential (multipoles, polarizabilities, ...).
Note that in the DOPROJ=.TRUE. run, all atoms are still
quantum atoms.
NATAB

= number of atoms to be in the 'ab initio' zone.

NATBF

= number of atoms to be in the 'buffer' zone.

The program can obtain the number of atoms in
the remaining zone by subtraction, so it need
not be input.

In case the MOIDON or AUTOID options lead to confused

assignments (unlikely in ordinary bonding situations
around the buffer zone), there are two fine tuning values.
ICAPFR = array indicating the identity of "capping atoms"
which are on the border between the ab initio and
buffer zones (in the ab initio zone).
ICAPBK = array indicating the identity of "capping atoms"
which are on the border between the buffer and EFP
zones (in the effective fragment zone).
See also IXCORL and IXLONE below.
- - In case truncation seems useful for some other purpose,
you can specify the atoms in any order within the $DATA
group, by the IZAT/ILAT approach. You are supposed to
give only one of these two lists, probably whichever is

Input Description

$TRUNCN

2-197

shorter:
IZAT

= an array containing the atoms which are NOT in

the buffer zone.

ILAT

= an array containing the atoms which are in

the buffer zone.

The AO coefficients of the localized orbitals present in

the buffer zone which lie on atoms outside the buffer will
be truncated.
See also IXCORL and IXLONE below.
- - The next two values let you remove additional orbitals
within the buffer zone from the truncation process, if that
is desirable. These arrays can only include atoms that are
already in the buffer zone, whether this was defined by
NATBF, or IZAT/ILAT. The default is to include all core
and lone pair orbitals, not just bonding orbitals, as the
buffer zone orbitals.
IXCORL = an array of atoms whose core and lone pair
orbitals are to be considered as not belonging
to the buffer zone orbitals.
IXLONE = an array of atoms for which only the lone pair
orbitals are to be considered as not belonging
to the buffer zone orbitals.
The final option controls output of the truncated orbitals
to file PUNCH for use in later runs:
NPUNOP =
= 1
= 2

punch out option for the truncated orbitals

the MOs are not reordered.
punch the truncated MOs as the first vectors
in the $VEC MO set, with untransformed vectors
following immediately after. (default)

==========================================================

Input Description

$ELMOM

2-198

==========================================================

$ELMOM

group

(not required)

This group controls electrostatic moments calculation.

The symmetry properties of multipoles are discussed in
A.Gelessus, W.Thiel, W.Weber
J.Chem.Ed. 72, 505-508(1995)
The quadrupole and octopole tensors on the printout are
formed according to the definition of Buckingham. Caution:
only the first nonvanishing term in the multipole charge
expansion is independent of the coordinate origin chosen,
which is normally the center of mass.
IEMOM

= 0
1
2
3

skip this property

calculate monopole and dipole (default)
also calculate quadrupole moments
also calculate octopole moments

WHERE

= COMASS
NUCLEI
POINTS

- center of mass (default)

- at each nucleus
- at points given in $POINTS.

OUTPUT = PUNCH, PAPER, or BOTH (default)

* * the following are for atomic multipole moments * *
The Cartesian atomic multipole moments printed are a
generalization of Mulliken charges, generated by
distributing density factors according to the atomic
orbitals used. Only the first point is used as an expansion
center, so generally only WHERE=COMASS or providing a
single point make sense. For details refer to
W.A.Sokalski, R.A.Poirier
Chem.Phys.Lett. 98, 86-92(1983)
K.M.Langner, P.Kedzierski, W.A.Sokalski,
J.Leszczynski
J.Phys.Chem.B 110, 9720-9727(2006)
IAMM

= 0 - skip generation of Atomic Multipole Moments

n - generate atomic moments up to rank n
The default is n=0, note that n may not exceed 12.

CUM

= Flag to accumulate the atomic moments to their

Input Description

$ELMOM

2-199

local atom coordinates, if IAMM was selected.

When .FALSE., the resulting moments are additive
and sum up to corresponding molecular moments,
printed by selecting IEMOM. Setting this flag to
.TRUE. recombines the atomic moments to their local
coordinates system, making them invariant of the
reference frame. Default=.FALSE.
IEMINT = 0
1
2
3
-2
-3

skip printing of integrals (default)

print dipole integrals
also print quadrupole integrals
also print octopole integrals
print quadrupole integrals only
print octopole integrals only

==========================================================

Input Description

$ELPOT

2-200

==========================================================

$ELPOT

group

(not required)

This group controls electrostatic potential calculation.

IEPOT = 0 skip this property (default)
1 calculate electric potential
WHERE

= COMASS
NUCLEI
POINTS
GRID
PDC

center of mass
at each nucleus (default)
at points given in $POINTS
at grid given in $GRID
at points controlled by $PDC.

OUTPUT = PUNCH, PAPER, BOTH (default), or NONE

This property is the electrostatic potential V(a) felt
by a test positive charge, due to the molecular charge
density, of both nuclei and electrons. If there is a
nucleus at the evaluation point, that nucleus is ignored,
avoiding a singularity. If this property is evaluated at
the nuclei, it obeys the equation
sum on nuclei(a)
Z(a)*V(a) = 2*V(nn) + V(ne).
The electronic portion of this property is called the
diamagnetic shielding.
==========================================================

Input Description

$ELDENS

2-201

==========================================================

$ELDENS

group

(not required)

This group controls electron density calculation.

IEDEN

= 0 skip this property (default)

= 1 compute the electron density.

MORB

= The molecular orbital whose electron density is

to be computed. If zero, the total density is
computed. (default=0)

WHERE

= COMASS
NUCLEI
POINTS
GRID

center of mass
at each nucleus (default)
at points given in $POINTS
at grid given in $GRID

OUTPUT = PUNCH, PAPER, or BOTH (default)

IEDINT = 0 - skip printing of integrals (default)
1 - print the electron density integrals
==========================================================

Input Description

$ELFLDG

2-202

==========================================================

$ELFLDG

group

(not required)

This group controls electrostatic field and electric

field gradient calculation.
IEFLD

= 0 - skip this property (default)

1 - calculate field
2 - calculate field and gradient

WHERE

= COMASS
NUCLEI
POINTS

- center of mass
- at each nucleus (default)
- at points given in $POINTS

OUTPUT = PUNCH, PAPER, or BOTH (default)

IEFINT = 0
1
2
-2

skip printing these integrals (default)

print electric field integrals
also print field gradient integrals
print field gradient integrals only

The Hellman-Feynman force on a nucleus is the nuclear

charge multiplied by the electric field at that nucleus.
The electric field is the gradient of the electric
potential, and the field gradient is the hessian of the
electric potential. The components of the electric field
gradient tensor are formed in the conventional way, i.e.
see D.Neumann and J.W.Moskowitz.

* *
For
see
* *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
conversion factors, and references
the 'further information' section.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Input Description

$POINTS $GRID

2-203

==========================================================

$POINTS

group

(not required)

This group is used to input points at

will be computed. This first card in the
contain the string ANGS or BOHR, followed
NPOINT, the number of points to be used.
cards are read in free format, containing
coordinates of each desired point.

which properties
group must
by an integer
The next NPOINT
the X, Y, and Z

==========================================================

$GRID

group

(not required)

This group is used to input a grid (plane or cube) on

which properties will be calculated. This group should be
given if WHERE=GRID in $ELPOT or $ELDENS. This output will
be in the PUNCH file whenever OUTPUT=PUNCH or BOTH.
MODGRD

= 0 generates 2-D grid (default)

= 1 generates 3-D grid, also called "cube file",
which can be visualized by several programs.
Cube sides XVEC/YVEC/ZVEC needn't be equal.
ORIGIN(i) = coordinates of one corner of the grid/cube.
XVEC(i)
= vector from ORIGIN to an adjacent corner "X" of
the grid (or cube). The XVEC direction need
not be parallel to the X-axis of the molecule.
YVEC(i)
= vector to the adjacent corner "Y" of grid/cube.
ZVEC(i)
= vector to the adjacent corner "Z" of the cube,
given if and only if MODGRD=1.
SIZE
= grid increment in all directions (default 0.25)
UNITS
= units of the above five values, it can be
either ANGS (the default) or BOHR.
Two dimensional grids may be drawn with the graphics
program MEPMAP provided with GAMESS. Several programs will
accept the 3-dimensional CUBE format.
Note that MacMolPlt draws 2D and 3D density maps without
any need to pre-compute them inside GAMESS by this group.
User *must* input orthogonal XVEC/YVEC/ZVEC directions!
==========================================================

Input Description

$PDC

2-204

==========================================================

$PDC

group

(relevant if WHERE=PDC in $ELPOT)

This group determines the points at which to compute

the electrostatic potential, for the purpose of fitting
atomic charges to this potential. Constraints on the fit
which determines these "potential determined charges" can
include the conservation of charge, the dipole, and the
quadrupole.
PTSEL

=
determines the points to be used, choose
GEODESIC to use a set of points on several fused
sphere van der Waals surfaces, with points
selected using an algorithm due to Mark
Spackman. The results are similar to those
from the Kollman/Singh method, but are
less rotation dependent. (default)
CONNOLLY to use a set of points on several fused
sphere van der Waals surfaces, with points
selected using an algorithm due to Michael
Connolly. This is identical to the method
used by Kollman & Singh (see below)
CHELPG to use a modified version of the CHELPG
algorithm, which produces a symmetric
grid of points for a symmetric molecule.

CONSTR = NONE

- no fit is performed. The potential at

the points is instead output according
to OUTPUT in $ELPOT.
CHARGE - the sum of fitted atomic charges is
constrained to reproduce the total
molecular charge. (default)
DIPOLE - fitted charges are constrained to
exactly reproduce the total charge
and dipole.
QUPOLE - fitted charges are constrained to
exactly reproduce the charge, dipole,
and quadrupole.

Note: the number of constraints cannot exceed

the number of parameters, which is the number
of nuclei. Planar molecules afford fewer
constraint equations, namedly two dipole
constraints and three quadrupole constraints,

Input Description

$PDC

2-205

instead of three and five, respectively.

* * the next 5 pertain to PTSEL=GEODESIC or CONNOLLY * *
VDWSCL = scale factor for the first shell of VDW spheres.
The default of 1.4 seems to be an empirical best
value. Values for VDW radii for most elements up
to Z=36 are internally stored.
VDWINC = increment for successive shells (default = 0.2).
The defaults for VDWSCL and VDWINC will result
in points chosen on layers at 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 etc
times the VDW radii of the atoms.
LAYER

= number of layers of points chosen on successive

fused sphere VDW surfaces (default = 4)

Note: RUNTYP=MAKEFP's screening calculation changes the

defaults to VDWSCL=0.5 or 0.8 depending on the type of
Stone analysis, VDWINC=0.1, LAYER=25, and MAXPDC=100,000.
NFREQ

= flag for particular geodesic tesselation of

points. Only relevant if PTSEL=GEODESIC.
Options are:
(10*h + k) for
{3,5+}h,k tesselations
-(10*h + k) for
{5+,3}h,k tesselations
Of course both nh and nk must be less than 10,
so NFREQ must lie within the range -99 to 99.
The default value is NFREQ=30 (=03)

PTDENS = density of points on the surface of each scaled

VDW sphere (in points per square au). Relevant
if PTSEL=CONNOLLY. Default=0.28 per au squared,
which corresponds to 1.0 per square Angstrom, the
default recommended by Kollman & Singh.
* * * the next two pertain to PTSEL=CHELPG * * *
RMAX

= maximum distance from any point to the closest

atom. (default=3.0 Angstroms)

DELR

= distance between points on the grid.

(default=0.8 Angstroms)

Input Description

$PDC

2-206

MAXPDC = an estimate of the total number of points whose

electrostatic potential will be included in the
fit. (default=10000)
CENTER = an array of coordinates at which the moments were
computed.
DPOLE

= the molecular dipole.

QPOLE

= the molecular quadrupole.

PDUNIT = units for the above values. ANGS (default) will

mean that the coordinates are in Angstroms, the
dipole in Debye, and quadrupole in Buckinghams.
BOHR implies atomic units for all 3.
Note: it is easier to compute the moments in the
current run, by setting IEMOM to at least 2 in
$ELMOM. However, you could fit experimental data,
for example, by reading it in here.
==========================================================
There is no unique way to define fitted atomic
charges. Smaller numbers of points at which the electrostatic potential is fit, changes in VDW radii, asymmetric
point location, etc. all affect the results. A useful
bibliography is
U.C.Singh, P.A.Kollman, J.Comput.Chem. 5, 129-145(1984)
L.E.Chirlain, M.M.Francl, J.Comput.Chem. 8, 894-905(1987)
R.J.Woods, M.Khalil, W.Pell, S.H.Moffatt, V.H.Smith,
J.Comput.Chem. 11, 297-310(1990)
C.M.Breneman, K.B.Wiberg, J.Comput.Chem. 11, 361-373(1990)
K.M.Merz, J.Comput.Chem. 13, 749(1992)
M.A.Spackman, J.Comput.Chem. 17, 1-18(1996)
Start your reading with the last paper shown.

Input Description

$MGC

2-207

==========================================================

$MGC

group

(note: requires RUNTYP=GRADIENT)

This group requests the Mean Gradient Charge calculation.

You can calculate MGC charges or pointwise gradient
charges.
MGCHRG

specifies the MGC calculation.

You can specify .TRUE. to activate
MGC routine. Default is .FALSE.

NPOINT

specifies pointwise Gradient Charge

calculations. If NPOINT.gt.0, then
pointwise Gradient Charges will be
calculated rather than MGC. Default
is 0. If NPOINT.gt.0, user should
provide the corresponding positions
of unit probe using CP.

CP

specifies the positions of unit

probe. So CP is an array of positions.

MGC does not support molecular symmetry, so use NOSYM=1 in

$CONTRL to turn symmetry off.
See: C. H. Choi, Chem.Phys.Lett. 524, 107-111 (2012).
==========================================================

Input Description

$RADIAL

2-208

==========================================================

$RADIAL

group

(relevant only to atoms)

This input data governs the computation of radial

expectation values <r> and <r**2> for atomic orbitals. The
atomic wavefunctions can be any SCFTYP except UHF. The
atomic calculation should preserve radial degeneracy in p,
d, or f shells, so UHF is not allowed, and furthermore,
many atoms will require GVB or MCSCF inputs (see the
'Further References' section about doing atomic SCF). It
is OK to use core potentials (MCP or ECP) or to apply
scalar relativistic effects, so long as the calculation
preserves degeneracy 2l+1 in every occupied shell.
One should keep in mind that there is some arbitrariness
in how different SCFTYPs canonicalize orbitals, so that
individual orbitals may vary, for exactly the same total
wavefunction. For example, ROHF orbitals within the doubly
occupied set of orbitals change as a function of the A and
B canonicalization inputs (see 'Further References').
Similar comments apply to orbitals from GVB or MCSCF.
It is recommended that you do two runs, first to check
if radial degeneracy is maintained (equal eigenvalues for
all three p, or all five d orbitals). This preliminary run
will help count which orbitals lie in degenerate shells,
for MEMSH below. The quality of the numerical radial
integration can be assessed from its closeness to 1.0.
Radial wavefunctions can be printed, as an option. There
are no defaults provided for the first three keywords,
which are required inputs, if this group is given.
NSHELL - number of atomic shells to be computed
IDEGSH - an array of NSHELL values, giving the degeneracy
of each shell (1, 3, 5, or 7)
MEMSH

- an array containing the sum of all IDEGSH values,

listing the members of each shell.

RMAX

- maximum radius to be considered, in Bohr. The

default is most appropriate for valence orbitals,
which for bottom row elements may extend to five
Angstrons (default=10.0). Inner shell orbitals

Input Description

$RADIAL

2-209

may require input of a smaller RMAX, to move some

of the tick marks closer to the nucleus.
NTICKS - radial increment is RMAX/NTICKS, so the default
step size is 0.01 Bohr (default NTICKS=1001)
PRTRAD - flag to print each shell's radial wavefunction at
every radial tick mark (default is .FALSE.)
The following example uses a basis that is too small to be
converged, printing radial expectation values for manganese
as 1s=0.0615, 3p=0.9156, 4s=3.4027, and 3d=1.1095:
$contrl scftyp=rohf mult=6 ispher=1 $end
$guess guess=huckel norder=1
iorder(10)=15,10,11,12,13,14 $end
$basis gbasis=n31 ngauss=6 $end
$scf
rstrct=.true. $end
$radial nshell=4 idegsh(1)=1,3,1,5
memsh(1)=1, 7,8,9, 10, 11,12,13,14,15 $end
$data
Mn atom...(4s)2(3d)5...6-S...spherical harmonics
Dnh 2
Mn 25.0
$end
==========================================================

Input Description

$MOLGRF

2-210

==========================================================

$MOLGRF

group

(relevant only if you have MOLGRAPH)

This option provides an interface for viewing orbitals

through a commercial package named MOLGRAPH, from Daikin
Industries. Note that this option uses three disk files
which are not defined in the GAMESS execution scripts we
provide, since we don't use MOLGRAPH ourselves. You will
need to define files 28, 29, 30, as generic names PRGRID,
COGRID, MOGRID, of which the latter is passed to MOLGRAPH.
GRID3D = a flag to generate 3D grid data.
(default is .false.).
TOTAL

= a flag to generate a total density grid data.

"Total" means the sum of the orbital densities
given by NPLT array. (default is .false.).

MESH

= numbers of grids. You can use different numbers

for three axes. (default is MESH(1)=21,21,21).

BOUND

= boundary coordinates of a 3D graphical cell. The

default is that the cell is larger than the
molecular skeleton by 3 bohr in all directions.
E.g., BOUND(1)=xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,zmin,zmax

NPLOTS = number of orbitals to be used to generate 3D grid

data. (default is NPLOTS=1).
NPLT

= orbital IDs. The default is 1 orbital only, the

HOMO or SOMO. If the LOCAL option is given in
$CONTRL, localized orbital IDs should be given.
For example, NPLT(1)=n1,n2,n3,...

CHECK

= debug option, printing some of the grid data.

If you are interested in graphics, look at the GAMESS web

page for information about other graphics packages with
GAMESS, particularly MacMolPlt and Avogadro, both are
available for all common desktop operating systems.
==========================================================

Input Description

$STONE

2-211

==========================================================

$STONE

group

(optional)

This group defines the expansion points for Stone's

distributed multipole analysis (DMA) of the electrostatic
potential.
The DMA takes the multipolar expansion of each overlap
charge density defined by two Gaussian primitives, and
translates it from the center of charge of the overlap
density to the nearest expansion point. Some references
for the method are
A.J.Stone Chem.Phys.Lett. 83, 233-239 (1981)
A.J.Stone, M.Alderton Mol.Phys. 56, 1047-1064(1985)
A.J.Stone J.Chem.Theory and Comput. 1, 1128-1132(2005)
The existence of $STONE input is what triggers the
analysis. The first set of lines must appear as the first
line after $STONE (enter a blank line if you make no
choice), then enter as many choices as you wish, in any
order, from the other sets.
---------------------------------------------------------BIGEXP <value>

exponents larger than this are treated by

the original Stone expansion, and those
smaller by a numerical integration. The
default is 0.0, meaning no numerical grid.
The other parameters are meaningless if
BIGEXP remains zero.

NRAD <nrad>
NANG <nang>

number of radial grid points (default 100)

number of angular grid points, choose one
of the Lebedev grid values (default 590)
degree of Becke smoothing (default=2)
Radii choice, 0=constant, 1=Bragg-Slater,
which is the default.

SMOOTH <nbecke>
SMRAD <nbckrd>

---------------------------------------------------------ATOM i name, where

ATOM

is a keyword indicating that a particular

Input Description

i
name

$STONE

2-212

atom is selected as an expansion center.

is the number of the atom
is an optional name for the atom. If not
entered the name will be set to the name
used in the $DATA input.

---------------------------------------------------------ATOMS

is a keyword selecting all nuclei in the

molecule as expansion points. No other
input on the line is necessary.

---------------------------------------------------------BONDS

is a keyword selecting all bond midpoints

in the molecule as expansion points. No
other input on the line is necessary.

---------------------------------------------------------BOND i j name, where

BOND
i,j
name

is a keyword indicating that a bond midpoint is selected as an expansion center.

are the indices of the atoms defining the
bond, corresponding to two atoms in $DATA.
an optional name for the bond midpoint.
If omitted, it is set to 'BOND'.

---------------------------------------------------------CMASS

is a keyword selecting the center of mass

as an expansion point. No other input on
the line is necessary.

---------------------------------------------------------POINT x y z name, where

POINT
x,y,z
name

is a keyword indicating that an arbitrary

point is selected as an expansion point.
are the coordinates of the point, in Bohr.
is an optional name for the expansion
point. If omitted, it is set to 'POINT'.

Input Description

$STONE

2-213

---------------------------------------------------------While making the EFPs for QM/MM run, a single keyword

QMMMBUF is necessary. Adding additional keywords may lead
to meaningless results. The program will automatically
select atoms and bond midpoints which are outside the
buffer zone as the multipole expansion points.
QMMMBUF

nmo, where

QMMMBUF

NMO

is a keyword specifying the number of QM/MM

buffer molecular orbitals, which must be the
first NMO orbitals in the MO set. These
orbitals must be frozen in the buffer zone,
so this is useful only if $MOFRZ is given.
is the number of buffer MO-s
(if NMO is omitted, it will be set to the
number of frozen MOs in $MOFRZ)

==========================================================
The second and third moments on the printout can be
converted to Buckingham's tensors by formula 9 of
A.D.Buckingham, Quart.Rev. 13, 183-214 (1959)
These can in turn be converted to spherical tensors
by the formulae in the appendix of
S.L.Price, et al. Mol.Phys. 52, 987-1001 (1984)

Input Description

$RAMAN

2-214

==========================================================

$RAMAN

group

(relevant for all SCFTYPs)

This input controls the computation of Raman intensity

by the numerical differentiation produre of Komornicki and
others. It is applicable to any wavefunction for which
the analytic gradient is available, including some MP2 and
CI cases. The calculation involves the computation of 19
nuclear gradients, one without applied electric fields,
plus 18 no symmetry runs with electric fields applied in
various directions. The numerical second differencing
produces intensity values with 2-3 digits of accuracy.
This run must follow an earlier RUNTYP=HESSIAN job,
and the $GRAD and $HESS inputs from that first job must be
given as input. If the $DIPDR is computed analytically
by this Hessian job, it too may be read in, if not, the
numerical Raman job will evaluate $DIPDR. Once the data
from the 19 applied fields is available, the $ALPDR tensor
is evaluated. Then the nuclear derivatives of the dipole
moment and alpha polarizability will be combined with the
normal coordinate information to produce the IR and Raman
intensity of each mode.
To study isotopic substitution speedily, provide $GRAD,
$HESS, $DIPDR, and $ALPDR inputs, along with the desired
atomic masses in $MASS.
The code does not permit semi-empirical or solvation
models to be used.
EFIELD = applied electric field strength. The literature
suggests values in the range 0.001 to 0.005.
(default = 0.002 a.u.)
==========================================================

Input Description

$COMP

2-215

==========================================================

$COMP

group

(relevant for all SCFTYPs)

This input defines the parameters for setting up a

composite thermochemical method, to evaluate heats of
formation. Some literature methods are available, or you
can define your own.
RMETHD = hardwired composite methods
G32CCSD is G3(MP2, CCSD(T))
G4MP2 is G4(MP2)
G4MP2-6X is G4(MP2)-6x
CCCA-S4 is ccCA-S4
CCCA-CCL is ccCA-CC(2,3)
No further input is required with these standard pathways.
GENERAL SETUP FOR OPTIMIZATIONS, HESSIAN, AND SINGLE POINT
ENERGIES:
IOP
IHS
IENE

= NUMBER OF OPTIMIZATIONS
= INDEX OF OPTIMIZATION USED FOR HESSIAN CALCULATION
= NUMBER OF SINGLE POINT ENERGY CALCULATIONS
TOTAL # ENERGY CALCULATIONS = IOP + IENE

VARIOUS PARAMETERS FOR COMPOSITE METHOD:

CZPSCL
CENHLC
IENREF
CXETH
CXHTH
CXGTH
CCXZPE
CNUTRL

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

ZERO POINT ENERGY SCALING FACTOR

HIGHER LEVEL CORRECTION ENERGY
REFERENCE ENERGY FOR COMPOSITE ENERGY CALCULATION
ADDED THERMAL ENERGY CORRECTION
ADDED THERMAL ENTHALPY CORRECTION
ADDED FREE ENERGY CORRECTION
ADDED ZERO POINT ENERGY
NEUTRAL ENERGY FOR HEATS OF FORMATION OF IONS AND
RADICALS
CHEATS = ACCESSES ATOMIC ENERGIES FOR SPECIFIC COMPOSITE
METHOD:
G3MP2 is G3(MP2,CCSD(T)) atom energys
CCCAS4 is ccCA-S4 atom energies
CCCACCL is ccCA-CC(2,3) atom energies
CSCALE = PERFORMS SCALAR RELATIVISTIC CORRELATIONS (DK,
ANESC, RESC)
CXTRAP = CBS EXTRAPOLATION TECHNIQUE
S4 is a 2-POINT EXTRAPOLATION SCHEME

Input Description

$COMP

2-216

CGASES = GAS PHASE ENERGY VALUE FOR HEATS OF SOLVATION

CALCULATION
ARRAYS FOR PARAMETERS USED FOR EACH COMPOSITE CALCULATION:
CDFTTP() = DFT FUNCTIONALS (DFTTYP VALUES)
ICMPLV() = MOLLER PLESSET ORDER NUMBER
CCCTYP() = COUPLED CLUSTER TYPE
CCITYP() = CONFIGURATION INTERACTION TYPE
CCSCF() = SCF TYPE (RHF, ROHF, UHF)
(DEFAULT VALUES IN SUBROUTINE 'CLRALL')
BASIS SET OPTION ARRAYS:
ICISPH()
CGBASS()
ICNGSS()
ICNDFC()
ICNFFC()
ICNPFC()
CDFFSP()
CDIFFS()

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

ISPHER
GBASIS
NGAUSS
NDFUNC
NFFUNC
NPFUNC
DIFFSP
DIFFS

SPHERICAL HARMONICS
INTERNAL BASIS SETS
VALUES
(D POLARIZATION FUNCTION) VALUES
(F POLARIZATION FUNCTION) VALUES
(P POLARIZATION FUNCTION) VALUES
(SP DIFFUSE FUNCTION) OPTION
(S DIFFUSE FUNCTION) OPTION

Additional calculation controls:

CETOT()
ICNACR()
ICNBCR()
ICNCOR()
IDOPCM()
ICNDER()
IEXTRP()
CESCF()
CECOR()

= ADDED ENERGY VALUES, ADD VALUE TO SKIP A

CALCULATION (CETOT(1) SKIPS CALCULATION 1)
= NACORE (# ALPHA CORE ELECTRONS)
= NBCORE (# BETA CORE ELECTRONS)
= NCORE(NCCFZC)(# CORE ELECTRONS)
= PCM CONTROL (0 = OFF, 1 = ON)
= MP2 GRADIENT CONTROL, FOR OPTIMIZATIONS
(0=OFF, 1=ON)
= SELECTS CETOT() ENERGIES FOR CBS EXTRAPOLATION
= OBTAINS REFERENCE ENERGY FOR CBS EXTRAPOLATION
= OBTAINS CORRELATION ENERGY FOR CBS EXTRAPOLATION

ENERGY CORRECTION CALCULATION (ICENCA - ICENCB):

ICENCA() = HIGHER LEVEL CALCULATION
ICENCB() = LOWER LEVEL CALCULATION
There are three ways to carry out a G3(MP2,CCSD(T))
calculation, which serve to illustrate the above:

Input Description

$COMP

2-217

a) select RUNTYP=G3MP2
b) select RUNTYP=COMP and $COMP's RMETHD=G32CCSD
c) select RUNTYP=COMP and explicitly define it:
$COMP
iop=2, ihs=1, iene=3, icalc=2, ienref=5,
cenhlc=-0.009170, czpscl=0.8929, cheats=g3mp2,
icmplv(2)=2,
icmplv(4)=2,
icmplv(5)=2,
ccctyp(3)=ccsd(t),
icisph(4)=1,
cgbass(1)=n31,n31,n31,g3l,n31,
icngss(1)=6,6,6,0,6,
icndfc(1)=1,1,1,0,1,
icnacr(2)=0,
icnbcr(2)=0,
icnder(2)=1,
icenca(1)=3,4,
icencb(1)=5,5
$END
In case of failures when the program shifts basis sets, try
running without point group symmetry: NOSYM=1 in $CONTRL.
===========================================================

Input Description

$NMR

2-218

==========================================================

$NMR

group

(optional, relevant if RUNTYP=NMR)

This group governs the analytic computation of the NMR

shielding tensor for each nucleus, using the Gauge
Invariant Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method, also known as
London orbitals. The most useful input values are the
first three printing options. The wavefunction must be
RHF, the atomic basis set may be spdfg, the EFP model may
be used to include solvent effects, and the McMurchieDavidson integrals used are not fast.
ANGINT = a flag to control the evaluation of the perturbed
two-electron integrals by increasing the angular
momentum on the unperturbed 2e- integrals. With
this selected, only two passes through the 2eNMR integral code are needed. Otherwise, six
slow passes are needed, and option meant only
for debugging purposes. (default=.TRUE.)
INMEM

A flag to carry all integrals in memory. If

selected, the calculation will require several
multiples of NAO**4. By default, the calculation
will require space on the order of NATOMS*NAO**2,
where NAO is the basis set dimension. This is
useful for debugging. (default=.FALSE.)

The rest are print flags, in increasing order of the amount

of output created, as well as decreasing order of interest.
The default for all of these options is .FALSE.
PDIA

Print diamagnetic term of the shielding tensor.

PPARA

Print paramagnetic term of the shielding tensor.

PEVEC

Print eigenvectors of asymmetric shielding tensor.

PITER

Print iteration data for the formation of the

three first-order density matrices.

PRMAT

Print the three first-order perturbed density

matrices, the three first-order H matrices for

Input Description

$NMR

2-219

each nucleus, the unperturbed density matrix, and

the nine second-order H matrices for each nucleus.
POEINT

Print all one-electron integrals.

PTEINT

Print the perturbed two-electron integrals.

TEDBG

Print VAST amounts of debugging information for

the McMurchie-Davidson two-electron intgrals.
Should only be used for the smallest test jobs.

==========================================================

Input Description

$MOROKM

2-220

==========================================================

$MOROKM group

(relevant if RUNTYP=EDA)

This performs an analysis of the energy contributions

to dimerization (or formation of larger clusters of up to
ten monomers), according to the Morokuma-Kitaura and/or
Reduced Variational Space schemes. The analysis is limited
to closed shell RHF monomers. In other words, the monomers
should be distinct molecular species: avoid breaking
chemical bonds! For more general energy decompositions,
see the $LMOEDA input group. See also PIEDA in the FMO
codes.
Solvation models are not supported.
MOROKM = a flag to request Morokuma-Kitaura decomposition.
(default is .TRUE.)
RVS

= a flag to request "reduced variation space"

decomposition. This differs from the Morokuma
analysis. One or the other or both may be
requested in the same run. (default is .FALSE.)

Generally speaking, RVS handles non-orthogonality of

monomers better. When diffuse functions are used, the
MOROKM analysis sometimes fails, but RVS will work.
BSSE

= a flag to request basis set superposition error

be computed. You must ensure that CTPSPL is
selected. This option applies only to MOROKM
decompositions, as a basis superposition error is
automatically generated by the RVS scheme. This
is not the full Boys counterpoise correction, as
explained in the reference. (default is .FALSE.)
* * *

The inputs here control how the RHF supermolecule, whose

coordinates are given in the $DATA input group, is divided
into two or more monomers.
IATM

= An array giving the number of atoms in each of

the monomer. Up to ten monomers may be defined.
Your input in $DATA must have all the atoms in

Input Description

$MOROKM

2-221

the first monomer defined before the atoms in the

second monomer, before the third monomer... The
number of atoms belonging to the final monomer
can be omitted. There is no sensible default for
IATM, so don't omit it from your input.
ICHM

= An array giving the charges of the each monomer.

The charge of the final monomer may be omitted,
as it is fixed by ICH in $CONTRL, which is the
total charge of the supermolecule. The default
is neutral monomers, ICHM(1)=0,0,0,...

EQUM

= a flag to indicate all monomers are equivalent

by symmetry (in addition to containing identical
atoms). If so, which is not often true, then only
the unique computations will be done.
(default is .FALSE.)
* * *

CTPSPL = a flag to decompose the interaction energy into

charge transfer plus polarization terms. This
is most appropriate for weakly interacting
monomers. (default is .TRUE.)
CTPLX

= a flag to combine the CT and POL terms into a

single term. If you select this, you might want
to turn CTPSPL off to avoid the extra work that
that decomposition entails, or you can analyze
both ways in the same run. (default is .FALSE.)

RDENG

= a flag to enable restarting, by reading the

lines containing "FINAL ENERGY" from a previous
run. The $EMORO group is single lines read under
format A16,F20.10 containing the energies, and a
card $END to complete. The 16 chars = anything.
(default is .FALSE.)

==========================================================
The present implementation has some quirks:
1. The initial guess of the monomer orbitals is not
controlled by $GUESS. The program first looks for a $VEC1,
$VEC2, ... group for each monomer. The orbitals must be

Input Description

$MOROKM

2-222

obtained for the identical coordinates which that monomer

has within the supermolecule. If any $VECn groups are
found, they will be MOREAD. If any are missing, the guess
for that monomer will be constructed by HCORE. Check your
monomer energies carefully! The initial guess orbitals for
the supermolecule are formed from a block diagonal matrix
containing the monomer orbitals.
2. The use of symmetry is turned off internally.
3. Spherical harmonics (ISPHER=1) may not be used.
4. There is no direct SCF option. File ORDINT will be a
full C1 list of integrals. File AOINTS will contain
whatever subset of these is needed for each particular
decomposition step. So extra disk space is needed compared
to RUNTYP=ENERGY.
5. This run type applies only to ab initio RHF treatment of
the monomers. To be quite specific: this means that DFT
(which involves a grid, not just integrals) will not work,
nor will MOPAC's approximated 2e- integrals
6. This kind of calculation will run in parallel.
Quirks 1, 3 and 4 can be eliminated by using PIEDA if only
two monomers are present. For more monomers PIEDA results
will slightly differ. PIEDA is a special case of FMO, q.v.
References:
C.Coulson in "Hydrogen Bonding", D.Hadzi, H.W.Thompson,
Eds., Pergamon Press, NY, 1957, pp 339-360.
C.Coulson Research, 10, 149-159 (1957).
K.Morokuma J.Chem.Phys. 55, 1236-44 (1971).
K.Kitaura, K.Morokuma Int.J.Quantum Chem. 10, 325 (1976).
K.Morokuma, K.Kitaura in "Chemical Applications of
Electrostatic Potentials", P.Politzer,D.G.Truhlar, Eds.
Plenum Press, NY, 1981, pp 215-242.
The method coded is the newer version described in the 1976
and 1981 papers. In particular, note that the CT term is
computed separately for each monomer, as described in the
words below eqn. 16 of the 1981 paper, not simultaneously.
Reduced Variational Space:
W.J.Stevens, W.H.Fink, Chem.Phys.Lett. 139, 15-22(1987).
A comparison of the RVS and Morokuma decompositions can be
found in the review article: "Wavefunctions and Chemical
Bonding" M.S.Gordon, J.H.Jensen in "Encyclopedia of

Input Description

$MOROKM

2-223

Computational Chemistry", volume 5, P.V.R.Schleyer, editor,

John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1998.
BSSE during Morokuma decomposition:
R.Cammi, R.Bonaccorsi, J.Tomasi
Theoret.Chim.Acta 68, 271-283(1985).
The present implementation:
"Energy decomposition analysis for many-body interactions,
and application to water complexes"
W.Chen, M.S.Gordon
J.Phys.Chem. 100, 14316-14328(1996)

Input Description

$LMOEDA

2-224

==========================================================

$LMOEDA

group

(relevant if RUNTYP=EDA)

This group governs the Localized Molecular Orbital

Energy Decomposition Analysis, which is capable of more
sophisticated treatment of "monomers" than the Morokuma or
RVS schemes (see $MOROKM). For example, the wavefunctions
of the monomers may be RHF, ROHF, or UHF, the DFT
counterparts of each of these, the MP2 counterparts of each
of these, or CCSD and CCSD(T) for RHF and ROHF references.
Furthermore, division of the system into "monomers" can
involve splitting chemical bond pairs, as the MMULT example
below shows.
If one or more monomers are open shell, to be treated
by ROHF, use SCFTYP=ROHF in $CONTRL. Whenever a monomer
has an even number of electrons, so that its MMULT=1 below,
SCFTYP=ROHF (or UHF) automatically reduces to RHF on that
monomer. Note that open shell monomers sometimes have more
than one possible electron occupancy (for example, oxygen
atom can fill 3 p orbitals by 4 electrons in various ways),
in which case the energy decomposition isn't unique.
MATOM

= an array giving the number of atoms in each

monomer. Up to ten monomers may be defined.
Your input in $DATA must have all the atoms
in the first monomer defined before the atoms
in the second monomer, before the third
monomer etc. The sum of the MATOM array must
be equal to the total number in the supermolecule.

MCHARG = an array giving the charge of each monomer.

Up to ten monomers may be defined. The sum of
the charges in the monomers must be equal to
the total charge of the supermolecule.
MMULT

= an array giving the multiplicity of each

monomer. Up to ten monomers may be defined.
A positive integer means alpha spin, a negative
integer means beta spin. For example, if an
ethane molecule is separated into two neutral
CH3 groups, MMULT(1)=2,-2 or MMULT(1)=-2,2.

Input Description

$LMOEDA

2-225

SUPBAS = a flag to request Boys and Bernardi style

counterpoise method for correcting basis set
superposition errors. (default is .TRUE.).
Usually it works well with Hartree-Fock and
MP2 and coupled cluster methods, but less well
with DFT methods due to SCF divergent problems.
The paper describing this method is
P.Su, H.Li J.Chem.Phys. 131, 014102/1-15(2009)
Notes:
1. scalar relativistic effects can be handled by ECP or
MCP, but at present, all electron treatment by RELWFN=IOTC
or DK is not enabled.
2. the initial guess should be HCORE, as there is no option
at present to read monomer orbitals.
==========================================================

Input Description

$QMEFP

2-226

===========================================================

$QMEFP

group

(relevant for RUNTYP=QMEFPEA)

This run type prints a detailed breakdown of QM/EFP1

and EFP1/EFP1 interaction energies, for combined quantum
mechanics/effective fragment potential (QM/EFP) systems.
The run first performs a gas phase QM calculation, and then
in a second stage, includes the explicit EFP1 solvent
molecules. Some methods (any SCFTYP or ground state DFT)
permit a a fully self-consistent interaction of the QM and
EFP particles. Otherwise, any QM calculation that supports
EFP runs and also generates the QM density matrix may be
used to obtain the "method 2" interaction energy. Certain
non-variational runs must therefore select as .TRUE. the
appropriate QM density matrix evaluation: see MPPRP in
$MP2, TDPRP in $TDDFT, CCPRP in $CCINP, or CCPRPE in $EOM.
Note that calculations for which the QM density is not
available cannot be analyzed here, although "method 1"
energies can be obtained (by RUNTYP=ENERGY) for other
cases, such as the triples corrected CC methods.
Very often, this entire input group is omitted, as the
inputs are related to restarts. One very good reason for
doing two steps is in case the EFP solvation changes the
order of the excited states, so that two different IROOT
values must be given to specify the target state.
STEP1

is a flag requesting the gas phase step be run,

but note that the EFP particles must be present
in the input file's $EFRAG.

STEP2

is a flag requesting the QM+EFP step be run.

the default for both is .TRUE. so that the full
results are obtained in a single run.

In case STEP1 is .FALSE., three restart data (which may be

found in the PUNCH output file) must be given for the
second step:
STOTAL

total QM energy, without EFP molecules

EMULT

expectation value of the QM/EFP electrostatics

Input Description

$QMEFP

2-227

for the isolated solute.

EREM

expectation value of the QM/EFP remainder term,

which is largely exchange repulsion, for the
isolated solute.

Those QM methods which are not based on fully selfconsistent solutions of the QM/EFP interaction Hamiltonian
(namely TDDFT, CIS, MP2, CCSD, EOM-CCSD) provide results
which include the EFP's perturbation by the correlated
density, and/or a particular excited state's density. This
approach is termed "Method 2" in the following references:
1. P.Arora, L.V.Slipchenko, S.P.Webb, A.DeFusco, M.S.Gordon
J.Phys.Chem.A 114, 6742-6750(2010)
2. A.DeFusco, J.Ivanic, M.W.Schmidt, M.S.Gordon
J.Phys.Chem.A 115, 4574-4582(2011)
===========================================================

Input Description

$FFCALC

2-228

==========================================================

$FFCALC

group

(relevant for RUNTYP=FFIELD)

This group permits the study of the influence of an

applied electric field on the wavefunction. The most
common finite field calculation applies a sequence of
fields to extract the linear polarizability and the first
and second order hyperpolarizabilities (static alpha, beta,
and gamma tensors). The method is general, because it
relies on finite differencing of the energy values, and so
works for all ab initio wavefunctions. If the dipole
moments are available (true for SCF or CI functions, and
see MPPROP in $MP2), the same tensors are formed by
differencing the dipoles, which is more accurate. Some
idea of the error in the numerical differentiations can be
gleaned by comparing energy based and dipole based
quantities.
For analytic computation of static polarizabilities
alpha, beta, and gamma (as well as frequency dependent NLO
properties), for closed shell cases, see $TDHF and $TDHFX.
For analytic computation of the static polarizability
alpha, see POLAR in $CPHF.
The standard computation obtains the polarizabilities,
by double numerical differentiation. See ONEFLD to apply a
single electric field, but for a more general approach to
applied static fields, see $EFIELD.
OFFDIA = .TRUE. computes the entire polarizability tensors,
which requires a total of 49 wavefunction
evaluations (some of gamma is not formed).
= .FALSE. forms only diagonal components of the
polarizabilities, using 19 wavefunctions.
The default is .TRUE.
ESTEP

= step size for the applied electric field

strength, 0.01 to 0.001 is reasonable.
(default=0.001 a.u.)

The next parameters pertain to applying a field in only one

direction:

Input Description

$FFCALC

2-229

ONEFLD = flag to apply one field (default=.FALSE.)

SYM

= a flag to specify when the field to be applied

does not break the molecular symmetry. Since most
fields do break the nuclear point group symmetry,
the default is .FALSE.

EFIELD = an array of the three x,y,z components of the

single applied field.
* * *
LOCHYP = a flag to perform a localized orbital analysis of
the alpha, beta, and gamma polarizabilities.
See $LOCAL for similar analyses of the energy,
multipole moments, or alpha polarizability.
References for this keyword are given below.
Finite field calculations require large basis sets, and
extraordinary accuracy in the wavefunction. To converge
the SCF to many digits is sometimes problematic, but we
suggest you use the input to increase integral accuracy and
wavefunction convergence, for example
$CONTRL ICUT=20 ITOL=30 $END
$SCF
CONV=1d-7 FDIFF=.FALSE. $END
Examples of fields that do not break symmetry are a Zaxis field for an axial point group which is not
centrosymmetric (i.e. C2v). However, a field in the X or Y
direction does break the C2v symmetry. Application of a Zaxis field for benzene breaks D6h symmetry. However, you
could enter the group as C6v in $DATA while using D6h
coordinates, and regain the prospect of using SYM=.TRUE.
If you wanted to go on to apply a second field for benzene
in the X direction, you might want to enter Cs in $DATA,
which will necessitate the input of two more carbon and
hydrogen atom, but recovers use of SYM=.TRUE.
References:
J.E.Gready, G.B.Bacskay, N.S.Hush

Input Description

$FFCALC

2-230

Chem.Phys. 22, 141-150(1977)

H.A.Kurtz, J.J.P.Stewart, K.M.Dieter
J.Comput.Chem. 11, 82-87(1990).
polarizability analysis:
S.Suehara, P.Thomas, A.P.Mirgorodsky, T.Merle-Mejean,
J.C.Champarnaud-Mesjard, T.Aizawa, S.Hishita,
S.Todoroki, T.Konishi, S.Inoue
Phys.Rev.B 70, 205121/1-7(2004)
S.Suehara, T.Konishi, S.Inoue
Phys.Rev.B 73, 092203/1-4(2006)
==========================================================

Input Description

$TDHF

2-231

==========================================================

$TDHF

group

(relevant for SCFTYP=RHF if RUNTYP=TDHF)

This group permits the analytic calculation of various

static and/or frequency dependent polarizabilities, with an
emphasis on important NLO properties such as second and
third harmonic generation. The method is programmed only
for closed shell wavefunctions, at the semi-empirical or ab
initio level. Ab initio calculations may be direct SCF, or
parallel, if desired, except INIG=2.
For a more general numerical approach to the static
properties, see $FFCALC. For additional closed shell
dynamic polarizabilities and spectra, see $TDHFX. To
compute the hyperpolarizability for closed shell DFT, or to
use fully general frequency combinations, see TDDFT=HPOL.
There is a summary of all possible different types of
polarizability computations in the 4th manual chapter.
NFREQ

= Number of frequencies to be used. (default=1)

FREQ

= An array of energy values in atomic units. For

example: if NFREQ=3 then FREQ(1)=0.0,0.1,0.25.
By default, only the static polarizabilities are
computed. (default is freq(1)=0.0)

The conversion factor from wavenumbers to Hartree

is to divide by 219,474.6. To convert a wavelength
to Hartree, compute FREQ=45.56/lamda, lambda in nm.
MAXITA = Maximum number of iterations for an alpha
computation. (default=100)
MAXITU = Maximum number of iterations in the second order
correction calculation. This applies to iterative
beta values and all gammas. (default=100)
DIIS

= use the DIIS extrapolation using residual induced

Fock matrix (default=.TRUE.).

MAXDII = the maximum number of Fock matrices to be used in

DIIS extrapolation (default=50).

Input Description

$TDHF

2-232

ATOL

= Tolerance for convergence of first-order results.

(default=1.0d-05)

BTOL

= Tolerance for convergence of second-order results.

(default=1.0d-05)

RETDHF = a flag to choose starting points for iterative

calculations from best previous results.
(default=.true.)
* * * the following NLO properties are available

* * *

Note: alpha polarizabilities are always calculated.

INIB

= 0 turns off all beta computation (default)

= 1 calculates only noniterative beta
= 2 calculate iterative and noniterative beta
The next flags allow further BETA tuning

BSHG

= Calculate beta for second harmonic generation.

BEOPE

= Calculate beta for electrooptic Pockels effect.

BOR

= Calculate beta for optical rectification.

INIG

= 0 turns off all gamma computation (default)

= 1 calculates only noniterative gamma
= 2 calculate iterative and noniterative gamma
The next flags allow further GAMMA tuning

GTHG

= Calculate gamma for third harmonic generation.

GEFISH = Calculate gamma for electric-field induced

second harmonic generation.
GIDRI

= Calculate gamma for intensity dependent

refractive index.

GOKE

= Calculate gamma for optical Kerr effect.

These will be computed only if a nonzero energy (FREQ)

is requested. The default for each flag is .TRUE., and
they may be turned off individually by setting some .FALSE.
Note however that the program determines the best way to

Input Description

$TDHF

2-233

calculate them. For example, if you wish to have the SHG

results but no gamma results are needed, the SHG beta will
be computed in a non-iterative way from alpha(w) and
alpha(2w). However if you request the computation of the
THG gamma, the second order U(w,w) results are needed and
an iterative SHG calculation will be performed whether you
request it or not, as it is a required intermediate.
Only the following combinations make sense:
INIB
INIG giving FREQ(1)=0.0,0.1
e.g. w=0.1
0
0
static alpha,
a(w)
1
0
static alpha,beta
a(w),a(2w)
noniterative b(OR), b(EOPE), b(SHG)
2
0
static alpha,beta
a(w),a(2w)
noniterative b(OR), b(EOPE), b(SHG)
iterative b(OR), b(EOPE), b(SHG)
2
1
static alpha,beta,gamma a(w),a(2w)
iterative b(OR), b(EOPE), b(SHG)
noniterative g(THG), g(EFISH),
g(IDRI), g(OKE)
2
2
static alpha,beta,gamma a(w),a(2w)
iterative b(OR), b(EOPE), b(SHG)
noniterative g(THG), g(EFISH),
g(IDRI), g(OKE)
iterative static gamma, g(OKE),
g(THG), g(EFISH),
g(IDRI), g(DC-OR)
This is a quirky program:
1. INIG=2 only runs in serial, and only runs with AO
integrals stored on disk.
2. ISPHER=1 may not be chosen.
3. INIB=1 and INIB=2 print the same components for OR, OPE,
SHG, but different totals from the whole tensor. It is not
clear which is correct.
4. units are not well specified on the output!
References:
for static polarizabilities,
G.J.B.Hurst, M.Dupuis, E.Clementi
J.Chem.Phys. 89, 385-395(1988)
for dynamic polarizabilities,

Input Description

$TDHF

2-234

S.P.Karna, M.Dupuis J.Comput.Chem. 12, 487-504 (1991).

