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P Delta Effect

The document discusses the P-Delta effect, which involves the equilibrium and compatibility relationships of a structural system loaded about its deflected configuration. P-Delta effect magnifies story drift, reduces deformation capacity, and typically involves large external forces upon small displacements. There are two sources of P-Delta effect: P- effect relates to local element deformation, while P- effect relates to displacements at member ends and is critical to nonlinear modeling and analysis as it influences structural response under significant lateral displacement. To properly model P-Delta effect, gravity loads should be included during nonlinear analysis.

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Ivan Klyuchka
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388 views

P Delta Effect

The document discusses the P-Delta effect, which involves the equilibrium and compatibility relationships of a structural system loaded about its deflected configuration. P-Delta effect magnifies story drift, reduces deformation capacity, and typically involves large external forces upon small displacements. There are two sources of P-Delta effect: P- effect relates to local element deformation, while P- effect relates to displacements at member ends and is critical to nonlinear modeling and analysis as it influences structural response under significant lateral displacement. To properly model P-Delta effect, gravity loads should be included during nonlinear analysis.

Uploaded by

Ivan Klyuchka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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P-Delta effect

P-Delta effect, also known as geometric nonlinearity, involves the equilibrium


and compatibility relationships of a structural system loaded about its deflected
configuration. Of particular concern is the application of gravity load on laterally
displaced multi-story building structures. This condition magnifies story drift and
certain mechanical behaviors while reducing deformation capacity.
P-Delta effect typically involves large external forces upon relatively small
displacements. If deformations become sufficiently large as to break from linear
compatibility relationships, then Large-Displacement and Large-Deformation
analyses become necessary. The two sources of P-Delta effect are illustrated
in Figure 1, and described as follows:
P- effect, or P-"small-delta", is associated with local deformation
relative to the element chord between end nodes. Typically, P- only
becomes significant at unreasonably large displacement values, or in
especially slender columns. So long as a structure adheres to the
slenderness requirements pertinent to earthquake engineering, it is not
advisable to model P-, since it may significantly increase computational
time without providing the benefit of useful information. An easier way
to capture this behavior is to subdivide critical elements into multiple
segments, transferring behavior into P- effect (Powell 2006).
P- effect, or P-"big-delta", is associated with displacements relative to member ends. Unlike P-, this type of P-Delta effect is critical to
nonlinear modeling and analysis. As indicated intuitively by Figure 2, gravity loading will influence structural response under significant
lateral displacement. P- may contribute to loss of lateral resistance, ratcheting of residual deformations, and dynamic instability (Deierlein
et al. 2010). As shown in Figure 3, effective lateral stiffness decreases, reducing strength capacity in all phases of the force-deformation
relationship (PEER/ATC 2010). To consider P- effect directly, gravity load should be present during nonlinear analysis. Application will
cause minimal increase to computational time, and will remain accurate for drift levels up to 10% (Powell 2006).
The Difference between P-Delta article further explains the difference between P- and P-.

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Test Problems
Title

Description

Program

Interpreting buckling analysis results for


different initial conditions

Buckling analysis may begin with either zero


initial conditions or the stiffness taken from
the end of a nonlinear load case. This test
problem compares the associated output.

SAP2000

P-Delta effect for a cantilevered column

Calculation and verification of the P-Delta


effects of a cantilevered column.

SAP2000

See Also
Buckling section

References
Powell, G. H. (2010). Modeling for Structural Analysis: Behavior and Basics (1st ed.). Berkeley, CA: Computers and Structures, Inc.
Available for purchase on the CSI Products >
Books
page
Deierlein, G. G., Reinhorn, A. M., and Willford, M. R. (2010). Nonlinear Structural Analysis For Seismic Design, NEHRP Seismic Design
Technical Brief No. 4., NIST GCR 10-917-5. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
PEER/ATC (2010). Modeling and acceptance criteria for seismic design and analysis of tall buildings, PEER/ATC 72-1 Report. Redwood
City, CA: Applied Technology Council.

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