Dr.

Jayesh Patidar
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

Introduction

One of the most important characteristics of

human beings is their capacity to learn.
An individual starts learning immediately after his
birth.
Our personality, our habits, skills, knowledge,
attitude and interest is largely the result of
learning.
All our adaptive as well as maladaptive, and
cognitive as well as affective behavior formed by
learning process.
These are the vital important in helping the
individual to adapt to his environment.

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Definitions

The term learning covers every modification in

behavior to meet environmental requirements.
(OR)

Learning is the acquisition of habits, knowledge

and attitudes. It involves new way of doing things
and it operates on an individuals attempt to
overcome the obstacles or to adjust the new
situations. it represent progressive changes in
behavior. It enable him to satisfy interests to attain
goal.

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Nature of learning
Learning is a process.
It involves all those experiences and training of
an individual which helps to change his
behavior.
Learning prepares the individual to adjust and
adopt in the situations.
All the learning is purposeful and goal-oriented.
Learning is universal and continuous.
It is a continuous and never-ending process that
goes from womb to tomb.

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LEARNING PROCESS
STEPS IN LEARNING PROCESS
Learning process is carried over through various
steps according to HP Smith.

A motive or drive

An attractive goal
And a block to the attainment of the goal.

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Motive :
Motive are the dynamic force that compel the

individual to act.
The direction of the motive depends upon the
relative strength of motives.
Unsatisfied motives or needs compel the
individual to satisfy them, which initiate the
learners to learn something.

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An attractive goal:
For the satisfaction of the needs the individual sets definite goals
for achievement.
The setting of the goal helps in making the learning purposeful
and interesting.

A block to the attainment of the goal:

If the individual faces no difficulty in attending the goal,

he will not change his present behavior, this means

there is no necessity to learn.
If block or barrier obstruct the individual to reach a
goal then the individual will try to change his behavior.
Means something to change his behavior to reach goal.

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Some other steps involved in learning are

Reinforcement

Integration
And learning situation.

Reinforcement:
If the responses is successful in action and satisfied the

needs, on the subsequent occasions the individual will

tend to repeat it.

Integration: (Addition)
The individual integrate the successful responses with

individual previous learning, so that it becomes a part

of new functional whole.
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learning situation:
Learning situation provides opportunity for

learning. The quality speed and effectiveness of

learning depends much upon the kind of
learning situation and environments available to
the learners.

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Learning process in different steps

Perception learning:
Sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch are considered as

the five gateway of knowledge. All the knowledge is based

on the sense of perception.

Conceptual learning:
The learning implies that the individual start to think in

an abstract terms.

Association learning:
The individual has some mental pictures of his previous

observations. He try to link up his new association with

his previous mental picture and he learns.

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Appreciation learning:
The feeling make the individual to learn more.

Attitudinal learning:
These attitudes confirmed as the individual

acquires more and more knowledge.

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Factors influencing learning

Learning is a process of bringing relatively
permanent changes in behavior of the
learner through the experience.
Learning process is centered on three
elements.

Factors associated with the learners.

Factors associated with the type of learning
Factors associated with the men and material.

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Factors associated with the learners

Learners physical health
Learners mental health
Basic potential of the learner
The level of motivation
Goal of life
Readiness and will power
Maturation
Age
Emotions
sex

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Law of learning
Law of
Law of
Law of
Law of
Law of
Law of
Law of

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readiness (Person ready to learn)

effect (Stressful situation)
exercise (practice number of time)
disuse (which is not practiced become decays
primacy (interested novels)
purpose (work towards goal)
association

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Theories of learning

Behaviourism

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Behaviourism
All things should be looked at from the
perspective of behaviour.
And it doesnt matter what is going on in
the mind, it just matters what the
behaviour
So there is no difference in the behaviourist
mind between external behaviour and
internal thoughts.

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Behaviourists

Ivan Pavlov

Edward Lee Thorndike

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

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Behaviourists

Ivan Pavlov

Edward Lee Thorndike

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

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Behaviourists

Ivan Pavlov

Edward Lee Thorndike

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

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Behaviourists

Ivan Pavlov

Edward Lee Thorndike

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

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Classical conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov

Born Sept 14, 1849

Died Feb 27, 1936
born in Russia
physiologist,
psychologist, and
physician
awarded the Nobel Prize
in Physiology or
Medicine in 1904 for
research on the digestive
system

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Educational implication of
classical conditioning theory
Fear, love towards a particular subject is
created through conditioning.
A teacher, method of teaching or harsh
treatment of his students, create strong
dislike among them towards subject.
The theory of classical conditioning
emphasizes that the students should be
exposed to positive stimuli in order to
develop desirable habits, interest and
attitudes in them.