P.Korambath, H.A.Kurtz, in "Nonlinear Optical Materials",
ACS Symposium Series 628, S.P.Karna and A.T.Yeates, Eds.
pp 133-144, Washington DC, 1996.
Review: D.P.Shelton, J.E.Rice, Chem.Rev. 94, 3-29(1994).
==========================================================

Input Description

$TDHFX

2-235

==========================================================

$TDHFX

group

(relevant for SCF=RHF if RUNTYP=TDHFX)

This group permits the analytical determination of

static and/or frequency dependent polarizabilities and
hyperpolarizabilities (alpha, beta, and gamma), as well as
their first- and second-order geometrical derivatives (of
alpha and beta). This permits the prediction of dynamic
(nonresonant) Raman and hyper-Raman spectra, yielding both
intensities and depolarizations. The method is only
available for closed shell systems (RHF).
For other polarizability options, see $FFCALC and $TDHF.
For ordinary Raman spectra, see $RAMAN.
You must not use point group symmetry in this kind of
calculation (except to enter the molecule's structure), so
provide NOSYM=1. Since the derivative level is quite high,
it is a good idea to converge the SCF problem crisply,
CONV=1.0D-6. These options are not forced by the RUNTYP,
so please use explicit input.
The $TDHFX group acts as a script. Each keyword must be
on a separate line, terminated by a $END. The available
keywords are gathered into 3 sets. Those belonging to the
first set must appear before the second set, which must
appear before the third set.
Set 1:
Here is a list of keywords that specifies the number of
parameters (electric fields and geometrical distortions)
that will be taken into account in the computations.
ALLDIRS = compute the responses for all the electric field
directions (x,y,z).
DIR idir = compute the responses for one electric field
specific direction:
x(idir=1), y(idir=2) and z(idir=3).
USE_C

= do the computation in Cartesian coordinates.

USE_Q

= do the computation in normal coordinates.

Input Description

$TDHFX

2-236

The default is ALLDIRS and USE_C.

Set 2:
The following two keywords must be specified before any
computation that requires vibrational frequencies or normal
modes of vibration:
FREQ

= compute the normal modes and the harmonic

vibrational frequencies. Do a HESSIAN job.

FREQ2 = same as FREQ but store the second derivative of

the monoelectronic Hamiltonian. Required if you
want to determine geometrical second-order
derivatives of properties.
Set 3:
The following keywords are related to the generalized
iterative method to solve TDHF mixed derivative equations.
They can be inserted anywhere in the $TDHFX group and
change the behavior of the generalized iterative method for
any of the following tasks that might be requested.
DIIS = Use the DIIS method. This is the default method.
NOACCEL = Do not use any accelerating method.
ITERMAX imax = Specify the maximum number of iterations to
obtain the converged solution. Default=100.
CONV threshold = the threshold convergence criterion for
the U response matrices. Default=1E-5.
Below are the keywords to select a particular computation.
The xx_NI version will call a non-iterative procedure.
The laser energy (w) must be given in Hartree. Divide by
219,474.6 to convert a frequency in wavenumbers (cm-1) to a
photon energy in Hartree. Wavelength (in nm) is 45.56/w,
when w is in Hartree. Static polarizabilities may be
obtained from w=0.0.
MU = compute the dipole moment.

Input Description

$TDHFX

2-237

ALPHA w =
compute the dynamic polarizability:
alpha(-w;w).
BETA w1 w2 / BETA_NI w1 w2 =
compute the dynamic first hyperpolarizability:
beta(-w1-w2;w1,w2).
GAMMA w1 w2 w3 / GAMMA_NI w1 w2 w3 =
compute the dynamic second hyperpolarizability:
gamma(-w1-w2-w3;w1,w2,w3).
POCKELS w / POCKELS_NI w =
compute electro-optic Pockels effect: beta(-w;w,0).
OR w / OR_NI w =
optical rectification: beta(0;w,-w).
SHG w / SHG_NI w =
second harmonic generation: beta(-2w;w,w).
KERR w / KERR_NI w =
DC Kerr effect: gamma(-w;w,0,0).
ESHG w / ESHG_NI w =
electric field induced 2nd harm gen: gamma(-2w;w,w,0).
THG w / THG_NI w =
third harmonic generation: gamma(-3w;w,w,w).
DFWM w / DFWM_NI w =
degenerate four wave mixing gamma(-w;w,-w,w).
See the review
D.P.Shelton, J.E.Rice Chem.Rev. 94, 3-29(1994)
for more information on the quantities just above. The
next options are nuclear derivatives of some of the above.
DMDX_NI =
compute the dipole derivative matrix,
the geometrical first derivative of MU.
DADX w / DADX_NI w =
compute the polarizability derivative matrix, the

Input Description

$TDHFX

2-238

geometrical first-order derivative of alpha(-w;w).

DBDX w1 w2 / DBDX_NI w1 w2 =
compute the geometrical first-order derivative
of beta(-w1-w2;w1,w2).
D2MDX2_NI =
compute geometrical second derivatives of MU
D2ADX2_NI w =
compute geometrical second derivatives of alpha(-w;w).
D2BDX2_NI w1 w2 =
geometrical second derivatives of beta(-w1-w2;w1,w2).
The next two keywords automatically select paths through
the package generating the required intermediates (both
polarizabilities and their nuclear derivatives) to form
spectra. The most efficient path through the program will
be selected automatically.
RAMAN w = Summarize the Raman responses in a table, and if
necessary, compute the geometrical first-order
derivatives of alpha(-w;w).
HRAMAN w = Summarize the hyper-Raman responses in a table,
and if necessary, compute the geometrical firstorder derivatives of beta(-2w;w,w).
The following keywords permit the deletion of disk files
associated with the set of frequencies w1,w2,...
FREE w1
FREE w1 w2
FREE w1 w2 w3
Below is an example of a TDHFX group:
$TDHFX
ALLDIRS
USE_Q
FREQ
DIIS
ITERMAX 100
CONV 0.1E-7

Input Description

$TDHFX

2-239

HRAMAN 0.02
FREE 0.02
FREE 0.02 0.02
HRAMAN 0.03
$END
References:
"Time Dependent Hartree-Fock schemes for analytic
evaluation of the Raman intensities"
O.Quinet, B.Champagne J.Chem.Phys. 115, 6293-6299(2001).
"Analytical TDHF second derivatives of dynamic electronic
polarizability with respect to nuclear coordinates.
Application to the dynamic ZPVA correction."
O.Quinet, B.Champagne, B.Kirtman
J.Comput.Chem. 22, 1920-1932(2001).
"Analytical time-dependent Hartree-Fock schemes for the
evaluation of the hyper-Raman intensities"
O.Quinet, B.Champagne J.Chem.Phys. 117, 2481-2488(2002).
errata: JCP 118, 5692(2003)
"Analytical time-dependent Hartree-Fock evaluation of the
dynamically zero-point averaged (ZPVA) first
hyperpolarizability"
O.Quinet, B.Kirtman, B.Champagne
J.Chem.Phys. 118, 505-513(2003).
Computer quirks:
1. This package uses file numbers 201, 202, ... but some
compilers (chiefly g77) may not support unit numbers above
99. The remedy is to use a different computer or compiler.
2. If you experience trouble running this package under
AIX, degrade the optimization of subroutine JDDFCK in
hss2b.src, by placing this line
@PROCESS OPT(2)
immediately before JDDFCK, recompile hss2b, and relink.
==========================================================

Input Description

$EFRAG

2-240

==========================================================

$EFRAG

group

(optional)

The Effective Fragment Potential (EFP) is a potential

extracted from rigorous quantum mechanics, permitting the
treatment of solvent molecules (or other types of
subsystems) with a potential. There are two models, EFP1
and EFP2, with more accurate physics in the latter. For
more information, see chapter 4 of this manual.
EFP1 calculations are typically limited to a QM system
with water molecules, the latter modeled by RHF-based or
DFT-based potentials which are built into the program. The
following EFP1/QM calculations are possible:
QM/EFP1
method1 method2 SCF
RHF (and DFT)
gradient
x
UHF (and DFT)
gradient
x
ROHF(and DFT)
gradient
x
MP2(RHF/UHF/ROHF)
gradient
x
x
CCSD
energy
x
x
CCSD(T)
energy
x
CR-CCL
energy
x
EOM-CCSD
energy
x
x
CR-EOML
energy
x
CITYP=CIS (only)
gradient
x
x
TDDFT(RHF)
gradient
x
x
GVB
gradient
x
MCSCF
gradient
x
Here, SCF means the QM calculation and the EFP particle's
polarizability terms are made fully self-consistent.
Otherwise, the QM density felt by the EFP particles is that
of the reference (ground) state, termed "method 1". A more
accurate and detailed energy calculation is possible when
the QM's density is available for a specific correlation
treatment and/or a specific excited state. Such "method 2"
calculations are available only for RUNTYP=QMEFPEA. The
"method 1" calculations can be used for any relevant run
type using the energy or analytic nuclear gradients, as
indicated. For example, after MP2 geometry optimization,
numerical differentiation can produce solvated MP2-level
frequencies.
EFP2 calculations should use COORD=FRAGONLY at the
present time, as the QM/EFP2 interaction terms are

Input Description

$EFRAG

2-241

currently under active development. The programming for

EFP2/EFP2 interactions is completed. See RUNTYP=MAKEFP to
create EFP2 potentials.
In most cases, the entire EFP1, QM/EFP1, or EFP2 system
can be embedded in a PCM continuum (see $PCM).
This group gives the name and position of one or more
effective fragment potentials. It consists of a series of
free format card images, which may not be combined onto a
single line! The position of a fragment is defined by
giving any three points within the fragment, relative to
the ab initio system defined in $DATA, since the effective
fragments have a frozen internal geometry. All other atoms
within the fragment are defined by information in the
$FRAGNAME input group.
----------------------------------------------------------1-

a line containing one or more of these options:

If you choose more options than are able to be fit on a

single 80 character line, type an > character to continue
onto the next line.
If you do not choose any of these options, input a blank
line to accept defaults.
COORD

=CART
=INT

POLMETHD=SCF

=FRGSCF

selects use of Cartesians coords

to define the fragment position at
line -3-. (default)
selects use of Z-matrix internal
coordinates at line -3-.
indicates the induced dipole for
each fragment due to the ab initio
electric field and other fragment
fields is updated only once during
each SCF iteration.
requests microiterations during
each SCF iteration to make induced
dipoles due to ab initio and other
fragment fields self consistent
among the fragments. (default)
Both methods converge to the same

Input Description

$EFRAG

2-242

dipolar interaction.
POSITION=OPTIMIZE Allows full optimization within the
ab initio part, and optimization of
the rotational and translational
motions of each fragment. (default)
=FIXED
Allows full optimization of the
ab initio system, but freezes the
position of the fragments. This
makes sense only with two or more
fragments, as what is frozen is the
fragments' relative orientation.
FIXED may be used with RUNTYP being
OPTIMIZE, SADPOINT, HESSIAN and IRC.
=EFOPT
the same as OPTIMIZE, but if the
fragment gradient is large, up to
5 geometry steps in which only the
fragments move may occur, before
the geometry of the ab initio piece
is relaxed. This may save time by
reusing the two electron integrals
for the ab initio system.
NBUFFMO = n

First n orbitals in the MO matrix

are deemed to belong to the QM/MM
buffer and will be excluded from
the interaction with the EFP region.
This makes sense only if these first
MOs are frozen via the $MOFRZ.

The next few inputs apply periodic boundary conditions,

which is only possible if the system contains only EFP
particles, with no ab initio atoms. The default is to use
the minimum image convention, for all terms in the
potentials, but see also the $EWALD input group in order to
perform the long range electrostatic interactions in a more
accurate manner. You may choose no more than one of the
possible sets of cutoffs, with the switching function
SWR1/SWR2 being the most physically reasonable.
XBOX, YBOX, ZBOX

= dimensions of the periodic box,

which must be given in Angstroms.
If these sizes are omitted, the
simulation is an isolated cluster.

Input Description

$EFRAG

SWR1, SWR2

2-243

= distance cutoffs for the switching

function that gradually drops the
interactions from full strength at
SWR1 to zero at SWR2. Choose
SWR2 <= min(XBOX/2,YBOX/2,ZBOX/2)
and SWR1 <= SWR2 (typically 80%),
to cut off interactions within a
single box. In Angstrom

RCUT

a radial cutoff, implemented as a

step function, which should be
chosen like SWR2. In Angstrom

XCUT, YCUT, ZCUT

= cutoffs (as step functions) beyond

which effective fragment potential
interactions are not computed,
XCUT <= XBOX/2, etc. Angstroms

For a simulation of 64 CCl4 molecules, PBC input might be

xbox=21.77 ybox=21.77 zbox=21.77 swr1=8.0 swr2=10.0
Box sizes are typically chosen to give a correct value for
the density of the system.
The following turn off selected terms in the potentials,
even if data for the term is found in the various $FRAGNAME
input groups. These keywords are standalone strings,
without a value assigned to them. They allow data from
potentials generated by MAKEFP runs to be kept in the
$FRAGNAME, for possible future use. The first two are of
interest in production runs, while the others are primarily
meant for debugging purposes, as the latter terms are
normally quite large.
NOCHTR
NODISP
NOEXREP
NOPOL
NOPSCR

=
=
=
=
=

switch
switch
switch
switch
switch

off
off
off
off
off

charge transfer in EFP2

dispersion in EFP2
exchange repulsion (EFP1/EFP2)
polarization (implies NOPSCR)
polarization screening, only

The following parameters are related to screening of some

terms in the potentials, when fragments are at close
distances. Note that they are relevant only to EFP2 runs.
Prior to May 2009, the defaults were
ISCRELEC=0 ISCRPOL=0 ISCRDISP=0

Input Description

$EFRAG

2-244

at which time the defaults were changed to

ISCRELEC=0 ISCRPOL=1 ISCRDISP=1
If you need to reproduce results or continue an ongoing set
of computations, simply input the old defaults.
ISCRELEC =

fragment-fragment electrostatic screening,

a correction for "charge penetration":
E(elec) = E(multipoles) + E(chg.pen.)
= 0 damping by various formulae is controlled
by SCREEN1, SCREEN2, or SCREEN3 input
sections in the $FRAGNAME input(s). If
none are found, there will be no charge
penetration screening of electrostatics.
(default)
= 1 use an overlap based damping correction
E(chg.pen.)= -2(S**2/R)/sqrt(-2ln|S|)
to the classical multipole energy. Since
the overlap integrals used here, as well as
in ISCRDISP must be evaluated as part of
the exchange repulsion energy, there is
essentially no overhead for selecting this.

ISCRPOL

=
fragment-fragment polarization screening.
= 0 damping is controlled by POLSCR sections in
the $FRAGNAME inputs. If not found, there
will be no screening. If POLSCR is found,
you must also use ISCRELEC=0 and SCREEN3.
= 1 damping will use a Tang-Toennis style
Gaussian formula,
(1-exp(aR**2)(1+aR**2)
where the default value of a=0.6. In order
to change the 'a' parameter, give
POLAB <a's value>
STOP
in the $FRAGNAME input. A smaller value
may be useful for ionic EFPs. (default)

ISCRDISP =
fragment-fragment dispersion screening
= 0 Use Tang-Toennies damping, with a fixed
parameter a=1.5.
= 1 use an overlap based damping factor,
1-S**2(1-2ln|S|+2ln**2|S|)
instead. There is no parameterization, so
there's no other input. (default)

Input Description

$EFRAG

2-245

It is possible to choose ISCRELEC, ISCRPOL, and ISCRDISP

independently, as they apply to distinct parts of the
fragment-fragment effective potential, and apart from
POLSCR/SCREEN3, are independently implemented.
FRCPNT

this keyword activates decomposing and

printing the forces at the desired points in
the EFP fragments, in additional to the
traditional summing of the forces at the
fragments' center-of-masses. This is useful
for coarse graining the EFP data. If this
option is selected, FORCE POINT section(s)
must be given in the $FRAGNAME input(s).

The following keywords are for use with the EFP2-AI (a.k.a.
EFP2-QM) dispersion calculation, that is, the calculation
of the dispersion energy in a mixed system containing one
or more EFP2 fragment(s) and a molecule modeled with a
fully ab initio method (e.g. Hartree-Fock).
QMDISP
= 0
= 1
ISCRQMDS
=-1
= 0
= 1
NODSGRD

specify whether to perform the calculation

of EFP2-AI dispersion
do not calculate dispersion, even if both
an EFP2 fragment and an ab initio part are
present (default)
perform the EFP2-AI dispersion calculation
specify type of screening to use with
EFP2-AI damping
turn off damping (for debugging or benchmark
comparison purposes)
use Tang-Toennies damping, with a fixed
parameter a=1.5
use a parameter-free, overlap-based damping
factor, 1-S**2(1-2ln|S|+2ln**2|S|) (default)
skip calculation of the EFP2-AI dispersion
gradient, even if a gradient calculation is
specified with RUNTYP=GRADIENT

Note that localized orbitals are necessary for the

dispersion energy calculation. Boys localization will be
performed by default if QMDISP=1 is specified, with no
additional input keywords necessary. An alternate

Input Description

$EFRAG

2-246

localization method may be specified using the LOCAL

keyword in $CONTRL.
----------------------------------------------------------2-

FRAGNAME=XXX

XXX is the name of the fragment whose coordinates are to be

given next, and whose potential may also be in the input
stream, as $XXX groups. XXX may not exceed 6 characters.
Below, the actual $XXX groups are referred to generically
as $FRAGNAME. Specific examples of $FRAGNAME are $C6H6,
$BENZEN, $DMSO, ...
All information defining the EFP2-type fragment potential
is given in its $FRAGNAME. A few standard EFP2 potentials
are provided: see ~/gamess/auxdata/EFP. These are used by
placing the desired file(s) into your input.
Two different EFP1-type water potentials are internally
stored. FRAGNAME=H2ORHF will select a water potential
developed at the RHF/DZP level, while FRAGNAME=H2ODFT will
select a potential corresponding to B3LYP/DZP (see $BASIS
for the precise meaning of DZP). If you choose either of
these internally stored potentials, you need not give any
further input to define them.
Since the EFP model consists of distributed multipoles and
distributed polarizabilities, it is trivial to map some of
the literature's simplified water potentials onto the EFP1
programming. For example, the octupole expansions used in
EFP can be truncated to point charges (monopole term). So,
FRAGNAME may also be any of the following water models:
SPC, SPCE, TIP5P, TIP5PE, or POL5P
Their EFP/EFP repulsion term is a typical 6-12 LennardJones form. Repulsion between the QM and EFP particles
follows the EFP1 style, if any QM atoms are input.
----------------------------------------------------------3NAME

NAME, X, Y, Z
NAME, I, DISTANCE, J, BEND, K, TORSION

(COORD=CART)
(COORD=INT)

= the name of a fragment point. The name used

here must match one of the points in $FRAGNAME.

Input Description

$EFRAG

2-247

For the internally stored H2ORHF and H2ODFT

potential, the atom names are O1, H2, and H3.
X, Y, Z

= Cartesian coordinates defining the position of

this fragment point RELATIVE TO THE COORDINATE
ORIGIN used in $DATA. The choice of units is
controlled by UNITS in $CONTRL.

I, DISTANCE, J, BEND, K, TORSION = the usual Z-matrix

connectivity internal coordinate definition.
The atoms I, J, K must be atoms in the ab
initio system from in $DATA, or fragment points
already defined in the current fragment or
previously defined fragments.
If COORD=INT, line -3- must be given a total of three times
to define this fragment's position.
If COORD=CART, line -3- must be given three times, which is
sufficient to orient the rigid EFP particle. However, it
is good form to read in any remaining nuclei in the EFP,
for example all 12 atoms in a benzene EFP, although only
the first three lines determine the entire EFP's position,
whenever you have the data for the extra nuclei.
---------------------------------------------------------Repeat lines -2- and -3- to enter as many fragments as you
desire, and then end the group with a $END line.
Note that it is quite typical to repeat the same fragment
name at line -2-, to use the same type of fragment system
at many different positions.
==========================================================
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
For tips on effective fragment potentials
see the 'further information' section
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Input Description

$FRAGNAME

2-248

==========================================================

$FRAGNAME

group
(required for each FRAGNAME given in $EFRAG)

This group gives all pertinent information for a given

Effective Fragment Potential (EFP). This information falls
into three categories, with the first two shared by the
EFP1 and EFP2 models:
electrostatics (distributed multipoles, screening)
polarizability (distributed dipole polarizabilities)
The EFP1 model contains one final term,
fitted exchange repulsion
whereas the EFP2 model contains a collection of terms,
exchange repulsion, dispersion, charge transfer...
An Effective Fragment Potential is input using several
different subgroups. Each subgroup is specified by a
particular name, and is terminated by the word STOP. You
may omit any of the subgroups to omit that term from the
EFP. All values are given in atomic units.
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To

input
input
input
input
input
input
input
input
input
input
input

monopoles,
follow input sequence
dipoles,
follow input sequence
quadrupoles,
follow input sequence
octopoles,
follow input sequence
electrostatic screening,
follow input seq.
polarizable points,
follow input sequence
polarizability screening, follow input seq.
fitted "repulsion",
follow input sequence
Pauli exchange,
follow input sequence
dispersion,
follow input sequence
charge transfer,
follow input sequence

-EM-ED-EQ-EO-ES-P-PS-R-PE-D-CT-

The data contained in a $FRAGNAME is normally generated by

performing a RUNTYP=MAKEFP using a normal $DATA's ab initio
computation on the desired solvent molecule. A MAKEFP run
will generate all terms for an EFP2 potential, including
multipole screening parameters. The screening option is
controlled by $DAMP and $DAMPGS input, and by you checking
the final fitting parameters for reasonableness.
Note that the ability to fit the "repulsion" term in an
EFP1 potential is not included in GAMESS, meaning that EFP1
computations normally use built-in EFP1 water potentials.

Input Description

$FRAGNAME

2-249

----------------------------------------------------------1a single descriptive title card

----------------------------------------------------------2-

COORDINATES

COORDINATES signals the start of the subgroup containing

the multipolar expansion terms (charges, dipoles, ...).
Optionally, one can also give the coordinates of the
polarizable points, or centers of exchange repulsion.
-3-

NAME, X, Y, Z, WEIGHT, ZNUC

NAME
is a unique string identifying the point.
X, Y, Z are the Cartesian coordinates of the point, and
must be in Bohr units.
WEIGHT, ZNUC are the atomic mass and nuclear charge, and
should be given as zero only for points which are
not nuclei.
In EFP1 potentials, the true nuclei will appear twice, once
for defining the positive nuclear charge and its screening,
and a second time for defining the electronic distributed
multipoles.
Repeat line -3- for each expansion point, and terminate
the list with a "STOP".
---------------------------------------------------------Note: the multipole expansion produced by RUNTYP=MAKEFP
comes from Stone's distributed multipole analysis (DMA).
An alternative expansion, from a density based multipole
expansion (DBME) performed on an adaptive grid is placed in
the job's PUNCH file. This alternative multipole expansion
may be preferable if large basis sets are in use (the DMA
expansion is basis set sensitive). The DBME values can be
inserted in place of the DMA values, for -EM-, -ED, -EQ-,
and -EO- sections, if you wish. Experience suggests that
DBME multipoles are about as accurate as those obtained
using DMA.
-EM1-

MONOPOLES

MONOPOLES signals the start of the subgroup containing

Input Description

$FRAGNAME

2-250

the electronic and nuclear monopoles.

-EM2-

NAME, CHARGE1, CHARGE2

NAME must match one given in the COORDINATES subgroup.

CHARGE1 = electronic monopole at this point.
CHARGE2 = nuclear monopole at this point. Omit or enter
zero if this is a bond midpoint or some other
expansion point that is not a nucleus.
Repeat -EM2- to define all desired charges.
Terminate this subgroup with a "STOP".
----------------------------------------------------------ED1- DIPOLES
DIPOLES signals the start of the subgroup containing the
dipolar part of the multipolar expansion.
-ED2-

NAME, MUX, MUY, MUZ

NAME must match one given in the COORDINATES subgroup.

MUX, MUY, MUZ are the components of the electronic dipole.
Repeat -ED2- to define all desired dipoles.
Terminate this subgroup with a "STOP".
----------------------------------------------------------EQ1- QUADRUPOLES
QUADRUPOLES signals the start of the subgroup containing
the quadrupolar part of the multipolar expansion.
-EQ2-

NAME, XX, YY, ZZ, XY, XZ, YZ

NAME must match one given in the COORDINATES subgroup.

XX, YY, ZZ, XY, XZ, and YZ are the components of the
electronic quadrupole moment.
Repeat -EQ2- to define all desired quadrupoles.
Terminate this subgroup with a "STOP".
----------------------------------------------------------EO1- OCTUPOLES
(note: OCTOPOLES is misspelled)
OCTUPOLES signals the start of the subgroup containing
the octupolar part of the multipolar expansion.

Input Description
-EO2-

$FRAGNAME

2-251

NAME, XXX, YYY, ZZZ, XXY, XXZ,

XYY, YYZ, XZZ, YZZ, XYZ

NAME must match one given in the COORDINATES subgroup.

XXX, ... are the components of the electronic octopole.
Repeat -EO2- to define all desired octopoles.
Terminate this subgroup with a "STOP".
----------------------------------------------------------ES1a-

SCREEN

SCREEN signals the start of the subgroup containing

Gaussian screening (A*exp[-B*r**2]) for the distributed
multipoles, which account for charge penetration effects.
SCREEN pertains to ab initio-EFP multipole interactions, in
contrast to the SCREENx groups defined just below for EFPEFP interactions.
-ES1b-

NAME, A, B

NAME must match one given in the COORDINATES subgroup.

A, B are the parameters of the Gaussian screening term.
Repeat -ES1b- to define all desired screening points.
Terminate this subgroup with a "STOP".
---------------------------------------------------------note: SCREENx input (any x) is only obeyed if ISCRELEC=0.
SCREENx input will be ignored if ISCRELEC=1.
One (and only one) of the following groups should appear to
define the EFP-EFP multipole screening:
-ES2a-

SCREEN1 or SCREEN2 or SCREEN3

SCREEN1 signals the start of the subgroup containing

Gaussian screening (A*exp[-B*r**2]) for the distributed
multipoles, which account for charge-charge penetration
effects.
SCREEN2 signals the start of the subgroup containing
exponential screening (A*exp[-B*r]) for the distributed

Input Description

$FRAGNAME

2-252

multipoles, which account for charge-charge penetration

effects. This is often the EFP-EFP screening of choice.
SCREEN3 signals the start of the subgroup containing the
screening terms (A*exp[-B*r]) for the distributed
multipoles, which account for high-order penetration
effects (higher terms means charge-charge, as for SCREEN1
or SCREEN2, but also charge-dipole, charge-quadrupole, and
dipole-dipole and dipole-quadrupole terms).
-ES2b-

NAME, A, B

NAME must match one given in the COORDINATES subgroup.

A, B are the parameters of the exponential screening term.
Repeat -ES2b- to define all desired screening points.
Terminate this subgroup with a "STOP".
----------------------------------------------------------P1-

POLARIZABLE POINTS

POLARIZABLE POINTS signals the start of the subgroup

containing the distributed dipole polarizability tensors,
and their coordinates. This subgroup allows the
computation of the polarization energy.
-P2-

NAME, X, Y, Z

NAME gives a unique identifier to the location of this

polarizability tensor. It might match one of the points
already defined in the COORDINATES subgroup, but often does
not. Typically the distributed polarizability tensors are
located at the centroids of localized MOs.
X, Y, Z are the coordinates of the polarizability point.
They should be omitted if NAME did appear in COORDINATES.
The units are controlled by UNITS= in $CONTRL.
-P3-

XX, YY, ZZ, XY, XZ, YZ, YX, ZX, ZY

XX, ... are components of the distributed polarizability,

which is not a symmetric tensor. XY means dMUx/dFy, where
MUx is a dipole component, and Fy is a component of an
applied field.

Input Description

$FRAGNAME

2-253

Repeat -P2- and -P3- to define all desired polarizability

tensors, and terminate this subgroup with a "STOP".
----------------------------------------------------------PS1-

POLSCR

This section must not be given if ISCRPOL=1. If not given,

when ISCRPOL=0, no polarization screening is performed.
POLSCR signals the start of the subgroup containing the
screening (by exp[-B*r]) for the induced dipoles. It
pertains only to EFP-EFP interactions. It requires that
you be using SCREEN3 damping of the multipole-multipole
interactions! It applies to charge/induced dipole,
dipole/induced dipole, quadrupole/induced dipole, and
induced dipole/induced dipole terms.
-PS2-

NAME, B

NAME must match one of the distributed dipole points given

in the POLARIZABLE subgroup.
B is the exponent of the exponential screening term, and a
typical value is about 1.5.
Repeat -PS2- to define all desired screening points.
Terminate this subgroup with a "STOP".
---------------------------------------------------------FORCE POINT
This section controls coarse graining of the gradient, if
FRCPNT is selected in $EFRAG. The input consists of the
coordinates of the desired points:
COM x y z
FP1 x y z
FP2 x y x
...
STOP
where x,y,z are the coordinates of center of mass (COM) and
also any desired "force points" FP1, FP2, ...
Terminate this subgroup with a "STOP".
----------------------------------------------------------

Input Description

$FRAGNAME

2-254

EFP1 versus EFP2

The EFP1 model consists of a fitted potential, which is a
remainder term, after taking care of electrostatics and
polarization with the input described above. The fitted
term is called a "repulsive potential" because its largest
contribution stems from Pauli exchange repulsion. The fit
actually contains several other interactions, since it is
just a fit to the total interaction potential's remainder
after subtracting the elecrostatic and polarization
interactions.
The EFP2 model uses analytic representations for exchange
repulsion and other terms, and these are documented after
the EFP1's "repulsive potential".
----------------------------------------------------------R1-

REPULSIVE POTENTIAL

See also the $FRGRPL input group, which defines the fit for
the EFP1-EFP1 repulsion term.
REPULSIVE POTENTIAL signals the start of the subgroup
containing the fitted exchange repulsion potential, for the
interaction between the fragment and the ab initio part of
the system. This term also accounts, in part, for other
effects, since it is a fit to a remainder. The fitted
potential has the form
N
sum
i
-R2-

C * exp[-D * r**2]
i
i

NAME, X, Y, Z, N

NAME may match one given in the COORDINATES subgroup, but

need not. If NAME does not match one of the known points,
you must give its coordinates X, Y, and Z, otherwise omit
these three values. N is the total number of terms in the
fitted repulsive potential.

Input Description
-R3-

$FRAGNAME

2-255

C, D

These two values define the i-th term in the repulsive

potential. Repeat line -R3- for all N terms.
Repeat -R2- and -R3- to define all desired repulsive
potentials, and terminate this subgroup with a "STOP".
---------------------------------------------------------The following terms are part of the developing EFP2 model.
This model replaces the "kitchen sink" fitted repulsion in
the EFP1 model by analytic formulae. These formulae are to
be specific for each kind of physical interaction, and to
pertain to any solvent, not just water. The terms which
are programmed so far are given below.
----------------------------------------------------------PE1-PE2-PE3-PE4-

PROJECTION BASIS SET

PROJECTION WAVEFUNCTION n m
FOCK MATRIX ELEMENTS
LMO CENTROIDS

These four sections contain the data needed to compute the

Pauli exchange repulsion, namely
1. the original basis set used to extract the potential.
2. the localized orbitals, expanded in that basis.
3. the Fock matrix, in the localized orbital basis.
4. the coordinates of the center of each localized orb.
The information generated by a MAKEFP that follows these
four strings is largely self explanatory. Note, however,
that the orbitals (PE2) must have two integers giving the
number of occupied orbitals -n- and the size of the basis
set -m-. The PE2 and PE3 subsections do not contain STOP
lines.
----------------------------------------------------------D1-

DYNAMIC POLARIZABLE POINTS

DYNAMIC POLARIZABLE POINTS signals the start of the

subgroup containing the distributed imaginary frequency
dipole polarizability tensors, and their coordinates. This
information permits the computation of dispersion energies.

Input Description
-D2-

$FRAGNAME

2-256

NAME, X, Y, Z

NAME gives a unique identifier to the location of this

polarizability tensor. It might match one of the points
already defined in the COORDINATES subgroup, but often does
not. Typically the distributed polarizability tensors are
located at the centroids of localized MOs.
X, Y, Z are the coordinates of the polarizability point.
They should be omitted if NAME did appear in COORDINATES.
The units are controlled by UNITS= in $CONTRL.
-D3-

XX, YY, ZZ, XY, XZ, YZ, YX, ZX, ZY

XX, ... are components of the distributed polarizability,

which is not a symmetric tensor. XY means dMUx/dFy, where
MUx is a dipole component, and Fy is a component of an
applied field.
Repeat -D2- and -D3- to define all desired polarizability
tensors, and then repeat for all desired imaginary
frequencies. MAKEFP jobs use 12 imaginary frequencies at
certain internally stored values, to enable quadrature of
these tensors, to form the C6 dispersion coefficient. Thus
D2 and D3 input is repeated 12 times. Terminate this
subgroup with a "STOP".
----------------------------------------------------------CT1- CTVEC n m
-CT2- CTFOK
These two sections contain the data needed to compute the
charge transfer energy, namely
1. the canonical occupied orbitals, followed by either
valence virtuals or canonical virtuals, depending on
CTVVO's setting during the MAKEFP run. These MOs are
expanded in the -PE1- basis.
2. the occupied orbitals' eigenvalues.
The information generated by a MAKEFP that follows these
two strings is largely self explanatory. The MO and AO
sizes given by -n- and -m- have the same meaning as for the
-PE2- group. The CTVEC info does not have a STOP line, but
CTFOK does.
----------------------------------------------------------

Input Description

$FRAGNAME

2-257

The EFP2 model presently can generate the energy for a

system with an ab initio molecule and EFP2 solvents, if
only Pauli exchange repulsion is used. The AI-EFP gradient
for this term is not yet programmed, nor are there AI-EFP
codes for dispersion or charge transfer. Thus use of the
EFP2 model, for all practical purposes, is limited to EFPEFP interactions only, via COORD=FRAGONLY.
==========================================================
The $FRAGNAME input group is terminated by a " $END".

Input Description

$FRGRPL

2-258

==========================================================

$FRGRPL

group

This group defines the inter-fragment repulsive potential

for EFP1 potentials. It accounts primarily for exchange
repulsions, but also includes charge transfer. Note that
the functional form used for the fragment-fragment
repulsion differs from that used for the ab initio-fragment
repulsion, which is defined in the $FRAGNAME input. The
form of the potential is
N
sum
A * exp[-B * r]
i
i
i
----------------------------------------------------------1-

PAIR=FRAG1 FRAG2

specifies which two fragment repulsions are being defined.

$FRAGNAME input for the two names FRAG1 and FRAG2 must have
been given.
----------------------------------------------------------2-

NAME1 NAME2 A B
*or*
NAME1 NAME2 'EQ' NAME3 NAME4

NAME1 must be one of the "NAME" points defined in the

$FRAG1 group's REPULSION POTENTIAL section. Similarly
NAME2 must be a point from the $FRAG2 group. In addition,
NAME1 or NAME2 could be the keyword CENTER, indicating the
center of mass of the fragment.
A and B are the parameters of the fitted repulsive
potential.
The second form of the input allows equal potential fits to
be used. The syntax implies that the potential between the
points NAME1 and NAME2 should be taken the same as the
potential previously given in this group for the pair of
points NAME3 and NAME4.
If there are NPT1 points in FRAG1, and NPT2 points in
FRAG2, input line -2- should be repeated NPT1*NPT2 times.

Input Description

$FRGRPL

2-259

Terminate the pairs of potentials with a "STOP" card.

Any pairs which you omit will be set to zero interaction.
Typically the number of points on which fitted potentials
might be taken to be all the nuclei in a fragment, plus
the center of mass.
---------------------------------------------------------Repeat lines -1- and -2- for all pairs of fragments, then
terminate the group with a $END line.
==========================================================

Input Description

$EWALD

2-260

==========================================================

$EWALD

group

(relevant for all-EFP runs with PBC)

This group controls evaluation of the electrostatic

energy of EFP calculations by means of the Ewald sum
formulae. This gives a more accurate evaluation of these
long range interactions than the minimum image convention,
which sums only up to a distance of one box, centered on
each particle. Ewald sum formulae are not used for the
other, shorter range interactions in the EFP model, such as
exchange repulsion and polarization, which are always
evaluated by the minimum image convention. This group is
relevant if and only if a periodic box is defined in the
$EFRAG input group.
IFEWLD = a flag to activate Ewald sums for electrostatics
The default is .FALSE.
LEVEL

= 1 means Ewald sum charge-charge interactions only,

which is the default if IFEWLD is turned on.
= 2 charge-charge, charge-dipole, dipole-dipole
= 3 charge-charge, charge-dipole, dipole-dipole, and
charge-quadrupole terms should be Ewald summed.

TNFOIL = a flag to select tin foil boundary conditions,

which uses a metallic continuum past the cutoffs,
instead of a vacuum. The default is .TRUE.
BETA

= parameter for the direct summation, in 1/Bohr.

It should be 1.7/cutoff. Cutoffs are specified
in $EFRAG, with the periodic box sizes, use a
cutoff in units Angstrom in this formula, as the
value 1.7 includes the conversion factor.
The default=0.2

KMAX

= number of reciprocal vectors in each direction.

This should be kmax >= 3.2L/cutoff, where the
radial cutoff, and box side L are both given in
your $EFRAG. The default=10

==========================================================

Input Description

$MAKEFP

2-261

==========================================================

$MAKEFP

group

(relevant if RUNTYP=MAKEFP)

This group controls generation of the effective

fragment potential (EFP2 style) from the wavefunction of a
single monomer. EFP generation is allowed for SCFTYP=RHF
and ROHF. Multipole moments for electrostatics are always
generated, and the default for the keywords below is to
generate all additional terms.

FRAG

= a string of up to 8 letters to identify this EFP.

For example, WATER or BENZENE or CH3OH or ...
(default=FRAGNAME, which you can hand edit later)

SCREEN = a flag to generate screening information for the

multipole electrostatics, and maybe polarizability
screening. See $DAMP and $DAMPGS.
(default=.TRUE. for RHF, so far ROHF is not coded)
POL

= a flag to generate dipole polarizabilities.

(default=.TRUE.)
See POLNUM in $LOCAL for an alternative way to generate the
polarizabilities, which may be faster for large molecules.
EXREP

= a flag to generate exchange repulsion parameters.

(default=.TRUE.)

CHTR

= a flag to generate charge transfer parameters.

(default=.TRUE. for RHF, so far ROHF is not coded)

CTVVO

= a flag to specify what type of charge transfer

data is generated. (default=.TRUE.)
.FALSE. means all canonical virtuals are used.
.TRUE. means Valence Virtual Orbitals will be
created, by forcing VVOS in $SCF is forced on.
The VVOs are many fewer in number, so the charge
transfer calculation is greatly accelerated.

DISP

= a flag to generate information for dispersion.

(default=.TRUE. for RHF, so far ROHF is not coded)

Input Description

$MAKEFP

2-262

See also similar inputs NOPOL, NOEXREP, NOCHTR, NODISP

in the $EFRAG input group, to ignore these terms if they
are generated.
==========================================================

Input Description

$PRTEFP

2-263

==========================================================

$PRTEFP

group

(optional)

This group provides control for generating integer

charge EFP fragments for constructing large EFPs. See
P.A.Molina, H.Li, J.H.Jensen J.Comput.Chem. 24, 1971-1979
(2003)
This group is mainly used in RUNTYP=MAKEFP runs. However,
in MOPAC RUNTYP=ENERGY runs, the presence of a $PRTEFP
group causes AM1 or PM3 charges to be printed and
punched out in a suitable format for EFP calculations.
NOPRT

= an array specifying the atoms for which EFP

multipole and polarizability points will not be
printed/punched out.
Example: For a molecule with the connectivity
A1-A2-A3-A4-A5, NOPRT(1)=4,5 means that multipoles
centered on atoms 4 and 5, and bond midpoints BO34
and BO45 are not part of the EFP.

MIDPRT = an array specifying atoms whose bond midpoints

neglected by using NOPRT should be printed out.
Example: MIDPRT(1)=3 forces the printout of bond
midpoint BO34.
The neglect of monopoles leads to EFPs with
overall non-integer charge. The next keyword
defines "collection points" to which the removed
monopoles are added. Thus, the net charge of the
EFP=ICHARG. The presence of this "fictitious"
charge is compensated for by adding an opposing
dipole to the collection point.
NUMFFD = an array that defines (1) a collection point,
(2) the number of atoms contributing to monopoles
to this point, and (3) the numbers of the atoms.
More than one collection point can be defined.
An opposing dipole is calculated as -0.5Q*r (Q =
sum of neglected monopoles, r = distance between
collection point and nearest neglected monopole)
and placed at the collection point.
Example: NUMFFD(1)=3,2,4,5.

The sum of monopoles

Input Description

$PRTEFP

2-264

at A4, A5, BO34 and BO45 (Q) is added to the A3

monopole. A dipole, -0.5Q*r, is placed on A3,
where r is the distance between A3 and BO34.
If MIDPRT(1)=3, Q does not include the BO34
monopole, r is the distance between BO34 and A4,
and the resulting dipole is centered on BO34.
==========================================================

Input Description

$DAMP

2-265

==========================================================

$DAMP

group

(optional, relevant if RUNTYP=MAKEFP)

This group provides control over the screening of the

charge term in the distributed multipole expansion used by
the EFP model for electrostatic interactions, to account
for charge penetration. See
M.A.Freitag, M.S.Gordon, J.H.Jensen, W.A.Stevens
J.Chem.Phys. 112, 7300-7306(2000)
L.V.Slipchenko, M.S.Gordon
J.Comput.Chem. 28, 276-291(2007)
The screening exponents are optimized by fitting a
damped multipolar electrostatic potential to the actual
quantum mechanical potential of the wavefunction, computed
on concentric layers of united spheres (namely, "GEODESIC"
layers for WHERE=PDC in $ELPOT). See $STONE's generation
of the unscreened classical multipoles, $PDC's generation
of the true quantum potentia, and $DAMPGS.
Different multipole damping functions can be generated.
The first contains a single exponential form,
(1 - beta*exp(-alpha*r))
and the second function is a single Gaussian form,
(1 - beta*exp(-alpha*r**2))
The exponent 'alpha' values are optimized (normally with
beta=one), with starting values defined in $DAMPGS. The
exponential fit is used for fragment-fragment charge
penetration screening, while the Gaussian fit is used in ab
initio-fragment screening. See equations 28 and 4 in the
reference. These two screen only the charge-charge
interactions.
It is also possible to generate a "higher order
exponential" screening term, meaning that in addition to
the charge-charge energy, also affects charge-dipole,
charge-quadrupole, and dipole-dipole energy terms.
Words of advice:
1. Higher order screening is usually similar in accuracy to
just charge-charge screening, except in molecules without
dipole moment, such as ethylene or benzene.

Input Description

$DAMP

2-266

2. If the bond midpoints have smaller charges, it may be

more physically reasonable to screen only the atomic
monopoles, see ISCCHG.
3. Use of the numerical Stone distributed multipole
analysis may not be fully converged with respect to the
level of highest used multipole moment (octapole) and
corresponding energy terms (quadrupole-quadrupole), which
makes screening much more problematic.
4. Accuracy of screening with the damping function of a
single exponential form depends on a region of fitting the
quantum mechanical electrostatic potential, i.e., a radius
of first sphere with grid points (parameter VDWSCL in
$PDC). A general trend is that for molecules with stronger
electrostatic interaction, and, consequently, shorter
intermolecular separations, e.g., methanol and water,
smaller values of VDWSCL are preferable, whereas for weaker
interacting molecules, e.g., dichloromethane and acetone,
bigger VDWSCL values are more acceptable. Our recommended
VDWSCL values are 0.4-0.5 for methanol, 0.5-0.8 for water,
and 0.7-0.9 for weaker bonded molecules. Note that VDWSCL
values of 1.0 and higher often result in not converged or
badly converged damping parameters, and are not
recommended. The default VDWSCL value is 0.7.
5. If the non-linear parameters alpha increase to 10, that
term is effectively removed from the screening. This
happens sometimes with buried atoms, and fairly often with
bond mid-points.
6. Double check the numerical results carefully.
ISCCHG = 0 use both atoms and bond midpoints as screening
centers (the default)
1 use only atoms as screening centers
IFTTYP = selects the type of multipole screening fit:
0 means generate a Gaussian fit, for use as
SCREEN input in $FRAGNAME.
2 means generate an exponential charge-charge fit,
for use as SCREEN2 input in $FRAGNAME.
3 means generate an exponential higher order fit,
for use as SCREEN3 input in $FRAGNAME.
If you wish to use Gaussian screening for EFP-EFP,
simply copy the SCREEN output into a SCREEN1 section.

Input Description

$DAMP

2-267

IFTFIX = 0 means the coefficients in the fit (beta) are

free parameters
1 means the coefficients are held to unity.
In case the linear coefficients become large,
and particularly if they are negative, a fit
with unit coefficients is more reasonable.
The default is to do both fits in one run, IFTTYP(1)=2,0,
using unit coefficients, IFTFIX(1)=1,1.
The remaining parameters are seldom given:
NMAIN

MAXIT
THRSH

= the number of centers to receive a smaller alpha

initial value, 2.0, which defaults to the number
of atoms. The remaining centers, usually the
bond midpoints, receive a larger starting value,
4.0. $DAMPGS gives more control of the values.
= maximum iterations in the fit, default=30.
= printing threshold for large deviations. The
default is 100.0 kcal/mol.

==========================================================

Input Description

$DAMPGS

2-268

==========================================================

$DAMPGS group

(relevant if $DAMP was given)

This is a free-format, line by line input group that

sets the initial values damping functions used to screen
the multipole expansion. A check run may be helpful in
listing the names of the expansion points that are chosen
by MAKEFP jobs. Very often the input group contains only
type -1- lines, and only in its second form.
----------------------------------------------------------1<exp.pt.> <nterms>
or
<exp.pt.>=<prev.exp.pt.>
This line gives the name of the expansion point, and how
many terms are in the damping function (always 1 at
present). The second form of this line lets you equate the
current point to some previous point's values in $DAMPGS,
skipping line -2-.
----------------------------------------------------------2<coef> <exponent>
The linear coefficient (usually 1.0) and exponent of this
term in the damping function. Repeat -2- <nterms> times.
If not given, the starting exponent for atoms is 2.0, and
for bond midpoints, 4.0.
---------------------------------------------------------An example, for water, enforcing equivalent points, is:
$dampgs
or much more simply,
O1 1
since the left is default exponents,
1.0 2.0
$dampgs
H2 1
H3=H2
1.0 2.0
BO31=BO21
H3=H2
$end
BO21 1
1.0 4.0
BO31=BO21
The "BO" is short for bond midpoint.
$end
==========================================================

Input Description

$PCM

2-269

==========================================================

$PCM

group

(optional)

This group controls solvent effect computations using

the Polarizable Continuum Model. If this group is found in
the input file, a PCM computation is performed. The
default calculation, chosen by selecting only the SOLVNT
keyword, is to compute the electrostatic free energy.
Appropriate numerical constants are provided for a wide
range of solvents. Typical input might be as simple as
$PCM SOLVNT=H2O $END
There is in fact little need to give other PCM input data,
except perhaps atomic radii in $PCMCAV if your molecule
contains an unusual atom.
Additional keywords (ICOMP, ICAV, IDISP, or IREP/IDP)
allow for more sophisticated computations, namely
cavitation, repulsion, and dispersion free energies. The
methodology for these is general, but numerical constants
are provided only for water.
Alternatively, the PCM codes for electrostatics can be
combined with U. Minnesota codes to implement the SMD
solvation model. SMD combines the electrostatics with an
alternative cavitation, dispersion, and solute structure
reorganization (CDS) correction. Since SMD also changes
the atomic radii, the electrostatics interaction is
changed. See keyword SMD below (and the 4th chapter of
this manual).
Calculations are possible on either a solute embedded in
a PCM continuum, or a system combining a solute & EFP
explicit solvent molecules, embedded in a PCM continuum.
The energy and/or nuclear gradients are programmed for RHF,
ROHF, UHF, GVB, and MCSCF wavefunctions, and for DFT or MP2
level calculations using RHF, ROHF, and UHF. Closed shell
TD-DFT excited states have analytic gradients, as well.
Polarizabilities in solution may be found by RUNTYP=TDHF.
Parallel computation is enabled, with scaling similar to
the scaling of the corresponding gas phase calculation.
PCM is not programmed for CI or Coupled Cluster. PCM is
enabled for use during semiempirical MOPAC runs.

Input Description

$PCM

2-270

See the Fragment Molecular Orbital section of the

References chapter for information on using PCM within the
FMO model.
There is additional information on PCM in the References
chapter of this manual. This includes information on which
keyword combinations were default values in the past.
IEF

switch to choose the type of PCM model used.

The default is -10, iterative C-PCM.
= 0 isotropic dielectrics using the original
formulation of PCM for dielectrics (D-PCM)
= 1 anisotropic dielectric using the Integral
Equation Formalism (IEF) of PCM, see $IEFPCM
= 2 ionic solutions using IEF-PCM, see $IEFPCM
= 3 isotropic dielectrics using IEF-PCM with matrix
inversion solver, see $IEFPCM
= -3 isotropic dielectric IEF-PCM with iterative
solver, see $PCMITR.
= 10 conductor-like PCM (C-PCM) with matrix
inversion. Charge scaling is(Eps-1.0)/Eps
=-10 C-PCM, with iterative solver. See $PCMITR.

C-PCM is normally a better choice than IEF-PCM. The

iterative solvers chosen by IEF=-3 or -10 usually reproduce
the energy of the explicit solvers IEF=3 or 10 to within
1.0d-8 Hartrees, and will be much faster and use less
memory for large molecules. D-PCM should be considered
obsolete, and choices 1 and 2 are seldom made.
* * *
SOLVNT = keyword naming the solvent, whose choices depend
on use of non-SMD or SMD models. For the former,
the eight numerical constants defining the solvent
are internally stored for:
WATER (or H2O)
CH3OH
C2H5OH
CLFORM (or CHCl3)
CTCL (or CCl4)
METHYCL (or CH2Cl2)
12DCLET (or C2H4Cl2)
BENZENE (or C6H6)
TOLUENE (or C6H5CH3)
CLBENZ (or C6H5Cl)
NITMET (or CH3NO2)
NEPTANE (or C7H16)
CYCHEX (or C6H12)
ANILINE (or C6H5NH2)
ACETONE (or CH3COCH3)

Input Description

$PCM

2-271

THF
DMSO (or DMETSOX)
SMD has many additional solvents, see below.
The default solvent name is "INPUT" which means you must
give the numerical values defining some other solvent, as
described below.
* * * non-SMD calculations * * *
The next set of parameters controls the computation:
parameterization of the solvents, ICOMP which has an impact
on the PCM electrostatics, and other keywords related to
cavitation, dispersion, and repulsion corrections: ICAV,
IDISP, IREP/IDP.
------ICOMP

= Compensation procedure for induced charges.

Gradient runs require ICOMP be 0 or 2 only.
= 0 None. (default)
= 1 Yes, each charge is corrected in proportion
to the area of the tessera to which it belongs.
= 2 Yes, using the same factor for all tesserae.
= 3 Yes, with explicit consideration of the
portion of solute electronic charge outside
the cavity, by the method of Mennucci and
Tomasi. See $NEWCAV.

Technical issues are: IEF=0 should normally choose ICOMP=2.

Options IEF=1 or 2 are incompatible with gradients and must
choose ICOMP=0, and presently contain bugs (do not choose
these!). IEF=3 may not choose ICOMP=3, but if diffuse
basis functions are in use, it may benefit from ICOMP=2.
-----ICAV

= calculate the cavitation energy, by the method of

Pierotti and Claverie. The cavitation energy is
computed at the end of the run (e.g. at the final
geometry) as an additive constant to the energy.
= 0 skip the computation (default)
= 1 perform the computation.

If ICAV=1, the following parameter is relevant:

TABS

= the temperature, in Kelvin. (default=298.0)

Input Description

$PCM

2-272

------There are two procedures for the calculation of the

repulsion and dispersion contributions to the free energy.
Parameterizations were obtained for RHF cases, so the
implementation permits their use only for RHF.
IDISP is older, and is incompatible with IREP and/or IDP.
Nuclear gradients are available for IDISP (select either
ICLAV or ILJ in $DISREP). The older GEPOL-GB tessellation
does some gradient terms numerically, which results in a
less accurate gradient.
IDISP

= Calculation of both dispersion and repulsion

free energy through the empirical method of
Floris and Tomasi.
= 0 skip the computation (default)
= 1 perform the computation. See $DISREP.

The next two options add repulsive and dispersive terms to

the solute hamiltonian, in a more ab initio manner, by the
method of Amovilli and Mennucci. These may be used only in
single point energy calculations (see IDISP if you wish to
use gradients).
IREP

= Calculation of repulsion free energy

= 0 skip the computation (default)
= 1 perform the computation. See $NEWCAV.

IDP

= Calculation of dispersion free energy

= 0 skip the computation (default)
= 1 perform the computation. See $DISBS.

If IDP=1, then three additional parameters must be

defined. The two solvent values correspond to water,
and therefore these must be input for other solvents.
WA

WB
ETA2

= solute average transition energy. This is

computed from the orbital energies for RHF,
but must be input for MCSCF runs.
(default=1.10)
= ionization potential of solvent, in Hartrees.
(default=0.451)
= square of the zero frequency refractive index

Input Description

$PCM

of the solvent.

2-273

(default=1.75)

--- the next 8 values define the solvent, if SOLVNT=INPUT:

RSOLV = the solvent radius, in units Angstrom
EPS
= the dielectric constant
EPSINF = the dielectric constant at infinite frequency.
This value must be given only for RUNTYP=TDHF,
if the external field frequency is in the optical
range and the solvent is polar; in this case the
solvent response is described by the electronic
part of its polarization. Hence the value of the
dielectric constant to be used is that evaluated
at infinite frequency, not the static one (EPS).
This value also must be given for TD-DFT/PCM,
when NONEQ is selected in $TDDFT.
For nonpolar solvents, the difference between
the two is almost negligible.
TCE
= the thermal expansion coefficient, in units 1/K
VMOL
= the molar volume, in units ml/mol
STEN
= the surface tension, in units dyne/cm
DSTEN = the thermal coefficient of log(STEN)
CMF
= the cavity microscopic coefficient
Values for TCE, VMOL, STEN, DSTEN, CMF need to be given
only for the case ICAV=1. Input of any or all of these
values will override an internally stored value, if you
have chosen a solvent by its name.
* * * SMD calculations * * *
The Solvation Model Density (SMD) uses the solute's quantum
mechanical density (the D in the model's name) for IEF-PCM
or C-PCM's electrostatics. It adds "CDS" corrections for
cavitation, dispersion, and solvent structure, all of which
have nuclear gradient contributions coded. The SMD model's
parameters were developed using IEF-PCM and GEPOL cavity
construction, but SMD may also be used with the more robust
C-PCM model and FIXPVA cavity tessellation.
SMD

= a flag to select "Solvation Model Density".

default=.FALSE. If chosen, naming the solvent
by SOLVNT=xxx picks numerical values for the
six SOLX keywords just below, which may then be
omitted. The SMD model knows 178 solvents, see

Input Description

$PCM

2-274

chapter 4 of this manual for a listing.

SOLA
SOLB
SOLC
SOLG
SOLH
SOLN

= Abraham's hydrogen bond acidity

= Abraham's hydrogen bond basicity
= aromaticity: fraction of non-H solvent atoms
which are aromatic Carbon atoms
= macroscopic surface tension at the air/solvent
interface, in units of cal/mole/angstrom**2
= halogenicity: fraction of non-H solvent atoms
which are F, Cl, or Br
= index of refraction at optical frequencies at
298K, n-sub-20-super-D.

In addition to the parameters just above, SMD provides its

own set of radii for each atom's sphere, so $PCMCAV input
must not be given. Of course, if you choose SMD=.TRUE.,
with its built in CDS correction, you must select
ICOMP=ICAV=IDISP=IREP=IDP=0! See also SMVLE in $SVP.
* * *
--- interface to Fragment Molecular Orbital method:
IFMO

specifies "n" for the n-body FMO expansion of the

total electron density to be used in PCM.
Default=0 should be used for any non-FMO run.
Non-zero IFMO can be used only within the regular
FMO framework (q.v. for further FMO limitations):
IFMO should be less or equal than NBODY in $FMO,
Not all PCM options can be used with FMO!
The following are explicitly permitted:
IEF=-3,-10; ICOMP=0,1,2; MTHALL=2,4;
IDISP=0,1; IDP=0; IREP=0,1.
Gradient runs require ICOMP=0.
IFMO may take the values of -1,0,1,2,3.
For FMO, IFMO=-1 chooses PCM<1>,
IFMO= 1 chooses PCM[1],
IFMO= 2, NPCMIT=2 chooses PCM[1(2)],
IFMO= 2, NPCMIT>2 chooses PCM[2],
IFMO= 3, NPCMIT=2 chooses PCM[1(3)],
IFMO= 3, NPCMIT>2 chooses PCM[3].
The fully analytic gradient requires IFMO=-1 or 1.

--- the next set of keywords defines the molecular cavity,

Input Description

$PCM

2-275

used for electrostatic (surface charge) calculations. See

also $PCMCAV, $TESCAV, and $NEWCAV for other cavities.
NESFP

=
option for spheres forming the cavity:
= 0 centers spheres on each nucleus in the quantum
solute, and every atom in EFP. (default)
= N use N initial sphere, whose centers XE, YE, ZE
and radii RIN must be specified in $PCMCAV.

The cavity generation algorithm may use additional

spheres to smooth out sharp grooves, etc. If you are
interested in smoother cavities, see the SVPE and SS(V)PE
methods, which use a cavity based on isodensity surfaces.
The following parameters control how many extra spheres are
generated:
OMEGA and FRO = GEPOL parameters for the creation of the
'added spheres' defining the solvent accessible
surface. When an excessive number of spheres is
created, which may cause problems of convergence,
the value of OMEGA and/or FRO must be increased.
For example, OMEGA from 40 to 50 ... up to 90,
FRO from 0.2 ... up to 0.7.
(defaults are OMEGA=40.0, FRO=0.7)
RET

= minimum radius (in A) of the added spheres.

Increasing RET decreases the number of added
spheres. A value of 100.0 (default) inhibits the
addition of any spheres, while 0.2 fills in many.
The use of added spheres is strongly discouraged.

MODPAR = cavity generation's parallelization option:

0 parallelize tessellation, 1= do not parallelize.
The present parallel code is inefficient, so
MODPAR=0 is recommended. (default=0)
Don't confuse this with running PCM in parallel!
MXSP

= the maximum number of spheres.

Default: MXATM parameter in GAMESS.

MXTS

= the maximum number of tesserae.

Default: Nsph*NTSALL*2/3, where Nsph is the number
of spheres (usually equal to the number of atoms).
If less than 20 spheres are present, default is
Nsph*NTSALL. For GEPOL-RT, NTSALL=960 is used in

Input Description

$PCM

2-276

setting the default value.

Note on MXSP and MXTS: PCM usually constructs
more than one cavity (for example, a different one
for the cavitation energy). MXSP and MXTS must be
large enough to handle every possible cavity.
--- arcane parameters:
IPRINT = 0 normal printing (default)
= 1 turns on debugging printout
IFIELD = At the end of a run, calculate the electric
potential and electric field generated by the
apparent surface charges.
= 0 skip the computation (default)
= 1 on nuclei
= 2 on a planar grid
If IFIELD=2, the following data must be input:
AXYZ,BXYZ,CXYZ = each defines three components of the
vertices of the plane where the reaction
field is to be computed (in Angstroms)
A ===> higher left corner of the grid
B ===> lower left corner of the grid
C ===> higher right corner of the grid
NAB = vertical subdivision (A--B edge) of the grid
NAC = horizontal subdivision (A--C edge) of the grid.
==========================================================

Input Description

$PCMCAV

2-277

==========================================================

$PCMCAV

group

(optional)

This group controls generation of the cavity holding the

solute during Polarizable Continuum Model runs. The cavity
is a union of spheres, according to NESFP given in $PCM.
The data in this group supplements cavity data given in
$PCM. It is unlikely that users will input anything here,
except perhaps a few RIN values. The data given here must
be in Angstrom units.
XE,YE,ZE = arrays giving the coordinates of the spheres.
if NESFP=0, the atomic positions will be used.
if NESFP>0, you must supply NESFP values here.
RADII = three tables of values (Angstroms!) are available:
VANDW selects van der Waals radii (default)
This table has radii for atoms
H,He, B,C,N,O,F,Ne,
Na,Al,Si,P,S,Cl,Ar,
K,As,Se,Br,Kr, Rb,Sb,Te,I, Cs,Bi
internally tabulated, otherwise give RIN.
= VDWEFP, similar to VANDW, except that radii not
tabulated by VANDW are assigned as 1.60A.
This option is most useful for protein-EFP
calculations.
= SUAHF, the simplified united atomic radii will be
be used for the array RIN, namely
H:0.01
C:1.77
N:1.68
O:1.59
P:2.10
S:2.10
For the other elements with Z<16, 1.50 is used.
For the elements with Z>16, 2.30 will be applied.
RIN = an array giving the sphere radii. Radii given here
will overwrite the values selected by RADII's tables.
RIN values are multiplied by ALPHA, see just below.
if NESFP=0, the program will look up the internally
data according to the RADII keyword.
if NESFP>0, give NESFP values.
Example: Suppose the 4th atom in your molecule is Fe, but
all other atoms have van der Waals radii. You
decide a good guess for Fe is twice the covalent
radius: $PCMCAV RIN(4)=2.33 $END. Due to ALPHA,
traditionally 1.2, the Fe radius will be 2.796.

Input Description

$PCMCAV

2-278

The source for the van der Waals radii is "The Elements",
2nd Ed., John Emsley, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991, except
for C,N,O where the Pisa group's experience with the best
radii for PCM treatment of singly bonded C,N,O atoms is
taken. The radii for a few transition metals are given by
A.Bondi, J.Phys.Chem. 68, 441-451(1964).
ALPHA

= an array of scaling factors, for the definition of

the solvent accessible surface. If only the first
value is given, all radii are scaled by the same
factor. (default is ALPHA(1)=1.2)

EPSHET = an array of dielectric constants, for each atom

in the heterogeneous CPCM. The default is to use
the same dielectric for every atom, namely the
value of EPS in $PCM. (only if IEF=10 or -10).
The default EPSHET(1)=X,X,X,X where EPS=X means
homogeneous CPCM.
==========================================================

Input Description

$TESCAV

2-279

==========================================================

$TESCAV

group

(optional)

This group controls the tessellation procedure for the

cavity surfaces in PCM computations. The default values
for this group will normally be satisfactory. Use of the
FIXPVA mechanism for dividing the surface of the atomic
spheres into tesserae should allow for convergent PCM
geometry optimizations. To converge to small OPTTOL values
may require the use of internal coordinates, since the
tessellation amounts to a finite grid (so the PCM energy is
not strictly rotationally invariant).
Cartesian geometry optimizations may require a high
density of tesserae on the cavity surface:
NTSALL=240
(or 960)
This may require raising the maximum number of tesserae,
see MXTS in $PCM. It is reasonable to just try internal
coordinates first, as this should be sufficient w/o
increasing the tesserae density. See also IFAST=1 in
$PCMGRD.
--- The first two arrays control the density of tesserae
and the method to generate the tesserae.
INITS

array defines the initial number of tesserae for

each sphere. Only 60, 240 and 960 are allowed,
but the value can be different for each sphere.
(Default is INITS(1)=60,60,60,...) See NTSALL.

METHOD =

array defining the tessellation method for each

sphere. The value can be different for each
sphere. The default is 4 for all spheres, e.g.
METHOD(1)=4,4,4,... See also MTHALL.
= 1 GEPOL-GB, "Gauss-Bonet" tessellation.
= 2 GEPOL-AS, "area scaling" tessellation.
= 3 GEPOL-RT, "regular tessellation".
= 4 FIXPVA, "Fixed points with variable area".
FIXPVA gives smooth potential surfaces during geometry
optimizations, works with $PCM options ICAV and IDISP (but
not with IDP or IRP), and is the preferred tessellation
method.
--- The next three parameters are presets for filling the

Input Description

$TESCAV

2-280

arrays INITS and METHOD with identical values.

NTSALL =

60, 240 or 960 (default = 60)

All values in the array INITS are set to NTSALL

MTHALL =

1, 2, 3, or 4 (default = 4)
All values in the array METHOD are set to MTHALL

MTHAUT =

0 or 1 (default = 0)
If RUNTYP=OPTIMIZE and frozen atoms are defined
by IFCART, MTHAUT=1 will select METHOD=1 for
frozen atoms. See also AUTFRE and NTSFRZ.

note: Explicitly defining INITS and METHOD from the input

deck will overrule the presets from NTSALL, MTHALL
and/or MTHAUT.
--- The following two parameters control GEPOL-RT
AREATL =

The area criterion (A*A) for GEPOL-RT.

Tesserae with areas < AREATL at the boundary of
intersecting spheres will be neglected.
Default=0.010 A*A. Smaller AREATL cause larger
number of tesserae. AREATL < 0.00010 is not
recommended.

BONDRY =

Controls (by scaling) the distance within which

tesserae are considered "close" to the boundary.
Such tesserae will be recursively divided into
smaller ones until their areas are < AREATL.
The default (= 1.0) means the distance is the
square root of the tessera area.
A large BONDRY value like 1000.0 will lead to
fine tessellation for the entire surface with
all tessera areas < AREATL.

--- The next two parameters are only relevant if MTHAUT=1

AUTFRE =

Distance (A) for frozen atoms to be treated as

moving atoms when MTHAUT=1. Default=2.0 A.

NTSFRZ =

60, 240 OR 960, initial tessera number for

frozen atoms. Default=60

==========================================================

Input Description

$NEWCAV

2-281

==========================================================

$NEWCAV

group

(optional)

This group controls generation of the "escaped charge"

cavity, used when ICOMP=3 or IREP=1 in $PCM. This cavity
is used only to calculate the fraction of the solute
electronic charge escapes from the original cavity.
IPTYPE = choice for tessalation of the cavity's spheres.
= 1 uses a tetrahedron
= 2 uses a pentakisdodecahedron (default)
ITSNUM = m, the number of tessera to use on each sphere.
if IPTYPE=1, input m=30*(n**2), with n=1,2,3 or 4
if IPTYPE=2, input m=60*(n**2), with n=1,2,3 or 4
(default is 60)
*** the next three parameters pertain to IREP=1 ***
RHOW

= density, relative to liquid water (default = 1.0)

PM

= molecular weight (default = 18.0)

NEVAL

= number of valence electrons on solute (default=8)

The defaults for RHOW, PM, and NEVAL correspond to water,

and therefore must be correctly input for other solvents.
==========================================================

Input Description

$PCMGRD

2-282

==========================================================

$PCMGRD

group

(optional)

This group controls the PCM gradient computations.

is of a technical nature, and is seldom given.

It

IPCDER = selects different methods for PCM gradients

1 use Ux(q) approximation (C-PCM and IEF-PCM),
or use charge-derivative method (D-PCM).
This is the default for D-PCM.
2 Variable-Tessera-Number Approximation.
Implemented only for C-PCM and IEF-PCM, and
the default for GEPOL-AS tesselation.
3 The same as 2, but for FIXPVE tessellation.
The program will pick the correct default for IPCDER!
note: If ICAV = 1 or IDISP = 1 in $PCM, the derivatives
of the cavitation energy or dispersion-repulsion,
respectively, will automatically be calculated.
You must be using the following input:
$PCM ICAV=1 IDISP=1 $END
$DISREP ICLAV=1 $END
IFAST

= Controls the PCM calculations for RUNTYP=OPTIMIZE.

0 update PCM charges at each SCF cycle at every
geometry (default)
1 update PCM charges at each SCF cycle for the
initial geometry.
For the subsequent geometries, calculate PCM
charges at the first SCF cycle and use the PCM
charges for the following SCF cycles; after
the density change falls below DENTOL, update
the PCM charges one time (to save CPU time).

==========================================================

Input Description

$IECPCM

2-283

==========================================================

$IEFPCM

group

(optional)

This group defines data for the integral equation

formalism version of PCM solvation. It includes special
options for ionic or anisotropic solutions.
The next two sets are relevant only for anisotropic
solvents, namely IEF=1:
EPS1, EPS2, EPS3 =
diagonal values of the dielectric permittivity
tensor with respect to the laboratory frame.
The default is EPS in $PCM
EUPHI, EUTHE, EUPSI =
Eulerian angles which give the rotation of the
solvent orientation with respect to the lab frame.
The term lab frame means $DATA orientation.
The default for each is zero degrees.
The next two are relevant to ionic solvents, namely IEF=2:
EPSI = the ionic solutions's dielectric, the default is
EPS from $PCM.
DISM = the ionic strength, in Molar units (mol/dm**3)
The default is 0.0
==========================================================

Input Description

$PCMITR

2-284

==========================================================

$PCMITR

group

(optional, for IEF=-3 or -10 in $PCM)

This group provides control over the iterative

isotropic IEF-PCM calculation. See
C.S.Pomelli, J.Tomasi, V.Barone
Theoret.Chem.Acc. 105, 446-451(2001)
H.Li, C.S.Pomelli, J.H.Jensen
Theoret.Chem.Acc. 109, 71-84(2003)
MXDIIS =

Maximum size of the DIIS linear equations, the

value impacts the amount of memory used by PCM.
Memory=2*MXDIIS*NTS, where NTS is the number of
tesserae. MXDIIS=0 means no DIIS, instead the
point Jacobi iterative method will be used.
(Default=50)

MXITR1 =

Maximum number of iters in phase 1. (Default=50)

MXITR2 =

Maximum number of iters in phase 2. (Default=50)

note: if MXDIIS is larger than both MXITR1 and MXITR2

MXDIIS will be reset to be the larger of these two.
THRES

Convergence threshold for the PCM Apparent

Surface Charges (ASC). (Default=1.0D-08)

THRSLS =

Loose threshold used in the early SCF cycles when

the density change is above DENSLS. If THRSLS <
THRESH, this option is turned off.
Default is 5.0D-04.

DENSLS =

If the density change is above DENSLS the loose

threshold THRSLS applies. (Default = 0.01 au)

IDIRCT =

1, Directly compute the electronic potential at

each tessera and the ASC potential at the
electronic coordinates, with no disk storage.
(Default)
0, Compute and save above data to hard disk.

Keywords for region wise multipole expansion of ASCs

in approximating interaction among tesserae:

Input Description

$PCMITR

2-285

(C.S.Pomelli, J.Tomasi THEOCHEM 537, 97-105(2001))

IMUL

=
=
=
=
=

Region wise multipole expansion order in the

approximate interaction among tesserae.
0, Neglected (Only for test purposes)
1, Monopole
2, Monopole+Dipole
3, Monopole+Dipole+Quadrupole (Default)

RCUT1

Cutoff radius (Angstrom) for

interactions among tesserae.
If RCUT1 is larger than your
option is effectively turned

mid-range
Default=15.0 A
molecule, the
off.

RCUT2

Cutoff radius (Angstrom) for long range

interactions among tesserae. Default=30.0 A

The remaining keywords apply only to PCM calculations with

a QM/EFP solute (see Li et al.)
Keywords for region wise multipole expansion of ASCs
in approximating interaction between ASCs and QM region:
IMGASC =

1, Use region wise multipole expansion of ASCs

to compute the ASC potential at QM region.
0, no use of the multipole expansion method.
(default)

RASC

Cutoff radius (Angstrom) for used of the IMGASC

multipole expansion (Default=20.0 A)

Keywords for multipole expansion of the QM region in

approximating the QM region potential:
IMGABI =

0, multipole expansion of the QM region is turned

off (default).
1, turn multipole expansion of the QM region on.

RABI

Cutoff radius (Angstrom) for used of the IMGABI

multipole expansion (Default=4.0 A)

Keywords for the coupling of PCM and EFP polarizability

tensors:
IEFPOL =

1, PCM ASCs induce EFP dipoles.(default)

Input Description

$PCMITR

2-286

0, PCM ASCs do not induce EFP dipoles.

REFPOL =

When IEFPOL=1, if the distance (Angstrom) between

a polarizability point and a tessera is less than
REFPOL, they are considered too close and the
field from the tessera will not induce dipole for
the polarizability point. Default=0.0 A means
always induce the dipole.

==========================================================

Input Description

$DISBS

2-287

==========================================================

$DISBS

group

(optional)

This group defines auxiliary basis functions used to

evaluate the dispersion free energy by the method of
Amovilli and Mennucci. These functions are used only for
the dispersion calculation, and thus have nothing to do
with the normal basis given in $BASIS or $DATA. If the
input group is omitted, only the normal basis is used for
the IDP=1 dispersion energy.
NADD

= the number of added shells

XYZE

= an array giving the x,y,z coordinates (in bohr)

of the center, and exponent of the added shell,
for each of the NADD shells.

NKTYPE = an array giving the angular momenta of the shells

An example placing 2s,2p,2d,1f on one particular atom,
$DISBS

NADD=7 NKTYP(1)= 0 0 1 1
XYZE(1)=2.9281086
0.0
2.9281086
0.0
2.9281086
0.0
2.9281086
0.0
2.9281086
0.0
2.9281086
0.0
2.9281086
0.0

2 2 3
.0001726
.0001726
.0001726
.0001726
.0001726
.0001726
.0001726

0.2
0.05
0.2
0.05
0.75
0.2
0.2 $END

==========================================================

Input Description

$DISREP

2-288

==========================================================

$DISREP

group

(optional)

This group controls evaluation of the dispersion and

repulsion energies by the empirical method of Floris and
Tomasi. The group must be given when IDISP=1 in $PCM,
whenever the solvent is not water. Only one of the two
options ICLAV or ILJ should be selected. Due to its lack
of parameters, almost no one chooses ILJ.
ICLAV = selects Claverie's disp-rep formalism.
= 0 skip computation.
= 1 Compute the solute-solvent disp-rep interaction
as a sum over atom-atom interactions through a
Buckingham-type formula (R^-6 for dispersion,
exp for repulsion). (default)
Ref: Pertsin-Kitaigorodsky "The atom-atom
potential method", page 146.
ILJ

= selects a Lennard-Jones formalism.

= 0 skip computation. (default)
= 1 solute atom's-solvent molecule interaction is
modeled by Lennard-Jones type potentials, R^-6
for dispersion, R^-12 for repulsion).

---- the following data must given for ICLAV=1:

RHO
N
NT

= solvent numeral density

= number of atom types in the solvent molecule
= an array of the number of atoms of each type in a
solvent molecule
RDIFF = distances between the first atoms of each type
and the cavity
DKT
= array of parameters of the dis-rep potential for
the solvent
RWT
= array of atomic radii for the solvent
The defaults are appropriate for water,
RHO=3.348D-02
N=2
NT(1)=2,1
RDIFF(1)=1.20,1.50
DKT(1)=1.0,1.36
RWT(1)=1.2,1.5

Input Description

$DISREP

2-289

DKA

= array of parameters of the dis-rep potential for

the solute. Defaults are provided for some common
elements:
H: 1.00
Be: 1.00
B: 1.00
C: 1.00
N: 1.10
O: 1.36
P: 2.10
S: 1.40

RWA

= array of atomic radii for the solute to compute

dis-rep. Defaults are provided for some common
elements:
H: 1.20
Be: 1.72
B: 1.72
C: 1.72
N: 1.60
O: 1.50
P: 1.85
S: 1.80

Other elements have DKA and RWA values of 0.0 and so must
be given in the input deck, or the dispersion/repulsion
energy will be 0. For EFP/PCM calculations, only QM atoms
need DKA and RWA values to calculate the DIS-REP energy.
---- the following data must given for ILJ=1:
RHO
EPSI

= solvent numeral density

= an array of energy constants referred to each atom
of the solute molecule.
SIGMA = an array of typical distances, relative to each
solute atom
==========================================================

Input Description

$SVP

2-290

==========================================================

$SVP

group

(optional)

The presence of this group in the input turns on use of

the Surface and Simulation of Volume Polarization for
Electrostatics (SS(V)PE) solvation model, or the more exact
Surface and Volume Polarization for electrostatics (SVPE)
model. These treat the solvent as a dielectric continuum,
and are available with either an isodensity or spherical
cavity around the solute. The solute may be described only
by RHF, UHF, ROHF, GVB, or MCSCF wavefunctions. The energy
is reported as a free energy, which includes the factor of
1/2 that accounts for the work of solvent polarization
assuming linear response. Gradients are not yet available.
In addition, the CMIRS (Composite Method for Implicit
Representation of Solvent) model may be invoked to combine
SS(V)PE with the DEFESR (Dispersion, Exchange, and FieldExtremum Short-Range) model to achieve a more complete
treatment of solvation. The field-extremum contribution is
designed to describe hydrogen bonding effects.
The current version 1.0 of CMIRS has parameters for
water solvent with isodensity cavities having contours of
0.0005, 0.001, or 0.002 au for use with the B3LYP/6-31+G*,
B3LYP/G3large, HF/6-31+G*, or HF/G3large electronic
structure methods. In addition, parameters are also
available for cyclohexane and benzene solvents with
isodensity cavities having contours of 0.0005, 0.001, or
0.002 au for use with the B3LYP/6-31+G* method.
Typical use of these methods will involve a prior step
to do an equivalent calculation on the given solute in the
gas phase. This provides a set of orbitals that can be
used as a good initial guess for the subsequent run
including solvent. It also provides the gas phase energy
(input as keyword EGAS) that can be subtracted from the
energy in solvent to obtain the free energy of solvation.
Many runs will be fine with all parameters set at
their default values. The most important parameters a user
may want to consider changing are:
NVLPL

= treatment of volume polarization

Input Description

$SVP

2-291

0 - SS(V)PE method, which simulates volume

polarization by effectively folding in an
additional surface polarization (default)
N - SVPE method, which explicitly treats volume
polarization with N extra layers
DIELST = static dielectric constant of solvent
(default = 78.39, appropriate for water)
IVERT

= 0 do an equilibrium calculation (default)

1 do a nonequilibrium calculation to get the final
state of a vertical excitation - this requires
that IRDRF=1 to read the $SVPIRF input group
that was punched with IPNRF=1 in a run on the
initial state - note that a meaningful result is
obtained only if the initial and final states
both come from the same wavefunction/basis set/
geometry/solvation model.

DIELOP = optical dielectric constant of solvent this only relevant if IVERT=1

(default 1.776, appropriate for water)
EGAS

= gas phase energy (optional): if given, the program

will output the free energy of solvation and the
change in solute internal energy due to solvation.
Note that a meaningful result is obtained only if
EGAS comes from the same wavefunction/basis set/
geometry as is used in the solvation calculation

ISHAPE = sets the shape of the cavity surface

0 - electronic isodensity surface (default)
1 - spherical surface
RHOISO = value of the electronic isodensity contour used to
specify the cavity surface, in electrons/bohr**3
(relevant if ISHAPE=0; default=0.001)
RADSPH = sphere radius used to specify the cavity surface.
A positive value means it is given in Bohr,
negative means Angstroms. (relevant if ISHAPE=1;
default is half the distance between the
outermost atoms plus 1.4 Angstroms)
INTCAV = selects the surface integration method

Input Description

$SVP

2-292

0 - single center Lebedev integration (default)

1 - single center spherical polar integration,
not recommended; Lebedev is far more efficient
NPTLEB = number of Lebedev-type points used for single
center surface integration. The default value
has been found adequate to obtain the energy to
within 0.1 kcal/mol for solutes the size of
monosubstituted benzenes. (relevant if INTCAV=0)
Valid choices are 6, 14, 26, 38, 50, 86, 110, 146,
170, 194, 302, 350, 434, 590, 770, 974, 1202,
1454, 1730, 2030, 2354, 2702, 3074, 3470, 3890,
4334, 4802, 5294, or 5810. (default=1202)
NPTTHE, NPTPHI = number of (theta,phi) points used for
single center surface integration. These should
be multiples of 2 and 4, respectively, to provide
symmetry sufficient for all Abelian point groups.
(relevant if INTCAV=1; defaults = 8,16; these
defaults are probably too small for all but the
tiniest and simplest of solutes.)
TOLCHG = a convergence criterion on the program variable
named CHGDIF, which is the maximum change in any
surface charge from its value in the previous
iteration (default=1.0D-6). This is checked in
each SCF iteration, although the actual value
is not printed until final convergence is reached.
The single-center surface integration approach may fail for
certain highly nonspherical molecular surfaces. The program
will automatically check for this and bomb out with a
warning message if need be. The single-center approach
succeeds only for what is called a star surface, meaning
that an observer sitting at the center has an unobstructed
view of the entire surface. Said another way, for a star
surface any ray emanating out from the center will pass
through the surface only once. Some cases of failure may be
fixed by simply moving to a new center with the ITRNGR
parameter described below. But some surfaces are inherently
nonstar surfaces and cannot be treated with this program
until more sophisticated surface integration approaches are
implemented.
ITRNGR = translation of cavity surface integration grid

Input Description

$SVP

2-293

0 - no translation (i.e., center the grid at the

origin of the atomic coordinates)
1 - translate to center of nuclear mass
2 - translate to center of nucl. charge (default)
3 - translate to midpoint of outermost atoms
4 - translate to midpoint of outermost
non-Hydrogen atoms
5 - translate to user-specified coordinates,
in Bohr
6 - translate to user-specified coordinates,
in Angstroms
TRANX, TRANY, TRANZ = x,y,z coordinates of translated
cavity center, relevant if ITRNGR=5 or 6.
(default = 0,0,0)
IROTGR = rotation of cavity surface integration grid
0 - no rotation
1 - rotate initial xyz axes of integration grid to
coincide with principal moments of nuclear
inertia (relevant if ITRNGR=1)
2 - rotate initial xyz axes of integration grid to
coincide with principal moments of nuclear
charge (relevant if ITRNGR=2; default)
3 - rotate initial xyz axes of integration grid
through user-specified Euler angles as defined
by Wilson, Decius, Cross
ROTTHE, ROTPHI, ROTCHI = Euler angles (theta, phi, chi) in
degrees for rotation of the cavity surface
integration grid, relevant if IROTGR=3.
(default=0,0,0)
IOPPRD = choice of the system operator form. The default
symmetric form is usually the most efficient, but
when the number of surface points N is big it can
require very large memory (to hold two N by N
matrices). The nonsymmetric form requires solution
of two consecutive system equations, and so is
usually slower, but as trade-off requires less
memory (to hold just one N by N matrix). The two
forms will lead to slightly different numerical
results, although tests documented in the third
reference given in Further Information show that
the differences are generally less than the

Input Description

$SVP

2-294

inherent discretization error itself and so are

not meaningful.
0 - symmetric form (default)
1 - nonsymmetric form
* * *
The CMIRS (Composite Method for Implicit Representation
of Solvent) model is a combination of SS(V)PE with the
DEFESR (Dispersion, Exchange, and Field-Extremum ShortRange) model. It borrows use of a grid from the DFT code,
and therefore is currently implemented only for the $DFT
METHOD=GRID choice in $CONTRL: note that HF calculations
can be done with DFTTYP=HFX in $CONTRL. If default
parameters are desired (which correspond to water solvent,
an isodensity cavity with contour 0.001 au, and the
B3LYP/6-31+G* electronic structure method), then only the
IDEF flag needs to be set.
IDEF

= flag to activate DEFESR calculations

0 - DEFESR energies are not computed (default)
1 - DEFESR energies are also computed

RHOSOLV

= average electron density of solvent for use in

the dispersion model (default=0.05 au for water)

DISDMP

= dispersion damping factor (default 7.0 bohr).

This value has been found to be nearly optimal
for all solvent/cavity/methods tested.

DISLIN

= dispersion linear parameter

(default=0.0109369 au).
It is sensitive to the solvent/cavity/method.

EXCLIN

= exchange linear parameter

(default=0.0460402 au).
It is sensitive to the solvent/cavity/method.

NGSLGR

= order of Gauss-Laguerre numerical integration

used for the exchange term (default=6).
Possible values are 1 to 25.

FNNL,FPNL = field-negative and field-positive nonlinear

parameters (default=3.6 and 3.6). These values

Input Description

$SVP

2-295

have been found to be nearly optimal for all

solvent/cavity/methods tested.
FNLIN,FPLIN = field-negative and field-positive linear
parameters (defaults=-945.810 and -17.8279 au).
They are sensitive to the solvent/cavity/method.
For solvents like cyclohexane and benzene that
have negligible hydrogen-bonding capability they
can be set to 0.
SMVLE

= flag to turn on an alternative (to DEFESR) semiempirical correction for local electrostatic
effects based on the electric field's normals to
the surface cavity. This also adds cavitation/
dispersion/solvent structure (CDS) effects drawn
from the SMD model, see SMD in $PCM.
(Default=.FALSE.)
* * *

The remaining parameters below are rather specialized

and rarely of concern. They should be changed from their
default values only for good reason by a knowledgeable
user.
TOLCAV = convergence criterion on maximum deviation of
calculated vs. requested RHOISO
(relevant if ISHAPE=0; default=1.0D-10)
ITRCAV = maximum number of iterations to allow before
giving up in search for isodensity surface.
(relevant if ISHAPE=0; default=99)
NDRCAV = highest analytic density derivative to use in the
search for isodensity surface.
0 - none, use finite differences (default)
1 - use analytic first derivatives
LINEQ

= selects the solver for the linear equations

that determine the effective point charges on
the cavity surface.
0 - use LU decomposition in memory if space
permits, else switch to LINEQ=2
1 - use conjugate gradient iterations in memory if
space permits, else use LINEQ=2 (default)

Input Description

$SVP

2-296

2 - use conjugate gradient iterations with the

system matrix stored externally on disk.
CVGLIN = convergence criterion for solving linear equations
by the conjugate gradient iterative method
(relevant if LINEQ=1 or 2; default = 1.0D-7)
CSDIAG = a factor to multiply diagonal elements to improve
the surface potential matrix, S.
(default = 1.104, optimal for Lebedev integration)
IRDRF

= a flag to read in a set of point charges as an

initial guess to the reaction field.
0 - no initial guess reaction field (default)
1 - read point charges from $SVPIRF input group.
It is up to the user to be sure that the
number of charges read is appropriate.

IPNRF

= a flag to punch the final reaction field.

0 - no punch (default)
1 - punch in format of $SVPIRF input group

==========================================================

Input Description

$SVPIRF

2-297

==========================================================

$SVPIRF

group

(optional; relevant for SVP runs)

Formatted card images of reaction field point charges, as

punched by setting IPNRF=1 in a previous SVP run. These can
be used by setting IRDRF=1 in a subsequent SVP run to
provide an initial guess to the reaction field.
These charges from the initial state are required if
IVERT=1 in $SVP to do a vertical excitation calculation on
the final state.
==========================================================

Input Description

$COSGMS

2-298

==========================================================

$COSGMS

group

(optional)

The presence of this group in the input turns on the

use of the conductor-like screening model (COSMO) with
molecular shaped cavity for closed and open shell HF, DFT,
and MP2. Open shells may be high spin-restricted or any
sort of spin-unrestricted case. The energy and/or the
gradient can be computed for each of these.
The implementation of the COSMO cavity has a limit of
about 150-200 atoms. Like other limits in GAMESS, this can
be raised according to directions in the Programmer's
Reference.
EPSI

= the dielectric constant, 80 is often used for H2O

This parameter must be given, except for the
perfect conductor approximation (see PRFCND).

PRFCND = perfect conductor approximation, sets EPSI

equal to infinity. Relevant only if EPSI is
not given. (default=.FALSE.)
COSRAD = the multiplicative factor for the van der Waals
radii used for cavity construction. (default=1.2)
NSPA

= the number of surface points on each atomic

sphere that form the cavity. (default=92)

DISEX

= parameter for the refinement of crevices

(default=10.0D+00)

OUTCHG

select the method for the correction of the

outlying charge error (OCE).
= DMULTI sets the multipole expansion method.
= DBLCAV sets the double cavity method (default).

COSWRT = flag to generate the .cosmo output file, used as

input to the COSMO-RS program, from the company
COSMOlogic. A replacement output source file is
needed (full version of cosprt.src). Users need
to sign a special license agreement to enable this
option, see http://ocikbws.uzh.ch/gamess
COSWRT forces PRFCND=.T. and requires GBASIS=KTZVP

Input Description

$COSGMS

2-299

and DFTTYP=BP86, because COSMO-RS is parametrized

for use only with this specific setup.
(default=.FALSE.)
DCOSMO = flag to use the DCOSMO-RS method. This requires
reading in a supplementary .pot file, obtained
by processing COSWRT's .cosmo output with the
COSMO-RS software. (default is .FALSE.)
COSBUG = flag to turn on debugging printout.
Additional information on the COSMO model can be
found in the References chapter of this manual.
==========================================================

Input Description

$SCRF

2-300

==========================================================

$SCRF

group

(optional)

The presence of this group in the input turns on the

use of the Kirkwood-Onsager spherical cavity model for the
study of solvent effects. The method is implemented for
RHF, UHF, ROHF, GVB and MCSCF wavefunctions and gradients,
and so can be used with any RUNTYP involving the gradient.
The method is not implemented for MP2, CI, any of the
semiempirical models, or for analytic hessians.
DIELEC = the dielectric constant, 80 is often used for H2O
RADIUS = the spherical cavity radius, in Angstroms
G

= the proportionality constant relating the solute

molecule's dipole to the strength of the reaction
field. Since G can be calculated from DIELEC and
RADIUS, do not give G if they were given.

==========================================================
Additional information on the SCRF model can be
found in the Further Information chapter.

Input Description

$ECP

2-301

==========================================================

$ECP

group

(required if PP=READ in $CONTRL)

This group lets you read in effective core potentials,

for some or all of the atoms in the molecule. You can use
built in potentials for some of the atoms if you like.
This is a free format (positional) input group. Since the
input is a little tricky, it is good to look at the two
examples at the end of this group.
*** Give a card set -1-, -2-, and -3- for each atom ***
-card 1-

PNAME, PTYPE, IZCORE, LMAX+1

PNAME is a 8 character descriptive tag for this potential.

If PNAME is repeated later, for the same type of
element, the previously defined potential is copied
to this atom. No other information should be given
on this card, and cards -2- and -3- must be skipped.
Do not use this "copy" option when there is no core
potential, instead type "NONE" over and over again.
PTYPE = GEN
= SBKJC

a general potential should be read.

look up the Stevens/Basch/Krauss/Jasien/
Cundari potential for this type of atom.
= HW
look up the Hay/Wadt built in potential
for this type of atom.
= NONE
treat all electrons on this atom.
IZCORE is the number of core electrons to be removed.
Obviously IZCORE must be an even number, or in other
words, all core orbitals being removed must be
completely occupied.
LMAX+1 is the one higher than the maximum angular momentum
occupied in the core orbitals being removed:
to remove s,p,d,f core orbitals (LMAX=0,1,2,3)
we use p,d,f,g core potentials (LMAX+1=1,2,3,4).
LMAX+1 is not permitted to exceed 4.
*** Give IZCORE and LMAX only if PTYPE is GEN ***
*** For the first occurrence of PNAME, if PTYPE is GEN, ***
*** then give cards -2- and -3-. Otherwise go to -1-. ***

Input Description

$ECP

2-302

*** Card sets -2- and -3- are repeated LMAX+1 times

***

The potential U(LMAX+1) is given first, followed by

difference potentials U(L)-U(LMAX+1), for L=0,LMAX.
Note that is a minus sign, not a hyphen!
The LMAX potential, and the differences of potentials
are expanded by Gaussians, on these two cards.
-card 2-

NGPOT

NGPOT is the number of Gaussians in this part of the

fit to the local effective potential.
-card 3-

CLP,NLP,ZLP

(repeat this card NGPOT times)

CLP is the coefficient of this Gaussian in the potential.

NLP is the power of r for this Gaussian, 0 <= NLP <= 2.
ZLP is the exponent of this Gaussian.
Note that PTYPE lets you to type in one or more atoms
explicitly, while using built in data for other atoms.
By far the easiest way to use the SBKJC potential for all
atoms in the formic acid molecule is to request PP=SBKJC in
$CONTRL. But here we show two alternatives. Note that
both examples copy one oxygen potential to the other, and
both explicitly declare there is no potential on every
hydrogen.
Assume that the atoms in $DATA are generated in the order
C, H, O, O, H.
The first way is to look up the program's internally stored
SBKJC potentials one atom at a time:
$ECP
C-ECP
H-ECP
O-ECP
O-ECP
H-ECP
$END

SBKJC
NONE
SBKJC
NONE

The second oxygen duplicates the first, no core electrons

are removed on hydrogen. The order of the atoms must

Input Description

$ECP

2-303

follow that generated by $DATA. All atoms must be given

here in $ECP, not just the symmetry unique atoms.
The second example reads all SBKJC potentials explicitly:
$ECP
C-ECP GEN 2 1
1
----- CARBON U(P) -----0.89371 1 8.56468
2
----- CARBON U(S)-U(P) ----1.92926 0 2.81497
14.88199 2 8.11296
H-ECP NONE
O-ECP GEN 2 1
1
----- OXYGEN U(P) -----0.92550 1 16.11718
2
----- OXYGEN U(S)-U(P) ----1.96069 0 5.05348
29.13442 2 15.95333
O-ECP
H-ECP NONE
$END
Again, the 2nd oxygen copies from the first. It is handy
to use the rest of card -2- as a descriptive comment.
As a final example, for antimony we have LMAX+1=3 (the core
3d is removed, so LMAX=2). One must first enter U(f),
followed by U(s)-U(f), U(p)-U(f), U(d)-U(f).
==========================================================

Input Description

$MCP

2-304

==========================================================

$MCP

group (required if MCP READ was given on card -6U-)

This group lets you read in model core potentials, for

some or all of the atoms in the molecule. This is a fixed
format input group. For the review of the MCP method, see
M.Klobukowski, S.Huzinaga, and Y.Sakai, pp. 49-74 in J.
Leszczynski, "Computational Chemistry", vol. 3 (1999) .
*** Give input -1-, -2-, ..., -9- for each MCP atom ***
-card 1ANAT

ANAT
is a 8 character name for the MCP atom.
It must match the name given for that atom
in the $DATA input group.

-card 2- NOAN, (NO(IS),NG(IS), IS=1,4)

FORMAT(9I3)
IS = 1, 2, 3, 4 for s, p, d, and f symmetry, resp.
NOAN
is the number of terms in the MCP
NO(IS) is the number of core orbitals in symmetry IS
NG(IS) is the number of basis functions used to
expand the core orbitals in symmetry IS
-card 3-

ZEFF, MCPFMT

FORMAT(F10.2, A8)

ZEFF

is the number of valence electrons, e.g. 7.0

for Fluorine
MCPFMT is the format for reading floating-point
numbers in the MCP data
-card 4-

(ACOEF(L), L=1,NOAN)

FORMAT(MCPFMT)

ACOEF(L) is the L-th coefficient in the expansion of

the model core potential; more than one
line may be provided
ACOEF(L) is the defined as A(l) in Eq. (38)
of the MCP review paper.
-card 5-

(AEXPN(L), L=1,NOAN)

FORMAT(MCPFMT)

AEXPN(L) is the L-th exponent in the expansion of the

model core potential; more than one line
may be provided

Input Description

$MCP

2-305

AEXPN(L) is the defined as alpha(l) in Eq.

(38) of the MCP review paper.
-card 6-

(NINT(L), L=1,NOAN)

NINT(L)

FORMAT(10I3)

is the power of R in the expansion of the

model core potential; NINT(L) is defined
as n(l) in Eq. (38) of the MCP review paper.

*** For each symmetry IS present in the core orbitals ***

*** read the card set -7-, -8-, and -9***
-card 7(BPAR(K), K=1,NO(IS))
FORMAT(MCPFMT)
BPAR(K) is the constant in the core projector
operator, B(k) in Eq. (41) of the review.
-card 8(EX(I), I=1,NG(IS))
FORMAT(MCPFMT)
EX(I)
is the exponent of the I-th Gaussian
function used to expand the core orbitals
*** Repeat -9- for each core orbital in symmetry IS ***
-card 9C(I)

(C(I), I=1,NG(IS))
FORMAT(MCPFMT)
expansion coefficients of the core orbital

The following example input file is for H2CO, and by

the way, provides another example of COORD=HINT.
!
$CONTRL RUNTYP=ENERGY
$DATA
Formaldehyde H2CO
CNV
2
C
6.0
LC
0.00
MCP READ
L
3
1 18.517235
2 2.5787547
3 0.58994362
L
1
1 0.17330638
L
1
1 0.60957120E-01
D 1; 1 0.600 1.0

COORD=HINT

PP=MCP $END

0.0
0.0 - O K
<<<< this is an MCP atom
<<<< (311/311/1) basis
-0.16370140
0.22673090E-01
-0.26304451
0.19109693
0.58040872
0.50918856
1.0000000

1.0000000

1.0000000

1.0000000

Input Description

$MCP

O 8.0
LC
1.2031
MCP READ
L
3
1 44.242510
2 6.2272700
3 1.4361751
L
1
1 0.40211473
L
1
1 0.12688798
D 1; 1 1.154 1.0
H 1.0
TZV
P 1; 1

PCC

1.1012

1.100

2-306

0.0
0.0 - O K
<<<< this is an MCP atom
<<<< (311/311/1) basis
-0.13535836
0.17372951E-01
-0.30476423
0.16466813
0.43955753
0.46721611
1.0000000

1.0000000

1.0000000

1.0000000

121.875 0.0 + O K I
<<<< not an MCP atom, TZV+pol basis

1.0

$END
$MCP

<<<< start of the MCP data

<<<< empty lines allowed
MCP for C NR (2S/2P)
S(2)P(2) <<<< comment
<<<< empty lines allowed
C
<<<< MCP for the atom C
2 1 14
<<<< NOAN, NO(1), NG(1)
4.00(4D15.8)
<<<< ZEFF, MCPFMT
.41856306
.99599513E-01
<<<< ACOEF
16.910482
7.4125554
<<<< AEXPN
0 0
<<<< NINT
22.676882
<<<< B(1s)
26848.283
8199.1206
2798.3668
1048.2982
423.36984
181.26843
81.068295
37.403931
17.629539
8.4254263
4.0611964
1.9672294
.95541420
.46459041
.10743274D-03 .21285491D-03 .99343100D-03 .28327774D-02
.83154481D-02 .21694082D-01 .52916004D-01 .11618593D+00
.21812785D+00 .32180986D+00 .29375407D+00 .10974353D+00
.70844050D-02 .17825971D-02
MCP for
O
2

NR (2S/2P)

1 16
6.00(4D15.8)
.31002267
.27178756E-01

S(2)P(4)
<<<< MCP for the atom O

Input Description
25.973731
0 0
41.361784
57480.749
829.06758
31.542773
1.6077662
.85822477D-04
.76877460D-02
.22782741D+00
.55937988D-02

$MCP

2-307

13.843290
17270.167
346.04791
14.815300
.77153240
.18173691D-03
.20823429D-01
.33492260D+00
.16121923D-02

5766.9282
151.12147
7.0298236
.37052330
.84803428D-03
.52424753D-01
.28833079D+00
.10915544D-04

2107.0076
68.233250
3.3561489
.17799002
.25439914D-02
.11864010D+00
.93046197D-01
.21431633D-03

$END
==========================================================

Input Description

$RELWFN

2-308

==========================================================

$RELWFN

group

(optional)

This group is relevant if RELWFN in $CONTRL chose one

of the relativistic transformations (DK, RESC, or NESC) for
elimination of the small components of relativistic
wavefunctions, to produce a corrected single component
wavefunction. For DK or RESC, only one electron integral
corrections are added, whereas for NESC, corrections to two
electron integrals are accounted for by means of a
relativistically averaged basis set. All relativistic
methods in GAMESS neglect two-electron corrections coming
from pVp integrals. The 3rd order DK transformation will
normally afford the most sound results, from a theoretical
point of view.
Analytic gradients are programmed for both RESC and
NESC computations. For DK, all non-relativistic gradient
terms are analytic, while the relativistic contributions
are evaluated numerically by a double difference formula.
During geometry optimizations, in rare cases, the
number of nearly linearly independent functions in the
Resolution of the Identity (RI) used to evaluate the most
difficult integrals may change at some new geometry. If
so, the job will quit with an error message, and the user
must restart it again manually.
For IOTC, DK, or RESC, ordinary basis sets are used.
This however is a misleading statement, for while any basis
set will run, accurate answers may be hard to obtain
without the use of basis sets constructed using the
relativistic approximations. Certainly at least the
contraction coefficients must be modified to account for
effects such as the s orbital size contraction under
relativity, but the reoptimization of exponents may also be
important. Experience suggests that large uncontracted
basis sets using non-relativistic exponents are probably
OK, but standard contractions from NR atomic calculations
can lead to spurious results. As a rule of thumb, elements
H-Xe might perhaps be OK, but for heavier elements, use
relativistically derived basis sets.