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Edward Lee Thorndike

Born August 31, 1874

Died August 9, 1949
Born in Williamsburg,
Studied animal behaviour
and the learning process
led to the theory of
connectionism
Laying the foundation for
modern educational
psychology.

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Trial and error theory of learning

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Cats in Puzzle Boxes

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Cats in Puzzle Boxes

Thorndike looked at

how cats learned to

escape from puzzle boxes
The puzzle box experiments were
motivated by Thorndike's dislike for
statements that animals made use of
extraordinary faculties such as insight in
their problem solving.

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Cats in Puzzle Boxes

Thorndike's instruments in answering this

question were learning curves revealed by
plotting the time it took for an animal to
escape the box each time it was in the box
if the animals were showing insight, then their
time to escape would suddenly drop to a
negligible period, which would also be shown
in the learning curve as an abrupt drop;
while animals using a more ordinary method
of trial and error would show gradual curves.

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Cats in Puzzle Boxes

His

finding was that cats

consistently showed gradual
learning.

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Educational implication of
Thorndikes theory
According to him, when the child is ready to learn,
he learns more quickly and effectively. He warns
that the child should not forced to learn.
And teacher must provide learning environment.
The task of the teacher is to motivate the students
by arousing interest.
Learners should be encouraged to perform his task
independently. He must try various solutions to the
problem before arriving at the correct time.

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All we need to know in order to describe

and explain behavior is this: actions
followed by good outcomes are likely to
recur , and actions followed by bad
outcomes are less likely to recur.

(Skinner, 1953)

B. F. Skinner
Science of behavior: Study of conditioning and
extinction of operants
Dependent variable in the "Skinner box": rate of
response

Law of acquisition
key variable: reinforcement
practice provides opportunities for
additional reinforcement

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LAW OF EFFECT

Behavior

Better state
of affairs

Increased
probability of
behavior occurring
again

Behavior

Worse state
of affairs

Decreased
probability of
behavior occurring
again

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OPERANT CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES

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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT = increasing a

behavior by administering a reward
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT = increasing a
behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when
a behavior occurs
PUNISHMENT = decreasing a behavior by
administering an aversive stimulus following a
behavior OR by removing a positive stimulus
EXTINCTION = decreasing a behavior by not
rewarding it

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Theory of insightful learning

(Gestalt psychology)
Gestalt psychology was found in Germany
in 1912 by max Wertheimer and his
colleagues.
The word Gestalt means Form or shape
or a particular arrangement of elements.

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Gesalt Theory

The Gestalt Theory believes individuals use insight

and their prior experiences to determine their
responses to stimuli. They also use the laws of
Gestalt Theory to try to make sense of, and provide
order to, information in their perception. This
information leaves a trace in memory; traces link
together to form connections of information. The
Gestalt theory is closely related to the present day
cognitive constructivist view of learning. Problem
solving is a good choice of instructional methods
to use to incorporate the beliefs of the Gestalt
theory.

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Educational implication of gestalt

theory

The organization of the syllabus and

planning of the curriculum should give
plenty of opportunity to use the mental
abilities.

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Cognitive theory of learning

According to this theory learning through
imitation.
Learning through observing the behavior of
others
Four steps in observational learning

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Paying attention
Remembering behavior
Reproducing action
Being motivated to learn and carry out the
behavior.
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Transfer of learning

Definition:
Transfer refers to the transfer of knowledge,

training and habits acquired in one situation to

the another situation.

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Types of transfer
Positive transfer
Negative transfer
Zero transfer

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Positive transfer:
When something previously learned benefit

performance or learning in a new situation. Eg: if

one has learned to play tennis and he find it easier
to learn to plat badminton.

Negative transfer
When someone previously learnt hinders

performance or learning in a new situation, we call

it negative transfer. Eg: Tamil or Guajarati his
pronunciation of English is affected.

Zero:
Previous learning makes no difference at all to the

performance or learning in a new situation. Eg:

learning history may neither help nor hinder the
learning.
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