Input Description

$RELWFN

2-309

There are two possible basis set choices for IOTC, DK,
or RESC calculations. The Sapporo relativistic segmented
contractions are available for elements down to Xenon (see
GBASIS=SPKrnZP or SPKrAnZP). DK3 basis sets for H-Lr
obtained at U. of Tokyo exist in the form of general
contractions,
http://www.riken.jp/qcl/
publications/dk3bs/periodic_table.html
which gives the EPAPS data published by
T.Tsuchiya, M.Abe, T.Nakajima, K.Hirao
J.Chem.Phys. 115,4463-4472(2001)
A program to extract this web page into GAMESS's format
is provided with GAMESS, see file ~/gamess/tools/dk3.f.
Light to medium atom main group (H-Kr) DK2 bases exist,
look for the names cc-pVnZ_DK on
http://www.emsl.pnl.gov:2080/forms/basisform.html
For NESC, you must provide three basis sets, for the
large and small components and an averaged one, which are
given in $DATAL, $DATAS, $DATA, respectively. The only
possible choice for these basis sets is due to Dyall, and
these are available from
http://www.emsl.pnl.gov:2080/forms/basisform.html Their
names are similar to cc-pVnZ(pt/sf/lc), pt=point or
fi=finite nucleus, sf for spin-free and the final field is
lc=large component ($DATAL), sc=small component ($DATAS),
and wf is a typo for Foldy-Wouthuysen 2e- basis ($DATA).
In GAMESS you can only use point nucleus approximation. The
need to input three basis sets means that you cannot use
$BASIS input, and you must use COORD=UNIQUE style input in
the various $DATA's. The three $DATA input groups must
contain identical information except for the primitive
expansion coefficients, as the three basis sets must have
the same exponents. In case the option to treat only some
atoms relativistically is chosen, all non-relativistic
atoms must have identical basis input in all three groups.
The finite size of nuclei is not taken into account, so
do not use any basis set obtained including this effect.
For NESC, the one electron part of the spin-orbit
operator can be corrected, while for RESC, one can compute
spin-orbit coupling with relativistic corrections to both
one and two electron SOC integrals, unless internal
uncontraction is requested (in this case only 1 electron

Input Description

$RELWFN

2-310

SOC integrals are modified). It should be noted that

internally uncontracted basis sets containing very large
exponents have large SOC integrals, thus the average
asymmetry due to RESC appears larger (before contraction).
For any order DK or IOTC, the 1e- part of the BreitPauli operator's integrals are corrected only to first
order (DK1): this is keyword NESOC=1 in $TRANSTN. It has
been observed by many people that even the first order
correction is small, and thus should be sufficient.
* * * the next parameter applies only to RELWFN=DK:
NORDER gives the order of the DK transformation to be
applied to the one-electron potential:
1 corresponds to the free particle
2 is the most commonly implemented DK method. It
has all relativistic corrections to second order.
(default)
3 represents 3rd order DK transformation. It does
not include all 3rd order relativity corrections,
in the sense of collecting all terms in the same
order of c (speed of light), due to using only a
2nd order form of the Coulomb potential (1/rij).
However, DK3 gives the closest approximation to
the Dirac-Coulomb equation of all methods here.
MODEQR is the mode of quasi-relativistic calculation.
These options pertain to the DK or RESC methods.
The default is 1 (or 3 if ISPHER=1 in $CONTRL).
These are additive (bitwise) options, meaning you
must enter 5 to request options 1+4:
= 0 use the input contracted atomic basis set for
the Resolution of the Identity (RI) used to
simplify the pVp relativistic integrals in
order to evaluate them in closed form. Use of
this option will reproduce RESC results prior
to June 2001. As the accuracy of the RI is
compromised, this option is not recommended.
= 1 use the Gaussian primitives constituting the
input contracted atomic basis set to define the
RI. This produces a considerable increase in
accuracy of the integrals.

Input Description

$RELWFN

2-311

= 2 HONDO's implementation of the RI for RESC is

mimicked, namely for ISPHER=+1, the space used
for the RI will have no spherical contaminants,
similar to the MO space. This option is not
available for RESC gradients.
= 4 avoid redundant exponents when splitting L
shells into s and p, when generating the
internally uncontracted basis set. This is
necessary if you are using s or p primitives
with the same exponents as in some L shell.
This is unlikely to occur, but if so, the L
shell must be entered before the s or p.
Option 4 requires 1.
= 8 use 128 bit precision in the RIs. Select this
option if your exponent range is larger than 64
bits can handle (for example, if your basis
set's s primitive's exponents run from 1e+14 to
1e-2, 16 orders, exhausting the 14-16 decimal
places that 64 bits supports on most machines).
Note that setting this option also reduces
numerical noise in the gradient. This option
can be used with or without the internal
uncontraction.
1. 128 bit math can be very slow, depending
on your CPU and/or compiler's support for it.
Only relativistic 1e- integrals use 128 bits.
2. If your FORTRAN library does not support the
REAL*16 data type (128 bits), the code compiles
itself in 64 bit mode, and will halt if you ask
for 128 bits.
NESOC

Douglas-Kroll style 1st order relativistic

corrections for SOC integrals.
Relevant only if OPERAT=HSO1, HSO2P, or HSO2,
for RUNTYP=TRANSITN.
= 0 no corrections (default for no relativity)
= 1 apply correction to one-electron spin-orbit
integrals (default if RESC, NESC, DK, or IOTC
scalar relativity was chosen).

NRATOM the number of different elements to be treated

nonrelativistically. For example, in Pb3O4, to
treat only lead relativistically, enter NRATOM=1.
The elements to be treated nonrelativistically are
defined by CHARGE. (default=0)

Input Description

$RELWFN

2-312

For NESC, this parameter affects the choice of the

basis sets, you should use identical large, small,
and averaged basis set for such atoms.
For DK or RESC, MODEQR=1 won't uncontract to the
primitives of such atoms.
CHARGE is an array containing nuclear charges of the atoms
to be treated nonrelativistically.
(e.g. CHARGE(1)=8.0, to drop all oxygen atoms)
CLIGHT gives the speed of light (atomic units), introduced
as a parameter in order to reproduce exactly results
published with a slightly different choice.
Default: 137.0359895
* * * the next parameters are used only with DK or RESC:
QMTTOL same as in $CONTRL, but used for the preparation of
the RI space. It is sensible to use a value smaller
than $CONTRL, if desired. (default: from $CONTRL).
QRTOL

parameter for relativistic gradients.

RESC: tolerance for equating nearly degenerate
eigenvalues of the kinetic energy and overlaps,
when evaluating the gradient. Values that are too
large (>1e-6) can cause numerical errors in the
gradient, approximately on the same order as QRTOL.
Too small values can add very large values to the
gradient due to division by numbers that are zero
within machine precision that are not avoided with
this tolerance filter. The recommended values for
MODEQR=1 are 1e-6 for gold to 1e-7 for silver.
For MODEQR=0, 1d-8 or smaller can be used.
(default = smaller of 1d-8 or QMTTOL).
DK: Coordinate offset in bohr for the numerical
differentiation of the relativistic contributions
to the gradient (analogous to VIBSIZ in $HESS, but
applied to gradients). Note that the offset is
applied to linear combinations of Cartesian
coordinates that conserve symmetry, and have the
translations and rotations projected out; the
change in Cartesian coordinates is equal to the

Input Description

$RELWFN

2-313

offset times the expansion coefficient.

Default: 1e-2.
NVIB

The number of offsets per coordinate (similar to

NVIB in $FORCE). NVIB can be 1 or 2 (or -1 or -2).
This parameter applies only to DK gradients.
Positive values correspond to the projected mode,
in which translations, rotations, and any modes
which are not totally symmetric are projected out.
Negative values correspond to using Cartesian
coordinates.
In most cases projected modes are superior; however
they can cause slight distortions away from the
true symmetry -IF- you specify lower symmetry than
the molecule actually possesses. (default=2)

==========================================================

Input Description

$EFIELD

2-314

==========================================================

$EFIELD
This
external
general,
energies

group

(not required)

group permits the study of the influence of an

electric field on the molecule. The method is
and so works for all wavefunctions, and for both
and nuclear gradients.

EVEC

= an array of the three x,y,z components of

the applied electric field, in a.u., where
1 Hartree/e*bohr = 5.1422082(15)D+11 V/m
A typical size for the EVEC components is
therefore about 0.001 a.u.

SYM

= a flag to specify when the field breaks the

the molecular symmetry. Since most fields
break symmetry, the default is .FALSE.

==========================================================
Restrictions: analytic hessians are not available, but
numerical hessians are. Because an external field causes a
molecule with a dipole to experience a torque, geometry
optimizations must be done in Cartesian coordinates only.
Internal coordinates eliminate the rotational degrees of
freedom, which are no longer free.
A nuclear hessian calculation will have two rotational
modes with non-zero "frequency", caused by the torque. A
gas phase molecule will rotate so that the dipole moment is
anti-parallel to the applied field. To carry out this
rotation during geometry optimization will take many steps,
and you can help save much time by inputting a field
opposite the molecular dipole. There is also a stationary
point at higher energy with the dipole parallel to the
field, which will have two imaginary frequencies in the
hessian. These will appear as the first two modes in a
hessian run, but will not have the i for imaginary included
on the printout since they are rotational modes.
sign conventions:
Dipole vectors are considered to point from the negative
end of the molecule to the positive end. Thus HCl at the
MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level's geometry of R=1.2831714 has a
positive dipole, if we place Cl at the origin and H along

Input Description

$EFIELD

2-315

the positive z-axis. The sign convention on applied fields

is such that a +1 charge particle feels a force in the
positive direction under a positive field, namely, as if
there was a negative plate at large +Z and a positive plate
at large -Z. Hence positive fields enhance HCl's dipole:
EVEC(z)
E(MP2)
mu(MP2)
-0.001 -460.2567905970 1.112875
-0.0001 -460.2571917846 1.153172
0.0
-460.2572372416 1.157646
+0.0001 -460.2572828745 1.162119
+0.001 -460.2577014871 1.202350
and the higher energy for each negative EVEC means HCl
would prefer to turn around in the field.
Thus, one use for this group is calculation of the electric
dipole by finite difference, for wavefunctions that cannot
yield molecular properties due to not having a relaxed
density matrix. Perform two RUNTYP=ENERGY jobs per
component, with fields 0.001 and -0.001 a.u. The central
difference formula for each component of the dipole is
mu = 2.541766*(E(+0.001)-E(-0.001)/0.002, in Debye.
The differentiation using data from HCl gives 1.157635.
For an application to molecular ionization in intense
fields generated by lasers, see
H.Kono, S.Koseki, M.Shiota, Y.Fujimura
J.Phys.Chem.A 105, 5627-5636(2001)
==========================================================

Input Description

$INTGRL

2-316

==========================================================

$INTGRL

group

(optional)

This group controls AO integral formats. Probably the

only values that should ever be selected are QFMM or
NINTIC, as the program picks sensible values otherwise.
QFMM

= a flag to use the quantum fast multipole method

for linear scaling Fock matrix builds. This is
available for RHF, UHF, and ROHF wavefunctions,
and for DFT, but not with any other correlation
treatment. You must select DIRSCF=.TRUE. in
$SCF if you use this option. The RHF and closed
shell DFT gradients also uses QFMM techniques.
The Optimal Parameter FMM code will run at a
comparable speed to a ordinary run doing all
integrals for molecules about 15 Angstroms in
size, and should run faster for 20 Angstroms or
more. See also the $FMM input.
(default=.FALSE.)

SCHWRZ = a flag to activate use of the Schwarz inequality

to predetermine small integrals. There is no
loss of accuracy when choosing this option, and
there are appreciable time savings for bigger
molecules. Default=.TRUE. for over 5 atoms, or
for direct SCF, and is .FALSE. otherwise.
NINTMX = Maximum no. of integrals in a record block.
(default=15000 for J or P file, =10000 for PK)
NINTIC = Controls storage of integrals in memory, with
any remaining integrals will be stored on disk.
Caution: memory set aside for this parameter is
unavailable to the quantum chemistry methods.
Positive NINTIC indicate the number of integrals,
negative the amount of memory used for integrals
and labels (in words).
At present NINTIC works robustly for RHF, ROHF,
or UHF, is thought to work for GVB or MCSCF and
mostly works for sequential MP2 as well. Direct
SCF does not use this option! (default=0).

Input Description

$INTGRL

2-317

Various antiquated or antediluvian parameters follow:

NOPK

= 0 PK integral option on, which is permissible

for RHF, UHF, ROHF, GVB energy/gradient runs.
= 1 PK option off (default for all jobs).
Must be off for anything with a transformation.

NORDER = 0 (default)
= 1 Sort integrals into canonical order. There
is little point in selecting this option, as
no part of GAMESS requires ordered integrals.
See also NSQUAR through NOMEM.
NSQUAR = 0 Sorted integrals will be in triangular
canonical order (default)
= 1 instead sort to square canonical order.
NDAR
= Number of direct access logical records to be
used for the integral sort (default=2000)
LDAR
= Length of direct access records (site dependent)
NBOXMX = 200
Maximum number of bins.
NWORD =
0
Memory to be used (default=all of it).
NOMEM =
0
If non-zero, force external sort.
The following parameters control integral restarts.
IST=JST=KST=LST=1
NREC=1
INTLOC=1
Values shown are defaults, and mean not restarting.
==========================================================

Input Description

$FMM

2-318

==========================================================

$FMM

group

(relevant if QFMM selected in $INTGRL)

This group controls the quantum fast multipole method

evaluation of Fock matrices. The defaults are reasonable,
so there is little need to give this input.
ITGERR = Target error in final energy, to 10**-(ITGERR)
Hartree. The accuracy is usually better than
the setting of ITGERR, in fact QFMM runs should
suffer no loss of accuracy or be more accurate
than a conventional integral run (default=7).
QOPS

= a flag to use the Quantum Optimum Parameter

Searching technique, which finds an optimum FMM
parameter set. (Default=.TRUE.)

If QOPS=.FALSE., the ITGERR value is not used. In this

case the user should specify the following parameters:
NP

= the highest multipole order for FMM (Default=15).

NS

= the highest subdivision level (Default=2).

IWS

= the minimum well-separateness (Default=2).

IDPGD

= point charge approximation error (10**(-IDPGD))

of the Gaussian products (Default=9).

IEPS

= very fast multipole method (vFMM) error,

(10**(-IEPS)) (Default=9)

==========================================================

Input Description

$TRANS

2-319

==========================================================

$TRANS

group

(optional for -CI- or -MCSCF-)

(relevant to analytic hessians)
(relevant to energy localization)

This group controls the integral tranformation. MP2

integral transformations are controlled instead by the $MP2
input group. There is little reason to give any but the
first variable.
DIRTRF = a flag to recompute AO integrals rather than
storing them on disk. The default is .FALSE.
for MCSCF and CI runs. If your job reads $SCF,
and you select DIRSCF=.TRUE. in that group, a
direct transformation will be done, no matter
how DIRTRF is set.
Note that the transformation may do many passes over
the AO integrals for large basis sets, and thus the
direct recomputation of AO integrals can be very time
consuming.
CUTTRF = Threshold for keeping transformed two electron
integrals. (default= 1.0d-9, except FMO=1.0d-12)
IPURFY = orbital purification, like PURIFY in $GUESS.
= 0 skip orbital purification before transform.
= 1 perform purification once per geometry, for
example, in the first iteration of MCSCF only.
= 2 purify during every MCSCF iteration.
The default is 0. Use of 2 causes example 9 to
take one more iteration to converge, due to the
small upsetting of the orbitals between each
iteration by this purification. This option is
useful if PURIFY in $GUESS at the initial geometry
is insufficient purification.
NOSYM

= disables the orbital symmetry test completely.

This is not recommended, as loss of orbital
symmetry is likely to mean a calculation is
turning into garbage. It has the same meaning
as the keyword in $CONTRL, but pertains to
just the integral transform. (Default is 0)

Input Description

$TRANS

2-320

The remaining keywords refer almost entirely to the serial

integral transformation codes, not the distributed memory
routines:
MPTRAN = method to use for the integral transformation.
the default is try 0, then 1, then 2.
0 means use the incore method
1 means use the segmented method.
2 means use the alternate method, which uses
less memory than 2, but much more disk.
NWORD

= Number of words of fast memory to allow.

uses all available memory. (default=0)

Zero

AOINTS = AO integral storage during parallel runs.

It pertains only to CPHF=MO analytic Hessians.
DUP stores duplicated AO lists on each node.
DIST distributes the AO integral file across
all nodes.
=========================================================

Input Description

$FMO

2-321

==========================================================

$FMO

group

(optional, activates FMO option)

The presence of this group activates the Fragment

Molecular Orbital option, which divides large molecules
(think proteins or clusters) into smaller regions for
faster computation. The small pieces are termed 'monomers'
no matter how many atoms they contain. Calculations within
monomers, then 'dimer' pairs, and optionally 'trimer' sets
act so as to approximate the wavefunction of the full
system. The quantum model may be SCF, DFT, DFTB, MP2, CC,
MCSCF, TDDFT, or CI.
Sample inputs, and auxiliary programs, and other
information may be found in the GAMESS source distribution
in the directory ~/gamess/tools/fmo.
NBODY

= n-body FMO expansion:

0 only run initial monomer guess (maybe remotely
useful to create the restart file, or as an
alternative to EXETYP=CHECK).
1 run up to monomer SCF
2 run up to dimers (FMO2, the default)
3 run up to trimers (FMO3)

IEFMO

= switch to turn on EFMO (effective fragment

potential based Fragment Molecular Orbital)
0 = use FMO (default)
1 = use EFMO

MODEFM

array of five values controlling EFMO, each

allows a bit-wise combination of several options.
Default is MODEFM(1)=0,0,0,0,0
The first element is control over electrostatics
0 no screening of electrostatics
1 exponential screening of electrostatics by
fixed value to fit the classical potential to
the QM-potential, set SCREEN(1)=-1 in $FMO.
(experimental)
2 Add octupole energy into electrostatic energy
4 use Hui Li's density based multipole
expansion
8 ignore torque contributions to the gradient

Input Description

$FMO

2-322

16 generate electrostatics on bond midpoints too

The second element controls polarizabilities.
0 Tang-Toenis type screening
1 do not include any polarization at all
4 add percentage discrimination based on
distance to atoms
8 ignore torque contributions to the gradient
16 use full polarization tensors
32 move polarizability tensors to nearest atom
before induction
64 do not evaluate electrostatic field, induced
dipoles or gradient contributions from
neighbouring fragments. This assumes
fragments are made in a sequential fashion.
128 use Ruedenberg localization for localization
of orbitals
The third element affects dispersion
0 no dispersion interactions
1 include dispersion
The fourth element affects charge transfer
0 no charge transfer interactions
1 include charge transfer
The fifth element affects exchange repulsion
0 no exchange interactions
1 include exchange repulsion
MODFD

= switch to freeze the electronic state of some

fragments. FMO/FD and FMO/FDD require
RUNTYP=OPTIMIZE and two layers in FMO.
0 = regular FMO
1 = FMO/FD (frozen domain)
3 = FMO/FDD (frozen domain and dimers)

NDUALB = switch to use dual basis approach with

auxilliary polarization, AP, (i.e., a different
basis set is used to estimate the polarization).
The two basis sets in FMO/AP are entered in
the multibasis fashion (not in the multilayer),
i.e., as H.1 and H.2 in $DATA, not as H-1 and H-2.
The dual basis set has some restrictions.
Gradient (but not Hessian) is available.
0 = usual FMO
1 = dual basis FMO/AP

Input Description

$FMO

2-323

I. The following parameters define layers.

NLAYER = the number of layers (default: 1)
MPLEVL = an array specifying n in MPn PT for each layer,
n=0 or 2. (default: all 0s).
Note that MCQDPT is not available and therefore
one may not choose this for MCSCF.
DFTTYP = an array specifying the DFT functional type for
each layer. (default: DFTTYP in $DFT).
See $DFT for possible functionals. All functionals
except dual hybrids may be used.
Only grid-based DFT is supported.
SCFTYP = an array specifying SCF type for each layer.
At present the only valid choices are RHF, ROHF,
UHF, and MCSCF.
(default: SCFTYP in $CONTRL for all layers).
CCTYP

= an array specifying CC type for each layer, which

may be only the following choices from $CONTRL:
LCCD, CCD, CCSD, CCSD(T), CCSD(T), CCSD(TQ),
CR-CCL, or non-size extensive R-CC or CR-CC.
Since FMO's CC methods involve adding corrections
from pairs of monomers together, it is better to
choose a size extensive method.

TDTYP

= an array specifying TDDFT type for each layer,

of the same kind as TDDFT in $CONTRL.
Default: TDDFT in $CONTRL for all layers.

CITYP

= an array specifying CI type for each layer, see

CITYP in $CONTRL. At present, only CIS may be
used (FMO1-CIS energy only, i.e., nbody=1).
Default: CITYP from $CONTRL, for all layers.
II. Parameters defining FMO fragments:

NFRAG

= the number of FMO fragments (default: 1)

LAYER

= an array defining the layer for each fragment.

Default: all fragments in layer 1, i.e.,
LAYER(1)=1,1,1,...,1

Input Description

$FMO

2-324

FRGNAM = an array of names for each fragment (each 1-8

character long) (default: FRG00001,FRG00002...).
INDAT

= an array assigning atoms to fragments. Two styles

are supported (the choice is made based on
INDAT(1): if it is nonzero, choice (a) is taken,
otherwise INDAT(1) is ignored and choice (b) is
taken):
a) INDAT(i)=m assigns atom i is to fragment m.
INDAT(i) must be given for each atom.
b) the style is
a1 a2 ... ak 0
b1 b2 ... bm 0
...
Elements a1...ak are assigned to fragment 1,
then b1...bm are assigned to fragment 2,etc.
An element is one of the following:
I
or
I -J
where I means atom I, and a pair I,-J means
the range of atoms I-J. There must be no space
after the "-"!
Example:
indat(1)=1,1,1,2,2,1 is equivalent to
indat(1)=0, 1,-3,6,0, 4,5,0
Both assign atoms 1,2,3 and 6 to fragment 1,
and 4,5 to fragment 2.

ICHARG = an array of charges on the fragments

(default: all 0 charges)
MULT

= an array of multiplicities for each fragment.

For MCSCF only the unique MCSCF fragment may be
something other than a singlet.
For ROHF and UHF multiple open-shell fragments
are allowed, which may have any multiplicity;
for dimers the high spin coupling will be used.
(default: all 1's)

SCFFRG = an array giving the SCF type for each fragment.

For MCSCF, only one fragment may be MCSCF and
the rest should be RHF. For ROHF, UHF and U-DFT
multiple open-shell fragments are allowed, but
for ground state runs only.
The values in SCFTYP overwrite SCFFRG, that is, if

Input Description

$FMO

2-325

you want to do a 2-layer calculation, the first

layer being RHF and the other MCSCF, then you
would use SCFTYP(1)=RHF,MCSCF and SCFFRG(N)=MCSCF,
where you should replace N by your MCSCF fragment
number. Then the first layer will be all RHF and
the other will have one MCSCF fragment. In special
cases, some SCFFRG values may be set to NONE, in
which case SCF is not performed. This is useful in
conjunction with ATCHRG.
(default: SCFTYP in $CONTRL).
MOLFRG = an array listing fragments for selective FMO,
where not all dimers (and/or trimers) are
computed. Setting MOLFRG imposes various
restrictions, such as RUNTYP=ENERGY only.
See MODMOL. Default: all 0.
IACTFG = array specifying fragments in the active domain in
FMO/FD(D). Ranges can be specified as in INDAT, so
INDAT(1)=1,2,-5,8 means fragments 1,2,3,4,5,8.
All IACTFG fragments should be in the 2nd layer,
and the interfragment distance between fragments
in IACTFG and the 1st layer's fragments should not
be zero (i.e., no detached bonds between them).
Default: all zeroes.
NOPFRG = printing and other additive options, specified for
each fragment,
1 set the equivalent of $CONTRL NPRINT=7 (printing
option). Useful if you want to print orbitals
only for a few selected monomers.
2 set MVOQ to +6 to obtain better virtual orbitals
(ENERGY runs only, useful mostly to prepare good
initial orbitals for MCSCF).
4 generate cube file for the specified fragment,
the grid being chosen automatically.
(default: all 0s)
64 use frozen atomic charges (defined in ATCHRG)
instead of the variational ones to compute
converged fragment densities, to describe the
electrostastic field from a fragment acting upon
other fragments.
128 apply options 1 and 4 above only at the final SCF
iteration (correlation or GRADIENT only).

Input Description
NACUT

$FMO

2-326

= automatically divides a molecule into fragments by

assigning NACUT atoms to each fragment (useful for
something like water clusters). This sets FRGNAM
and INDAT, so they need not be given. If 0, the
automatic option is disabled. (default: 0)

IEXCIT = options for FMO based TDHF, TDDFT, or CI

calculations:
IEXCIT(1): ordinal number for the excited state fragment.
There is no default for IEXCIT(1), you should
always set it.
IEXCIT(2): chooses the many-body level excitation n, e.g.
for FMOn-TDDFT.
n=1 means only the fragment given in IEXCIT(1)
will be excited.
n=2 adds dimer corrections (from fragment
pairs involving IEXCIT(1)).
IEXCIT(2) must not exceed NBODY. Default: 1.
IEXCIT(3): (relevant for FMO2-TDDFT only)
= 0 economic mode: only TDDFT dimer calculations
are performed (skipping all other dimers).
= 1 all dimer calculations are performed to
obtain not just the excitation but also the
total excited state energy.
Default: 0.
IEXCIT(4): excited state matching method in FMO2-TDDFT used
to determine which excitations in dimers
correspond to those in the TDDFT fragment given
in IEXCIT(1). Default=2.
= 0 trivial or identity matching (assume the
same order of the excited states in monomers
and dimers.
= 1 match the dominant orbital pair (aka DRF)
coefficient.
= 2 match the whole excitation vector.
Methods 1 and 2 try to match monomer dimer orbitals
first, and then use DRF coefficients. In difficult
cases (i.e., if the orbitals in a dimer are very
delocalised), methods 1 and 2 may not be able to find
the right transition, so some visual checking is
recommended.
ATCHRG = array of atomic charges, to be used with NOPFRG,
set for some fragments to 64 (i.e., to freeze some

Input Description

$FMO

2-327

of fragment electrostatic potentials during SCC).

Nota bene: the order of atoms in ATCHRG is not the same as
in FMOXYZ. In ATCHRG, you should specify atomic charges for
all atoms in fragment 1, then for fragment 2 etc, as a
single array. For covalently connected fragments there are
formally divided atoms (some redundant), and ATCHRG should
then list charges for them as well, all in the exact order
of atoms in which fragments are defined in FMO. The number
of entries in ATCHRG is NATFMO+NBDFG, where NATFMO is the
number of atoms in $FMOXYZ and NBDFG is the number of bonds
defined in $FMOBND.
NATCHA = option applicable to molecular clusters made
exclusively of the same molecules. Only NATCHA
atoms are then specified in ATCHRG, and the rest
are copied from the first set.
RAFO

= array of three thresholds defining model systems

in FMO/AFO. All of them are multiplicative factors
applied to distances. Two atoms are considered
covalently bonded if they are separated by the
predefined distance determined by their van der
Waals radii. Larger RAFO values make further
separated atoms to be considered as bonded.

All atoms within RAFO(1) distance from BDA or BAA are

included into the model system in AFO ($FMOBND lists BDAs
and BAAs in this order as -BDA BAA). Atoms within RAFO(2)
from the set defined by RAFO(1) are replaced by hydrogens.
AO coefficients expanding localized orbitals to be frozen
are saved for use in FMO for atoms within RAFO(3) from BDA
or BAA. A nonzero RAFO(1) turns on FMO/AFO, else FMO/HOP is
used. Default: 0,0,0.
MODMOL

= additive options for dimers and trimers in the

selective FMO based on MOLFRG.
1 limits correlated calculations to a) dimers/
trimers including one fragments in MOLFRG, and
b) monomers appearing in such dimers/trimers.
In other words, this is a cross option, to study
interactions between MOLFRG and the rest.
2 modifies the choice of dimers/trimers to those
in which all fragments are listed in MOLFRG
(i.e., option 2 requires also 1, resulting in 3).
In other words, this is an intra option, to study

Input Description

$FMO

2-328

interactions within MOLFRG.

4 do not store NFRAG**3 arrays in FMO3, to be used
with MODMOL=2, to reduce memory in very special
cases. No property summary will be provided, just
whatever is printed in SCF for each trimer.
Default: 0 (do not use MOLFRG)
NFRND

= additive options controlling interface and

compatibility of GAMESS' FMO with other programs.
2 output basis set for each n-mer. Such an FMO
output can be split with tools/fmo/misc/frgout,
and thus obtained fragment output files can be
read into various GUIs (e.g., MacMolPlt), for
example to plot MOs of individual n-mers (but not
of the whole system), e.g., to help understand an
excited state calculation.
4 punch normal modes in RUNTYP=FMOHESS for
GUIs (e.g., MacMolPlt) to visualize vibrations.
This also prints a frequency table in the output.
III. Parameters defining FMO approximations

MODESP = options for ESP calculations.

0 the original distance definition (uniform),
1 an improved distance definition (many-body
consistent, applied to unconnected n-mers),
2 an improved distance definition (many-body
consistent, applied to all n-mers).
(default: 0 (FMO2) or 1 (FMO3))
MODGRD =

0 subtract the external potential from the

Lagrangian (default).
1 do not do that.
2 add ESP derivatives (MODESP should be 0)
8 add Mulliken charge derivatives to MODGRD=2
16 do not add HOP derivatives (required for AFO)
32 add CPHF-related terms (known as SCZV) needed
for the fully analytic gradient, which may
be combined with EFP or PCM<1>.
This option requires MODESP=0 and for MP2
also RESPPC=0.
Note that 2+8 terms should be added, too,
so MODGRD=42 (=2+8+32) gives the fully analytic
gradient.
There are three main usages (some further limitations

Input Description

$FMO

2-329

are not listed below, e.g., for combinations with PCM

or EFP):
MODGRD=0 gives the least accurate gradient,
available for almost any FMO method
(except CIS and when ab initio gradient
in GAMESS is not available, e.g., CC).
MODGRD=10 is medium accurate, unavailable for CI,
CC, ROHF and MCSCF.
MODGRD=42 is analytic, available for RHF, UHF,
ROHF, RDFT and RMP2. The latter requires
resppc=0. FMO3-ROHF and FMO3-UHF are not
implemented for SCZV.
Default: 10 (=2+8, for FMO2) or 0 (for FMO3).
RESPAP = cutoff for Mulliken atomic population approx,
namely, usage of only diagonal terms in ESPs.
It is applied if the distance between two monomers
is less than RESPAP, the distance is relative to
van der Waals radii; e.g. two atoms A and B
separated by R are defined to have the distance
equal to R/(RA+RB), where RA and RB are van
der Waals radii of A and B). RESPAP has no units,
as may be deduced from the formula.
RESPAP=0.0 disables this approximation.
(default: 0.0)
RESPPC = cutoff for Mulliken atomic point charge
approximation, namely replacing 2e integral
contributions in ESPs by effective 1e terms).
See RESPAP. (default: 2.0 (FMO2) or 2.5 (FMO3))
RESDIM = cutoff for approximating the SCF energy by
electrostatic interaction (1e terms), see RESPAP.
This parameter must be nonzero for ab initio
electron correlation methods. RESDIM=0 disables
this approximation. (default: 2.0 (FMO2) or
RITRIM(1)+RITRIM(3) for FMO3 energy, 0 for FMO3
gradient)
RCORSD = cutoff that is compared to the distance between
two monomers and all dynamic electron correlation
during the dimer run is turned off if the
distance is larger than this cutoff. RCORSD must
be less than or equal to RESDIM and it affects
only MP2, CC, CI, and TDDFT.

Input Description

$FMO

2-330

(default: 2.0 (FMO2), RITRIM(1)+RITRIM(4) for

FMO3 energy, 0 for FMO3 gradient)
RITRIM = an array of 4 thresholds determining neglect of
3-body terms (FMO3 only). The first three are for
uncorrelated trimers and the exact definition can
be found in the source code. The fourth one
neglects correlated trimers with the separation
larger than the threshold value. RITRIM(4) should
not exceed RITRIM(3).
(default: 1.25,-1.0,2.0,2.0, which corresponds to
the medium accuracy with medium basis sets, see
REFS.DOC).
SCREEN

= an array of two elements, alpha and beta, giving

the exponent and the multiplicative factor
defining the damping function
1-beta*exp(-alpha*R**2).
This damping function is used to screen the
potential due to point charges of bond detached
atoms and it can only be applied for RESPPC=-1,
i.e., when ESP is approximated by point charges.
Default: 0,0 (no screening). Other sensible
values are 1,1.

ORSHFT = orbital shift, the universal constant that

multiplies all projection operators. The value of
1e+8 was sometimes erroneously quoted instead of
the actual value of 1e+6 in some FMO publications.
(default: 1e+6).
MAXKND = the maximum number of hybrid orbital sets (one set
is given for each basis set located at the atoms
where bonds are detached). See also $FMOHYB.
(default: 10)
MAXCAO = the maximum number of hybrid orbitals in an LMO
set. (default: 5)
MAXBND = the maximum number of detached bonds.
(default: NFG*2+1)
==========================================================

Input Description

$FMOPRP

2-331

==========================================================

$FMOPRP

group

(optional for FMO runs)

Options setting up SCF convergers, parallelization and

properties are given here.
I. Parameters for SCF convergers and initial guess
MAXIT

= the maximum number of monomer SCF iterations.

(default 30)

CONV

= monomer SCF energy convergence criterion.

It is considered necessary to set CONV in $SCF to
a value less or equal to the CONV in $FMO.
Usually 1e-7 works well, but for poorly converging
monomer SCF (frequently seen with DFT) one order,
smaller value for CONV in $SCF is recommended,
(1e-7 in $FMO and 1e-8 in $SCF) (default: 1e-7).

NGUESS = controls initial guess (cumulative options, add

all options desired) (default=2):
1 run free monomer SCF
2 if set, dimer density/orbitals are constructed
from the "sum" of monomer quantities, otherwise
Huckel guess will be used for dimers,
and the same applies to trimers.
4 insert HMO projection operator in Huckel guess
8 apply dimer HO projection to dimer initial guess
16 do RHF for each dimer and trimer, then run DFT.
128 do not use orbitals from the previous geometry
during geometry optimization. This is mostly
useful for multilayer optimizations, when this
choice must always be set if basis sets differ.
256 if SCF does not converge, try the alternative
converger (flip between SOSCF and DIIS).
If 2048 is not added, the alternative converger
will start up with the final orbitals of the
unconverged SCF.
512 reorder initial orbitals manually using $GUESS
options (IORDER), applies to MCSCF layers only.
2048 a modifier of 256 - when both 256 and 2048 are
set, the alternative converger will use the
same initial set of initial orbitals as the

Input Description

$FMOPRP

2-332

unconverged SCF.
IJVEC

= Index array enabling reading $VEC inputs defining

initial orbitals for individual n-mer runs.
This consists of quintuplets:
ifg1,jfg1,kfg1,ilay1,norb1, ifg2,jfg2, ...
The first pair indexes $VEC1 with ifg1,jfg1,kfg1
for layer ilay1 expecting norb1 MOs.
The second quintuplet handles $VEC2 etc.
ifg,0,0,ilay1,norb1 is used for monomer IFG,
ifg,jfg,0,ilay1,norb1 is used for dimer IFG,JFG.
ifg equal to 0 in a quintuplet ends the list.
$VEC groups must be used consequently from $VEC1.
(default: all 0s; at most 100 can be given)

MODORB = controls whether orbitals and energies are

exchanged between fragments (additive options).
1 exchange orbitals if set, otherwise densities
2 exchange energies
DFT, ROHF, UHF and MCSCF, SCZV and PIEDA require
MODORB=3. MODORB=3 is in general more robust,
because it provides a better initial guess.
(Default: 0 for RHF, 3 for DFT/ROHF/UHF/MCSCF.)
MCONV

= an array specifying SCF convergers for each FMO

step. Individually (MCONV(2) is for monomers,
MCONV(4) for dimers, MCONV(9) for trimers). Each
array element is set to A1+A2+A3, where A1
determines SCF and A2 MCSCF convergers, and A3 is
the direct/conventional bit common for all SCF
methods. MCONV is an additive option:
A1(SCF):
A2(MCSCF):
A3(direct)
1 EXTRAP
1024 FOCAS
256 FDIFF
2 DAMPH
2048 SOSCF
512 DIRSCF
4 VSHIFT
4096 DROPC
8 RSTRCT
8192 CANONC
16 DIIS
16384 FCORE
32 DEM
32768 FORS
64 SOSCF
65536 n/a
128 LOCOPT
131072 EKT
262144 LINSER
524288 JACOBI
1048576 QUD
There are some limitations on joint usage for each
that can be understood from $SCF or $MCSCF.

Input Description

$FMOPRP

2-333

If set to -1, the defaults given in $SCF or $MCSCF

are used. See MCONFG. (default: all -1's).
MCONFG = an array specifying SCF convergers for each
fragment during the monomer SCF runs. The value -1
means use the default (defined by MCONV).
The priority in which convergers are chosen is:
MCONFG (highest), if not defined MCONV,
if not defined, $SCF (lowest).
This option is useful in case of poor convergence
caused by charge fluctuations and SCF converger
problems in particular, SOSCF instability for poor
initial guess. Default: all -1.
ESPSCA = scale factors for up to nine initial monomer SCF
iterations. ESPs will be multiplied by these
factors, to soften the effect of environment and
help convergence. At most nine factors can be
defined. (default: all 1.0's)
CNVDMP = damping of SCF convergence, that is, loosen
convergence during the initial monomer SCF
iterations to gain speed. CONV in $SCF and ITOL
and ICUT in $CONTRL are modified.
CONV is set roughly to min(DE/CNVDMP,1e-4), where
DE is the convergence in energy at the given
monomer SCF iteration. It is guaranteed that
CONV,ITOL and ICUT at the end will be set to the
values given in $SCF. Damping is disabled if
CNVDMP is 0. Reasonable values are 10-100.
Care should be taken for restart jobs: since
restart jobs do not know how well FMO converged,
restart jobs start out at the same rough values as
nonrestart jobs, if CNVDMP is used. Therefore for
restart jobs either set CNVDMP appropriately for
the restart (i.e., normally 10-100 times larger
than for the original run) or turn this option
off, otherwise regressive convergence can incur
additional iterations (default: 0).
COROFF = parameter turning off DFT in initial monomer SCF,
similar to SWOFF. COROFF is used during monomer
SCF, and it turns off DFT until monomer energies
converge to this threshold. If COROFF is nonzero,
SWOFF is ignored during monomer SCF, but is used

Input Description

$FMOPRP

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for dimers and trimer iterations. Setting

COROFF=1e-3 and SWOFF=0 usually produces good DFT
convergence. COROFF may be thought as a macroanalogue of SWOFF. If monomer SCF converges poorly
(>25 iterations), it is also recommended to raise
CONV in $SCF to 1e-8 (if CONV in $FMO is 1e-7).
Default:1.0E-3 (0.0 skips this option).
NPCMIT = the maximum number of FMO/PCM[m] iterations,
applicable to m>1 only (for m=1, $FMOPRP MAXIT is
used). NPCMIT=2 can be thought as having special
meaning: it is used to define FMO/PCM[l(m)] runs
by forcing the FMO/PCM loop run only twice, which
corresponds to determining PCM charges during the
first iteration (and the m-body level) and then
using them during the second iteration (l-body).
For FMO/PCM[l(m)] only l=1 is implemented and "m"
is given in $PCM IFMO. Default: 30.
CNVPCM = convergence threshold for FMO/PCM[m] iterations,
applicable to m>1 only (for m=1, $FMOPRP CONV is
used). CNVPCM is applied to the total FMO energy
Default: 1.0D-07 Hartree.
PCMOFF = parameter turning PCM off in initial monomer SCF
iterations, analogous to COROFF. PCM is turned
off, until convergence reaches PCMOFF. PCMOFF=0
disables this feature. Default: 0.0
NCVSCF = an array of 2 elements to alter SCF convergers.
After NCVSCF(1) monomer SCF iterations the SCF
converger will switch between SOSCF <-> FULLNR.
This option is useful in converging difficult
cases in the following way:
$SCF diis=.t. soscf=.f. $end
$FMOPRP NCVSCF(1)=2 mconv(4)=65 $end
This results in the initial 2 monomer SCF
iterations being done with DIIS, then a switch to
SOSCF occurs. mconv(4)=65 switches to SOSCF for
dimers.
Note that NCVSCF(1) will only overwrite MCONV, but
not MCONFG. The SCF converger in MCONV(2) will be
enforced after NCVSCF(2) monomer SCF iterations,
overwriting MCONFG as well. This is useful for
the most obnoxiously converging cases. See other

Input Description

$FMOPRP

2-335

FMO documentation.
Default: 9999,9999 (which means do not use).
NAODIR = a parameter to decide whether to enforce DIRSCF.
Useful for incore integral runs in parallel.
NAODIR is the number of AO orbitals that is
expected to produce 100,000,000 non-zero
integrals. Using this and assuming NAO**3.5
dependence, the program will then guess how many
integrals will each n-mer have and whether they
will fit into the available memory. If they are
determined not to fit, DIRSCF will be set true.
This option overwrites MCONV but not MCONFG.
If set to 0, then the default in-core integral
strategy is used. (default=0)
VDWRAD = array of van der Waals radii in Angstrom, one for
each atom in the periodic table. Reasonable values
are set only for a few light atoms and otherwise a
value of 2.5 is used. VDWRAD values are used only
to compute distance between fragments and thus
somewhat affect all distance-based approximations.
II. Parameters defining parallel execution
MODPAR = parallel options (additive options)
(default: 13, which is 1+4+8)
1 turns on/off heavy job first strategy (reduces
waiting on remaining jobs at barrier points)
(see also 8)
4 broadcast all fragments done by a group at once
rather than fragment by fragment.
8 alters the behavior of fragment initialixation:
if set, fragments are always done in the reverse
order (nfg, nfg-1, ...1) because distance
calculation costs decrease in the same order and
they usually prevail over making Huckel orbitals
or running free monomer SCF. Note that during
SCC (monomer SCF) iterations the order in which
monomers are done is determined by MODPAR=1.
16 if set, hybrid orbital projectors will not be
parallelized (may be useful on slow networks)
32 reserved
64 Broadcast F40 for FMO restarts. F40 should only

Input Description

$FMOPRP

2-336

be precopied to the grand master scratch

directory and it should NOT exist on all slaves.
256 Replace I/O to fragment density file by
parallel broadcasts from group masters
512 Use DDI memory to store fragment densities
during the monomer step, using supervector
(smallest memory).
1024 Use DDI memory to store fragment densities
during the monomer step, using supervector
(smallest communications).
Only one option out of 512 and 1024 may be used.
NGRFMO = an array that sets the number of GDDI compute
groups during various stages of the calculation.
The first ten elements are used for layer 1, the
next 10 for layer 2, etc.
ngrfmo(1) monomer SCF
ngrfmo(2) dimers
ngrfmo(3) trimers
ngrfmo(4) correlated monomers
ngrfmo(5) separated dimers
ngrfmo(6) SCF monomers in FMO-MCSCF (MCSCF
monomer will be done with ngrfmo(1) groups)
ngrfmo(7) SCF dimers in FMO-MCSCF (MCSCF dimer
be done with ngrfmo(2) groups)
ngrfmo(8-10) reserved
If any of them is zero, the corresponding stage
runs with the previously defined number of groups.
If NGRFMO option is used, it is recommended to set
NGROUP in $GDDI to the total number of nodes.
(default: 0,0,0,0).
MANNOD = manually define node division into groups.
Contrary to MANNOD in $GDDI and here it is defined
for each FMO stage (see NGRFMO) in each layer.
If MANNOD values are set at all, it is required
that they be given corresponding to the first
nonzero NGRFMO value. The MANNOD values should be
given for each nonzero NGRFMO.
E.g. ngrfmo(1)=6,3,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0, 4,3
mannod(1)=4,2,2,2,2,2, 5,5,4, 4,4,3,3, 6,6,2
where 6 groups are defined for monomers in layer
1, then 3 for dimers in layer 1, and 4 and 3
groups for monomers and dimers in layer 2.

Input Description

$FMOPRP

2-337

(default: all -1 which means do not use).

Note that nodes with very large counts may be too large for
good scaling with certain kinds of FMO runs. Any such fat
nodes can be divided into "logical nodes" by using the
kickoff option :cpus= for TCP/IP, or DDI_LOGICAL_NODE_SIZE
for MPI runs. See the DDI instructions.
LOADBF = an array for semi-dynamic load balancing,
specifying the basis set sizes. If it is exceeded,
static load balancing is used. LOADBF has the same
structure as NGRFMO.
(Default: all 0's (disabling this feature).
LOADGR = an array for semi-dynamic load balancing,
specifying the group sizes to be used with LOADBF.
LOADGR has the same structure as NGRFMO.
LOADGR is normally used with MANNOD, because it is
only useful with uneven group sizes. The main
purpose is to handle cases when only a few very
large fragments are mixed with many small ones.
An example: LOADBF(1)=200,400 LOADGR(1)=1,4
NGRFMO(1)=3,5 MANNOD(1)=11,1,1, 3,3,3,3,1
Monomers whose size exceeds 200 basis functions
are executed on 1 group consisting of 11 nodes
with static load balancing. Other monomers are
computed on 2 groups consisting of 1 node with
dynamic load balancing. Dimers whose size exceeds
400 basis functions are executed on 4 groups
consisting of 3 nodes with static load balancing.
Other monomers are computed on 1 group consisting
of 1 node with dynamic load balancing.
Note that after finishing static work load, large
groups will join the dynamic load balancing pool.
(Default: all 0's (disabling this feature).
III. Orbital conversion
File F40 that contains orbital density can be manipulated
in some way to change the information stored in it without
running any FMO calculations. Such conversion requires
irest=2 and the basis sets in the input should define the
old (before conversion) format. The results will be stored
in F30. You should then rename it to F40 and use in a
consequent run (with irest>=2).

Input Description

$FMOPRP

2-338

Two basic conversion types are supported: A) changing RHF

into MCSCF and B) changing basis sets for RHF. RHF and
MCSCF use different stucture of the restart file (F40) and
therefore conversion is necessary.
For type A the following orbital reordering manipulation
before storing the results can be done, for example
$guess guess=modaf norder=1 iorder(28)=34,28
Type B is typically used for preparing good initial
orbitals for hard to converge cases. E.g., you can use
something like 6-21G to converge the orbitals and then
convert F40 to be used with 6-311G*. At present there is a
limitation that only density based (MODORB=0) files may be
converged, i.e. you cannot do it for DFT and MCSCF.
MAXAOC = The new (i.e., after conversion) maximum number of
AOs per fragment. If you don't know what it should
be you can run a CHECK job with the new basis set
and find the number in "Max AOs per frg:".
If this number is equal to the old value, then
type A is chosen.
IBFCON = the array giving pairs of the old and new numbers
of AOs for each atom in $DATA (type B only).
MAPCON = maps determining how to copy old orbitals into new
(type B only). See the example.
Example: $DATA contains only H and O (in this order), F40
was computed with 6-31G and you want to convert to 6-31G**.
One water per fragment.
MAXAOC=25
25=5*2+15=new basis size for 6-31G**
IBFCON(1)=2,5, 9,15
2 and 5 for H (6-31 and 6-31G**), 9 and 15 for O
MAPCON(1)=1,2,0,0,0,
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,0,0,0,0,0
Here we copy the two s functions of each H, and add p
polarization p to each H (3 0's), and similarly we copy
nine s,p functions for O, and add d polarization (6 0's)
In order to construct MAPCON, you should know in what order
Gaussian primitives are stored. The easiest way to learn

Input Description

$FMOPRP

2-339

this is to run a simple calculation and check the output

(SHELL information).
IV. Printing, properties, restart, and dimensions.
NPRINT = controls print-out (bit additive)
bits 1-2
0 normal output
1 reduced output (recommended for single points)
2 minimum output (recommended for MD)
4 print interfragment distances. Note: any of
RESPAP, RESPPC, or RESDIM must be non-zero or
otherwise nothing will be printed. If you only
want the distances but no approximations, set
the thresholds to huge values, e.g. resdim=1000.
8 print Mulliken charges.
Note: RESPPC must be set (non-zero), see above.
16 special test run to check for errors in $FMOBND.
32 increase the print-out/punch-out level a) on the
last SCC iteration for monomers and b) for all
dimers/trimers. It can be employed to plot
fragment MOs while using $CONTRL NPRINT=-5 to
reduce monomer output.
64 print atomic coordinates for each fragment.
128 skip printing ES dimer energies during their
calculation (but a summary will list them).
Note that choosing 128+2 will reduce the
NFG^2 memory requirement for DFTB in half.
PRTDST = array of four print-out thresholds:
1. print all pairs of fragments separated by less
than PRTDST(1).
2. print a warning if two fragments are closer
than PRTDST(2), intended mostly to monitor
suspicious geometries during optimization.
3. print a warning if two fragments are closer
than PRTDST(3) and have no detached bond between
them, intended to check input.
PRTDST(3) values should slightly exceed the
longest detached bond in the system.
4. PRTDST(4) has a completely different meaning.
In the summary of pair interactions, only those
values will be printed, which are larger than
PRTDST(4), in the units of kcal/mol.
Using zero for PRTDST(1) and PRTDST(2) turns them

Input Description

$FMOPRP

2-340

off. Similarly, use PRTDST(3)=-1 to turn it off.

PRTDST has no units, as it applies to unitless FMO
distances (e.g., 0.5 means half the sum of van der
Waals radii for the closest pair of atoms).
(default: 0.0, 0.5, 0.6, 0.0)
IREST

= restart level (to use it, you must copy .F40.000

to the scratch disk of either the first node only
(if MODPAR=64) or all nodes (otherwise).
Multilayer FMO can be restarted if either all
layers use the same basis set or if you save
the .F40.000 file for layer 1 and use it for the
same layer.
0 no restart
2 restart monomer SCF (SCC).
4 restart dimers. Requires monomer energies be
given in $FMOENM. Some or no dimer energies
may also be given in $FMOEND, in which case
those dimers with energies will not be run.
Usually the only property that can be obtained
with IREST=4 is the energy. The only exception
is: a) 1024 was added to IREST when monomer SCF
was run and b) property restart files (*.F38*)
from each node were saved and copied to the
scratch directory for the IREST=1028 job. If
these two conditions are met, gradient and ES
moments can be restarted with IREST=1028.
1024 write property restart files during monomer SCF
and/or use them to restart gradient and/or ES
moments. No other property may be restarted.
Note that monomer restarts (irest=2) do not need adding
1024, as the properties are recomputed. 1024 should only
be used for IREST=4 (or for IREST=0 to save restart data).
MODPRP = some extra FMO properties (bit additive)
Default: 0.
1 total electron density (AO-basis matrix, written
to F10: useful to create initial orbitals for ab
initio).
2 reserved.
4 electron density on a grid.
8 if set, the grid output is a "sparse cube
file", otherwise a "Gaussian cube file".
16 automatically generate grid for modprp = 4 or 8.
32 molecular electrostatic potential on a grid.

Input Description

$FMOPRP

2-341

Only one bit out of 4 and 8 may be set.

Default: 0.
NGRID

= three integers, giving the number of 3D grid

points for monomers with NOPFRG=4 in x,y and z
directions (default 0,0,0).

GRDPAD = Grid padding. Contributions to density on grid

will be restricted to the box surrounding an n-mer
with each atom represented by a sphere of GRDPAD
vdW radii. In general the finer effects one is
interested in, the larger GRDPAD should be. For
example, if one plots not density, but density
differences and a very small cutoff is used, then
a larger value of GRDPAD (2.5 or 3.0) may be
preferred.
Default: 2.0.
IMECT

= The partitioning method for the interfragment

charge transfer (computed from Mulliken charges).
IMECT pertains only to those dimers between which
a bond is detached.
IMECT=0,1,2,3,4 are supported (see source code).
(default: 4)
V. Interaction analysis (PIEDA)

IPIEDA = 0 skip the analysis (default)

1 perform brief PL-state analysis (FMO pair
interactions)
2 perform full PL-state analysis with the PL0state data.
PCM may be used with IPIEDA=0 or 1.
N0BDA

= gives the number of detached bonds. This

parameter should be set to a nonzero value only in
runs that produce BDA pair energies. (default: 0)

R0BDA

= array of the detached bond lengths, whose number

is N0BDA. R0BDA must be given if E0BDA is used.

E0BDA

= the array of BDA pair energies, whose number is

N0BDA*4.

EFMO0

= the array of the free state fragment energies,

Input Description

$FMOPRP

2-342

first NFRAG correlated, then NFRAG uncorrelated

values.
EPL0DS = monomer polarization energies, first NFRAG values
of PL0d, then NFRAG values of PL0s, then NFRAG
values of PL0DI.
EINT0

= the total components for the PL0 state:

ES0, EX0, CT+mix0, DI0.

None of the PIEDA input values (except IPIEDA) are to be

manually prepared, all should come from the punch file of
preceeding calculations.
The brief order of IPIEDA=2 execution is:
1. run FMO0.
2. compute BDA energies (if detached bonds are present),
using sample files in tools/fmo/pieda. To do this, one
needs only R0BDA for a given system. R0BDA is punched by
any FMO run at the very beginning, so NBODY=0 type of run
might be used to generate it.
3. The results of (1) are EFMO0; the results of (2) are
E0BDA; use them to run PL0, whose results will be EPL0DS
and EINT0.
4. Run PL with the results of (1),(2) and (3).
The alternative is to run IPIEDA=1, which requires none of
the above data, but it will use E0BDA is available.
==========================================================

Input Description

$FMOXYZ

2-343

==========================================================

$FMOXYZ

group

(given for FMO runs)

This group provides an analog of $DATA for $FMO, except

that no explicit basis set is given here. For DFTB and
FMO/MM runs see notes at the end of this subsection - these
runs have some specific requirements. $FMOXYZ contains any
number of lines of the following type:
A.N Q X Y Z
A is the dummy name of an atom.
N is an optional basis set number (if omitted, it will be
set to 1). N is intended for mixed basis set runs, for
example, if you want to put diffuse functions on carboxyl
groups.
Q is the atomic charge.
Z is the integer atomic charge.
X, Y and Z are Cartesian coordinates. These obey UNITS
given in $CONTRL.
There is no default, this group must always be given for
FMO runs. Alternatively, you may use the chemical symbol
instead of Q. Note that "A" is ignored in all cases, but
must be given.
Here is how $DATA is used in FMO:
Each atom given in $DATA defines the basis set for that
atom type, entirely omitting Cartesian coordinates (which
are in $FMOXYZ). There are two ways to input basis sets in
FMO.
I. easy!
This works only if you want to use the same built-in basis
set for all atoms. It is possible to use EXTFIL as usual
for externally defined basis sets.
1. Define $BASIS as usual
2. Put each atom type in $DATA, e.g. for (H2O)2,
$DATA
H2O
C1 ! FMO does not support symmetry, so always use C1

Input Description

$FMOXYZ

2-344

H 1
O 8
$end
II. advanced.
This allows you to mix basis sets, have multiple layers or
a non-standard without involving EXTFIL.
1. Do not define $BASIS.
2. Put each atom type in $DATA, followed by basis set,
either explicit or built in.
The names of atoms in $DATA have the following format,
where brackets indicate optional parameters:
S[.N][-L]
N and L may be omitted (taking the default value of 1),
S is the atom name (discarded upon reading),
N is the basis set ordinal number,
L is the layer.
S[.N][-L] may not exceed 8 characters.
Example: 2-layer water dimer. In the first layer, you want
to use STO-3G for the first molecule and your own basis set
for the second. In the second layer, you want to use 6-31G
and 6-31G* for the first and second molecules,
respectively.
$DATA
water dimer (H2O)2
C1
H-1 1
! explanation: layer 1, basis 1 (STO-3G) for Hydr.
sto 3
O-1 8
sto 3

! explanation: layer 1, basis 1 (STO-3G) for Oxygen

H.2-1 1 ! layer 1, basis 2 (manual) for hydrogen

s 1 ; 1 2.0 1
O.2-1 8 ! explanation: layer 1, basis 2 (manual) for Oxygen
s 2
1 100.0 0.8
2 10.0 0.6
l 1

Input Description

$FMOXYZ

2-345

1 5.0 1 1
H-2 1
n31 6

! explanation: layer 2, basis 1 (6-31G) for Hydr.

O-2 8
n31 6

! explanation: layer 2, basis 1 (6-31G) for Oxygen

H.2-2 1 ! layer 2, basis 2 (6-31G* = 6-31G) for Hydrogen

n31 6
O.2-2 8 ! explanation: layer 2, basis 2 (6-31G*) for Oxygen
n31 6
d 1 ; 1 0.8 1
$end
Your $FMOXYZ matching this $DATA will then look as follows:
$FMOXYZ
O 8 x y z
H 1 x y z
H 1 x y z
O.2 8 x y z
H.2 1 x y z
H.2 1 x y z
$END
Note that if you define mixed basis sets for the atoms
where bond detachment occurs (do not do this for basis sets
with diffuse functions), then you should provide all
required sets in $FMOHYB as well, and define $FMOBND
properly.
For DFTB, atom names used in $FMOXYZ should match the usage
in other places, such as $DFTBSK.
For FMO-based IMOMM (FMO/MM) atomic coordinates are given
in $TINXYZ rather than in $FMOXYZ! There are no FMOspecific options to turn on FMO/MM (use the same style as
for regular SIMOMM, complemented by FMO groups).
==========================================================

Input Description

$OPTFMO

2-346

==========================================================

$OPTFMO

group

(relevant if RUNTYP=OPTFMO)

This group controls the search for stationary points

using optimizers developed for the Fragment Molecular
Orbital (FMO) method. There is no restriction on the number
of atoms in the molecule, whereas optimising FMO with
standard optimizers (RUNTYP=OPTIMIZE) has a restriction to
2000 atoms (unless you rebuild your GAMESS appropriately).
OPTFMO runs may be restarted by providing the updated
coordinates in $FMOXYZ and, optionally, optimization
restart data (punched out for each step) in $OPTRST (the
data differs for each method).
METHOD = optimization method
STEEP steepest descent
CG
conjugate gradient
BFGSL approximate BFGS numeric updates of the
inverse Hessian, that do not require
explicitly storing that matrix.
HSSUPD numeric updates of the inverse Hessian
Default: HSSUPD.
HESS

= initial inverse Hessian for METHOD=HSSUPD

GUESS diagonal guess of 3
READ read from F38 (advanced option)
Default: GUESS.

UPDATE = inverse Hessian update scheme for METHOD=HSSUPD

BFGS Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno
DFP Davidon-Fletcher-Powell
Default: BFGS.
OPTTOL = gradient convergence tolerance, in Hartree/Bohr.
Convergence of a geometry search requires the
largest component of the gradient to be less
than OPTTOL, and the root mean square gradient
less than 1/3 of OPTTOL. (default=0.0001)
NSTEP

= maximum number of steps to take. Restart data

are punched at each step. (default=200)

IFREEZ = array of coords to freeze during optimization.

Input Description

$OPTFMO

2-347

The usage is the same as for the similar option in

$STATPT.
IACTAT = array of active (not frozen) atoms in geometry
optimizations, see $STATPT for its description.
STEP

= initial step factor. This multiplies the gradient

to prevent large steps. The values of 0.1-0.2 are
considered useful in the vicinity of minimum, and
0.5-1.0 is probably OK at the start. (default: 1)

STPMIN = the minimum permitted value of dynamically chosen

STEP size (see STPFAC). (default: 0)
STPMAX = the maximum permitted value of dynamically chosen
STEP size (see STPFAC). (default: 1)
STPFAC = Dynamic adjustment of STEP. If the energy goes
down considerably, the new STEP is set to the old
STEP multiplied by 1/STPFAC, if the energy goes up
significantly, STEP is set to STEP*STPFAC, both
constrained by STPMIN and STPMAX. The default is
1, which means do not use dynamic adjustment. The
value 0.9 may be useful if dynamically adjusted
steps are desired.
==========================================================

Input Description

$FMOLMO

2-348

==========================================================

$FMOHYB

group
(optional, for FMO runs)
(this group was previously known as $FMOLMO)

Hybrid orbitals are used to describe bond detachment when

dividing a molecule into fragments. These are the familiar
sp3 orbitals for C, plus the 1s core orbital. One set is
given for each basis set used. The number of basis
functions L1 (see below) should match your basis set(s).
This group is not required if no detached bonds are
present, for example in water clusters, where the FMO
boundaries do not detach bonds. FMO/AFO also does not use
$FMOHYB and this group may be omitted.
Format:
NAM1 L1 M1
I1,1 J1,1 C1,1 C2,1 C3,1 ... CL1,1
...
I1,M1 J1,M1 C1,M1 C2,M1 C3,M1 ... CL1,M1
NAM2 L2 M2
I2,1 J2,1 C1,1 C2,1 C3,1 ... CL1,1
...
I2,M2 J2,M2 C1,M2 C2,M2 C3,M2 ... CL2,M2
where NAM are set names (up to 8 characters long), L1 is
the basis set size, M1 is the number of hybrid orbitals in
this set.
Ci,j are LCAO coefficients (i is AO, j is MO) so it is the
transposed matrix of what is usually considered. Ii,j and
Ji,j are bond assignment numbers, defining to which side
the corresponding projection operator is added. Usually
one of each pair of I and J is 1, and the other 0.
(default: nothing, that is, no detached bonds).
Orbitals to be put into $FMOHYB are provided for many
common basis sets (see gamess/tools/fmo/HMO).
==========================================================

Input Description

$FMOBND

2-349

==========================================================

$FMOBND

group

(optional, for FMO runs)

The atom indices involved in the bond detachment are given,

in pairs for each bond. Bonds are always detached between
fragments, layers in multilayer FMO are defined fragmentwise, i.e., whole fragments are assigned to layers.
-I1 J1 NAM1,1 NAM1,2 ... NAM1,n ICH1 IMUL1
-I2 J2 NAM2,1 NAM2,2 ... NAM2,n ICH2 IMUL2...
I and J are positive integers giving absolute atom indices.
NAMs are hybrid orbital set names, defined in $FMOHYB.
Each line is allowed to have different set of NAMs, which
can happen if different type of bonds are detached, for
example, one line describing C-C bond and another C-N.
Every bond given is detached in such a way that the I-atom
will get nothing of it, effectively remove one electron
(1/2 of a single covalent bond) from its fragment. The Jatom will get all of the bond and thus adds one electron to
its fragment (e.g., formally heterolytic assignment,
although in practice all electrons remain through the
Coulomb field). The number 'n' above is the number of
layers.
ICH and IMUL are ignored in FMO/HOP. For FMO/AFO, they
define the charge and multiplicity of the model system
constructed for the given bond (both 0 by default). IMUL
follows the same rules and in $CONTRL. In FMO/AFO any name
should be used in place of NAM as NONE, if ICH or MUL
should be specified, otherwise only -I and J may be given
(i.e., omitting NAM, ICH and MUL).
(default: nothing, that is, no detached bonds).
Example, for a two-layer run with STO-3G and 6-31G* in the
first and second layers, respectively.
$FMOBND
-10 15 STO-3G 6-31G*
-20 27 STO-3G 6-31G*
$END
==========================================================

Input Description

$FMOEFP

2-350

==========================================================
$FMOEFP group

(optional, for FMO runs)

This group is used to specify some parameters for FMO/EFP

including interaction energy analysis (IEA) of solutesolvent interactions.
NLEVEL = chooses the physical model of FMO/EFP,
= 0: do not use EFP even if they are defined in
the input file.
= 1: subsystem-specific FMO/EFP (T. Nagata et al.,
J.Chem.Phys. 134, 034110, 2011)
= 2: monomer-concerted FMO/EFP (T. Nagata et al.,
J. Phys. Chem. A, 116, 9088-9099, 2012).
Default: 1 if any EFP is present, and 0 otherwise.
NLEVEL=2 is an approximation to NLEVEL=1. Subsystemspecific means that the EFP polarization is evaluated for
each monomer and dimer separately. Monomer-concerted means
that the polarization is evaluated once for the total
electrostatic field of all FMO (and EFP) fragments (i.e.,
monomers). The monomer-concerted treatment is somewhat
like FMO/PCM[1], where EFP is treated analogously to PCM in
the way of doing it once for the total field. Then the
induced dipoles on EFP are fixed and used to evalute the
polarization energy of FMO dimers.
IEACAL = controls IEA runs
= 0: do not do IEA (default)
= -1: original version (JPC-A 116,9088(2012))
= 1: run IEA (newer version)
IEACAL=-1 and 1 differ only for IEA with IEABDY=2,
in the dimer polarization terms (factor of 2).
ITRLVL = extract polarization contributions in IEA
= 0: do usual SCC iterations (default)
= 1: extract ES0 contributions using free state
densities
= 2: calculate ES using densities of the solute
(PL?) state
IEABDY = do IEA up to n-mers, for example, IEABDY=2 means

Input Description

$FMOEFP

do IEA up to dimers in FMO.

NPRIEA =
=
=
=
=
=

2-351
(default=2)

bit-additive print-out options for IEA

0: no additional print-out (default)
1: print contribution of all EFPs to each FMO
2: print contribution of all EFPs to each FMO atom
4: print individual FMO fragments/EFP fragments
8: print contributions for EFP points/FMO atoms

IPFMO = an array of the size of the number of FMO

fragments, giving a list of FMO fragments
for which IEA is done.
Default: 1, 2, 3, ... (all FMO fragments)
IPEFP = an array of the size of the number of EFP
fragments, giving a list of EFP fragments
for which IEA is done.
Default: 1, 2, 3, ... (all EFP fragments)
==========================================================

Input Description

$FMOENM $FMOEND $OPTRST

2-352

==========================================================

$FMOENM

group

(optional, for FMO runs)

This group defines monomer energies for restart jobs. The

group should be taken from a previous run.
The format is IFG and ILAY, followed by 4 monomer energies,
of which only the first two are used (noncorrelated and
correlated).
IFG is the fragment number and ILAY is the layer number.
This group is required for FMO restarts IREST=4.
==========================================================

$FMOEND

group

(optional, for FMO runs)

Dimer energies for restart jobs. The group should be taken

from a previous run.
The format is IFG, JFG and ILAY, followed by 2 dimer
energies, (E'IJ and Tr(deltaDIJ*VIJ)). IFG and JFG describe
the dimer and ILAY is the layer number.
This group is optional for FMO restarts IREST=4 and is
otherwise ignored. Note that for parallel restarts,
$FMOEND inputs from all nodes should be collected and
merged into one group.
==========================================================

$OPTRST

group

(optional, for RUNTYP=OPTFMO)

Restart data for FMO geometry optimizations. The data

inside vary for each optimization method, and are supposed
to be taken from a previous run (from the punch file).
==========================================================

Input Description

$GDDI

2-353

==========================================================

$GDDI

group

(parallel runs only)

This group controls the partitioning of a large set of

processors into sub-groups of processors, each of which
might compute separate quantum chemistry tasks. If there
is more than one processor in a group, the task assigned to
that group will run in parallel within that processor
group. Note that the implementation of groups in DDI
requires that the group boundaries be on SMP nodes, not
individual processor cores.
For example, the FMO method can farm out its different
monomer or dimer computations to different processor
subgroups. This is advantageous, as the monomers are
fairly small, and therefore do not scale to very many
processors. However, the monomer, dimer, and maybe trimer
calculations are very numerous, and can be farmed out on a
large parallel system.
At present, only a few procedures in GAMESS can
utilize processor groups, namely
a) the FMO method which breaks large calculations into
many small ones,
b) VSCF, which has to evaluate the energy at many
geometries,
c) numerical derivatives which do the same calculation
at many geometries (for gradients, see NUMGRD in $CONTRL,
for hessians, see HESS=SEMINUM/FULLNUM in $FORCE),
d) replica-exchange MD (see REMD in $MD).
NGROUP = the number of groups in GDDI. Default is 0 which
means standard DDI (all processes in one group).
PAROUT = flag to create punch and log files for all nodes.
If set to .false, these files are only opened on
group masters.
BALTYP = load balancing at the group level, otherwise
similar to the one in $SYSTEM. BALTYP in $SYSTEM
is used for intragroup load balancing and the one
in $GDDI for intergroup. It applies only to FMO

Input Description
runs.

$GDDI

2-354

(default is DLB)

MANNOD = manual node division into groups. Subgroups must

split up on node boundaries (a node contains one
or more cores). Provide an array of node counts,
whose sum must equal the number of nodes fired up
when GAMESS is launched.
Note the distinction between nodes and cores, also
called processers, If you are using six quad-core
nodes, you might enter
NGROUP=3 MANNOD(1)=2,2,2
so that eight CPUs go into each subgroup.
If MANNOD is not given (the most common case), the
NGROUP groups are chosen to have equal numbers of
nodes in them. For example, a 8 node run that
asks for NGROUP=3 will set up 3,3,2 nodes/group.
Note that nodes with very large core counts may be too
large for good scaling with certain kinds of subgroup runs.
Any such 'fat' nodes can be divided into "logical nodes" by
using the kickoff option :cpus= for TCP/IP-based runs, or
the environmental variable DDI_LOGICAL_NODE_SIZE for MPIbased runs. See the DDI instructions.
Note on memory usage in GDDI: Distributed memory MEMDDI is
allocated globally, MEMDDI/p words per computing process,
where p is the total number of processors. This means an
individual subgroup has access to MANNOD(i)*ncores*MEMDDI/p
words of distributed memory. Thus, if you use groups of
various sizes, each group will have different amounts of
distributed memory (which can be desirable if you have
fragments of various sizes in FMO).
===========================================================

Input Description

$ELG

2-355

===========================================================

$ELG

group

(polymer elongation calculation)

This group of parameters provides control of elongation

calculations, which steadily increase the size of aperiodic
polymers, by adding attacking monomers to the end of an
existing chain. The existing chain consists of two parts:
an A region, with a frozen electron density, farthest from
the new monomer, and a B region at whose end the monomer
attacks. The wavefunction of the B region and the new
monomer are optimized quantum mechanically. Disk files
containing integrals and/or wavefunction information must
be saved from one elongation run to the next.
A large number of examples are provided with the source
code distribution, see ~/gamess/tools/elg for this, perhaps
starting with the (gly)5, (gly)6, (gly)7 examples. See the
literature cited below for more help.
NELONG = a flag to activate an elongation calculation,
0 means normal GAMESS run (default)
1 same as 0 but without reorientation of geometry
2 means elongation starting cluster calculation,
this initiates a chain's A and B regions.
3 implies the monomer elongation of the chain.
NATM

= NUMBER OF ATOMS IN A-REGION

Coordinates of the A-region atoms must be listed
at the beginning of the input geometry in $DATA

NASPIN = multiplicity of the A-region

NTMLB

= NUMBER OF TERMINAL ATOMS IN B-REGION

NCT

= CONTROLLER FOR AO-CUT

0 means no AO-cut
1 means AO-cut activated

IPRI

= PRINT LEVEL
0 minimum printing (default)
3 debugging printing

LDOS

= LOCAL DENSITY OF STATES CALCULATION

Input Description

$ELG

2-356

0 means no LDOS calculation

1 means LDOS calculation
I2EA

= READ-IN 2E-INTEGRALS FOR A-REGION

0 means A-region 2e-integrals are recalculated
1 means A-region 2e-integrals are read from a
previous calculation

ATOB

= Flag to shift one unpaired electron to the A- or

the B-region, for covalently bonded A and B.
.TRUE. means shift one electron to B-region
.FALSE. means shift one electron to A-region

For more information on this method, see

A.Imamura, Y.Aoki, K.Maekawa
J.Chem.Phys. 95, 5419-5431(1991)
Y.Aoki, A.Imamura J.Chem.Phys. 97, 8432-8440(1992)
Y.Aoki, S.Suhai, A.Imamura
Int.J.Quantum Chem. 52, 267-280(1994)
Y.Aoki, S.Suhai, A.Imamura
J.Chem.Phys. 101, 10808-10823(1994)
and particularly the new implementation described in
"Application of the elongation method to nonlinear optical
properties: finite field approach for calculating static
electric (hyper)polarizabilities"
F.L.Gu, Y.Aoki, A.Imamura, D.M.Bishop, B.Kirtman
Mol.Phys. 101, 1487-1494(2003)
"A new localization scheme for the elongation method"
F.L.Gu, Y.Aoiki, J.Korchowiec, A.Imamura, B.Kirtman
J.Chem.Phys. 121, 10385-10391(2004)
"Elongation method with cutoff technique for linear SCF
scaling"
J.Korchowiec, F.L.Gu, A.Imamura, B.Kirtman, Y.Aoki
Int.J.Quantum Chem. 102, 785-794(2005)
"Elongation method at Restricted Open-Shell Hartree-Fock
level of theory"
J.Korchowiec, F.L.Gu, Y.Aoki
Int.J.Quantum Chem. 105, 875-882(2005)
==========================================================

Input Description

$DANDC

2-357

==========================================================

$DANDC

group

(optional, relevant if SCFTYP=RHF or UHF)

This group controls the divide-and-conquer (DC) SCF

calculations, in which the total 1-electron density matrix
is obtained as sum of subsystem density matrices. In this
calculation, the total system is partitioned into several
disjoint subsystems (central regions). A subsystem density
matrix is expanded by bases in the central region and its
neighboring environmental region (buffer).
The present implementation allows energy and analytic
nuclear gradients, for HF, DFT, and semi-empirical runs,
for SCFTYP=RHF or UHF only. The discrete EFP and various
continuum solvation models are available. DC correlation
energies are also available for either MP2 and CC, see
$DCCORR, without nuclear gradients. Dynamic and static
polarizabilities (but no hyperpolarizabilities) based on
DC-HF are available by specifying RUNTYP=TDHF (not TDHFX).
The initial guess is given by a density matrix, not
orbitals. The only available options are GUESS=HUCKEL,
HCORE, HUCSUB, DMREAD, and MOREAD (the latter means
orbitals for the entire system).
For a review paper on Divide-and-Conquer in GAMESS:
M.Kobayashi, H.Nakai
in Linear-Scaling Techniques in Computational
Chemistry and Physics: Methods and Applications
(Springer), Chap. 5 (2011)
For more information on the DC-SCF method, see
W.Yang, T.-S.Lee
J.Chem.Phys. 103, 5674-5678(1995)
T.Akama, M.Kobayashi, H.Nakai
J.Comput.Chem. 28, 2003-2012(2007)
T.Akama, A.Fujii, M.Kobayashi, H.Nakai
Mol.Phys. 105, 2799-2804(2007)
T.Akama, M.Kobayashi, H.Nakai
Int.J.Quant.Chem. 109, 2706-2713(2009)
M.Kobayashi, T.Yoshikawa, H.Nakai
Chem.Phys.Lett. 500, 172-177(2010) [open-shell]
M.Kobayashi, T.Kunisada, T.Akama, D.Sakura, H.Nakai
J.Chem.Phys. 134, 034105/1-11(2011) [gradient]

Input Description

$DANDC

2-358

For more information on DC-MP2 and DC-CC, see

M.Kobayashi, Y.Imamura, H.Nakai
J.Chem.Phys. 127, 074103/1-7(2007)
M.Kobayashi, H.Nakai
J.Chem.Phys. 129, 044103/1-9(2008)
M.Kobayashi, H.Nakai
J.Chem.Phys. 131, 114108/1-9(2009)
M.Kobayashi, H.Nakai
Int.J.Quant.Chem. 109, 2227-2237(2009)
For more information on DC-TDHF polarizability, see
T.Touma, M.Kobayashi, H.Nakai
Chem.Phys.Lett. 485, 247-252(2010)
Of course, the trick to methods that divide up a large
problem into small ones is to control the errors that
result. A simple way to set up a DC-MP2 calculation is
with atomic partitions:
$contrl scftyp=rhf mplevl=2 runtyp=energy $end
$system mwords=25 $end
$scf
dirscf=.true. $end
$dandc dcflg=.true. subtyp=atom bufrad=8.0 $end
$dccorr dodccr=.true. rbufcr=5.0 $end
$guess guess=hucsub $end (if DC-SCF is used)
This leads to as many subsystems as there are atoms, with
the buffer region around the central atom being defined by
a radius. This input recognizes that exchange effects in
Hartree-Fock are longer range than correlation, and thus
uses dual level radii. It may be reasonable to simply do a
conventional and thus fully accurate SCF computation by
DCFLG=.FALSE., obtaining only the MP2 correlation energy by
the divide and conquer method. Faster run times may result
from other partitionings, such as manually dividing a
protein into subsystems containing a single amino acid.
DCFLG =
Note:

flag to activate DC-SCF calculation.

(default=.FALSE.)
If you want to treat only the correlated MP2/CC
procedure in the DC manner, after a standard HF
calculation, this option may be set to .FALSE.

SUBTYP =
= ATOM

chooses a method to construct disjoint

subsystems (central region).
individual atom is 1 subsystem.

Input Description

$DANDC

2-359

(default if NSUBS=0 or not given)

= MANUAL manually selects using NSUBS and LBSUBS
keywords. (default if NSUBS>=1)
= CARD
reads from card. $SUBSCF is used for SCF
and $SUBCOR for MP2/CC calculation.
= AUTO
constructs subsystems automatically by
dividing total system by cubic grid.
Grid size can be set by SUBLNG.
= AUTBND considers bond strength after AUTO.
NSUBS

= number of subsystems when SUBTYP=MANUAL.

LBSUBS = an array assigning atoms to subsystems.

The style is the same as INDAT keyword in $FMO.
Two styles are supported (the choice is made based
on LBSUBS(1): if it is nonzero, choice (a) is
taken, otherwise LBSUBS(1) is ignored and choice
(b) is taken):
a) LBSUBS(i)=m assigns atom i is to subsystem m.
LBSUBS(i) must be given for each atom.
b) the style is
a1 a2 ... ak 0
b1 b2 ... bm 0
...
Elements a1...ak are assigned to subsystem 1,
then b1...bm are assigned to subsystem 2,etc.
An element is one of the following:
I
or
I -J
where I means atom I, and a pair I,-J means
the range of atoms I-J. There must be no space
after the "-"!
Example:
LBSUBS(1)=1,1,1,2,2,1 is equivalent to
LBSUBS(1)=0, 1,-3,6,0, 4,5,0
Both assign atoms 1,2,3 and 6 to subsystem 1,
and 4,5 to subsystem 2.
SUBLNG = grid length of cube used in SUBTYP=AUTO or AUTBND.
This value should be in the unit given by UNITS
keyword in $CONTRL. (default=2.0 Angstroms).
BUFTYP = chooses a method to construct buffer region.
= RADIUS selects atoms included in spheres centered
at atoms in the central region (default).
The radius is given by BUFRAD keyword for

Input Description

$DANDC

2-360

DC-SCF and by the RBUFCR keyword in $DCCORR

for DC-MP2/CC.
= RADSUB selects subsystems containing one or more
atom(s) which is included in spheres
centered at atoms in the central region.
This selection can avoid cutting bonds
within each subsystem.
= CARD
reads from $SUBSCF or $SUBCOR card.
Only available when SUBTYP=CARD.
BUFRAD = buffer radius in DC-SCF calculation. This value
should be in the units given by UNITS keyword in
$CONTRL (default=5.0 Angstroms).
FRBETA = inverse temperature parameter of Fermi function
used in DC-SCF procedure in a.u. (default=200.0)
Reducing this value may improve SCF convergence
but may obtain worse total energy.
MXITDC = maximum number of iteration cycles for determining
Fermi level (default=100). Usually, you need not
care about this keyword.
FTOL

=
Fermi function cutoff factor (default=15.0).
= p The value of Fermi function less than 10**(-p)
is considered as 0. The value greater than
[1 - 10**(-p)] is considered as 1.

NDCPRT =
= +1
= +2
= +4
= +8
IORBD

DC print-out option which is the sum of

followings (default=0).
not used (reserved).
prints density matrix ($DM section) on punch.
prints energy corresponding to each subsystem.
Gives correct energy only in HF calculation.
prints orbitals in each subsystem.

selects molecular orbital in total system whose

electron density is to be computed.
Print format is given in $ELDENS.
= -1, -2, ... correspond to HOMO, HOMO-1, ...
= 1, 2, ...
correspond to LUMO, LUMO+1, ...
= 0
no calculation (default).

In the DC-SCF procedure, the available SCF acceleration

techniques are DIIS, DAMP, EXTRAP as well as DC-DIIS and

Input Description

$DANDC

2-361

VFON which are specific to the DC-SCF. In DC-SCF

calculation, only DIIS is used by default. DC-DIIS
(DIIDCF=.TRUE.) is not normally needed for convergence.
The following keywords control (DC-)DIIS convergence:
DIITYP =

selects the error vector used in the

standard DIIS extrapolation
= FDS
Pulay's modified DIIS (e=FDS-SDF). Although
this type of error vector behaves well in
standard SCF, it may not for DC-SCF.
= DELTAF Pulay's original DIIS (e[i]=F[i]-F[i-1]),
or so-called Anderson mixing (default).

DIIQTR = .TRUE.

uses orthogonal basis (in entire system)

for DIIS extrapolation. Normally, this
does not make sense in DC-SCF run.
.FALSE. uses atomic basis function for DIIS
extrapolation (default).

EXTDII = energy error threshold in absolute value for

exiting DIIS (default=0.0).
PEXDII = percentage threshold of energy error change for
exiting DIIS (default=1.0). PEXDII is
preferential to EXTDII.
DIIDCF = a flag to activate DC-DIIS interpolation
(default=.FALSE.).
ETHRDC = energy error threshold for initiating DC-DIIS.
Increasing ETHRDC forces DC-DIIS on sooner
(default = 1.D-4 if DIIDCF=.TRUE.).
The following keywords control the convergence acceleration
based on the varying fractional occupation number (VFON).
The final electronic temperature is given by FRBETA.
FONTYP =
= DIIER
= NONE

selects the variation pattern of electronic

temperature (beta) in SCF iteration
logarithmic variation with respect to DIIS
error.
no variation (default).

Input Description

$DANDC

2-362

BETINI = initial beta value in a.u.

(default = FRBETA/4 for FONTYP=DIIER).
FONSTA = threshold to start variation of beta
(default=1.0 for FONTYP=DIIER).
FONEND = threshold to stop variation of beta
(default=1.D-4 for FONTYP=DIIER).
When FONTYP=DIIER, the beta value used in the iteration
(of which the DIIS error is DIISer) is the following:
beta = BETINI [for DIISER>FONSTA]
= FRBETA [for DIISER<=FONEND]
= FRBETA + C_FON * Log(DIISer/FONEND) [otherwise]
where (C_FON = (BETINI-FRBETA) / Log(FONSTA/FONEND)
Option for the type of nuclear gradient:
NDCGRD =
selects the DC-SCF gradient implementation
= 0 use a formula proposed by Yang and Lee in 1995
= 1 use a formula proposed by Kobayashi et al. in
2011 (default)
Next are options for printing density of states (DOS).
DOSITV = Interval between plot points in Hartree. The
default is zero,meaning no DOS print-out. If
you print out DOS, DOSITV=0.05 may be sufficient.
DOSRGL = Left end of the plot range in Hartree.
(default=-2.0)
DOSRGR = Right end of the plot range in Hartree.
(default=+2.0)
BDOS

= Inverse temperature parameter (beta) for

distributing states. This value should not be
given because it is set to be equivalent to FRBETA
in $DANDC by default.

==========================================================

Input Description

$DCCORR

2-363

==========================================================

$DCCORR

group
(optional)
relevant for MPLEVL=2
relevant for CCTYP=LCCD, CCD, CCSD, CCSD(T), R-CC

This group controls the linear-scaling DC-based MP2 or

CC calculations. In this method, subsystem correlation
energy is evaluated in each subsystem by means of subsystem
MOs. Total correlation energy is obtained by summing up
subsystem contributions.
The present implementation allows only RHF reference.
DC-MP2 calculations can be run in parallel (using CODE=DDI,
IMS, or SERIAL in $MP2), but DC-CC is limited to serial
execution. DC-MP2 with CODE=IMS is only compatible with
DIRSCF=.TRUE. Coupled cluster code is only available for
CCTYP=LCCD, CCD, CCSD, CCSD(T), or R-CC. No solvation
models are available. This group must be given if the
"double-hybrid" DFT is used (e.g., DFTTYP=B2PLYP).
Note: Although $DANDC input is usually used together to
select subsystem and buffer information, DC-SCF calculation
is not indispensable to perform DC correlation calculation.
You can perform DC correlation calculation without DC-SCF
by setting DCFLG=.FALSE. in $DANDC and DODCCR=.TRUE.
For more information (and references), see $DANDC.
DODCCR = a flag to activate DC-MP2/CC calculation. This is
forced to be .TRUE. if DCFLG=.TRUE. in $DANDC.
This keyword enables to perform DC-MP2/CC
calculation after standard (non-DC) RHF.
RBUFCR = buffer radius used in DC-MP2/CC calculation. This
value should be in the unit given by UNITS option
in $CONTRL. By default, RBUFCR is set to be equal
to BUFRAD in $DANDC.
This keyword is mainly used to perform so-called
dual-buffer DC-MP2/CC calculations, see the paper
on the DC-CC method for more details.
RMKORB = a flag to remake orbitals in each subsystems. This

Input Description

$DCCORR

2-364

is forced to be .TRUE. if RBUFCR is different from

BUFRAD in $DANDC or standard HF calculation was
performed. Apart from these cases, RMKORB=.FALSE.
by default. This keyword is meant for debug
purposes.
HFFRM

= a flag to use the Fermi level determined in the

preceding HF calculations even when RMKORB=.TRUE.
(default=.FALSE.)
The Fermi level is used to classify the subsystem
orbitals into occupied and virtual ones. Usually,
this option does not change the results except
for the use of diffuse basis functions.

WOCC

= a parameter determining proportion of occupied

contribution. This should be between 0 and 1.
The proportion of virtual contribution becomes
[1 - WOCC]. (default=1.0)
This is forced to be 1.0 in DC-CC calculation,
except when WOCC=0.0, which only calculates
virtual contribution.
We recommend 1.0 to obtain accurate results.

ONLYOC =

a flag to disable MP2 calculation for

virtual contributions. This is forced to
be .FALSE. if WOCC is not 1.0, and to be
.TRUE. in DC-CC calculation.
= .TRUE. Performs DC-MP2 calculation only for
occupied contributions. This option will
accelerate the CPU time. (default)
= .FALSE. Performs DC-MP2 calculation for occupied
and virtual contributions.

ITPART =

specifies the partitioning for (T) correction.

This is only relevant to CCTYP=CCSD(T) or R-CC.
= XY (two-digit integer)
uses [X,Y] type partitioning defined in the
following article: J.Chem.Phys.131,114108(2009)
(default=00)

ISTCOR =
restart option for DC-MP2/CC.
= 0 does DC-MP2/CC calculation from the beginning
(default).
= n reads subsystem correlation energies
corresponding to subsystem 1-(n-1) from input

Input Description

$DCCORR

2-365

and perform DC-MP2/CC calculation from n-th

subsystem. $MP2RES and $CCRES inputs are
required for DC-MP2 and DC-CC calculations,
respectively.
FZCORE =

a flag to freeze core electrons in DC-MP2 or

DC-CC calculation. Other frozen orbital options
options such as NACORE in $MP2 and NCORE in
$CCINP do not pertain to DC-MP2/CC calculations.
The default is .TRUE. to freeze cores.

==========================================================

Input Description

$SUBSCF $SUBCOR

2-366

==========================================================

$SUBSCF group
$SUBCOR group

(relevant during Divide and Conquer)

These groups specify the central and buffer regions

when SUBTYP=CARD or BUFTYP=CARD in $DANDC. $SUBSCF is used
for DC SCF and $SUBCOR is for DC-MP2/CC. If BUFTYP is not
CARD, only central region is specified by these groups.
They consist of free format integer numbers of which the
style is like this:
$SUBSCF
! SUBSYSTEM
1
1 3 -5 0
2 6 -8 0 0
! SUBSYSTEM
2
2 6 -9 11 0
1 3 4 10 12 -14 0 0
! SUBSYSTEM
3
...
$END
Lines starting with ! are comments neglected when reading.
First, atoms in the central region of subsystem 1 is
specified according to the (b) style of LBSUBS in $DANDC.
A single 0 separates the central and buffer region of the
same subsystem. Then, specify atoms in the buffer region of
subsystem 1. A double 0 separates subsystems. These are
iterated until all subsystems are specified.
In the above case, the subsystems are the followings:
Subsystem 1 central:
buffer :
Subsystem 2 central:
buffer :

1,3,4,5
2,6,7,8
2,6,7,8,9,11
1,3,4,10,12,13,14

==========================================================

Input Description

$MP2RES $CCRES

2-367

==========================================================

$MP2RES group
$CCRES group

(restart data for DC-MP2 runs)

(restart data for DC-CC runs)

Restart data (consisting of subsystem correlation

energies) for Divide and Conquer correlation calculations.
The appropriately named input group is required if ISTCOR
is selected in $DCCORR. The format of these two groups is
slightly different for DC-MP2 or DC-CC, but the data should
be given in exactly the same format that it was written to
file RESTART, adding only a $END line.
Examples:
$MP2RES
1 -0.133110332082E+00
2 -0.130740147906E+00
3 -0.130483660838E+00
$END
$CCRES
2
1 -0.135031928183E+00
2 -0.132589691149E+00
3 -0.132673391144E+00
4 -0.133163592168E+00
$END

0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00

-0.133110332082E+00
-0.130740147906E+00
-0.130483660838E+00

-0.132440119981E+00
-0.131009546477E+00
-0.130832334600E+00
-0.131377855474E+00

The integer in the first line indicates the CC method.

==========================================================

Input Description

$CIMINP

2-368

==========================================================

$CIMINP

group

(required when CIMTYP is not

NONE)

This group controls a CIM calculation of the type

specified by CIMTYP in $CONTRL. The $CIMINP input
variables can be divided into a few categories:
*** The variable required by all CIM runs ***
SUBMTD = assigns the default method for each CIM subsystem.
In single-level CIM calculations, SUBMTD applies
to all CIM subsystems and no further information
about quantum-chemistry methods used in subsystem
calculations is needed. In order to run a
multi-level CIM calculation (CIMTYP=SECIM or
GSECIM only), information about subsystems treated
with methods other than SUBMTD must be provided in
$CIMATM (CIMTYP=SECIM) or $CIMFRG (CIMTYP=GSECIM).
The allowed values of SUBMTD are:
= NONE or HF means no post-HF calculation will be
performed. In this case, information about methods
used in subsystem calculations must be provided in
$CIMATM (CIMTYP=SECIM) or $CIMFRG (CIMTYP=GSECIM)
and at least one atom in $CIMATM or at least one
group of atoms in $CIMFRG must be treated by the
allowed post-HF approach.
= MP2 means an MP2 subsystem calculation (SCFTYP=RHF
only).
= CCD means a CCD subsystem calculation (SCFTYP=RHF
only).
= CCSD means a CCSD subsystem calculation.
= CCSD(T) means a CCSD(T) subsystem calculation
(SCFTYP=RHF only).
= CR-CCL means a CR-CC(2,3) subsystem calculation.
Note: There is no default for SUBMTD; the user must specify
one of the above values.
The remaining $CIMINP input variables are optional.

Input Description

$CIMINP

2-369

*** the details of CIM subsystem design ***

ZETA

= threshold for assigning environment orbitals to

central occupied LMOs in the SECIM/GSECIM
algorithm (CIMTYP=SECIM or GSECIM only).
Default=0.003.

ZETA1

= threshold for assigning primary environment

orbitals to central occupied LMOs in the DECIM
algorithm (CIMTYP=DECIM only). Default=0.01.

ZETA2

= threshold for assigning secondary environment

orbitals to irreducible central domains in the
DECIM algorithm (CIMTYP=DECIM only). Default=0.05.

ATMMLK = the Mulliken population cutoff for assigning

central LMO(s) to each non-hydrogen atom and its
adjacent hydrogen atom(s) (the SECIM case) or
to the user-specified set of two or more
non-hydrogen atoms and hydrogen atoms bounded to
those atoms provided in $CIMFRG (the GSECIM case)
in initial steps of the SECIM/GSECIM algorithm.
The same parameter is also used to assign AO
domains to occupied LMOs of extended subsystems
within the SECIM/GSECIM methodology (CIMTYP=SECIM
or GSECIM only). Default=0.15.
BUFDST = cutoff distance (in Angstrom) for buffer atoms
included in extended subsystems. Default=4.0.
MRGSUB = determine whether or not to incorporate smaller
subsystems into larger ones if the former are
completely embedded in the latter.
= 0

= 1

do not incorporate smaller subsystems into

larger ones, i.e., retain all subsystems
resulting from the initial steps of the CIM
algorithms without eliminating redundancies.
incorporate smaller subsystems into larger ones
if the methods used for smaller subsystems and
larger ones that contain them are identical or
if the method used for a given smaller
subsystem is a lower-level approach compared to
the method used for the larger subsystem that
contains it. Otherwise, i.e., if the method

Input Description

= 2

$CIMINP

2-370

used for a given smaller subsystem is a

higher-level approach compared to the method
used for the larger subsystem, retain the
smaller subsystem and the method used for it
without embedding it into the larger one. The
ordering of theory levels from low to high
level is MP2<CCD<CCSD<CCSD(T)<CR-CC(2,3). This
is the default choice for MRGSUB.
always incorporate smaller subsystems into
larger ones and, if the method used for a given
smaller subsystem is different than the method
used for the larger subsystem that contains it,
apply the higher-level approach to the larger
subsystem after embedding the smaller one in
it.

ETA

= the threshold for selecting the final sets of

unoccupied orbitals associated with CIM subsystems
from the larger sets of unoccupied orbitals
associated with the corresponding extended
subsystems. A given unoccupied orbital 'a' is kept
in the calculations if the norm of the difference
between 'a' and the projected form of 'a' obtained
by projecting it on the AO space of the
corresponding CIM subsystem is less than ETA. The
larger the ETA value the larger the number of
unoccupied orbitals associated with extended
subsystems is retained. Default=0.2.

FCORE

= a flag to exclude the chemical core orbitals in

the correlated CIM calculations. Default = .TRUE.

MOFIX

= determines whether or not to read information

about the orbital composition of CIM subsystems
from the external ${JOB}.dmn file
(environment variable CIMSYS).
= 0 do not read information from the ${JOB}.dmn file
if it exists prior to calculation. The
${JOB}.dmn file with the orbital composition of
CIM subsystems is produced by the present run.
= 1 read information about the occupied LMOs
of each subsystem from the previously generated
CIMSYS file to perform the CIM calculation with
partially fixed domains. The unoccupied LMOs

Input Description

$CIMINP

2-371

of each subsystem are generated by the present

run. The CIMSYS file from the previous CIM run
must be saved on the disk as the ${JOB}.dmn
file.
= 2 read info about the occupied and unoccupied
LMOs of each subsystem from the previously
generated CIMSYS file to perform the fixed
domain CIM calculation. The CIMSYS file from the
previous CIM run must be saved on the disk as
the ${JOB}.dmn file.
*** The variables controlling subsystem calculations ***
CCONV

= the convergence criterion for the cluster

amplitudes in CCD or CCSD subsystem iterations.
Default=1.0E-6.

ENRGML = the way to determine the correlation energy

contribution due to the individual occupied LMO
'i' if 'i' is central in two or more subsystems
that are treated at different theory levels when
running multi-level SECIM or GSECIM calculations.
= AVERAGE

= HIGHER

use the average energy, i.e., average

the correlation energy contributions due
to LMO 'i' that correspond to all
subsystems where 'i' is central
(default).
use the correlation energy contribution
that corresponds to the subsystem in
which 'i' is central and which is
treated by the highest-level approach.
The ordering of theory levels from low
to high level is
MP2 < CCD < CCSD < CCSD(T) < CR-CC(2,3).

*** for highly specialized users ***

The parameters below are rather specialized and rarely
of concern. They should be changed from their default
values only for good reason by a knowledgeable user.
SUBTYP = type of orbitals used in subsystem calculations.
= QCMO
use the quasi-canonical molecular

Input Description

$CIMINP

= LMO

2-372

orbitals (default).
use the localized molecular orbitals
(SUBMTD=CCSD, NONE, or HF only). IF
SUBMTD=NONE or HF, the only method that
can be accepted in $CIMFRG or $CIMATM is
CCSD.

SUBRHF = a flag to choose the RHF-based and not ROHF-based

algorithm for the closed-shell subsystems even if
the total system is an open shell. The program
aborts when one or more open-shell subsystems are
treated with MP2, CCD, or CCSD(T). Default=.TRUE.
MOSORT = a flag to reorder the occupied LMOs after
localization according to labels of atoms, so
that one avoids the potential ambiquities in the
order in which smaller subsystems are absorbed
by the larger ones that may occasionally emerge
in DECIM calculations. Default=.TRUE.
ORTHO

= a flag enforcing strict orthogonality among the

occupied and unoccupied LMOs in the extended and
final CIM subsystems after projecting these LMOs
on the subsystem AO spaces. Default = .FALSE.

*** Advanced run options for choosing between sequential

and parallel CIM calculations, and information about
restarts and parallel OpenMP and MPI runs ***
Keyword MTDCIM that can be used to decide if individual
subsystem calculations, after the initial RHF or ROHF,
orbital localization, and subsystem generation steps, are
performed sequentially or in parallel. This keyword can be
used to restart CIM runs if any subsystem calculation
fails. The following values of MTDCIM are allowed:
MTDCIM = 0

= 1

a sequential CIM calculation will be performed

(default). If the calculation does not complete
due to the failure of one of the subsystem
calculations, the program will abort, but the
user will be able to restart it using one of
the two restart methods described below.
gracefully stop the calculation after the
Hartree-Fock calculation, orbital localization,
and CIM subsystem construction are completed.

Input Description

= 2

$CIMINP

2-373

The $JOB.cim file, which contains the

information about all subsystems needed to
to complete the CIM run, and multiple
input files $JOB.Sys-N.inp, where N is the
subsystem number, for individual subsystem
calculations with GAMESS, are generated,
but not run. This option is particularly useful
for parallel calculations.
resume the calculation once all $JOB.Sys-N.cim
subsystem files are generated by running GAMESS
calculations for all subsystems (for example,
in parallel). This option is particularly
useful for parallel calculations, but it can
also be used to restart the CIM sequential run.

==========================================================
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
For information on Cluster-in-Molecules,
see the 'further information' section
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Input Description

$CIMATM $CIMFRG

2-374

==========================================================

$CIMATM

group
(optional for CIMTYP=SECIM in $CONTRL;
relevant to multi-level SECIM calculations)

In free format, provide an array of the comma or dash

separated integers labeling the atoms, followed, in each
row of the array, by the name of the method to be applied
to the group of atoms listed in that row. A method must be
supplied for each group of atoms in $CIMATM. The hydrogen
atoms do not have to be specified, since each hydrogen atom
is assigned to the nearest non-hydrogen atom, although
there may be cases where listing hydrogens is useful if
there is ambiguity in assigning hydrogens to non-hydrogen
atoms. No atom can be listed more than once. Atoms that are
not represented in $CIMATM are treated with the method
defined by SUBMTD in $CIMINP. For example,
$CIMATM
1-4,11,12 CR-CCL
9,10 CCSD
$END
implies that atoms 1-4, 11, and 12 (and adjacent hydrogens,
if any) will be treated by CR-CC(2,3) and atoms 9 and 10
(and adjacent hydrogens, if any) by CCSD. The remaining
atoms will be treated by the method defined by SUBMTD in
$CIMINP.
==========================================================

$CIMFRG

group

(required when CIMTYP=GSECIM in $CONTRL;

relevant to single- and multi-level GSECIM calculations)

In free-format, provide an array of the comma or dash

separated integers labeling the atoms. Integers in each
row, which must be listed in parentheses, represent the
user-specified group of atoms that are used to identify
central occupied LMOs in the initial steps of the GSECIM
subsystem design. When generating subsystems, the atoms
specified in a given row will always be kept together.
Optionally, one can provide the name of the method to be

Input Description

$CIMATM $CIMFRG

2-375

applied to the group of atoms listed in a given row. The

hydrogen atoms do not have to be included, since each
hydrogen atom is assigned to the nearest non-hydrogen atom,
although there may be cases where listing hydrogens is
useful if there is ambiguity in assigning hydrogens to nonhydrogen atoms. The subsystems involving atoms that are not
represented in $CIMFRG will be determined using the
standard SECIM algorithm and treated with the method
defined by SUBMTD in $CIMINP. For example,
$CIMFRG
1 (3-4,6) CR-CCL
2 (1-2,11) CCSD
3 (14,34,50)
4 (16,18,54)
5 (21-22,26,30)
6 (37-38,42,46)
$END
implies that atoms 3, 4, and 6 (and adjacent hydrogens, if
any) will be used to identify central LMOs that define the
1st subsystem in the initial steps of the GSECIM algorithm,
which will be treated by CR-CC(2,3). Similarly, atoms 1, 2,
and 11 (and adjacent hydrogens, if any) will be used to
identify central LMOs that define the 2nd subsystem in the
initial steps of the GSECIM algorithm, which will be
treated by CCSD, whereas atoms 14, 34, and 50 (and adjacent
hydrogens, if any) will be used to identify central LMOs
that define the 3rd subsystem in the initial steps of the
GSECIM algorithm which will be treated by the method
defined by SUBMTD in $CIMINP, etc. The remaining atoms will
be treated by the standard SECIM algorithm and the method
defined by SUBMTD in $CIMINP.
==========================================================

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-376

==========================================================

$FFDATA group
$FFPDB group

(optional, relevant if QuanPol is used)

(optional, relevant if QuanPol is used)

QuanPol (quantum chemistry polarizable force field

program) can perform MM, QM/MM or QM/MM/Continuum solvent
MD simulation or geometry optimization, using HF, DFT, GVB,
MCSCF, MP2 or TDDFT wavefunctions. To use QuanPol, either
$FFDATA or $FFPDB needs to be present, to define the MM
atoms. Quantum atoms, if any, are given in $DATA as usual.
After the initial input giving QuanPol's options, one
gives either explicit coordinates (in which case this group
must be named $FFDATA) or Protein Data Bank coordinates (in
which case this is $FFPDB).
Force field data sets are located by the environment
variable QUANPOL.
----------------------------------------------------------1DT

one or more lines, containing one or more options:

= MD time step size. Default=1.0D-15 seconds.

NSTEPS = number of MD and OPTIMIZE steps. Default=1000.

OPTTOL = geometry optimization gradient criterion.
Default=1.0D-04 hartree/bohr
NPROP

= start to calculate properties after NPROP steps.

Default=0

JOUT

= report simulation information such as energies

and temperature to log file every JOUT steps.
Default=1.

KOUT

= write coordinates to the log file every KOUT

steps. Default=100

LOUT

= special action control

= 314159 to create the $FFDATA input for a molecule
using the information in LOUT314159.PAR file.

Input Description

ITSTAT =
=
=
=
=

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-377

flag to enable the thermostat (velocity scaling)

0
no thermostat (default)
1
velocity scaling
2
Berenedsen thermostat
3
Andersen thermostat

IPSTAT = flag to enable the barostat (volume scaling)

= 0
no barostat (default)
= 1
Berenedsen barostat after NPROP steps.
A barostat is meaningful only for PBC system.
For spherical systems with a soft-wall, volume
and pressure are self-adjusted.
TEMP0

= bath temperature. Default=298.15 K.

PRES0

= bath pressure. Default=1.0 bar.

A pre-equilibrium system may show huge positive or
negative pressures like 100,000 bar.
An equilibrium system may show pressures
fluctuating by several hundreds bar.

INTALG = MD integrator algorithm.

= 1
Beeman algorithm (default)
= 2
velocity verlet algorithm
NRANDOM= selects the seed for QuanPol's random number
generator:
= 0
use fixed seeds for reproducibility (default)
= 1
use time/date to generate seeds
QuanPol uses a 16-bit pseudo-random integer
generator with a cycle length 6953607871644. See
Wichmann & Hill, Appl.Statist. 31, 188-190 (1982)
Fixed and time/date seeds should give the same
randomness. Using fixed seeds, serial MD jobs are
reproducible; parallel MD jobs are reproducible
for ~500 steps.
MXFFAT
MXBOND
MXANGL
MXDIHR
MXDIHB

=
=
=
=
=

maximum number
maximum number
maximum number
maximum number
maximum number
(i.e. improper
MXWAGG = maximum number

of MM atoms.
of bonds.
of bond angles.
of dihedral rotation angles.
of dihedral bending angles.
torsion in CHARMM).
of wagging angles.

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-378

MXCMAP = maximum number of CHARMM correction map cases.

All of these are for memory allocation purposes.
Default varies from 10,000 to 100,000, depending
on the number of processors.
MXLIST = maximum number of non-bond MM atoms around a
given MM atom. Default=1400 is good for SWR2=12.
BUFLIST= The width of the buffer region for the non-bond
list. Default = 2.0 angstrom.
A new non-bond list will be generated if any
atom moves more than half BUFLIST since the
last updating of the non-bond list.
IADDWAT=
=
=
=

specifies how
0
No adding
1
Add water
2
Add water

to add water molecules to the system

water (default)
in PBC master box
in a sphere

ITYPWAT=
=
=
=

selects the water model. (the default is 301)

301 Nonpolarizable flexible 3-point model
302 Polarizable flexible 3-point model
303 SPC/Fw model by Wu/Tepper/Voth,
see J.Chem.Phys. 124, 024503(2006).
= 304 flexible TIP3P as implemented in CHARMM22/27.

Water models 301 and 302 are optimized using SWR1=10,

SWR2=12, SWMODE=3, 510 waters, PBC, at 298.15 K and 1 bar.
Density, O-O rdf, self-diffusion coefficient are good and
not size-sensitive. Dielectric constants are ~70 for 301,
~56 for 302 when 510 waters are used, and are ~110 for 301,
~96 for 302 when 2187 waters are used.
JADDNA1=
JADDK1 =
=
=

flag to add NA+ ions to DNA/RNA PO4- sites.

flag to add K+ ions to DNA/RNA PO4- sites.
0
skip (default)
1
Add NA+/K+ ions to all possible PO4- sites

IADDNA1=
IADDK1 =
IADDCA2=
IADDMG2=
IADDCL1=

number
number
number
number
number

of
of
of
of
of

CENTER = X, Y, Z

Na+
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
Cl-

ions
ions
ions
ions
ions

randomly
randomly
randomly
randomly
randomly

added.
added.
added.
added.
added.

Default=0.
Default=0.
Default=0.
Default=0.
Default=0.

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-379

define the center of the PBC master box or the

sphere center.
If not found, it will be automatically calculated.
Use the same CENTER for restart jobs.
XBOX,YBOX,ZBOX
= size of the periodic box in Angstrom.
Default 1.0D+30 means no PBC is imposed.
RCUT
RCUTQ

= radial cutoff of MM-MM interactions in angstrom.

= radial cutoff of QM-MM interactions in angstrom.

SWMODE = selects the switching function mode, default=3

Note that shifting functions operate on the range
zero to SWR2, while switching functions work in
the tail region, from SWR1 to SWR2.
= 1
atom-atom switching function.
Tests show that atom-atom SWF gives incorrect
water structure and properties.
= 2
group-group switching function.
Terminal atoms (H, F, Cl,... and carbonyl O)
will be grouped to their node atoms.
Tests show that group-group SWF can give a
correct water structure.
= 3
the atom-atom shifting function
S(r)=(1-r/SWR2)**2
is used for charge-charge interaction. The
same shifting function is used by the ENCAD
and ilMM codes. In addition, this option means
that group-group switching function is used
for both charge-charge and Lennard-Jones
interactions in the range between SWR1 and
SWR2. Set SWR1=SWR2 to turn off the switching,
but keep the shifting.
= 4
similar to SWMODE=3, but with the atom-atom
shifting function
S(r)=[1-(r/SWR2)**2]**2.
which is one of the CHARMM shifting functions.
Switching function is used as in option 3.
= 5
similar to SWMODE=3, but the atom-atom
shifting function is chosen to mimic a
dielectric reaction field for charge-charge
interaction. RXNEPS & SWR2 are required.
The shifting function is Eq (5) in Rick,
J.Chem.Phys. 120, 6085 (2004)

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-380

Switching function is used as in option 3.

The switching function implemented in QuanPol is
W(r) = 1 - 10*D**3 + 15*D**4 - 6*D**5
with
D = (r**2 - SWR1**2)/(SWR2**2-SWR1**2)
SWR1,SWR2
= distance cutoffs for the switching function
that gradually drops the interactions from full
strength at SWR1 to zero at SWR2. In angstrom.
For MM atoms only.
SWR1Q,SWR2Q
= same as SWR1 and SWR2, but for QM-MM interactions.
SPHRAD = radius of the sphere containing the QM/MM system.
Default is a huge value, meaning no sphere.
A Lennard-Jones type potential is applied to keep
the heavy atoms in the sphere. For each such atom:
V=4*SPHEPS*{[SPHSIG/(r-R)]**12 - [SPHSIG/(r-R)]**6}
R = SPHRAD + [2**(1/6)-1]*SPHSIG
V = -SPHEPS when r = SPHRAD - SPHSIG
SPHEPS = Lennard-Jones epsilon parameter for SPHRAD.
Default = 0.15 kcal/mol is good for water.
Proper values should be determined empirically.
SPHSIG = Lennard-Jones sigma parameter for SPHRAD.
Default = 1.5 A is good for water.
Proper values should be close to the radii of
the solvent atoms, which are usually around 1.5.
IRXNFLD= flag to enable spherical reaction field model
= 0
no reaction field (default)
= 1
image charge method, currently only for
pure MM system
= 60, 240, 960, 3840 to choose surface charge
method and define the number of surface
elements. Available for MM and QM/MM.
RXNEPS = dielectric constant in RXNFLD (default = 1.0)
RXNRAD = radius of sphere in angstrom (default = 1.0D+30).
SPHRAD is required. For water solvent,

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-381

RXNRAD = SPHRAD + 0.60 A

RXNEPS = 78.39
SPHEPS = 0.15
SPHSIG = 1.50
are strongly suggested.
RDF

= NRDF, NAME1, NAME2, ...

= specifies the number of pairs for the radial
distribution function calculation, and the names
of the atoms. Must give NRDF pairs of names.
Default for NDRF is 0.
The RDF will be calculated every JOUT steps.

DELRDF = specifies the radial increment in the radial

distribution function calculation.
Default= 0.02 angstrom.
DIFFUSE= NDFS, NAME1, NAME2, ...
= specifies the number of atoms for diffusion
coefficient calculation, and the names of the
atoms. Must give NDFS names. Default is NDFS=0.
TIMDFS = time interval for diffusion coefficient
calculation.
Default = 3.0D-12 seconds is good for water.
Can be larger, but should not be smaller.
There must be sufficient displacement in order to
apply the statistical formula.
NATPDB = number of atoms in the PDB file. If $FFPDB is
used, NATPDB will be automatically determined.
The main usage is for restart jobs in which only
$FFDATA is provided.
NFIXPDB= fix the coordinates of PDB atoms for the initial
NFIXPDB steps of an MD or OPTIMIZE procedure.
This is useful for initial solvent equilibration.
Reasonable values are 1000-10000.
Default = 0.
NRIJ

= NRIJ, I1, J1, I2, J2, ...

= specifies up to 20 pairs of atoms to print out
their distances at every JOUT steps.
Useful when one wants to monitor H-bond distances.
Default NRIJ = 0.

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-382

NRMSD

= flag root-mean-square-displacement calculation.

= 0
skip
= 1
calculate RMSD from the initial coordinates
at every JOUT steps.

NGYRA

= flag radius of gyration calculation (see TIMGYRA).

= 0
skip
= 1
calculate radius of gyration using formula:
R=SQRT[sum(m*r*r)/sum(m)]
r: distance from COM
m: atom mass
So R is mass-weighted RMS distance from COM.

TIMGYRA= time interval for radius of gyration calculation.

Default=1.0D-12 seconds. Can be larger or smaller.
NRALL

= flag to activate internuclear distance calculation

(see TIMRALL).
= 0
skip
= 1
calculate internuclear distances and compare
to those in the initial structure. Unsigned
and RMS displacements will be printed out.

TIMRALL= time interval for internuclear distance

calculation. Default = 1.0D-12 seconds.
Can be larger or smaller, but frequent calculation
slows down the MD.
NDIEL

= flag MD simulation of dielectric constant.

= 0
skip (default)
= 1
calculate dielectric constant using formula:
Eps = 1 + (<M**2> - <M>**2)/(3kT<V>)
M = total dipole of the master box or sphere
k = Boltzmann constant
T = temperature
V = volume
When spherical systems are used, a sphere with
radius = SPHRAD-SPHSIG is used to calculate
M and V. Tests show this gives Eps very
similar to those from PBC simulations.
When induced point dipoles are used, each
dipole is decomposed into two point charges at
the opposite sites of the point dipole. These
charges are considered for M calculation. One

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-383

of them may be relocated when PBC is imposed,

or may be excluded if it is outside of the
sphere.
AANAM

= a name for the LOUT=314159 purpose. This name

should be in the LOUT314159.TOP file. Give any
name, if no intention to use LOUT314159.TOP.

NFOLD

= this is used only in $FFDATA to duplicate the

input molecule in 3D space NFOLD times.
Reasonable values are 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15,
which leads to 1, 8, 64, 512, 4096 and 32768
copies. 0-20 can be used. Default=0, no action.

RFOLD

= specifies the spacing when NFOLD is active.

The value should be calculated using density.
Default= 0.0 angstrom.

IDOCHG =
IDOPOL =
IDOLJ =
IDOCMAP=

flag to include MM charges

flag to include MM polarization
flag to include MM Lennard-Jones
flag to include CHARMM correction map for proteins
For all of these,
= 1
include (default)
= 0
exclude

NFFTYP = select the force field type

= 20022, which is CHARMM22/27 (default)
WT14

= scaling factor for 1-4 LJ, charge-charge and

polarization interactions. Default 1.00

RETAIN = retaining factor (0.0 - 1.0, default 0.5) for MM

force field covalent terms that involve only QM
atoms, one of which is a boundary atom with
repulsion potentials in place of a frontier MM
atom. Using 0.5 is reasonable for weakened
boundary bonds. Use 0.0 if the boundary bonds
are not weakened. The retaining factor for MM
covalent terms involving only QM atoms (none of
which is a boundary atom in place of a frontier
MM atom) is always 0.0 and cannot be changed
from the input deck.
QMREP

= NQMREP, IATOM1, NTERM1, C11, Z11, C12, Z12 ...,

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-384

IATOM2, NTERM2, C21, Z21, C22, Z22 ...

= specify effective Gaussian repulsion potentials
at boundary QM/MM atoms (typically H atoms in
place of alpha carbons of a peptide) to produce
the desired longer bond lengths.
NQMREP = number of QM atoms with Gaussian
potentials. Up to 200 atoms.
IATOMn = QM atom sequential number in $DATA
NTERMn = number of Gaussians at IATOMn. Up to 4
C11,.. = strength part of the Gaussian, e/bohr
Z11,.. = radial part of the Gaussian, 1/bohr**2
Must enter NTERMn pairs of C and Z for
atom IATOMn.
For example, to define 1 Gaussian for QM atom 1
and 3 Gaussians for QM atom 7, give
QMREP=2,1,1,3.0,3.0,7,3,8.0,6.0,3.0,3.0,0.3,1.0
For H atom forming C-H bond, a single Gaussian
with C=3.0 Z=3.0 is a good option.
The remainder of this group depends on
whether it is a $FFDATA or a $FFPDB!

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-385

--------------------------------------------------------**** the following inputs pertain to $FFDATA ****

-2-

the input is given in subsections with a keyword at

the start of the subsection, and STOP at its end.

COORDINATES
NAME, NUC, X, Y,
NAME
NUC
X,Y,Z
STOP

Z
= The name of the atom.
= nuclear charge of the atom
= Cartesian coordinates in angstrom

PARAMETERS
NAME, MASS, Q, POL, SIGMA, EPSILON, SIGMA2, EPSILON2
NAME
= The name of the atom.
Q
= Force field charge (e) on the atom.
POL
= Polarizability of the atom, in A**3
SIGMA
= Lennard-Jones parameter in angstrom.
CHARMM uses RMIN/2. QuanPol will
automatically check whether it is
SIGMA or RMIN/2.
EPSILON = Lennard-Jones parameter in kcal/mol
SIGMA2, EPSILON2
= the LJ parameters for select 1-4 cases
in CHARMM. Give zeros if not these.
Give the same number of lines as specified in
the COORDINATES section
STOP
QMMMREP
N, C1, Z1, C2, Z2, C3, Z3, C4, Z4
N
= number of Gaussian type potentials.
currently only 4 is allowed.
C1 - C4 = strength factor of the potential
Z1 - Z4 = radial factor of the potential
give the same number of lines as specified in
the COORDINATES section
STOP
BOND

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-386

SERIAL#, ATOM1, ATOM2, BFC, R0

SERIAL# = serial number of the bond.
this is only for notation purpose.
ATOM1
= serial number in COORDINATES section
for the first atom in the bond.
ATOM2
= same as ATOM1, but for the second atom.
BFC
= bond force constant in kcal/mol/A**2
R0
= equilibrium bond length in angstrom.
STOP
ANGLE
SERIAL#, ATOM1, ATOM2, ATOM3, AFC, ANGLE0
SERIAL# = serial number of the angle.
this is only for notation purpose.
ATOM1
= serial number in COORDINATES section
for the first atom in the angle.
ATOM2
= same as ATOM1, but for the second atom.
ATOM3
= same as ATOM1, but for the third atom.
AFC
= angle bending force constant in
kcal/mol/rad**2
ANGLE0 = equilibrium angle in degree.
STOP
DIHROT
SERIAL#, ATOM1, ATOM2, ATOM3, ATOM4, VROT, N, GAMMA
SERIAL# = serial number of the dihedral rotation
angle. This is only for notation
purpose.
ATOM1
= serial number in COORDINATES section
for the first atom in the dihedral
rotation angle.
ATOM2
= same as ATOM1, but for the second atom.
ATOM3
= same as ATOM1, but for the third atom.
ATOM4
= same as ATOM1, but for the fourth atom.
VROT
= rotational barrier in kcal/mol
N
= multiplicity, an integer.
GAMMA
= the phase factor in degree.
STOP
DIHBND
SERIAL#, ATOM1, ATOM2, ATOM3, ATOM4, DBFC, DIHB0
SERIAL# = serial number of the dihedral bending
(improper torsion) angle. this is only
for notation purpose.
ATOM1
= serial number in COORDINATES section

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

ATOM2
ATOM3
ATOM4
DBFC

=
=
=
=

DIHB0

2-387

for the first atom in the dihedral

bending angle.
same as ATOM1, but for the second atom.
same as ATOM1, but for the third atom.
same as ATOM1, but for the fourth atom.
dihedral bending force constant in
kcal/mol/rad**2
equilibrium dihedral bending angle in
degree.

STOP
CMAP
SERIAL#, ATOM1, ATOM2, ATOM3, ATOM4, ATOM5, ITYPE
SERIAL# = serial number of the CHARMM correction
map phi,psi couples. this is only
for notation purpose.
ATOM1
= serial number in COORDINATES section
for the first atom in the phi angle
(the carbonyl carbon of an amino acid
residue) of the peptide backbone in a
phi,psi couple.
ATOM2
= serial number in COORDINATES section
for the second atom in the phi angle
(peptide N atom) of a phi,psi couple.
this is the first atom of the psi angle.
ATOM3
= serial number in COORDINATES section
for the third atom in the phi angle
(the alpha C atom) of a phi,psi couple.
this is the 2nd atom of the psi angle.
ATOM4
= serial number in COORDINATES section
for the fourth atom in the phi angle
(a carbonyl carbon) of a phi,psi couple.
this is the third atom of the psi angle.
ATOM5
= serial number in COORDINATES section
for the fourth atom in the psi angle
(the next peptide N atom).
ITYPE
= specifies the two amino acid
residues a phi,psi couple belongs to.
=1 alanine-alanine
(most cases)
=2 alanine-proline
=3 glycine-glycine/glycine-proline
=4 proline-alanine
=5 proline-proline
(here alanine stands for any amino acid
residue other than glycine and proline)

Input Description

$FFDATA $FFDB

2-388

STOP
When $FFPDB is given, CMAP is automatically generated for
restart jobs, via $FFDATA input.
WAGGING
SERIAL#, ATOM2, ATOM3, ATOM4, ATOM1, WFC
SERIAL# = serial number of the wagging angle.
this is only for notation purpose.
ATOM2
= serial number in COORDINATES section
for the second atom in the wagging
angle.
ATOM3
= same as ATOM2, but for the third atom.
ATOM4
= same as ATOM2, but for the fourth atom.
ATOM1
= same as ATOM2, but for the first atom.
WFC
= wagging force constant kcal/mol/rad**2
STOP
Use a $END line to end $FFDATA.
---------------------------------------------------------**** the following inputs pertain to $FFPDB ****
-2- Simply paste a PDB text file into $FFPDB will work.
(1). H atoms must be added beforehand and appear at the
correct places. Currently QuanPol cannot add H atoms
or any other missing atoms.
(2). PDB format is enforced. Sequential numbers are not
used by QuanPol. Chemical symbols are used.
(3). Rename the atom at the very end of each chain as 'OXT'
or 'HXT', and delete the 'TER' lines. Multiple chains
are allowed.
(4). SSBOND lines are required to define S-S bonds.
Use a $END line to end $FFPDB.
==========================================================

Input Description

$CIINP

2-389

The remaining groups apply only to MCSCF and CI runs.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
For hints on how to do MCSCF
see the 'further information'
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * *
and CI
section
* * * *

==========================================================

$CIINP

group

(optional, relevant for any CITYP)

This group is the control box for Graphical Unitary

Group Approach (GUGA) CI calculations or determinant based
CI. Each step which is executed potentially requires a
further input group described later.
NRNFG = An array of 10 switches controlling which steps of
a CI computation are performed.
1 means execute the module, 0 means don't.
NRNFG(1) = Generate the configurations. See either
$CIDRT or $CIDET input. (default=1)
NRNFG(2) = Transform the integrals. See $TRANS.
(default=1)
NRNFG(3) = determinants: skip the CI iterations.
GUGA: Sort integrals and calculate the
Hamiltonian matrix, see $CISORT and $GUGEM.
(default=1)
NRNFG(4) = determinants: meaningless
GUGA: Diagonalize the Hamiltonian matrix,
see $GUGDIA or $CIDET. (default=1)
NRNFG(5) = Construct the one electron density matrix,
and generate NO's. See $GUGDM or $CIDET.
(default=1)
NRNFG(6) = Construct the two electron density matrix.
See $GUGDM2 or $CIDET.
(default=0 normally, but 1 for CI gradients)
NRNFG(7) = Construct the Lagrangian of the CI function.
Requires DM2 matrix exists. See $LAGRAN.
(default=0 normally, but 1 for CI gradients)
This does not apply to determinants.
NRNFG(8-10) are not used.
Users seldom need to input NRUNFG, as the defaults are
quite reasonable.

Input Description

$CIINP

2-390

NPFLG = An array of 10 switches to produce debug printout.

There is a one to one correspondence to NRNFG, set
to 1 for output. (default = 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0)
The most interesting may be NPFLG(2)=1 to see the
transformed 1e- integrals. NPFLG(2)=2 adds the
very numerous transformed 2e- integrals to this.
IREST = n
Restart the -CI- at stage NRNFG(n).
==========================================================

Input Description

$DET $GEN $CIDET $CIGEN

2-391

==========================================================

$DET group (required by MCSCF if CISTEP=ALDET or ORMAS)

$GEN group
(required by MCSCF if CISTEP=GENCI)
$CIDET group (required if CITYP=ALDET, ORMAS, or FSOCI)
$CIGEN group
(required if CITYP=GENCI)
This group describes the determinants to be used in a
MCSCF or CI wavefunction:
a) For full CI calculations (ALDET) the $DET/$CIDET
will generate a full list of determinants. If the CI is
part of an MCSCF, this means the MCSCF is of the FORS type
(which is also known as CASSCF).
b) For Occupation Restricted Multiple Active Space
(ORMAS) CI, the input in $ORMAS will partition the active
orbitals defined here into separate spaces, that is,
provide both $DET/$CIDET and $ORMAS.
c) For Full Second Order CI, provide $CIDET and $SODET
inputs.
d) For a general CI (meaning user specified space orbital
products) provide $DET/$CIDET plus $GEN/$CIGEN and most
likely $GCILST (according to the keyword GLIST).
In the above, group names for MCSCF/CI jobs are separated
by a slash.
Determinants contain several spin states, in contrast
to configuration state functions. The Sz quantum number
of each determinant is the same, but the Hamiltonian
eigenvectors will have various spins S=Sz, Sz+1, Sz+2, ...
so NSTATE may need to account for states of higher spin
symmetry. In Abelian groups, you can specify the exact
spatial symmetry you desire.
GLIST

= general determinant list option

The keyword GLIST must not be given in a $DET or
$CIDET input group! These both generate full
determinant lists, automatically.
= INPUT means $GCILST input will be read.
= EXTRNL means the list will be read from a disk
file GCILIST generated in an earlier run.
= SACAS requests generation of sevaral CAS spaces
of different space symmetries, specified by

Input Description

$DET $GEN $CIDET $CIGEN

2-392

the input IRREPS. This option is intended

for state averaged calculations for cases
of high symmetry, where degenerate irreps
of the true group may fall into different
irreps of the Abelian subgroup used.
* * * The next four define the orbital spaces * * *
There is no default for NCORE, NACT, and NELS:
NCORE

= total number of orbitals doubly occupied in all

determinants.

NACT

= total number of active orbitals.

NELS

= total number of active electrons.

SZ

= azimuthal spin quantum number for each of the

determinants, two times SZ is therefore the
number of excess alpha spins in each determinant.
The default is SZ=S, extracted from the MULT=2S+1
given in $CONTRL.

* * * The following determine the state symmetry * * *

GROUP

= name of the point group. The default is to copy

this from $DATA, if that group is Abelian (C1, Ci,
Cs, C2, C2v, C2h, D2, or D2h). If not, the point
group used will be C1 (no symmetry).

STSYM =

specifies the spatial symmetry of the state.

Of course these names are the standard group
theory symbols for irreducible representations:
C1
A
Ci
Ag Au
Cs
AP APP
(P stands for prime, i.e. ')
C2
A
B
C2v A1 A2 B1 B2
C2h Ag Bu Bg Au
D2
A
B1 B2 B3
D2h Ag B1g B2g B3g Au B1u B2u B3u
Default is STSYM being the totally symmetric
state, listed as the first column above.
The free format scanner is not able to read quotes

Input Description

$DET $GEN $CIDET $CIGEN

2-393

so the letters "P" must be used in Cs.

IRREPS = specifies the symmetries of the GLIST=SACAS space
determinant list. This variable should always be
an array, as a single symmetry is more quickly
obtained by the regular full CI code. The values
given are more primitive than STSYM, being the
following integers, not strings:
IRREPS=
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 meaning
C1
A
Ci
Ag Au
Cs
A' A''
C2
A
B
C2v A1 A2 B1 B2
C2h Ag Bu Bg Au
D2
A
B1 B2 B3
D2h Ag B1g B2g B3g Au B1u B2u B3u
* * * the following control the diagonalization * * *
NSTATE = Number of CI states to be found, including the
ground state. The default is 1, meaning ground
state only. The maximum number of states is 100.
See also IROOT below (two places).
PRTTOL = Printout tolerance for CI coefficients, the
default is to print any larger than 0.05.
ANALYS = a flag to request analysis of the CI energy in
terms of single and double excitation pair
correlation energies. This is normally used in
CI computations, rather than MCSCF, and when the
wavefunction is dominated by a single reference,
as the analysis is done in terms of excitations
from the determinant with largest CI coefficient.
The defalt is .FALSE.
ITERMX = Maximum number of Davidson iterations per root.
The default is 100. A CI calculation will fail
if convergence is not obtained before reaching
the limit. MCSCF computations will not bomb
if the iteration limit is reached, instead the
last CI vector is used to proceed into the next
orbital update. In cases with very large active

Input Description

$DET $GEN $CIDET $CIGEN

2-394

spaces, it may be faster to input ITERMX=2 or 3

to allow the program to avoid fully converging
the CI eigenvalue problem during the early MCSCF
iterations. For small active spaces, it is
best to allow the CI step to be fully converged
on every iteration.
CVGTOL = Convergence criterion for Davidson eigenvector
routine. This value is proportional to the
accuracy of the coefficients of the eigenvectors
found. The energy accuracy is proportional to
its square. The default is 1.0E-5, but 1E-6 if
gradients, MPLEVL, CITYP, or FMO selected).
NHGSS

= dimension of the Hamiltonian submatrix which

is diagonalized to obtain the initial guess
eigenvectors. The determinants forming the
submatrix are chosen on the basis of a low
diagonal energy, or if needed to complete a
spin eigenfunction. The default is 300.

NSTGSS = Number of eigenvectors from the initial guess

Hamiltonian to be included in the Davidson's
iterative scheme. It is seldom necessary to
include extra states to obtain convergence to
the desired states. The default equals NSTATE.
MXXPAN = Maximum number of expansion basis vectors in the
iterative subspace during the Davidson iterations
before the expansion basis is truncated. The
default is the larger of 10 or 2*NSTGSS. Larger
values might help convergence, do not decrease
this parameter below 2*NSTGSS.
CLOBBR = a flag to erase the disk file containing CI
vectors from the previous MCSCF iteration. The
default is to use these as starting values for
the current iteration's CI. If you experience
loss of spin symmetry in the CI step, reverse
the default, to always take the CI from the top.
Default = .FALSE.
* * * the following control the 1st order density * * *

Input Description

$DET $GEN $CIDET $CIGEN

2-395

The following pertain to CI calculations by CITYP=xxx (not

to the CI step within MCSCF jobs). Similar keywords apply
to MCSCF runs, see just below.
PURES

= flag to say that IROOT and NGFLGDM just below

should count only those states whose S value is
a match to that implied by MULT in $CONTRL.
Thus, PURES=.TRUE. (the default) allows selection
of S1 as IROOT=2 (the second singlet), even if
there is a T1 state (and maybe others!) between
S0 and S1. Of course, NSTATE must be large
enough to reach S1 (at least 3, if there is a T1
between S0 and S1).
Setting PURES to .FALSE. ignores the spin of each
state when using IROOT and NFLGDM.

IROOT

= the root whose density is saved on the disk file

for subsequent property analysis. Only one root
can be saved, and the default value of 1 means
the ground state. Be sure to set NFLGDM to form
the density of the state you are interested in!
IROOT has a similar meaning for MCSCF, see below.

NFLGDM = Array controlling each state's density formation.

0 -> do not form density for this state.
1 -> form density and natural orbitals for this
state, print and punch occ.nums. and NOs.
2 -> same as 1, plus print density over MOs.
3 -> same as 2, plus print properties for this
state (see $ELMOM, $ELPOT, et cetera).
The default is NFLGDM(1)=1,0,0,...,0 meaning
only ground state NOs are generated.
SAFLG = is a logical flag that determines whether or not
state averaged CI density matrices and natural
orbitals should be evaluated. Setting SAFLG=.TRUE.
will result in the evaluation of the state averaged
density matrix and NOs. The default .FALSE. means
generate state-specific densities according to the
NFLGDM input. See also WSTATE.
WSTATE = An array of up to 100 weights to be given to the
densities of each state in forming the average
density matrix. The default is to optimize a
pure ground state, WSTATE(1)=1.0,0.0,...,0.0.

Input Description

$DET $GEN $CIDET $CIGEN

2-396

Note that values given for WSTATE (during a CI

calculation) will only be used if SAFLG=.TRUE.
It should also be noted that any electronic state
that has a nonzero value for WSTATE but a zero
for NFLGDM will reset its value for NFLGDM to 1.
FSTATE = An array of up to 100 weights to be given to the
densities of each state in forming the average
density matrix used for QM-EFP polarization.
FSTATE is ignored unless PMTD1=.FALSE. in $CONTRL.
See also PURES. The default is to set FSTATE from
WSTATE if only the latter is given.
* * * the following control the state averaged * * *
* * * 1st and 2nd order density matrix computation * * *
The following keywords apply to the CI step within the
MCSCF iterations. See just above for similar inputs
pertaining to CITYP=xxx calculations.
PURES

= a flag controlling the spin purity of the state

averaging. If true, the WSTATE array pertains
to the lowest states of the same S value as is
chosen by the MULT keyword in $CONTRL. In this
case, the value of NSTATE will need to be bigger
than the total number of weights given as WSTATE
if there are other spin states present at low
energies. If .FALSE., it is possible to state
average over more than one S value, which might
be of interest in spin-orbit coupling jobs.
State-averaged MCSCF gradient runs must use .TRUE.
The default is .TRUE.

WSTATE = An array of up to 100 weights to be given to the

densities of each state in forming the average.
The default is to optimize a pure ground state,
WSTATE(1)=1.0,0.0,...,0.0
A small amount of the ground state can help the
convergence of excited states greatly.
Gradient runs are possible only with pure states.
Be sure to set NSTATE above appropriately!
See also IDWREF just below.
IDWREF = The target state K used to control dynamically

Input Description

$DET $GEN $CIDET $CIGEN

2-397

adjusted MCSCF state weights. This keyword may

only be used for CISTEP=ALDET or CISTEP=ORMAS.
The default is 0, to use static WSTATE values.
Dynamic weights are updated every MCSCF iteration
by the formula:
WSTATE(n) = sech^2[-DWPARM*(E(n)-E(K))].
for n= state K and any other weighted states,
followed by a normalization to sum to unity.
The formula gives the largest weight to state K,
with decreasing weight given to states farther
away in energy. See Deskevich, Nesbitt, and
Werner, J.Chem.Phys. 120, 7281(2004).
If IDWREF is given, the values given in WSTATE
are used only to specify which roots should have
non-zero weights.
The target state is often the ground state, K=1,
but any other state may be used: often K=IROOT!
Converged dynamic weights will be passed to the
determinant MCQDPT program (becoming its default
WPTST) and to the state-averaged gradient/NACME
program.
DWPARM = the value of the energy parameter used by IDWREF.
The default is 2.0 eV.
IROOT

= the MCSCF state whose energy will be used as the

desired value. (default=0)
The default means to use the average (according to
WSTATE) of all states as the FINAL energy, which
is not a physically meaningful quantity.
When given as non-zero, IROOT chooses a specific
state, ignoring any states with undesired spins,
see PURES above, and also ignoring any states of
the correct spin which were given no weight.
Any run doing either analytic state-specific
gradients in state-averaged runs, or a gradient by
numerical differentiation must pick the desired
specific IROOT value!
IROOT has a similar meaning for CI, see above.

FSTATE = An array of up to 100 weights to be given to the

densities of each state in forming the average
density matrix used for QM-EFP polarization.
FSTATE is ignored unless PMTD1=.FALSE. in $CONTRL.

Input Description

$DET $GEN $CIDET $CIGEN

2-398

See also PURES. The default is to set FSTATE from

WSTATE if only the latter is given.
==========================================================

Input Description

$ORMAS

2-399

==========================================================

$ORMAS

group

(required by MCSCF if CISTEP=ORMAS)

(required for CITYP=ORMAS)

This group partitions an active space, defined in $DET

or $CIDET, into Occupation Restricted Multiple Active
Spaces (ORMAS). All possible determinants satisfying the
occupation restrictions (and of course the space symmetry
restriction given in $DET/$CIDET) will be generated. This
group's usefulness lies in reducing the large number of
determinants present in full CI calculations with large
active spaces.
There are no sensible defaults for these inputs, but if
the group is entirely omitted, a full CI calculation will
be performed. That is, the defaults are
NSPACE=1, MSTART(1)=NCORE+1, MINE(1)=NELS, MAXE(1)=NELS
meaning all active orbitals are in one partition.
NSPACE

= number of orbital groups you wish to partition

the active space (NACT in $DET/$CIDET) into.

MSTART

= an array of NSPACE integers. These specify where

each orbital group starts in the full list. You
must not overlook the NCORE core orbitals in
computing MSTART values. Space I runs from
orbital MSTART(I) up to orbital MSTART(I+1)-1,
or NACT+NCORE if I is the last space, I=NSPACE.

IMPORTANT !!!! Remember to make sure your orbitals have

been reordered to suit MSTART, using NORDER in $GUESS.
MINE

= an array of NSPACE integers. These specify the

minimum numbers of electrons that must always
occupy the orbital groups. In other words,
MINE(I) is the minimum number of electrons that
can occupy space I in any of the determinants.

MAXE

= an array of NSPACE integers. These specify the

maximum numbers of electrons that must always
occupy the orbital groups. In other words,
MAXE(I) is the maximum number of electrons that
can occupy space I in any of the determinants.

Input Description

$ORMAS

2-400

The number of active electrons is NELS in $DET or $CIDET,

and the program will check that MINE/MAXE values are
consistent with this total number.
Input for Coupled Electron Pair Approximations
These two keywords provide size-extensivity corrections for
singly and doubly excited CI calculations. At present,
these approximate corrections may only be applied to a
single state. The CISD may follow RHF (single reference,
SR) or complete active space (multireference, MR)
calculations. Usually, the final ORMAS orbital space will
be the entire external space of the SR-CISD or MR-CISD
calculations. The excitation level (MAXE) into this space
should only be two. The number of electrons being
correlated (NELS in $CIDET) is denoted Ne. The value of a
parameter G determines the weight of the approximate sizeextensivity correction, with the literature containing
several possible choices: GVAL here sometimes is written
as -(1-G) in the literature. The first order density
matrix for the chosen CEPA-style correction will be
generated, and used for property calculation.
CEPA

= NONE ordinary SR-CISD or MR-CISD (default)

= CEPA0 Coupled Electron Pair Approximation,
whose GVAL= 1.0
= ACPF Averaged Coupled Pair Functional,
whose GVAL= (Ne-2)/Ne
= AQCC Averaged Quadratic Coupled-Cluster,
whose GVAL= (Ne-3)(Ne-2)/[Ne(Ne-1)]
= READ user will supply the desired GVAL.

GVAL

= is given only when CEPA=READ

An example of the SR-AQCC size-extensivity correction for a

molecule with 10 chemical cores, 8 occupied valence
orbitals, and 163 total MOs is
$CONTRL SCFTYP=RHF CITYP=ORMAS RUNTYP=ENERGY
$CIDET NCORE=10 NACT=153 NELS=16
$ORMAS CEPA=AQCC NSPACE=2
MSPACE(1)=11,19 MINE(1)=14,0 MAXE(1)=16,2
A MR-CEPA case with N active electrons and M electrons in
filled valence orbitals should use three spaces, with NELS
M+N; MINE M-2,N-2,0; and MAXE M,N+2,2.

Input Description

$ORMAS

2-401

Review: P.G.Szalay, in Modern Ideas in Coupled-Cluster

methods, R.J.Bartlett (ed), World Scientific, Singapore
(1997), pp 81-123.
* * * * *
BLOCK

= a flag to request that natural orbital generation

for CISTEP=ORMAS MCSCF or CITYP=ORMAS CI runs
should prevent mixing between the NSPACE orbital
subspaces. This means the NOs only diagonalize
the diagonal blocks of the density, and are thus
not the genuine NOs. However, these approximate
NOs can be used with MOREAD to exactly reproduce
the ORMAS energy, which is invariang to rotations
within the orbital subspaces. (Default=.FALSE.)

QCORR

= a flag to request Davidson-style +Q corrections.

If this is not sensible for your CI choice, the
program will not print this correction, anyway.
The default is .TRUE.

FDIRCT

= a flag to choose storage in memory of some

intermediates. This is very large, and slower in
the case of many occupied orbitals, but helpful
with a smaller number of orbitals. Therefore the
default for this is .TRUE. for MCSCF runs, but
.FALSE. during CI computations.

*** See REFS.DOC for more information on using ORMAS ***

==========================================================

Input Description

$CEEIS

2-402

==========================================================

$CEEIS

group

(optional, for extrapolation to FCI limit)

The method termed Correlation Energy Extrapolation by

Intrinsic Scaling (CEEIS) allows one to extrapolate
sequences of CI energies, computed with the ORMAS program,
to what is effectively the full CI limit for a given basis
set. Typically, the energy for SD and SDT excitation
levels using all orbitals (m=M, meaning occupied + all
virtuals) is combined, using certain scaling relations,
with explicit computations using m orbitals for quadruple,
quintuple... excitations (x), using a smaller m for each
higher excitation, to obtain the extrapolated FCI limit,
within an estimated error bar. When this is done for
several basis sets, it is possible to extrapolate the
individual full CI energies to the limit of the complete
basis set.
A series of papers combines complete basis set CEEIS
energies with scalar relativistic, spin-orbit, and long
range electrostatic corrections to produce a very accurate
rotational-vibrational spectrum of F2, see
L.Bytautas, T.Nagata, M.S.Gordon, K.Ruedenberg
J.Chem.Phys. 127, 164317/1-20 (2007)
L.Bytautas, N.Matsunaga, T.Nagata, M.S.Gordon, K.Ruedenberg
J.Chem.Phys. 127, 204301/1-12 (2007)
L.Bytautas, N.Matsunaga, T.Nagata, M.S.Gordon, K.Ruedenberg
J.Chem.Phys. 127, 204313/1-19 (2007)
L.Bytautas, K.Ruedenberg
J.Chem.Phys. 130, 204101/1-14 (2009)
The input description below is quite terse. A full
description of how to use CEEIS with ORMAS is provided in a
separate file (a Word document) named
~/gamess/tools/ci-tools/ceeis/CEEIS.doc
containing a much more detailed description of how to do
this kind of calculation. This document explains how to
use an Excel spreadsheet to allow visual checking of the
energy data that are being extrapolated. Several input
examples are given in the same directory.
ENREF

= reference energy, usually either a zero-excited

ORMAS reference wavefunction, or some SCF level
energy (if the reference is one determinant).

Input Description

$CEEIS

2-403

ISTPEX = highest excitation level considered by the CEEIS,

the default is 8 (octuple excitations).
M1M2EX = an array to specify the various ORMAS computations
to be performed, at each excitation level x.
0's start the specification of m values for each
level x=3,4,...ISTPEX. Some examples follow,
M1M2EX(1)= 0,0,0,
0,7,10,-14,20
0,7,10,-14
ISTEPX=5
The final two zero's on the first (SDT) line mean do the
SDT computations with the entire virtual space, and also
for all m values used at the higher excitations. The SDTQ
energies are found for m=7,10,11,12,13,14,20, that is, the
minus sign implies all values in the range 10-14. The
SDTQ5 computations do not include m=20. If there is not
enough memory to do the entire SDT calculation, this can be
extrapolated (losing accuracy in the entire CEEIS process),
by input such as
M1M2EX(1)= 0,7,10,-14,20,27,
0,7,10,-14,20
0,7,10,-14
ISTEPX=5
Changing the 0,0 part of the triples line to what is shown
extrapolates from m=27. Note that it is an error not to
include the same m values that higher excitations will use.
There is no input for doubles, as in all cases the program
will generate the SD energy for the entire virtual space,
and additional SD energies for the m values chosen for use
by the higher excitation levels.
M1M2EX(1)= all 0's will carry out a fully automated CEEIS
using MMIN to MMIN+4, testing convergence, possibly adding
MMIN+5 to MMIN+9 and so forth.
IDELTM = range increment for the m1,m2 ranges given as
{m1,-m2} in M1M2EX. Default=1.
ISCHME = extrapolation choice (the default is 1) for energy
increments (DEMAT = differences of EMAT values):
= 1 means extrapolate excitation level "x" by
DEMAT(m,x) = a*DEMAT(m,x-2) + b
= 2 means extrapolate quadruples as above, but
x=5+6 or x=7+8,... are extrapolated together:
DEMAT(m,x) = A*DEMAT(m,2) + B*DEMAT(m,3) + C
In this case energies for odd excitation levels

Input Description

$CEEIS

2-404

are not needed, and their computation can be

avoided by making the odd levels in M1M2EX be
the same input for 5+6, 7+8, ...
MMIN

= "m" value of the lowest virtual orbital to be

considered in the extrapolation. The default is
NCORE + 1 + MAX(no. valence e-, no. valence orbs),
which is in fact the lowest "m" that should ever
be used.

XTRTOL = an array of thresholds for each extrapolated

energy E(x), if the automated CEEIS is being used.
default = 2D-4 Hartree for all levels x.
NSEXT

= an array containing NSPACE entries. Each entry

corresponds to an ORMAS orbital group defined by
MSTART in $ORMAS, and can be either 0 or 1.
An entry of 1 means include excitations from this
space during the CEEIS. 0 means do not include
any such excitations, meaning electrons in this
subspace are NOT being correlated, apart from the
correlation built into the original ORMAS. The
final entry in the list is the virtual space, and
must be given as 1. The default is all 1's.

RESTRT = a flag to say

restarted, in
$CEDATA input
energies will

that the CEEIS calculation is being

which case energies provided in the
are read, and only the missing
be calculated. Default = .FALSE.

IEXPND = expands the excitation level in restarts, e.g. if

the previous data was computed for ISTPEX=6, and
you now wish to use ISTPEX=8, enter IEXPND=2 to
add two more columns to the matrix EMAT(m,x) being
read in $CEDATA.
==========================================================

$CEDATA

group

(optional restart data for CEEIS runs)

This group contains previously computed ORMAS energies,

forming the EMAT array, to be used to restart CEEIS runs.
It is required if RESTRT in $CEEIS is true.
==========================================================

Input Description

$GCILST

2-405

==========================================================

$GCILST

group

(required by MCSCF if CISTEP=GENCI)

(required if CITYP=GENCI)

This group defines space products to be used in the

general CI calculation, or in a MCSCF wavefunction. The
input is free format.
Line 1: NSPACE ISYM
The first line gives the total number of space products to
be entered in the second lines. The option ISYM can be
omitted, or given as 0, in which case the program will
verify that all space products typed in the second lines
indeed have the spatial symmetry defined by STSYM in the
$GEN or $CIGEN input groups. If ISYM is 1, the user is
indicating that more than one space symmetry is known to be
in the list, that this is intentional, and the program
should proceed with the calculation. This might be of use
in state averaging two representations in a group that has
more than two total representations, and therefore faster
than turning symmetry off completely by GROUP=C1. ISYM=2
has the same meaning but turns on additional printing.
Line 2 is repeated NSPACE times. Each line 2 contains NACT
integers, which must be 0, 1, or 2, and therefore tells the
occupation of each of the active orbitals in each space
product. An example input is:
$GEN
GLIST=INPUT NELS=6 NACT=4 SZ=0.0 $END
$GCILST
5
2 2 2 0
2 1 2 1
2 0 2 2
2 2 0 2
0 2 2 2
$END
which generates 6 Ms=0 determinants, much less than the 16
determinants in a C1 symmetry full list for 6 e- in 4 MOs.
The second space product above generates two determinants.
All space products with singly occupied orbitals are used
to form all possible determinants, to ensure that the final

Input Description

$GCILST

2-406

states are eigenfunctions of the S**2 operator (meaning

they will be pure spin states).
Note that there is no way at present to generate lists such
as singles and doubles from a single reference.
Convergence of MCSCF calculations with arbitrary lists of
space products will depend on how well chosen your list is,
and may very well require the use of FULLNR or JACOBI
convergers.
A utility program to pre-select the important part of CI
expansions with high excitation levels, based on
information from CI-SDT calculations, is distributed with
the source code. See the file
~/gamess/tools/ci-tools/select/readme.1st
for more information.
==========================================================

Input Description

$GMCPT

2-407

==========================================================

$GMCPT

group

(relevant if CISTEP=GMCCI in $MCSCF)

(relevant if MRPT=GMCPT in $MRMP)

This group specifies the determinants to be used in a

general MCSCF wavefunction. Additional inputs give the
necessary information to compute a 2nd order perturbation
energy correction to the MCSCF energy of such a MCSCF
reference, by choosing MPLEVL=2 in $CONTRL and MRPT=GMCPT.
The PT is of quasidegenerate type, in which several
MCSCF states can be perturbed simultaneously. After 2nd
order correction to both its diagonal and off-diagonal
matrix elements, this model Hamiltonian is diagonalized to
give the GMC-QDPT energies. The diagonalization also
yields some information about the remixing of the reference
states at 2nd order. Of course, the program can also be
used to obtain the 2nd order correction to the energy of
just one state.
GMC-QDPT is therefore analogous to the two equivalent
MCQDPT programs (MRPT=MCQDPT or DETMRPT) for CAS-type
references, but allows more general types of MCSCF
reference. Compared to those programs, there are also
choices for the 0-th order states, for the orbital
energies, and for the treatment of external excitations.
The letters GMCPT should be understood as standing for
GMC-QDPT, and have been shortened only because of the
constraints on input group names to 6 or fewer letters.
At the present time, this program does not support
EXETYP=CHECK. It is enabled for parallel execution.
1. data to specify active space and electronic state:
NMOFZC: number of frozen core orbitals, during the PT
the shape of these orbitals will be optimized in
the MCSCF stage, so they are "frozen" in the sense
of not being correlated in the PT. The default
is the number of chemical core orbitals.
NMODOC: number of orbitals restricted to double occupancy

Input Description

$GMCPT

2-408

during MCSCF, but which are correlated in the PT

calculation. In other words, the filled valence
orbitals. (no default). (It is possible to enter a
different keyword NMOCOR which is the total number
of doubly occupied orbitals, and NMOFZC. In this
case the program will obtain NMODOC by subtraction,
namely NMODOC = NMOCOR - NMOFZC).
NMOACT: number of active orbitals in the MCSCF (no default)
NMOFZV: number of virtual orbitals to be omitted from the
PT step. The default is 0, retaining all virtuals.
NELACT: number of active electrons. Since the default is
computed from the total number of electrons given
in $DATA and $CONTRL's ICHARG, minus 2*NMOFZC minus
2*NMODOC, there is little reason to input this.
MULT:

multiplicity of the state, with the default being

taken from MULT in $CONTRL.

SZ:

spin projection quantum number for determinants,

default is (MULT-1)/2

STSYM:

The symmetry of the electronic state. See $DET for

possible values: use AP/APP in Cs, not primes.
Default is the totally symmetric representation.

If you are treating a system with degenerate states in an

appropriate Abelian subgroup of the true group, up to three
STSYM values can be given, to specify all components of
that originally degenerate state. For example,
STSYM(1)=b1u,b2u,b3u
generates all P states for an atom running in the Abelian
subgroup D2h.

2. data to specify the MCSCF CI (and PT's reference CI):

The type of general MCSCF reference is specified by REFTYP,
which can be MRX, ORMAS, or RAS:
REFTYP= MRX means multi-reference determinant list, plus
excitations (default). The determinants will be

Input Description

$GMCPT

2-409

given by $PDET input, and the keywords NPDET and

NEXCIT defined below are required.
REFTYP= RAS means the active space is divided into three
subspaces, known as RAS1, RAS2, and RAS3. Keywords
MSTART and NEXCIT defined below are required. For
example, MSTART(1)=4,6,9 defines a RAS with three
orbitals in the NMOFZC/NMODOC spaces, while the
RAS1, RAS2, and RAS3 subspaces contain 2, 3, and
NMOACT-5 orbitals. It remains only to specify the
excitation level NEXCIT between these spaces.
REFTYP= ORMAS defines even more general subspaces than RAS,
and requires inputs NSPACE, MSTART, MINE, and MAXE.
These have the same meaning as the $ORMAS keywords.
NPDET

is the number of parent determinants, to be given

as NPDET lines in the $PDET input. A value is
required for REFTYP=MRX.

NEXCIT

is an excitation level. A value is required for

REFTYP=MRX or REFTYP=RAS.

NSPACE

is the number of subspaces into which the active

space is divided. Required for REFTYP=ORMAS.

MSTART

is an array telling the starting MO of each orbital

space. It is required for REFTYP=RAS and ORMAS.

MINE

is an array giving the minimum number of electrons

occupying each subspace. Required for REFTYP=ORMAS.

MAXE

is an array giving the maximum number of electrons

occupying each subspace. Required for REFTYP=ORMAS.

NSPACE, MSTART, MINE, and MAXE have the same meaning as in

the $ORMAS input. See the 'how to do MCSCF/CI' section of
REFS.DOC, for help in understanding the power of the ORMAS
type of reference determinant list.
3. data to define the reference CI states:
KSTATE

is an array of states to be used. As an example,

KSTATE(1)=0,1,0,1 means use states 2 and 4. The

Input Description

$GMCPT

2-410

default is the ground state, KSTATE(1)=1,0,0...

WSTATE

is a set of weights for each state. The default

is equal weight assigned to every state selected
by KSTATE (WSTATE(1)=1.0, 1.0, 1.0, ...)

IROOT

specifies which state's energy should be saved for

use in numerical gradient evaluation. IROOT
counts only for those states included by KSTATE, so
KSTATE(1)=0,1,0,1 and IROOT=2 refers to the second
root computed (4th overall). Default: IROOT=1.

ISPINA

spin adaptation (default=0)

0 means off, 1 means on (strictly), -1 means on
(loosely). Proper spin states are picked up
automatically so this input is usually skipped.
See NSOLUT in this context.

KNOSYM

a flag to turn off space symmetry use, i.e. STSYM.

.FALSE. will ignore symmetry (default=.TRUE.)

KNOSPN

a flag to ignore spin symmetry, i.e. MULT. Give

as .FALSE. to ignore the spin (default=.TRUE.)

The next few influence the Davidson CI diagonalization, and

are quite similar to $MCQDPT keywords, so the description
here is terse.
NSOLUT

is the number of roots to be obtained. If there

are not enough states of the correct spin found in
the first NSOLUT states to satisfy KSTATE/WSTATE,
increase this parameter to find enough.

MXITER

is the maximum number of Davidson iterations to

find the states (default=200)

THRCON

is the convergence criterion on the CI coefficient

convergence (default= 1.0d-6)

THRENE

is a convergence criterion on the total energy of

the states. This is ignored if given as a negative
number. (default = -1.0d-12 Hartree)

MAXBAS

maximum expansion space size in the Davidson

diagonalization subspace (default=100)

Input Description

MDI

$GMCPT

2-411

dimension of the initial guess subspace used to

initiate the Davidson iterative CI solver. See
NHGSS in $DET for more information (default=300).
4. data to define perturbation theory computation:

KXGMC

a flag to choose the 0-th order Hamiltonian used,

when more than one state is included by KSTATE and
WSTATE. KXGMC has no impact on single state runs.
.TRUE. selects Granovsky's XMCQDPT equations for
the zero-th order Hamiltonian, see
A.A.Granovsky, J.Chem.Phys. 134, 214113(2011).
.FALSE. selects the original definition of the
unperturbed Hamiltonian. The default is .TRUE.

IWGT

selects wavefunction analysis (default=1)

0 means off, 1 means on (external), -1 means on
(internal orbitals). This will compute the
approximate weight of the MCSCF reference CI in
the first order wavefunction. It is therefore
a very useful diagnostic for the quality of the
calculation, as the MCSCF state should be a high
percentage. The formula for the decomposition is
changed from the original CAS-type MCQDPT (REFWGT
in $MCQDPT), see Miyajima, Watanabe, and Nakano's
reference cited below.
Select IWGT=0 if the fastest speed is desired.

KFORB

flag to request canonicalization (default=.TRUE.)

Canonicalization within the core, virtual, and any
rotationally invariant active subspaces yields a
well defined theoretical model. You would not
normally turn this option off.

KROT

flag for treating (ij)->(ab) excitations

.TRUE. means treating this type of term by the
traditional MCQDPT formulae
.FALSE. uses a MP2-type formula when this type of
term arises between two identical determinants,
while using zero otherwise. This is thought to be
better in terms of size-consistency. (default)
KROT has an impact on run times and on the
numerical result. See the paper cited below by

Input Description

$GMCPT

2-412

Ebisuzaki, Watanabe, and Nakano for details.

THRWGT

threshold weight on the square of CI coefficients,

for determinant selection. Any determinants that
are excluded from the reference list due to THRWGT
are treated in the outer space of the perturbation.
Give as a negative number to retain all of the
determinants, even those of very little importance,
in the reference of the perturbation treatment.
The default is 1.0d-8.

KSZDOE

flag to use spin (Sz) dependent orbital energies.

This variable is ignored for singlet state(s), or
if SZ is chosen as 0.
If .TRUE., alpha and beta orbital energies are not
the same,
Ealp(i) = h(i,i) + sum_kl { Dalp(k,l)[(ii|kl)-(il|ki)]
+Dbet(k,l) (ii|kl)}
Ebet(i) = h(i,i) + sum_kl { Dbet(k,l)[(ii|kl)-(il|ki)]
+Dalp(k,l) (ii|kl)}
If .FALSE. both sets use the energies
E(i) = h(i,i) + sum_kl D(k,l)[(ii|kl)-1/2*(il|ki)]
= [Ealp(i)+Ebet(i)]/2
from the total density D(k,l)=Dalp(k,l)+Dbet(k,l)
Default=.TRUE.

THRGEN

threshold on generator constants. Default=1.0d-9

Raising lowers accuracy but produces speedups.
Lowering to 1.0d-12 should give full accuracy for
benchmarking purposes.

THRHDE

threshold to ignore |<I|V|nu>/dE|, which is not a

very effective screening, and its use is thus not
recommended. Default is 1.0 which should not
screen anything. Possible values are 0.05-0.10,
since many |<I|V|nu>/dE| are around 0.02-0.03.

The next two deal with the so-called "intruder state

avoidance". There are theoretical difficulties with either
one. THRDE just drops terms, so the potential surface may
have small discontinuities. EDSHFT always shifts results a
little bit, even if no small denominators (aka intruder
states) are actually present. Clearly both are "band-

Input Description

$GMCPT

2-413

aids"! Note that the first ISA technique is turned on, by

default.
THRDE

is a threshold to simply drop out any term whose

energy denominator is too small. The default for
this is 0.005 Hartree. Change to zero to turn this
option off.

EDSHFT

is the same as the same keyword in $MCQDPT. The

denominators D are changed to D + EDSHFT/D. Turn
off THRDE if you select this option. A reasonable
value to try is 0.02, the default is 0.0.

5. miscellaneous data
CEXCEN = string defining the units for the excitation
energy. Choose from these 4 strings (any case):
eV (default), cm-1, Kcal/mol, KJ/mol
DDTFPT = a flag requesting the distributed data integral
transformation be used, if the run is parallel.
This option requires MEMDDI in $SYSTEM. If there
is not enough memory to allow this, turn this
option off to use an alternate parallel
transformation (DEFAULT=.TRUE.).
Note: There are additional technical parameters for $GMCPT,
documented only in the source code file gmcpt.src.
---In case it is desirable for the GMC-QDPT program to
reproduce results obtained by the DETMRPT/MCQDPT programs:
a) use a CAS-SCF reference in the MCSCF step
b) select REFTYP=ORMAS here, and enter NSPACE=1, giving
only one value for MSTART, MINE, MAXE
c) retain the entire CAS reference in the internal
determinant's perturbation space, THRWGT=-1.0
d) select the original external determinant space's
perturbation treatment, KROT=.FALSE.
e) use equal alpha/beta orbital energies, KSZDOE=.FALSE.
f) in multi-state mode, select KXGMC off, to reproduce
those program's 0-th order reference states
g) ensure ISA is turned off, THRDE= -1.0

Input Description

$GMCPT

2-414

h) perhaps adjust numerical parameters to full accuracy, to

increase the no. of decimals: THRGEN=1D-12, THRHDE=1D+10.
References for GMC-QDPT:
a) H.Nakano, R.Uchiyama, K.Hirao
J.Comput.Chem. 23, 1166-1175(2002)
b) M.Miyajima, Y.Watanabe, H.Nakano
J.Chem.Phys. 124, 044101/1-9(2006)
c) R.Ebisuzaki, Y.Watanabe, H.Nakano
Chem.Phys.Lett. 442, 164-169(2007)
The first paper introduced the theory, with further
developments including reference state weights given in the
second. The present computer code is based on the
efficient formulation involving ionized intermediate
determinants, as described in the third paper.
==========================================================

Input Description

$PDET/$ADDDET/$REMDET

2-415

==========================================================

$PDET

group

(required if NPDET>0 in $GMCPT)

This group defined the "parent" determinants, which

will be excited to excitation level NEXCIT. There must be
a total of NPDET determinants given in the group. Each
determinant may have spaces at the front or rear, but not
embedded within the string. An example, presuming NPDET=3,
is
$PDET
2200
2+-0
2-+0
$END
==========================================================

$ADDDET
$REMDET

group

(optional, if NPDET>0 in $GMCPT)

group

(optional, if NPDET>0 in $GMCPT)

These two groups add (or remove) determinants from the

reference list. The first line in the group tells how many
determinants are contained in the group.
$ADDDET/$REMDET
2
2002
+-02
$END
These two determinants would be generated if the $PDET list
was used with NEXCIT=2 (or higher), but this $REMDET would
remove them from the generated total reference CI.
==========================================================

Input Description

$SODET

2-416

==========================================================

$SODET

group

(required if CITYP=FSOCI)

This group controls a full second order CI calculation

using determinants (see also the keyword SOCI in $CIDRT).
Most of the characteristics of the active space (such as
NCORE, NACT, NELS) must be given by $CIDET input, as a
preliminary full CI according to $CIDET will be made. The
FCI states will then used as the initial guess for the full
second order CI. A few additional parameters may be given
in this group, but many runs will not need to give any of
these.
NEXT

= the number of external orbitals to be included.

The default is the entire virtual MO space.

NSOST

= the number of states to be found in the SOCI.

The default is copied from NSTATE in $CIDET.

MAXPSO = maximum expansion space size used in the SOCI.

The default is copied from MXXPAN in $CIDET.
ORBS

= MOS means use the MCSCF orbitals, which should be

allowed to undergo canonicalization (see the
CANONC keyword in $MCSCF), or the input $VEC
group in case SCFTYP=NONE. (default)
NOS means to instead use the natural orbitals of
the MCSCF.

==========================================================

Input Description

$DRT $CIDRT

2-417

==========================================================

$DRT group
$CIDRT group

(required by MCSCF if CISTEP=GUGA)

(required if CITYP=GUGA)

This group describes the Configuration State Functions

(CSFs) used by the MCSCF or CI calculation. The Distinct
Row Table (DRT) is the means by which the Graphical Unitary
Group Approach (GUGA) specifies configurations. The group
is spelled $DRT for MCSCF runs, and $CIDRT for CI runs.
The main difference in these is NMCC versus NFZC.
There is no default for GROUP, and you must choose one
of FORS, FOCI, SOCI, or IEXCIT.
GROUP = the name of the point group to be used. This is
usually the same as that in $DATA, except for
RUNTYP=HESSIAN, when it must be C1. Choose from
the following: C1, C2, CI, CS, C2V, C2H, D2, D2H,
C4V, D4, D4H. If your $DATA's group is not listed,
choose only C1 here.
FORS

= flag specifying the Full Optimized Reaction Space

set of configuration should be generated. This
is usually set true for MCSCF runs, but if it is
not, see FORS in $MCSCF. (Default=.FALSE.)

FOCI

= flag specifying first order CI. In addition to

the FORS configurations, all singly excited CSFs
from the FORS reference are included.
Default=.FALSE.

SOCI

= flag specifying second order CI. In addition to

the FORS configurations, all singly and doubly
excited configurations from the FORS reference
are included. (Default=.FALSE.)

IEXCIT= electron excitation level, for example 2 will

lead to a singles and doubles CI. This variable
is computed by the program if FORS, FOCI, or
SOCI is chosen, otherwise it must be entered.
INTACT= flag to select the interacting space option. See
C.F.Bender, H.F.Schaefer J.Chem.Phys. 55,
4798-4803(1971). The CI will include only those

Input Description

$DRT $CIDRT

2-418

CSFs which have non-vanishing spin couplings with

the reference configuration. Note that when the
Schaefer group uses this option for high spin
ROHF references, they use Guest/Saunders orbital
canonicalization.
* * the next variables define the single reference * *
The single configuration reference is defined by
filling in the orbitals by each type, in the order shown.
The default for each type is 0.
Core orbitals, which are always doubly occupied:
NMCC = number of MCSCF core MOs (in $DRT only).
NFZC = number of CI frozen core MOs (in $CIDRT only).
Internal orbitals, which are partially occupied:
NDOC = number of doubly occupied MOs in the reference.
NAOS = number of alpha occupied MOs in the reference,
which are singlet coupled with a corresponding
number of NBOS orbitals.
NBOS = number of beta spin singly occupied MOs.
NALP = number of alpha spin singly occupied MOs in the
reference, which are coupled high spin.
NVAL = number of empty MOs in the reference.
External orbitals, occupied only in FOCI or SOCI:
NEXT = number of external MOs. If given as -1, this will
be set to all remaining orbitals (apart from any
frozen virtual orbitals).
NFZV = number of frozen virtual MOs, never occupied.
* * the next two help with state symmetry * *
STSYM=

The symmetry of the electronic state. See $DET for

possible values: use AP/APP in Cs, not primes.
Default is the totally symmetric representation.

note: This option overwrites whatever symmetry is implied

by NALP/NAOS/NBOS. It is easier to pick STSYM than
to allow its inference from the singly occupied
orbitals, which is a relic of ancient input files.
NOIRR= controls labelling of the CI state symmetries.
= 1 no labelling (default)

Input Description

$DRT $CIDRT

2-419

= 0 usual labelling. This can be very time consuming

if the group is non-Abelian.
=-1 fast labelling, in which all CSFs with small CI
coefficients are ignored. This can produce weights
quite different from one, due to ignoring small
coefficients, but overall seems to work OK.
Note that it is normal for the weights not to sum
to 1 even for NOIRR=0 because for simplicity the
weight determination is focused on the relative
weights rather than absolute. However weight do
not sum to one only for row-mixed MOs.
= -2,-3... fast labelling and sets SYMTOL=10**NOIRR
for runs other than TRANSITN. All irreps with
weights greater than SYMTOL are considered.
* * * the final choices are seldom used * * *
MXNINT = Buffer size for sorted integrals. (default=20000)
Adjust this upwards if the program tells you to,
which may occur in cases with large numbers of
external orbitals.
MXNEME = Buffer size for energy matrix.
NPRT

(default=10000)

= Configuration printout control switch.

This can consume a HUMUNGUS amount of paper!
0 = no print (default)
1 = print electron occupancies, one per line.
2 = print determinants in each CSF.
3 = print determinants in each CSF (for Ms=S-1).

==========================================================

Input Description

$MCSCF

2-420

==========================================================

$MCSCF

group

(for SCFTYP=MCSCF)

This group controls the MCSCF orbital optimization

step. The difference between the five convergence methods
is outlined in the Further Information chapter, which you
should carefully study before trying MCSCF computations.
--- the next chooses the configuration basis --CISTEP = ALDET chooses the Ames Lab. determinant full CI,
and requires $DET input. (default)
= ORMAS chooses an Occupation Restricted Multiple
Active Space determinant CI, requiring
both $DET and $ORMAS inputs.
= GUGA chooses the graphical unitary group CSFs,
and requires $DRT input. This is the
only value usable with the QUAD converger.
= GENCI chooses the Ames Laboratory general CI, and
requires $GEN input.
= GMCCI chooses the Kyushu University general CI,
and requires $GMCPT input.
--- the next five choose the orbital optimizer --FOCAS

= a flag to select a method with a first order

convergence rate. (default=.FALSE.)
Parallel runs with FOCAS do not use MEMDDI.

SOSCF

= a flag selecting an approximately second order

convergence method, using an approximate orbital
hessian. (default=.TRUE.)
Parallel runs with SOSCF do not use MEMDDI.

FULLNR = a flag selecting a second order method, with an

exact orbital hessian. (default=.FALSE.)
Parallel runs with FULLNR require input of MEMDDI.
QUAD

= a flag to pick a fully quadratic (orbital and

CI coefficient) optimization method, which is
applicable to FORS or non-FORS wavefunctions.
QUAD may not be used with state-averaging.
(default = .FALSE.)
This converger can be used only in serial runs.

Input Description

$MCSCF

2-421

JACOBI = a flag to pick a program that minimizes the

MCSCF energy by a sequence of 2x2 Jacobi
orbital rotations. This is very systematic in
forcing convergence, although the number of
iterations may be high and the time longer
than the other procedures. This option does
not compute the orbital Lagrangian, hence at
present nuclear gradients may not be computed.
(default = .FALSE.)
This converger can be used only in serial runs.
Note that FOCAS must be used only with FORS=.TRUE. in $DRT.
The other convergers are usable for either FORS or non-FORS
wavefunctions, although convergence is always harder in the
latter case, when FORS below must be set .FALSE.
--- the next apply to all convergence methods --Keywords specific to each converger are described below.
ACURCY = the major convergence criterion, the maximum
permissible asymmetry in the Lagrangian matrix.
(default=1E-5, but 1E-6 if MPLEVL, CI, or FMO
is selected.)
ENGTOL = a secondary convergence criterion, the run is
considered converged when the energy change is
smaller than this value. (default=1.0E-10)
MAXIT

= Maximum number of iterations (default=100 for

FOCAS, 60 for SOSCF, 30 for FULLNR or QUAD)

MICIT

= Maximum number of microiterations within a

single MCSCF iteration. (default=5 for FOCAS
or SOSCF, or 1 for FULLNR or QUAD)

NWORD

= The maximum memory to be used, the default is

to use all available memory. (default=0)

FORS

= a flag to specify that the MCSCF function is of

the Full Optimized Reaction Space type, which is
sometimes known as CAS-SCF. .TRUE. means omit
active-active rotations from the optimization.
Since convergence is usually better with these

Input Description

$MCSCF

2-422

rotations included, the default is sensible:

for FOCAS: .TRUE.,
for FULLNR or QUAD: .FALSE. for FULLNR or QUAD,
and for SOSCF: .TRUE. for ALDET/GUGA
but .FALSE. for ORMAS/GENCI)
It is seldom a good idea to enter this keyword.
Some keywords that apply after convergence is obtained:
CANONC = a flag to cause formation of the "standard
Fock operator", used to generate canonical core
and virtual orbitals. This may reorder the core
by orbital energies. If the active space is also
canonicalized, the active orbitals may also be
reordered by energy. Whenever possible, the
program will also attempt to canonicalize the
active orbitals. (default=.TRUE.)
VVOS

= Valence Virtual Orbital generation, akin to the

same keyword in $SCF, for MCSCF runs. The same
restrictions (no core potentials, atoms H-Xe)
apply. (default= .FALSE.)

FINCI

= NONE means skip regeneration of CAS-CI states over

final converged orbitals. (default)
= MOS use the final MOS, including any final
canonicalization by CANONC, to regenerate
the CAS-CI states matching the MOs.
= NOS use the final NOS to regenerate the CAS-CI
states. Note that CISTEP=ORMAS' natural
orbital process will mix active subspaces,
so an ORMAS natural orbital CI will not
reproduce the MCSCF energies.
This keyword is not implemented for CISTEP=GENCI or GMCCI.
DIABAT = flag controlling construction of diabatic states,
from the final MCSCF adiabatic states.
This is presently programmed only for CISTEP=GUGA.
See the $DIABAT input.
(default is .FALSE.)
EKT

= a flag to cause generation of extended Koopmans'

theorem orbitals and energies. (Default=.FALSE.)
For this option, see R.C.Morrison and G.Liu,
J.Comput.Chem., 13, 1004-1010 (1992). Note that

Input Description

$MCSCF

2-423

the process generates non-orthogonal orbitals, as

well as physically unrealistic energies for the
weakly occupied MCSCF orbitals. The method is
meant to produce a good value for the first I.P.
NPUNCH = MCSCF punch option (analogous to $SCF NPUNCH)
0 do not punch out the final orbitals
1 punch out the occupied orbitals
2 punch out occupied and virtual orbitals
The default is NPUNCH = 2.
NPFLG

= an array for debug printing control. This is

analogous to the same variable in $CIINP.
Elements 1,2,3,4,6,8 make sense, the 8th step
controlling debugging of the orbital optimization.
In case you want to see normal output from all
steps during all iterations, set NPFLG(10)=1.
This may help trace problems that occur only
after the first iteration.

--- the next apply to SOSCF optimizations --NOFO

= number of FOCAS iterations before switching to the

SOSCF converger. May be 0, 1, ... (default=1).
One FOCAS iteration at the first geometry permits
a canonicalization of the virtual space to occur,
which is likely to be crucial for convergence.

MCFMO

= set to 1 to remove redundant orbital Lagrangian

elements in FMO-MCSCF. Note that corresponding
orbital rotations will still be optimised but not
considered when deciding whether a run converged.
This option is only in effect if detached bonds
are present (for which redundant orbitals exist).
Default: 1.
(This variable is irrelevant except to FMO runs)

--- the next three refer to FOCAS optimizations --CASDII = threshold to start DIIS (default=0.05)
CASHFT = level shift value (default=1.0)
NRMCAS = renormalization flag, 1 means do Fock matrix

Input Description

$MCSCF

2-424

renormalization, 0 skips (default=1)

--- the next applies to the QUAD method --(note that all FULLNR input is also relevant to QUAD)
QUDTHR = threshold on the orbital rotation parameter,
SQCDF, to switch from the initial FULLNR
iterations to the fully quadratic method.
(default = 0.05)
--- The JACOBI converger accepts FULLNR options ----- NORB, NOROT, MOFRZ, and FCORE as input ----- all remaining input applies only to FULLNR --except that JACOBI obeys four of these!
Freezing any orbitals (FCORE, MOFRZ, NORB, NOROT)
is incompatible with gradients, as the orbitals will
not be fully optimized. Use frozen orbital options
only with RUNTYP=ENERGY!
DAMP

= damping factor, this is adjusted by the program

as necessary. (default=0.0)

METHOD = DM2 selects a density driven construction of the

Newton-Raphson matrices. (default).
= TEI selects 2e- integral driven NR construction.
See the 'further information' section for more
details concerning these methods. TEI is slow!
LINSER = a flag to activate a method similar to direct
minimization of SCF. The method is used if
the energy rises between iterations. It may in
some circumstances increase the chance of
converging excited states. (default=.FALSE.)
FCORE

= a flag to freeze optimization of all filled

orbitals, which is useful in preparation for
RUNTYP=TRANSITN jobs. Filled orbitals means not
only chemical core, but also any inert valence
orbitals below the active space. Setting FCORE
automatically forces CANONC false. It may be
useful to decrease TOLZ and TOLE in $GUESS by two
orders of magnitude to ensure the filled orbitals
are unchanged during MOREAD. (default=.FALSE.)

Input Description

MOFRZ

$MCSCF

2-425

= an array of orbitals to be frozen out of the

orbital optimization step (default=none frozen).
This list may contain active orbitals, as well
as the filled orbitals.
No more than 15 orbitals may be frozen.
You probably want to toggle CANONC off too!

--- the last few FULLNR options are seldom used --NORB

= the number of orbitals to be included in the

optimization. The default is to optimize with
respect to the entire basis. Give NORB as two
smaller than the number of MOs if you want to
freeze out the top two virtual orbitals.
(default=all orbitals present in the run).

NOROT

= an array of up to 250 orbital rotation pairs

to be omitted from the optimization process.
The program automatically deletes all core-core
rotations, all act-act rotations if FORS=.TRUE.,
and all core-act and core-virt rotations if
FCORE=.TRUE. Additional rotations are input as
I1,J1,I2,J2... to exclude rotations between
orbital I running from 1 to NORB, and J running
up to the smaller of I or NVAL in $TRANS.

DROPC

= a flag to include MCC core orbitals during the

CI computation. The default is to drop them
during the CI, instead forming Fock operators
which are used to build the correct terms in
the orbital hessian. (default = .TRUE.)

==========================================================

Input Description

$MRMP

2-426

==========================================================

$MRMP

group

(relevant if SCFTYP=MCSCF, MPLEVL=2)

This group allows you to specify which second order

multi-reference perturbation theory program is executed.
See REFS.DOC for more details about multireference PT.
Results from these programs should never be referred to
as "CASPT2". That method is similar in spirit, but is a
different set of equations, whose numerical results will
not be identical to those used for MRMP/MCQDPT. When the
reference wavefunction is CAS-SCF, the perturbation
energies from either DETMRPT or MCQDPT programs should be
called MRMP when applied to a single state, and MCQDPT when
applied to more than one state. GMCPT is a different
method, also not "CASPT2".
Diabatic state generation is permitted only through the
CSF-based CAS-reference perturbation program (MCQDPT).
MRPT

= DETMRPT requests a determinant program.

The MCSCF may use CISTEP=ALDET, using
a CAS-SCF reference, in which case the run
produces results equivalent to MCQDPT.
The MCSCF may also use CISTEP=ORMAS to use
more general references.
In either case, the reference must be given
by $DET (and possibly $ORMAS) inputs.
See $DETPT for perturbation specific input.
(default for most runs)
= MCQDPT requests a CSF (GUGA based) program. Its
advantages compared to DETMRPT are that it
can do spin-orbit MRPT, and find the weight
of the MCQDPT zeroth order state.
CISTEP can be ALDET or GUGA, your choice.
See $MCQDPT for related input.
(default for RUNTYP=TRANSITN)
(default for DIABAT=.TRUE. in $MCSCF)
= GMCPT

requests a determinant based program that

can use non-CAS type reference functions,
including ORMAS or user defined lists.

Input Description

$MRMP

2-427

See $GMCPT for related input and more info.

Both the DETMRPT and MCQDPT programs produce numerically
identical results, if you select a tight value of
THRGEN=1D-12 for the latter program (in some cases you may
also need to tighten their CI convergence criteria). Eight
or more decimal place energy agreement between the two
codes has been observed, when being careful about these
cutoffs. This is true whether the codes are running in
single state mode, which the literature calls MRMP, or in
multi-state mode, which the literature calls MCQDPT.
Generally speaking, the determinant code uses direct CI
technology to avoid disk I/O, and is much faster when used
with larger active spaces (particularly above 12 active
orbitals). The determinant code uses essentially no disk
space beyond that required by the MCSCF itself. The
determinant code uses native integral transformation codes,
including the distributed memory parallel transformation.
However, the determinant code is perhaps a bit slower when
there is a small active space and very many filled valence
orbitals included in the PT. Both codes exploit
distributed memory parallelization (MEMDDI).
The determinant program lacks complete control of orbital
canonicalization. Be careful to read in only canonicalized
core, active, and virtual MOs if you pick RDVECS=.TRUE.
with this program.
RDVECS = a flag controlling whether the orbitals should be
MCSCF optimized in this run. A value of .TRUE.
means that your converged MCSCF orbitals are being
given in $VEC, and the program will branch to the
perturbation treatement. (default=.FALSE.)
notes:
If you select RDVECS, and are not doing spin-orbit coupling
with the CSF program, $GUESS method GUESS=MOREAD is used to
process the orbitals. Its options such as NORB and PURIFY
will apply to reading the $VEC input, and as always, MOREAD
in $GUESS will orthogonalize.
If you are using the CSF program for spin-orbit coupling,
$GUESS is ignored, and the $VEC or $VECn group must contain
all virtuals. The orbitals will not be reorthogonalized
unless you select the MODVEC option.

Input Description

$MRMP

2-428

In either case, if your orbitals are not orthogonal, you

are better off repeating MCSCF with RDVECS=.FALSE.!
MODVEC = 0 skip orthogonalization (default)
= 1 do orthogonalization in the SO-MCQDPT program.
==========================================================

Input Description

$DETPT

2-429

==========================================================

$DETPT group

(relevant if SCFTYP=MCSCF and MPLEVL=2)

This input group applies to the determinant-based

multi-reference perturbation theory program, if chosen by
MRPT=DETMRPT in $MRMP.
When applied to only one state, the theory is known as
multi-reference Moller-Plesset (MRMP), but the term MCQDPT
is used when this theory is used in its multi-state form.
Please note that this perturbation theory is not the same
thing as the CASPT2 theory, and should -NEVER- be called
that. A more complete discussion may be found in the
'Further Information' chapter.
NVAL

= number of filled valence orbitals in the MCSCF to

be included in the dynamic correlation treatment.
This is analogous to NMODOC in the $MCQDPT input.
The number of frozen cores orbitals is found by
subtracting NVAL from NCORE in $DET, so that you
need not specify the chemical core's size. Also,
there is no input for specifying the active space,
which is inherited from $DET. The default for
NVAL correlates valence orbitals, but freezes any
chemical cores.

NEXT

= number of external orbitals to use. The default

means to use all of them (default=-1).

NOS

= a flag to use MCSCF natural orbitals rather than

canonicalized orbitals as the basis of the PT.
This changes the numerical results!!!

Omitting NPTST, IPTST, and WPTST is the simplest option,

meaning that any state with a non-zero WSTATE in $DET is
included in the pertubation. Canonicalization of the
orbitals is normally done by the MCSCF program, see CANONC
in $MCSCF. However, if not, or if the state weights are
changed, the canonicalization is done in the perturbation
code, according to CANON in this group. The default is the
most computationally efficient.
CANON

= flag to request canonicalization.

Default=.TRUE.

Input Description

$DETPT

2-430

Turning off canonicalization is for experimental

purposes, so most runs should not avoid it. The
canonicalization will be done in the perturbation
code under three circumstances,
RDVECS=.TRUE. was used, at the first geometry,
the MCSCF step skipped canonicalization, or
you enter NPTST/IPTST/SPTST information.
Canonicalization uses the state averaged density
matrix to build the "standard Fock operator", and
involves diagonalizing its diagonal sub-blocks.
NPTST

= the number of states to include in generation of

the unperturbed CAS states. If NPTST is chosen,
spins of the states will be ignored, like using
PURES=.F. in $DET, so you must be careful in your
matching IPTST input.

IPTST

= an array of CAS-CI states to be included in the

perturbation theory, give NPTST values.

WPTST

= an array of state weights. Like NPTST/IPTST, the

default for WPTST is derived from WSTATE in $DET.

example: NPTST=3 IPTST(1)=1,3,5 might be used to include

three singlets, S0,S1,S2 in a MCQDPT-type treatment, but
skip over T1 and T2. You will have done an earlier CI or
MCSCF run, in order to know that you need NPTST five or
higher to capture the lowest three singlets, and that these
singlets appear where they do. NSTATE in $DET must be at
least 5 in this example, to find enough roots.
EDSHFT

is the same as the same keyword in $MCQDPT. The

denominators D are changed to D + EDSHFT/D.
Reasonable values are 0.02 to 1D-4, if you need
any shift at all. The default is 0.0.

==========================================================

Input Description

$MCQDPT

2-431

==========================================================

$MCQDPT

group

(relevant if SCFTYP=MCSCF and MPLEVL=2)

Controls 2nd order MCQDPT (multiconfiguration quasidegenerate perturbation theory) runs, if requested by
MPLEVL=2 in $CONTRL. MCQDPT2 is implemented only for FORS
(aka CASSCF) wavefunctions. The MCQDPT method is a
multistate, as well as multireference perturbation theory.
The implementation is a separate program, interfaced to
GAMESS, with its own procedures for determination of the
canonical MOs, CSF generation, integral transformation, CI
in the reference CAS, etc. Therefore some of the input in
this group repeats data given elsewhere, particularly for
$DET/$DRT.
Analytic gradients are not available. Spin-orbit
coupling may be treated as a perturbation, included at the
same time as the energy perturbation. If spin-orbit
calculations are performed, the input groups for each
multiplicity are named $MCQD1, $MCQD2, ... rather than
$MCQDPT. Parallel calculation is enabled.
When applied to only one state, the theory is known as
multi-reference Moller-Plesset (MRMP), but the term MCQDPT
is used when this theory is used in its multi-state form.
Please note that this perturbation theory is not the same
thing as the CASPT2 theory, and should -NEVER- be called
that. A more complete discussion may be found in the
'Further Information' chapter.
Most values will inherit sensible defaults for the state
symmetry and the orbital space counts from the $DET or $DRT
input defining the MCSCF: however for multi-state runs, the
user probably has to supply the desired state and weighting
information.
In case of diabatic state generation at the MCQDPT
level, the settings for state selection and weights will be
inherited from the $DIABAT input, to be the same as used
for the Diabatic MO generation. Thus diabatization runs
will probably not give any input here, although they might
override NMOFZC/NMODOC defaults.
*** MCSCF reference wavefunction ***

Input Description

$MCQDPT

NEL

total number of electrons, including core.

(default from $DATA and ICHARG in $CONTRL)

MULT

spin multiplicity (default from $CONTRL)

NMOACT =
NMOFZC =
NMODOC =

NMOFZV =

2-432

Number of orbitals in FORS active space

(default is the active space in $DET or $DRT)
number of frozen core orbitals, NOT correlated
in the perturbation calculation. (default is
number of chemical cores)
number of orbitals which are doubly occupied in
every MCSCF configuration, that is, not active
orbitals, which are to be included in the
perturbation calculation. (The default is all
valence orbitals between the chemical core and
the active space)
number of frozen virtuals, NOT occupied during
the perturbation calculation. The default is
to use all virtuals in the MP2. (default=0)

If the input file does not provide a $DET or $DRT, the user
must give NMOFZC, NMODOC, and NMOACT correctly here.
STSYM = The symmetry of the target electronic state(s).
See $DET for possible values: use AP/APP in Cs, not
primes. This must be given, and need not match the
state symmetry used in optimizing the orbitals by
$DET or $DRT, although it often does.
Default is the totally symmetric representation.
NOSYM

= 0 use CSF symmetry (see the STSYM keyword).

off diagonal perturbations vanish if states are
of different symmetry, so the most efficient
computation is a separate run for every space
symmetry. (default)
1 turn off CSF state symmetry so that all states
are treated at once. STSYM is ignored.
Presently this option does not seem to work!!
-1 Symmetry purify the orbitals. Since $GUESS is
not read by MCQDPT runs, this option can be used
as a substitute for its PURIFY. After cleaning
the orbitals, they are reorthogonalised within
each irrep and within each group (core, double,
active, virtual) separately. Since this occurs

Input Description

$MCQDPT

2-433

without MCSCF optimization if you have chosen to

use RDVECS in $MRMP, it is *your* responsibility
to ensure that any purification of the orbitals
is small enough that the CAS energies for the
original CASSCF and the CAS-CI performed during
the MCQDPT are the same!
*** perturbation specification ***
KSTATE=

XZERO

state is used (1) or not (0) in the MCQDPT2.

Maximum of 20 elements, including zeros.
For example, if you want the perturbation
correction to the second and the fourth roots,
KSTATE(1)=0,1,0,1
See also WSTATE.
(normal default=1,0,0,0,0,0,0,...)
(default for DIABAT=.TRUE. will be from $DIABAT)
a flag to choose the 0-th order Hamiltonian used,
when more than one state is included by KSTATE and
WSTATE. XZERO has no impact on single state runs.
.TRUE. selects Granovsky's XMCQDPT equations for
the zero-th order Hamiltonian, see
A.A.Granovsky, J.Chem.Phys. 134, 214113(2011).
.FALSE. selects the original definition of the
unperturbed Hamiltonian. The default is .FALSE.
*** Intruder State Removal ***

EDSHFT =

energy denominator shifts.

See also REFWGT.

(default=0.0,0.0)

Intruder State Avoidance (ISA) calculations can be made by

changing the energy denominators around poles (where the
denominator is zero). Each denominator x is replaced by x
+ EDSHFT/x, so that far from the poles (when x is large)
the effect of such change is small. EDSHFT is an array of
two values, the first is used in spin-free MCQDPT, and the
second is for spin-orbit MCQDPT. Both values are used if
RUNTYP=TRNSTN, only the first is used otherwise. A
suggested pair of values is 0.02,0.1, but experimentation
with your system is recommended. Setting these values to
zero is ordinary MCQDPT, whereas infinite collapses to the
MCSCF reference.

Input Description

$MCQDPT

2-434

Note that the energy denominators (which are ket-dependent

in MCQDPT) are changed in a different way for each ketvector, that is, for each row in MCQDPT Hamiltonian matrix.
In other words, the zeroth order energies are not
"universal", but state specific. This is strictly speaking
an inconsistency in defining zeroth order energies that are
usually chosen "universally".
In order to maintain continuity when studying a PES, one
usually uses the same EDSHFT values for all points on PES.
In order to study the potential surface for any extended
range of geometries, it is recommended to use ISA, as it is
quite likely that one or more regions of the PES will be
unphysical due to intruder states.
For an example of how intruder states can appear at some
points on the PES, see Figures 1,2,7 of
K.R.Glaesemann, M.S.Gordon, H.Nakano
Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys. 1, 967-975(1999)
and also
H.A.Witek, D.G.Fedorov, K.Hirao, A.Viel, P.-O.Widmark
J.Chem.Phys. 116, 8396-406(2002)
For a discussion of intruder state removal from MCQDPT, see
H.A.Witek, Y.-K.Choe, J.P.Finley, K.Hirao
J.Comput.Chem. 23, 957-965(2002)
REFWGT =

a flag to request decomposition of the second

order energy into internal, semi-internal, and
external contributions, and to obtain the weight
of the MCSCF reference in the 1st order wave
function. This option significantly increases
the run time! When you run in parallel, only
the transformation steps will speed up, as the
PT part of the reference weight calculation has
not been adapted for speedups (default=.FALSE.)
The EDSHFT option does not apply if REFWGT is
used. One purpose of using REFWGT is to try to
understand the nature of the intruder states.

*** Canonical Fock orbitals ***

IFORB

= 0 skip canonicalization
(default when DIABAT=.TRUE.).
= 1 determine the canonical Fock orbitals.

Input Description

$MCQDPT

2-435

(the usual default)

= 3 canonicalise the Fock orbitals averaged over
all $MCQDx input groups.
IFORB=3 option pertains only to RUNTYP=TRANSITN. It is
primarily meant to include spin-orbit coupling perturbation
into the energy perturbation, but could also be used in
conjunction with OPERAT=DM to calculate only the second
order energy perturbation. IFORB=3 means that WSTATE is
used as follows: In each $MCQDx group, the WSTATE weights
are divided by the total number of states (sum(i)
IROOTS(i)), so the sum over all WSTATE values in all $MCQDx
groups is normalized to sum to 1. Thus there is no
normalization to 1 within each $MCQDx group.
This option might be used to speed up an atomic MCQDPT,
e.g. if computing the 3-P ground state of carbon, one would
want to average over all three spatial components of the P
term, to be sure of spatial degeneracy, but then run the
perturbation using symmetry, separately on the B1g+B2g+B3g
subspecies (within D2h) of a P term. It is very important
to give weights appropriate for the symmetry, the input
requires care.
WSTATE =

weight of each CAS-CI state in computing the

closed shell Fock matrix. You must enter 0.0
whenever the same element in KSTATE is 0.
In most cases setting the WSTATEs for states
to be included in the MCQDPT to equal weights
is the best, and this is the default.
Runs with DIABAT=.TRUE. default to the same
weights used during the DMO generation step.

*** Miscellaneous options ***

ISELCT

is an option to select only the important CSFs

for inclusion into the CAS-CI reference states.
Set to 1 to select, or 0 to avoid selection of
CSFs (default = 0)
All CSFs in a preliminary complete active space
CI whose CI coefficients exceed the square root
of THRWGT are kept in a smaller CI to determine
the zero-th order states. Note that the CSFs
with smaller coefficients, while excluded from
the reference states, are still used during the

Input Description

$MCQDPT

2-436

perturbation calculation, so most of their

energy contribution is still retained. This can
save appreciable computer time in cases with
large active spaces.
THRWGT =

weight threshold for retaining CSFs in selected

configuration runs. In quantum mechanics, the
weight of a CSF is the square of its CI
coefficient. (default=1d-6)

THRGEN =

threshold for one-, two-, and three-body

density matrix elements in the perturbation
calculation. The default gives about 5 decimal
place accuracy in energies. Increase to 1.0D-12
if you wish to obtain higher accuracy, for
example, in numerical gradients (default=1D-8).
Tightening THRGRN and perhaps CI diagonalization
should allow 7-8 decimal place agreement with
the determinant code.

THRENE =

threshold for the energy convergence in the

Davidson's method CAS-CI. (default=-1.0D+00)

THRCON =

threshold for the vector convergence in the

Davidson's method CAS-CI. (default=1.0D-06)

MDI

dimension of small Hamiltonian diagonalized to

prepare initial guess CI states. (default=50)

MXBASE =

maximum number of expansion vectors in the

Davidson diagonalization subspace (e.g. MXXPAN).
(default=50)

NSOLUT =

number of states to be solved for in the

Davidson's method, this might need to exceed
the number of states in the perturbation
treatment in order to "capture" the correct
roots.

NSTOP

maximum number of iterations to permit in

the Davidson's diagonalization.

LPOUT

print option, 0 gives normal printout, while

<0 gives debug print (e.g. -1, -5, -10, -100)
In particular, LPOUT=-1 gives more detailed

Input Description

$MCQDPT

timing information.

2-437

(default=0)

The next three parameters refer to parallel execution:

DOORD0 =

a flag to select reordering of AO integrals

which speeds the integral transformations.
This reduces disk writes, but increases disk
reads, so you can try turning it off if your
machine has slow writes. (default=.TRUE.)

PARAIO =

access 2e- integral file on every node, at

the same time. This affects only runs with
DOORD0 true, and it may be useful to turn
this off in the case of SMP nodes sharing
a common disk drive. (default=.TRUE.)

DELSCR =

a flag to delete file 56 containing halftransformed integrals after it has been

used. This reduces total disk requirements
if this file is big. (default=.FALSE.)

Note that parallel execution will be more effective if you

use distributed memory, MEMDDI in $SYSTEM. Using
AOINTS=DIST in $TRANS is likely to be helpful in situations
with relatively poor I/O rates compared to communication,
e.g. SMP enclosures forced to share a single scratch disk
system. See PROG.DOC for more information on parallel
execution.
Finally, there are additional very specialized options,
described in the source code routine MQREAD: IROT, LENGTH,
MAXCSF, MAXERI, MAXROW, MXTRFR, THRERI, MAINCS, NSTATE
==========================================================

Input Description

$EXCORR

2-438

===========================================================

$EXCORR

group

(compatible with CITYP=ORMAS)

This group prepares input data used to run the universal

perturbative explicitly correlated basis set completeness
correction (PT2R12). This sequence starts with a GAMESS
multireference CI calculation, using ORMAS, and then passes
information (basis set, orbitals, density matrix) to the
Massively Parallel Quantum Chemistry (MPQC) program. The
latter program's calculation uses R-12 methods to minimize
basis set incompleteness errors.
PT2R12

PT2R12 basis set incompleteness correction.

Selecting this flag generates ASCII data files
that serve as MPQC's input.
(DEFAULT = .false.)

NFRZC

number of frozen core orbitals in the PT2R12

basis set incompleteness correction.
(DEFAULT = NCORE from $CIDET)

NINACT

number of inactive orbitals in the PT2R12 basis

set incompleteness correction. (DEFAULT = 0)

NCORR

number of orbitals to be explicitly correlated.

(DEFAULT = NINACT + NACT from $EXCORR)

NFRZV

number of frozen valence orbitals in the PT2R12

basis set incompleteness correction.
(DEFAULT = 0)

PUNTOL

printing tolerance for the second order reduced

density matrix (DEFAULT = 1.00E-11)

The following are used specifically for the MPQC interface

to GAMESS.
DFBS

use density fitting for integral evaluation

Note: recomputed reference energy will be
slightly different. (DEFAULT = .false.)

Input Description

$EXCORR

2-439

RUNR12

= compute [2]_R12 correction with MPQC interface.

(DEFAULT = .false.)

SINGLS

= compute [2]_S correction with MPQC interface.

(DEFAULT = .false.)

F12EXP

= f12 exponent. (default=1.0D+00)

NTHRDS

= number of threads that are spawned during the

[2]_R12 and/or [2]_S computation. (DEFAULT = 1)

===========================================================

Input Description

$CASCI

2-440

==========================================================

$CASCI

group

(relevant to SCFTYP=RHF MPLEVL=2)

This group carries out the Improved Virtual Orbital Complete Active Space CI method of Freed, Chaudhuri, and
co-workers. IVO-CASCI starts with a RHF reference, and
then generates IVOs, which are used in a CI computation
within an active space chosen by the user. The input
consists of this group, a $MCQDPT, and perhaps a $IVOORB
input, along with SCFTYP=RHF and MPLEVL=2. MULT in $CONTRL
applies to the SCF reference, while MULT in $MCQDPT selects
the spin of the IVO-CASCI state(s). Doublets are treated
by using a cation RHF reference.
IVOCAS = a flag to turn on IVO-CASCI computation. This is
usually the only input required (default=.FALSE.)
MOLIST = a flag to request complete control over the
active space specification. The default uses the
parameters in $MCQDPT to select from the IVOs
with the lowest energy. (default=.FALSE.)
DEGENR = a flag to indicate the HOMO is degenerate.
The program should set this for you.
PRINT

= a flag to print debugging info (default=.FALSE.)

The user should request IFORB=0 in $MCQDPT to suppress its

generation of canonical orbitals, so that the IVOs are
used. A Huckel guess is usually fine. The $MCQDPT should
define the active orbitals taken from the IVO set by giving
NMOFZC, NMODOC, and NMOACT, and the electronic state is
specified by that group's MULT, NSTATE, and NSTSYM.
References:
D.M.Potts, C.M.Taylor, R.K.Chaudhuri, K.F.Freed
J.Chem.Phys. 114, 2592-2600(2001)
R.K.Chaudhuri, K.F.Freed, S.A.Abrash, D.M.Potts
J.Mol.Spectrosc. 547, 83-96(2001)
R.K.Chaudhuri, K.F.Freed
J.Chem.Phys. 126, 114103/1-6(2007)
A simple example follows,

Input Description

$CASCI

2-441

$contrl scftyp=rhf mplevl=2 runtyp=energy ispher=1 $end

$casci IVOCAS=.true. $end
$mcqdpt mult=3 stsym=b1 nstate=1 iforb=0
nel=8 nmofzc=1 nmodoc=2 nmoact=2 $end
$basis gbasis=ccd $end
$guess guess=huckel $end
$data
Methylene...3-B-1 state...RHF/cc-pVDZ
Cnv 2
C
6.0
H
1.0
$end

0.0
0.0

.0000000000
.9813851814

.0289123030
.4758735367

The result for the 1st order energy will be -38.9156231594,

which is a full CI within a two orbital space, generated by
the IVO process, rather than a more expensive MCSCF run.
==========================================================

$IVOORB

group

(relevant if MOLIST=.T. in $CASCI)

In case the IVOs are not generated in the desired order,

this group can fully specify the orbital counts in each
irreducible representation.
line 1: NIRREP - gives the total number of irreps
line 2: NDIM, NCORE, NDOC, NUNOCC, NSING - for this irrep,
gives its total dimension, the number of core MOs in the
CASCI, and 3 parameters which define the active orbitals:
filled, empty, and singly occupied (0,1 only) in the
reference. Repeat NIRREP times. A 6 active e- example is
$IVOORB
2
59 4 2 2 0
26 0 1 1 0
$END
==========================================================

Input Description

$CISORT $GUGEM

2-442

The input groups $CISORT, $GUGEM, $GUGDIA, $GUGDM, $GUGDM2,

$LAGRAN, and $TRFDM2 pertain only to GUGA CI, chosen by
either $CONTRL's CITYP=GUGA or $MCSCF's CISTEP=GUGA.
Equivalent values (using the same keywords) may be given
for determinant runs in $DET or $CIDET input groups.
==========================================================

$CISORT

group

(relevant for GUGA -CI- or -MCSCF-)

This group provides further control over the sorting

of the transformed molecular integrals into the order the
GUGA program requires.
NDAR

= Number of direct access records.

(default = 2000)

LDAR

= Length of direct access record (site dependent)

NBOXMX = Maximum number of boxes in the sort.

(default = 200)
NWORD

= Number of words of fast memory to use in this

step. A value of 0 results in automatic use of
all available memory. (default = 0)

NOMEM

= 0 (set to one to force out of memory algorithm)

==========================================================

$GUGEM

group

(relevant for GUGA -CI- or -MCSCF-)

This group provides further control over the

calculation of the energy (Hamiltonian) matrix.
CUTOFF = Cutoff criterion for the energy matrix.
(default=1.0E-8)
NWORD

= not used.

==========================================================

Input Description

$GUGDIA

2-443

==========================================================

$GUGDIA

group

(relevant for GUGA -CI- or -MCSCF-)

This group provides control over the Davidson method

diagonalization step.
NSTATE = Number of CI states to be found, including the
ground state. (default=1, ground state only.)
You can solve for any number of states, but only
100 can be saved for subsequent sections, such
as state averaging. See IROOT in $GUGDM/$GUGDM2.
PRTTOL = Printout tolerance for CI coefficients
(default = 0.05)
MXXPAN = Maximum no. of expansion basis vectors used
before the expansion basis is truncated.
(default=30)
ITERMX = Maximum number of iterations (default=50)
CVGTOL = Convergence criterion for Davidson eigenvector
routine. This value is proportional to the
accuracy of the coefficients of the eigenvector(s)
found. The energy accuracy is proportional to
its square. (default=1.0d-5, but 1E-6 if
gradients, MPLEVL, CITYP, or FMO selected).
NWORD

= Number of words of fast memory to use in this

step. A value of zero results in the use of all
available memory. (default = 0)

MAXHAM = specifies dimension of Hamiltonian to try to

store in memory. The default is to use all
remaining memory to store this matrix in memory,
if it fits, to reduce disk I/O to a minimum.
MAXDIA = maximum dimension of Hamiltonian to send to an
incore diagonalization. If the number of CSFs
is bigger than MAXDIA, an iterative Davidson
procedure is invoked. Default=100
NIMPRV = Maximum no. of eigenvectors to be improved every
iteration. (default = nstate)

Input Description

$GUGDIA

2-444

NSELCT = Determines initial guess to eigenvectors.

= 0 -> Unit vectors corresponding to the NSTATE
lowest diagonal elements and any diagonal
elements within SELTHR of them. (default)
< 0 -> First abs(NSELCT) unit vectors.
> 0 -> use NSELCT unit vectors corresponding to
the NSELCT lowest diagonal elements.
SELTHR = Guess selection threshold when NSELCT=0.
(default=0.01)
NEXTRA = Number of extra expansion basis vectors to be
included on the first iteration. NEXTRA is
decremented by one each iteration. This may be
useful in "capturing" vectors for higher states.
(default=5)
On AXP processors, enter as 0 to avoid core dumps.
KPRINT = Print flag bit vector used when
NPFLG(4)=1 in $CIINP.
(default=8)
value 1 bit 0 print final eigenvalues
value 2 bit 1 print final tolerances
value 4 bit 2 print eigenvalues and tolerances
at each truncation
value 8 bit 3 print eigenvalues every iteration
value 16 bit 4 print tolerances every iteration
Inputs for a multireference Davidson correction, in case
the orbitals are from a MCSCF.
NREF

= number of CSFs in the MCSCF (full CI) job.

EREF

= the energy of the MCSCF reference.

==========================================================

Input Description

$GUGDM

2-445

==========================================================

$GUGDM

group

(relevant for GUGA -CI-)

This group provides further control over formation of

the one electron density matrix. See NSTATE in $GUGDIA.
NFLGDM = Array controlling each state's density formation.
0 -> do not form density for this state.
1 -> form density and natural orbitals for this
state, print and punch occ.nums. and NOs.
2 -> same as 1, plus print density over MOs.
The default is NFLGDM(1)=1,0,0,...,0 meaning
only ground state NOs are generated.
Note that forming the 1-particle density for a state is
negligible compared to diagonalization time for that state.
IROOT

= The root whose density matrix is saved on desk for

later computation of properties. You may save
only one state's density per run. By default,
this is the ground state (default=1).

WSTATE = An array of up to 100 weights to be given to the

1 body density of each state. The averaged density
will be used for property computations, as well as
"state averaged natural orbitals". The default is
to use NFLGDM/IROOT, unless WSTATE is given, when
NFLGDM/IROOT are ignored.
It is not physically reasonable to average over
any CI states that are not degenerate, but it
may be useful to use WSTATE to produce a totally
symmetric density when the states are degenerate.
IBLOCK = Density blocking switch. If nonzero, the off
diagonal block of the density above row IBLOCK
will be set to zero before the (now approximate)
natural orbitals are found. One use for this is
to keep the internal and external orbitals in a
FOCI or SOCI calculation from mixing, where IBLOCK
is the highest internal orbital. (default=0)
NWORD

= Number of words of memory to use.

all available memory (default=0).

Zero means use

==========================================================

Input Description

$GUGDM2

2-446

==========================================================

$GUGDM2

group

(relevant for GUGA -CI- or -MCSCF-)

This group provides control over formation of the

2-particle density matrix.
WSTATE = An array of up to 100 weights to be given to the
2 body density of each state in forming the DM2.
The default is to optimize a pure ground state.
(Default=1.0,99*0.0)
A small amount of the ground state can help the
convergence of excited states greatly.
Gradient runs are possible only with pure states.
IROOT

= the MCSCF state whose energy will be used as the

desired value. The default means to use the
average (according to WSTATE) of all states as
the FINAL energy, which of course is not a
physically meaningful quantity. This is mostly
useful for the numerical gradient of a specific
state obtained with state averaged orbitals.
(default=0).
Be sure to set NSTATE in $GUGDIA appropriately!

CUTOFF = Cutoff criterion for the 2nd-order density.

(default = 1.0E-9)
NWORD

= Number of words of fast memory to use in sorting

the DM2. The default uses all available memory.
(default=0).

NOMEM

= 0 uses in memory sort, if possible.

= 1 forces out of memory sort.

NDAR

= Number of direct access records. (default=4000)

LDAR

= Length of direct access record (site dependent)

NBOXMX = Maximum no. of boxes in the sort. (default=200)

==========================================================
==========================================================

Input Description

$LAGRAN

$LAGRAN

group

2-447

(relevant for GUGA -CI- gradient)

This group provides further control over formation of

the CI Lagrangian, a quantity which is necessary for the
computation of CI gradients.
NOMEM =
=

0 form in core, if possible

1 forces out of core formation

NWORD =

0 (0=use all available memory)

NDAR

= 4000

LDAR

= Length of each direct access record

(default is NINTMX from $INTGRL)

==========================================================

Input Description

$TRFDM2

2-448

==========================================================

$TRFDM2

group

(relevant for GUGA -CI- gradient)

This group provides further control over the back

transformation of the 2 body density to the AO basis.
NOMEM =
=
=

0 transform and sort in core, if possible

1 transform in core, sort out of core, if poss.
2 transform out of core, sort out of core

NWORD =

0 (0=use all available memory)

CUTOFF= 1.0D-9, threshold for saving DM2 values

NDAR

= 2000

LDAR

= Length of each direct access record

(default is system dependent)

NBOXMX= 200
==========================================================
Usually neither $LAGRAN nor $TRFDM2 are given. Since these
groups are normally used only for CI gradient runs, we list
here the restrictions on GUGA CI gradients:
a) SCFTYP=RHF, only
b) no FZV orbitals in $CIDRT, all MOs must be used.
c) the derivative integrals are computed in the 2nd
derivative code, which is limited to spd basis sets.
d) the code does not run in parallel.
e) Use WSTATE in $GUGDM2 to specify the state whose
gradient is to be found. Use IROOT in $GUGDM to
specify the state whose other properties will be
found. These must be the same state!
f) excited states often have different symmetry than the
ground state, so think about GROUP in $CIDRT.
g) the gradient can probably be found for any CI for
which you have sufficient disk to do the CI itself.
Time is probably about 2/3 additional.
See also $CISGRD for CI singles gradient

Input Description

$DIABAT

2-449

==========================================================

$DIABAT group

(relevant if DIABAT=.TRUE. in $MCSCF)

This group controls creation of diabatic states from

adiabatic states using complete active space-type MCSCF
wavefunctions. Diabatization is performed at a single
geometry, during RUNTYP=ENERGY, if DIABAT=.TRUE. in $MCSCF.
Diabatization is presently programmed only for CISTEP=GUGA,
and may be performed at either the the CASSCF level or at
the MCQDPT level.
Diabatization creates first the Diabatic Molecular Orbitals
(DMOs), and then the diabatic states by rotation of the
adiabatic CI states obtained with the DMOs. DMOs are a set
of active orbitals evolving smoothly from a reference
geometry (where the adiabatic states are cleanly separated,
i.e. already diabatic in nature), through a region where
several states might come close, or even undergo avoided
crossings, and beyond to another region where adiabatic
states are once again cleanly separable. Only one side is
considered the reference geometry for DMO generation. The
dominant CSFs in the diabatic reference states are taken
from the adiabatic states at this reference geometry,
possibly informed by user knowledge about the dominant CSFs
at the other side of the crossing region.
If MPLEVL=2 is specified, the diabatization program will
also produce diabatic states at the MCQDPT level, utilizing
the CAS-level DMOs during the MCQDPT diabatization. This
is a simpler procedure than was used prior to 2013. Note
that $MCQDPT input need not be given, as DIABAT=.TRUE. will
force the selection of the CSF-based MCQDPT program, and
will pass orbital counts and state weights from this input
group to the MCQDPT.
The method is described in:
H.Nakamura, D.G.Truhlar J.Chem.Phys. 115, 10353-10372(2001)
H.Nakamura, D.G.Truhlar J.Chem.Phys. 117, 5576-5593(2002)
H.Nakamura, D.G.Truhlar J.Chem.Phys. 118, 6816-6829(2003)
Z.H.Li, R.Valero, D.G.Truhlar
Theoret.Chem.Acc. 118, 9-24(2007)
K.R.Yang, X.Xu, D.G.Truhlar
Chem.Phys.Lett. 573, 84-89(2013)

Input Description

$DIABAT

2-450

REFMOS = a flag controlling reading of "order reference

orbitals" at a reference geometry, from $DFMVEC.
These are often obtained by the 3-fold way, or
perhaps the 4-fold way at a nearby geometry.
Default is .FALSE.
If not set, this run will use the 3-fold way to
prepare DMOs, and will also punch the DMOs for
possible use as the $DFMVEC for other geometries.
If set, this run will use the order reference
orbitals to help align the active orbitals of the
run to their order at the reference geometry.
This is normally a good idea!
REFGRP = a flag controlling reading of groups of CSFs
expected to dominate different diabatic states.
Default is .FALSE.
If not set, for a run at some chosen reference
geometry, the dominant groups are prepared and
punched as a $REFCSF group. See also SLCTTH,
which sets the threshold for "dominant".
If set, diabatization will be performed, using the
dominant CSF group information read from $REFCSF.
Note: real diabatization runs must set REFGRP=.TRUE. but in
some cases diabatization might have no ambiguity in orbital
ordering, so REFMOS might be .TRUE. or .FALSE.
SLCTTH = selection threshold for dominant configurations,
when REFGRP=.FALSE. Also used as a printing
threshold in adiabatic and diabatic states.
Default is 0.20; it pertains to CI coefficients.
* * * Keywords related to state selection * * *
The defaults are quite reasonable, so most runs might omit
all of these! Let NWEIGHT be the number of states up to
and including the highest weighted state in the MCSCF
orbital optimization (according to WSTATE in $GUGDM2).
NWEIGHT includes any states with zero weight below the
highest weighted one. The defaults use NWEIGHT states
during the DMO generation, all with equal weight in the DMO
generation, and then diabatize NWEIGHT states.

Input Description
NGRST

$DIABAT

2-451

= number of low lying states to be excluded from the

final diabatization. Default = 0.

NDIAST = number of states above the first NGRST which are

included in the final diabatization.
Default = NWEIGHT - NGRST.
NEXST

= number of excited states above the states being

dealt with. One might set NSTATE in $GUGDIA
fairly high, to monitor the position of states to
ensure they don't come close in energy to the
interesting states, which stop at NWEIGHT.
Such extra states are ignored during generation of
DMOs and during diabatization.
Default = NSTATE - NGRST - NDIAST.

WBLOCK = array of three (3) weights for the GR/DIA/EX

blocks of states, used during DMO generation.
The default is to give all NGRST and NDIAST states
equal weight in the DMO process, with no weight
for the NEXST states, namely
NGRST/(NGRST+NDIAST), NDIAST/(NGRST+NDIAST), 0.0
Suppose the system of interest has one state lying at very
low energy, two excited states of interest that are close
to each other, and the user monitors three states higher
than these. The MCSCF might very well average only the two
states that come close together,
$GUGDIA NSTATE=6 $END
$GUGDM2 WSTATE(1)=0,1,1,0,0,0 $END
The situation is thus NWEIGHT=3, so if no keywords are
chosen here, both DMO generation and diabatization involve
the first three states. The most reasonable non-default
choice is NGRST=1, to omit the low-lying ground state from
the diabatization, but keep it during the DMO generation.
In case one also wishes to have the DMO step ignore the low
lying state, enter the keyword WBLOCK(1)=0.0,1.0,0.0 which
weights only the 2nd and 3rd states.
* * * three-fold way parameters * * *
ALPHAN = weight of the state-averaged natural orbital term,
default = 2.0
ALPHAR = weight of the state-specific occupation number

Input Description

$DIABAT

2-452

term, default= 1.0

ALPHAT = weight of the transition density matrix term,
default = 0.5
* * * four-fold way parameters * * *
The four-fold way is used if NMLAP and/or NDLAP are given.
NDLAP

= number of "resolution orbitals". Resolution DMOs

are introduced to determine some of DMOs in the
'2' (or DOC) block, as defined by MOSLAB below.
Complex multi-arrangment reactions may use this
resolution to avoid scrambling certain DMOs with
others of smaller occupancy. A typical use is for
systems with nearly filled lone pair orbitals.
If given, $DPSVEC orbitals must be given, and if
ORIENT is chosen, also $LCLDC input.
Default = 0.

NMLAP

= number of "reference orbitals" used by the

maximum overlap reference MO (MORMO) criterion of
the "4-fold way" method for DMO determination.
Reference DMOs are obtained at some reference
geometry, and advice about their selection can
be gained from looking at successful applications
in the literature.
MORMO is used to the determine some of the DMOs in
the '1' (or VAL) orbitals, see MOSLAB below.
If given, $DIAVEC orbitals must be given, and if
ORIENT is chosen, also $LCLVL input.
Default = 0.

ORIENT = logical flag to rotate the "reference orbitals"

and/or "resolution orbitals" from the reference
geometry to the present coordinates.
Default = .FALSE.
MOSLAB = array containing a character assessment of the
active orbitals:
DOC ('2') orbitals should have occupancies close
to two in all electronic states,
and be filled in all reference CSFs;
VAL ('1') orbitals have variable occupancies

Input Description

$DIABAT

2-453

in different electronic state,

not necessarily close to 1.0, with
variable occupancy in reference CSFs;
VIR ('0') orbitals should be only weakly
occupied in all electronic states,
and be empty in all reference CSFs.
Only orbitals marked '2' are candidates for the
"resolution orbital" step (see NDLAP), and only
orbitals marked '1' are candidates for the 4-fold
MORMO step (see NMLAP). The default treats the
entire active space as the VAL block:
MOSLAB(1)=1,1,1,...,1,1
Typically the number of '2' or '1' orbitals would
exceed NDLAP and NMLAP inputs.
See also THDOC and THVIR to let the program
choose the 2's, 1's, 0's based on the active
orbitals occupation number.
THDOC

= threshold on the state-averaged occupation numbers

to identify DOC orbitals. Default=1.8 electrons.

THVIR

= threshold on the state-averaged occupation numbers

to identify VIR orbitals. Default=0.2 electrons.
* * * three-fold and four-fold iterations * * *

MAXIT

= number of D3 or MORMO Jacobi cycle iterations.

The 3-fold way iterations seem very robust,
but the MORMO 4-fold way iterations are less
well convergent and more numerous (default=200)

CONVTH = threshold for convergence of D3 and MORMO.

Default = 1.0E-6
* * *
DMOSYM = flag to allow lowering of symmetry during the DMO
process. Default = .TRUE., preserving symmetry.
Note: it is probably safer to enter GROUP=C1 in $DRT, and
NOSYM=1 in $CONTRL, and thus have symmetry off during the
entire run, than to choose this keyword.

Input Description

$DIABAT

2-454

* * *
Diabatization runs can read additional input groups which
are not well described here. The $REFCSF and $DFMVEC input
groups are often given. They are usually prepared by a
three-fold DIABAT=.TRUE. run at some reference geometry,
using both REFGRP=.FALSE. and REFMOS=.FALSE.
$REFCSF: list of dominant configurations at the reference
geometry, which is created by a REFGRP=.FALSE. run. Note
that the SLCTTH threshold assists in deciding how many CSFs
are placed in the reference groups. The $REFCSF data is
then read by all REFGRP=.TRUE. runs at the various other
geometries, in the same format as it is generated.
$DFMVEC: a set of temporary DMOs for ordering the DMOs at
the current geometry. Usually these are DMOs prepared by a
3-fold way calculation at one reference geometry, but could
be from a 4-fold way calculation at a geometry very close
to the current one. This contains only active MOS, namely
NDOC+NALP+NAOS+NBOS+NVAL from $DRT.
$DPSVEC contains NDLAP resolution DMOs.
$DIAVEC contains NMLAP reference DMOs.
Note: $DFMVEC, $DPSVEC, $DFMVEC are typical $VEC type
inputs. Each is read ignoring the MO index, so you might
prepare the order reference MOs from converged natural
orbitals by simply deleting all doubly occupied orbitals,
and keeping all active orbitals. Similarly, reference or
resolution orbitals may be plucked from any desired orbital
set: natural, canonical, localized...
At present, there is no way for GAMESS to generate the
orientation information, although this can be read in.
Therefore their contents are not well described:
$LCLDC and $LCLVL are orientation data for DPSVEC and
DIAVEC, respectively, required if ORIENT=.TRUE.
==========================================================

Input Description

$TRANST

2-455

===========================================================

$TRANST

group

(relevant for RUNTYP=TRANSITN)

(only for CITYP=GUGA or MPLEVL=2)

This group controls the evaluation of the radiative

transition moment, or spin orbit coupling (SOC). An SOC
calculation can be based on variational CI wavefunctions,
using GUGA CSFs, or based on 2nd order perturbation theory
using the MCQDPT multireference perturbation theory.
These are termed SO-CI and SO-MCQDPT below. The orbitals
are typically obtained by MCSCF computations, and since
the CI or MCQDPT wavefunctions are based on those MCSCF
states, the zero-th order states are referred to below as
the CAS-CI states. SOC jobs prepare a model Hamiltonian
in the CAS-CI basis, and diagonalize it to produce spinmixed states, which are linear combinations of the CAS-CI
states. If scalar relativistic corrections were included
in the underlying spin-free wavefunctions, it is possible
either to include or to neglect similar corrections to the
spin-orbit integrals, see keyword NESOC in $RELWFN.
An input file to perform SO-CI will contain
SCFTYP=NONE CITYP=GUGA MPLEVL=0 RUNTYP=TRANSITN
while a SO-MCQDPT calculation will have
SCFTYP=NONE CITYP=NONE MPLEVL=2 RUNTYP=TRANSITN
The SOC job will compute a Hamiltonian matrix as the sum
of spin-free terms and spin-orbit terms, H = H-sf + H-so.
For SO-CI, the matrix H-sf is diagonal in the CAS-CI state
basis, with the LS-coupled CAS-CI energies as the diagonal
elements, and H-so contains only off-diagonal couplings
between these LS states,
H-sf = CAS-CI spin-free E
H-so = CAS SOC Hamiltonian (e.g. HSO1, HSO2P, HSO2)
For SO-MCQDPT, the additional input PARMP defines these
matrices differently. For PARMP=0, the spin-free term
has diagonal and off-diagonal MCQDPT perturbations:
H-sf - CAS-CI spin-free E + 2nd order spin-free MCQDPT
H-so - CAS SOC Hamiltonian
For PARMP not equal to 0, the spin orbit operator is also
included into the perturbing Hamiltonian of the MCQDPT:
H-sf - CAS-CI spin-free E + 2nd order spin-free MCQDPT
H-so - CAS SOC Hamiltonian + 2nd order SO-MCQDPT

Input Description

$TRANST

2-456

Pure transition moment calculations (OPERAT=DM) are

presently limited to CI wavefunctions, so please use only
CITYP=GUGA MPLEVL=0. The transition moments computed by
SO-MCQDPT runs (see TMOMNT flag) will form the transition
density for the CAS-CI zeroth order states rather than the
1st order perturbed wavefunctions.
Please see REFS.DOC for additional information on what
is actually a fairly complex input file to prepare.
OPERAT selects the type of transition being computed.
= DM
calculates radiative transition moment
between states of same spin, using
the dipole moment operator. (default)
= HSO1
one-electron Spin-Orbit Coupling (SOC)
= HSO2P
partial two electron and full 1e- SOC,
namely core-active 2e- contributions are
computed, but active-active 2e- terms
are ignored. This generally captures
>90% of the full HSO2 computation, but
with spin-orbit matrix element time
similar to the HSO1 calculation.
= HSO2
one and two-electron SOC, this is the
full Pauli-Breit operator.
= HSO2FF one and two-electron SOC, the form factor
method gives the same result as HSO2, but
is more efficient in the case of small
active spaces, small numbers of CAS-CI
states, and large atomic basis sets.
This final option applies only to SO-CI.
PARMP

= controls inclusion of the SOC terms in SO-MCQDPT,

for OPERAT=HSO1 (default=1) or for HSO2P/HSO2
(default=3) only.
0 - no SOC terms should be included in the MCQDPT
corrections at 2nd order, but they will be
included in the CAS states on which the MCQDPT
(i.e. up to 1st order)
1 - include the 1e- SOC perturbation in MCQDPT
-1 - defined under "3", read on...
3 - full 1-electron and partial 2-electron in the
form of the mean field perturbation (this is
very similar to HSO2P, but in the MCQDPT2
perturbation). Only doubly occupied orbitals

Input Description

$TRANST

2-457

(NMODOC) are used for the core 2e terms.

If the option is set to -1, then all core
orbitals (NMOFZC+NMODOC) are used. Neither
calculation includes extra diagrams including
filled orbitals, so both are "partial".
PARMP=3 (or -1) has almost no extra cost compared to
PARMP=1, but can only be used with OPERAT=HSO2 or HSO2P.
The options -1 and 3 are not rigorously justified, contrary
to HOS2P for a SO-CI, as 2e integrals with 2 core indices
appear in the second order in two ways. There is a meanfield addition to 1e integrals, which is included when you
choose PARMP=3 or -1. But, there are separate terms from
additional diagrams that are not implemented, so that there
is some imbalance in including the partial 2e correction.
Nevetheless, it may be better to include such "partial"
partial 2e contributions than not to. Note that at first
order in the energy (the CAS-CI states) the N-electron
terms are treated exactly as specified by OPERAT.
NFFBUF = sets buffer size for form factors in SO-MCQDPT.
(applies only to OPERAT = HSO1, HSO2 or HSO2P).
This is a very powerful option that speeds up
SO-MCQDPT calculations by precomputing the total
multiplicative factor in front of each diagram so
that the latter is computed only once (this is in
fact what happens in MCQDPT). It is not uncommon
for this option to speed up calculations by a
factor of 10. Since this option forces running
the SO-CASCI part twice (due to the SO-MCQDPT
Hamiltonian being non-Hermitian), it is possible
that in rare cases NFFBUF=0 may perform similarly
or better. The upper bound for NFFBUF is NACT**2,
where NACT=NOCC-NFZC. Due to the sparseness of
the coupling constants it is usually sufficient to
set NFFBUF to 3*NACT. To use the older way of
dynamically computing form factors and diagrams on
the fly, set NFFBUF to 0. Default: 3*(NOCC-NFZC)
It is advisable to tighten up the convergence criteria in
the $MCQDx groups since SOC is a fairly small effect, and
the spin-free energies should be accurately computed, for
example THRCON=1e-8 THRGEN=1e-10.
PARMP has a rather different meaning for OPERAT=HSO2FF:
It refers to the difference between ket and bra's Ms,

Input Description

$TRANST

2-458

-1
0
1
-2

do matrix elements for ms=-1 only

do matrix elements for ms=0 only
do matrix elements for ms=1 only
do matrix elements for all ms (0, 1, and -1),
which is the default.
-3 calculates form factors so they can be saved
* * * next defines the orbitals and wavefunctions * * *
NUMCI

= For SO-CI, this parameter tells how many CI

calculations to do, and therefore defines how
many $DRTx groups will be read in.
For SO-MCQDPT, this parameter tells how many
MCQDPT calculations to do, and therefore defines
how many $MCQDx groups will be read in.
(default=1)
IROOTS, IVEX, NSTATE, and ENGYST below will all
have NUMCI values. NUMCI may not exceed 64.
You may wish to define one $DRTx or $MCQDx group for each
spatial symmetry representation occurring within each spin
multiplicity, as the use of symmetry during these separate
calculations may make the entire job run much faster.
NUMVEC = the meaning is different depending on the run:
a) spin-orbit CI (SO-CI),
Gives the number of different MO sets. This can
be either 1 or 2, but 2 can be chosen only for
FORS/CASSCF or FCI wavefunctions. (default=1)
If you set NUMVEC=2 and you use symmetry in any
of the $DRTx groups, you may have to use STSYM
in the $DRTx groups since the order of orbitals
from the corresponding orbital transformation
is unpredictable.
b) spin-orbit perturbation (SO-MCQDPT),
The option to have different MOs for different
states is not implemented, so your job will have
only one $VEC1 group, and IVEX will not normally
be input. The absolute value of NUMVEC should be
be equal to the value of NUMCI above. If NUMVEC
positive, the orbitals in the $VEC1 will be used
exactly as given, whereas if NUMVEC is a negative
number, the orbitals will be canonicalized
according to IFORB in $MCQDx. Using NUMVEC=-NUMCI
and IFORB=3 in all $MCQDx to canonicalize over all

Input Description

$TRANST

states is recommended.
Note that $GUESS is not read by this RUNTYP!
be in $VEC1 and possibly $VEC2 input groups.

2-459

Orbitals must

NFZC

= For SO-CI, this is equal to NFZC in each $DRTx

group. When NUMVEC=2, this is also the number of
identical core orbitals in the two vector sets.
For SO-MCQDPT, this should be NMOFZC+NMODOC given
in each of the $MCQDx groups.
The default is the number of AOs given in $DATA,
this is not very reasonable.

NOCC

= the number of occupied orbitals. For SO-CI this

should be NFZC+NDOC+NALP+NAOS+NBOS+NVAL, but
add the external orbitals if the CAS-CI states
are CI-SD or FOCI or SOCI type instead of CAS.
For SO-MCQDPT enter NUMFZC+NUMDOC+NUMACT.
The default is the number of AOs given in $DATA,
which is not usually correct.

Note: IROOTS, NSTATE, ENGYST, IVEX contain NUMCI values.

IROOTS = array containing the number of CAS-CI states to
be used from each CI or MCQDPT calculation.
The default is 1 for every calculation, which is
probably not a correct choice for OPERAT=DM runs,
but is quite reasonable for the HSO operators.
The total number of states included in the SOC
Hamiltonian is the summation of the NUMCI values
of IROOTS times the multiplicity of each CI or
MCQDPT. See also ETOL/UPPREN.
NSTATE = array containing the number of CAS-CI states to be
found by diagonalising the spin-free Hamiltonians.
Of these, the first IROOTS(i) states will be used
to find transition moments or SOC. Obviously,
enter NSTATE(i) >= IROOTS(i).
The default for NSTATE(i) is IROOTS(i), but might
be bigger if you are curious about the additional
energies, or to help the Davidson diagonalizer.
NSTATE is ignored by SO-MCQDPT runs, and you must
ensure that your IROOTS input corresponds to the
KSTATE option in $MCQDx.
ETOL

= energy tolerance for CI state elimination.

Input Description

$TRANST

2-460

This applies only to SO-CI and OPERAT=HSO1,2,2P.

After each CI finds NSTATE(i) CI roots for each
$DRTx, the number of states kept in the run is
normally IROOTS(i), but ETOL applies the further
constraint that the states kept be within ETOL of
the lowest energy found for any of the $DRTx.
The default is 100.0 Hartree, so that IROOTS is
the only limitation.
UPPREN = similar to ETOL, except it is an absolute energy,
instead of an energy difference.
IVEX

= Array of indices of $VECx groups to be used for

each CI calculation. The default for NUMVEC=2 is
IVEX(1)=1,2,1,1,1,1,1..., and of course for
NUMVEC=1, it is IVEX(1)=1,1,1,1,1...
This applies only to CITYP=GUGA jobs.

ENGYST = energy values to replace the spin-free energies.

This parameter applies to SO-CI only.
A possible use for this is to use first or second
order CI energies (FOCI or SOCI in $DRT) on the
diagonal of the Hamiltonian (obtained in some
earlier runs) but to use only CAS wavefunctions
to evaluate off diagonal HSO matrix elements.
The CAS-CI is still conducted to get CI coefs,
needed to evaluate the off diagonal elements.
Enter MXRT*NUMCI values as a square array, by the
usual FORTRAN convention (that is, MXRT roots of
$DRT1, MXRT roots of $DRT2 etc), in hartrees, with
zeros added to fill each column to MXRT values.
MXRT is the maximum value in the IROOTS array.
(the default is the computed CAS-CI energies)
See B.Schimmelpfennig, L.Maron, U.Wahlgren,
C.Teichteil, H.Fagerli, O.Gropen Chem.Phys.Lett.
286, 261-266(1998).
* * * the next pertain only to spin-orbit runs * * *
ISTNO

if given as positive values:

an array of one or two state indices which govern
computation of the density matrix of one state,
or the transition density of two states.
if given as negative values:

Input Description

$TRANST

2-461

one state-averaged density with equal weights.

ISTNO(1)=5
state-specific density of state 5
ISTNO(1)=1,2
transition density between 1 and 2
ISTNO(1)=-1,-6 state-average all states 1 to 6
The default is ISTNO(1)=0,0 meaning no density.
Computation of the density gives access to the
full Gaussian property package, except Mulliken
populations. At present, computation of the
transition density does just that, without any
oscillator strengths. If the computation is of
SO-MCQDPT type, the density or transition density
that is computed will be that for the unperturbed
SO-CASCI states.
DEGTOL = array of two tolerances to help define what states
are considered degenerate. This is ignored except
for linear molecules or atoms. The purpose is to
decide what states are grouped together during the
determination of simultaneous eigenstates of the
spin-orbit Hamiltonian and Jz. DEGTOL(1) is in
wavenumbers, and defines which spin-orbit states
have the same energy. DEGTOL(2) is in units of
electrons, and defines which natural orbitals are
considered to be degenerate. If the Jz values in
your run seem incorrect, tighten or relax the two
degeneracy tolerances to get the correct groupings
of the states. Default= 0.02,0.002
RSTATE = sets the zero energy level
format: ndrt*1000+iroot for adiabatic state (root)
0000 sets zero energy to the lowest diabatic root
default: 1001 (1st root in $DRT1 or $MCQD1)
ZEFTYP specifies effective nuclear charges to use.
= TRUE
uses true nuclear charge of each atom,
except protons are removed if an ECP basis
is being used (default).
= 3-21G selects values optimized for the 3-21G
basis, but these are probably appropriate
for any all electron basis set. Rare gases,
transition metals, and Z>54 will use the
true nuclear charges.
= SBKJC selects a set obtained for the SBKJC ECP

Input Description

$TRANST

2-462

basis set, specifically. It may not be

sensible to use these for other ECP sets.
Rare gases, lanthanides, and Z>86 will use
the true nuclear charges.
ZEFF

= an array of effective nuclear charges, overriding

the charges chosen in ZEFTYP.

Note that effective nuclear charges can be used for

any HSO type OPERAT, but traditionally these are used
mainly for HSO1 as an empirical correction to the
omission of the 2e- term, or to compensate for missing
core orbitals in ECP runs.
ONECNT = uses a one-center approximation for SOC integrals:
= 0 compute all SOC integrals without approximations
= 1 compute only one-center 1e and 2e SOC integrals
= 2 compute all 1e, but only one-center 2e integrals
Numerical tests indicate the error of the one-center
approximation (ONECNT=1) is usually on the order of a
few wavenumbers for Li-Ne (a bit larger for F) and its
errors appear to become negligible for anything heavier
than Ne. ONECNT=1 appears to give a better balanced
description than ONECNT=2. Very careful users can check
how well the approximation works for their particular
system by using ONECNT=0, then ONECNT=1, to compare
the results. One important advantage of ONECNT=1/2 is
that this removes the dependence of SOC 2e integrals
upon the molecular geometry. This means the program
needs to compute SOC 2e integrals only once for a given
set of atoms and then they can be read by using SOC
integral restart. RUNTYP=SURFACE automatically takes
advantage of this fact.
JZ

controls the calculation of Jz eigenvalues

= 0 do not perform the calculation
= 1 do the calculation
By default, Jz is set to 1 for molecules that are
recognised as linear (this includes atoms!).
Jz cannot be computed for nonlinear molecules.
The matrix of Jz=Lz+Sz operator is constructed
between spin-mixed states (eigenvalues of Hso).
Setting Jz to 1 can enforce otherwise avoided (by
symmetry) calculations of SOC matrix elements.

Input Description

$TRANST

2-463

JZ applies only to HSO1,2,2P.

TMOMNT = flag to control computation of the transition
dipole moment between spin-mixed wavefunctions
(that is, between eigenvectors of the Pauli-Breit
Hamiltonian). Applies only to HSO1,2,2P.
(default is .FALSE.)
SKIPDM = flag to omit(.TRUE.) or include(.FALSE.) dipole
moment matrix elements during spin-orbit coupling.
Usually it takes almost no addition effort to
calculate <R> excluding some cases when the
calculation of forbidden by symmetry spin-orbit
coupling matrix elements <Hso> may have to be
performed since <R> and <Hso> are computed
simultaneously. Applies only to HSO1,2,2P.
Since the lack of a MCQDPT density matrix means
there are no MCQDPT dipole moments at present,
SO-MCQDPT jobs will compute the dipole matrix
elements for the CAS-CI states only. However,
the dipole moments in the spin-mixed states will
be computed with the MCQDPT mixing coefficients.
(default is .TRUE.)
IPRHSO = controls output style for matrix elements (HSO*)
=-1 do not output individual matrix elements
otherwise these are accumulative:
= 0 term-symbol like kind of labelling:
labels contain full symmetry info (default)
= 1 all states are numbered consequently within each
spin multiplicity (ye olde style)
= 2 output only nonzero (>=1e-4) matrix elements
PRTPRM = flag to provide detailed information about the
composition of the spin-mixed states in terms of
adiabatic states. This flag also provides similar
information about Jz (if JZ set).
(default is .FALSE.)
LVAL

additional angular momentum symmetry values:

For the case of running an atom:
LVAL is an array of the L values (L**2 = L(L+1))
for each $MCQDx/$DRTx (L=0 is S, 1 is P, etc.)
For the case of running a linear molecule:
LVAL is an array that gives the |Lz| values. Note

Input Description

$TRANST

2-464

that real-valued wavefunctions (e.g. Pi-x, Pi-y)

have Lz and -Lz components mixed, so you should
input |Lz| as 1 and 1 for both Pi-x and Pi-y.
This parameter should not be given for a nonlinear
polyatomic system.
Default: all set to -1 (that is, do not use these
additional symmetry labels. It is the user's
responsibility to ensure the values' correctness.
Note that for SO-MCQDPT useful options in $MCQDPT
are NDIAOP and KSTATE. They enable efficient
separation of atomic/linear symmetry irreps).
It is acceptable to set only some values and leave
others as -1, if only some groups have definite
values. Note that normally Lz values are printed
at the end of the log file, so its easy to double
check the initial values for LVAL. For the case
of atoms LVAL drastically reduces the CPU time, as
it reduces a square matrix to tridiagonal form.
For the case of linear molecules the savings at
the spin-orbit level are somewhat less, but they
are usually quite significant at the preceding
spin-free MCQDPT step.
MCP2E

= Model Core Potential SOC 2e contributions.

Note that MCP 1e contributions are handled as in
case of all-electron runs because MCP orbitals
contain all proper nodes).
= 0 do not add the MCP 2e core-active contribution,
but add any other 2e- terms asked for by OPERAT.
= 1 add this contribution, but no other 2e SOC term.
This is recommended, and the default.
= 2 add this contribution and the 2e- contributions
requested by OPERAT, for any e- which are being
treated by quantum mechanics (not MCP cores).
Note that for MCP2E=0 and 2, HSO2, HSO1, HSO2P
values of OPERAT are supported for the explicit
2e- contributions. The recommended approach is to
assume that MCP alone can capture all the 2e SOC,
for this use MCP2E=1 OPERAT=HSO2P. The entire 2econtribution is achieved with MCP2E=2 OPERAT=HSO2.
If your MCP leaves out many core electrons as

Input Description

$TRANST

2-465

particles, MCP2E=2 OPERAT=HSO2P can be tested to

see if it adds a sizable amount to SOC, compared
to MCP2E=1 OPERAT=HSO2P).
MCP2E=2 OPERAT=HSO1 is an illegal combination.
MCP2E=1 OPERAT=HSO1 is illogical since the MCP 2e
integrals are computed but not used anywhere.
The following table explains MCP2E and gives all
useful combinations:
MCP2E/OPERAT 2e SOC contributions
SOC 2e ints
2 HSO2
MCPcore-CIact + CIcore-CIact MCP+basis
+ CIact-CIact
2 HSO2P MCPcore-CIact + CIcore-CIact MCP+basis
1 HSO2P MCPcore-CIact
MCP
using the following orbital space definitions:
MCPcore orbitals whose e- are replaced by MCP
CIcore always doubly occupied
CIact
MOs allowed to have variable occupation
* * * expert mode HSO control options * * *
MODPAR =

parallel options, which are independent bit

options, 0=off, 1=on. Bit 1 refers only to
HSO2FF, bit 2 to HSO1,2,2P. Enter a decimal
value 0, 1, 2, 3 meaning binary 00, 01, 10, 11.
bit 1 = 0/1 (HSO2FF) uses static/dynamic load balancing in
parallel if available, otherwise use static
load balancing. Dynamic algorithm is usually
faster but may utilize memory less efficiently,
and I/O can slow it down. Also, dynamical
algorithm forces SAVDSK=.F. since its
unique distribution of FFs among nodes implies
no savings from precalculating form factors.
bit 2 = 0/1 (HSO1,2,2P) duplicate/distribute SOC integrals
in parallel. If set, 2e AO integrals and the
four-index transformation are divided over
nodes (distributed), and SOC MO integrals are
then summed over nodes.
The default is 3, meaning both bits are set on (11)

PHYSRC = flag to force the size of the physical record to

be equal to the size of the sorting buffers.
This option can have a dramatic effect on the
efficiency. Usually, setting PHYSRC=.TRUE. helps

Input Description

$TRANST

2-466

if the code complains that low memory enforces

SLOWFF=.TRUE., or you set it yourself. For large
active spaces and large memory (more precisely, if
RECLEN is larger than the physical record size)
PHYSRC=.TRUE. can slow the code down. Setting
PHYSRC to .true. forces SLOWFF to be .false.
See MODPAR. (default .FALSE.) (only with HSO2FF)
RECLEN = specifies the size of the record on file 40,
where form factors are stored. This parameter
significantly affects performance.
If not specified, RECLEN have to be guessed,
and the guess will usually be either an
overestimate or underestimate. If the former
you waste disk space, if the latter the program
aborts. Note that RECLEN will be different for
each pair of multiplicities and you must specify
the maximum for all pairs. The meaning of this
number is how many non-zero form factors are
present given four MO indices. You can decrease
RECLEN if you are getting a message "predicted
sorting buffer length is greater than needed..."
Default depends on active space. (only HSO2FF)
SAVDSK = flag to repeat the form factor calculation twice.
This avoids wasting disk space as the actually
required record size is found during the 1st run.
(default=.FALSE.) (only with HSO2FF)
SLOWFF = flag to choose a slower FF write-out method.
By default .FALSE., but this is turned on if:
1) not enough memory for the fast way is available
2) the maximum usable memory is available, as when
the buffer is as large as the maximum needed,
then the "slow FF" algorythm is faster.
Generally SLOWFF=.true. saves up to 50% or so of
disk space. See PHYSRC. (only with HSO2FF)
ACTION

controls disk file DAFL30 reuse.

= NORMAL calculate the form factors in this run.
= SAVE
calculate, and store the form factors on
disk for future runs with the same active
space characteristics.
= READ
read the form factors from disk from an
earlier run which used SAVE.

Input Description

$TRANST

2-467

(default=NORMAL) (only with HSO2FF)

Note that currently in order to use ACTION =
SAVE or READ you should specify MS= -1, 0, or 1
* * * some control tolerances * * *
NOSYM= -1 forces use of symmetry-contaminated orbitals
symmetry analysis, otherwise the same as NOSYM=0
= 0 fully use symmetry
= 1 do not use point group symmetry, but still use
other symmetries (Hermiticity, spin).
= 2 use no symmetry.
Also, include all CSFs for
HSO1, 2, 2P.
= 3 force the code to assume the symmetry specified
in $DATA is the same as in all $DRTx groups, but
is otherwise identical to NOSYM=-1. This option
saves CPU time and money(memory). Since the $DRT
works by mapping non-Abelian groups into their
highest Abelian subgroup, do not use NOSYM=3 for
non-Abelian groups.
SYMTOL = relative error for the matrix elements. This
parameter has a great impact upon CPU time, and
the default has been chosen to obtain nearly
full accuracy while still getting good speedups.
(default=1.0E-4)
* * * the remaining parameters are not so important * * *
PRTCMO = flag to control printout of the corresponding
orbitals. (default is .FALSE.)
HSOTOL = HSO matrix elements are considered zero if they
are smaller than HSOTOL. This parameter is used
only for print-out and statistics.
(default=1.0E-1 cm-1)
TOLZ

= MO coefficient zero tolerance (as for $GUESS).

(default=1.0E-8)

TOLE

= MO coefficient equating tolerance (as for

$GUESS). (default=1.0E-5)

==========================================================

Input Description

$TRANST

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
For information on RUNTYP=TRANSITN,
see the 'further information' section
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

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Input Description

group name index

2-469

Here is an alphabetical listing of all input group names:

ADDDET, 416
ALPDR, 143
AUXBAS, 101

BASIS, 26

CASCI, 441
CCINP, 102
CCRES, 368
CEDATA, 405
CEEIS, 403
CIDET, 392
CIDRT, 418
CIGEN, 392
CIINP, 390
CIMATM, 375
CIMFRG, 375
CIMINP, 369
CIS, 90
CISORT, 443
CISVEC, 93
COMP, 216
CONTRL, 6, 165
COSGMS, 299
CPHF, 135
CPMCHF, 137

DAMP, 266
DAMPGS, 269
DANDC, 358
DATA, 38
DATAL, 38
DATAS, 38
DCCORR, 364
DET, 392
DETPT, 430
DFT, 63
DFTB, 84
DFTBSK, 89
DIABAT, 450
DIPDR, 143
DISBS, 288
DISREP, 289
DM, 120

DRC, 157
DRT, 418

ECP, 302
EFIELD, 315
EFRAG, 241
ELDENS, 202
ELFLDG, 203
ELG, 356
ELMOM, 199
ELPOT, 201
EOMINP, 106
EQGEOM, 151
EWALD, 261
EXCORR, 439

FFCALC, 229
FFDATA, 377
FFPDB, 377
FMM, 319
FMO, 322
FMOBND, 350
FMOEND, 353
FMOENM, 353
FMOHYB, 349
FMOPRP, 332
FMOXYZ, 344
FORCE, 131
FRAGNAME, 249
FRGRPL, 259

GAMMA, 151
GCILST, 406
GDDI, 354
GEN, 392
GLBFRG, 181
GLOBOP, 176
GLOWT, 151
GMCPT, 408
GRAD, 142
GRADEX, 183
GRID, 204
GUESS, 116
GUGDIA, 444
GUGDM, 446

GUGDM2, 447
GUGEM, 443

HESS, 142
HLOWT, 151

IEFPCM, 284
INTGRL, 317
IRC, 152
IVOORB, 442

LAGRAN, 448
LIBE, 52
LMOEDA, 225
LOCAL, 188

MAKEFP, 262
MASS, 141
MCP, 305
MCQDPT, 432
MCSCF, 421
MD, 168
MEX, 162
MGC, 208
MOFRZ, 120
MOLGRF, 211
MOPAC, 115
MOROKM, 221
MP2, 94
MP2RES, 368
MRMP, 427

NEWCAV, 282
NMR, 219

OPTFMO, 347
OPTRST, 353
ORMAS, 400

PCM, 270
PCMCAV, 278
PCMGRD, 283
PCMITR, 285
PDC, 205
PDET, 416

POINTS, 204
PRTEFP, 264

QMEFP, 227

RADIAL, 209
RAMAN, 215
RDF, 174
RELWFN, 309
REMDET, 416
RIMP2, 98

SCF, 53
SCFMI, 61
SCRF, 301
SODET, 417
STATPT, 121
STONE, 212
SUBCOR, 367
SUBSCF, 367
SURF, 186
SVP, 291
SVPIRF, 298
SYSTEM, 22

TDDFT, 77
TDHF, 232
TDHFX, 236
TESCAV, 280
TRANS, 320
TRANST, 456
TRFDM2, 449
TRUDGE, 128
TRUNCN, 196
TRURST, 130

VEC, 120
VEC1, 120
VEC2, 120
VIB, 144
VIB2, 144
VIBSCF, 150
VSCF, 145

ZMAT, 48