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CHEM 362 Goals for Chapter 3 Structure and Bonding: Ψ, the positive combination, is a bonding orbital; it is ascribed to

The goals for Chapter 3 are to be able to draw Lewis structures by applying rules for electron pairs and to predict molecular structures using VSEPR theory. Students should be able to determine molecular geometries based on electron pair-bond pair repulsions and hybridization. They also need to understand how molecular orbitals form from the combination of atomic orbitals and how this relates to bonding properties in diatomic and triatomic molecules. The chapter focuses on molecular structure and bonding through Lewis structures, VSEPR theory, and molecular orbital theory.

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73 views2 pages

CHEM 362 Goals for Chapter 3 Structure and Bonding: Ψ, the positive combination, is a bonding orbital; it is ascribed to

The goals for Chapter 3 are to be able to draw Lewis structures by applying rules for electron pairs and to predict molecular structures using VSEPR theory. Students should be able to determine molecular geometries based on electron pair-bond pair repulsions and hybridization. They also need to understand how molecular orbitals form from the combination of atomic orbitals and how this relates to bonding properties in diatomic and triatomic molecules. The chapter focuses on molecular structure and bonding through Lewis structures, VSEPR theory, and molecular orbital theory.

Uploaded by

Lilianti Raange
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEM 362

Goals for Chapter 3


Structure and Bonding
1.

Be able to draw correct Lewis Structures by applying the rules of localized


electron pairs. Recall the issues such as saturated, unsaturated, electron deficient
systems and resonance, choice of central atom, expanded octet, etc.

2.

Be able to predict the structure of molecular compounds (or ions) by applying


VSEPR rules. VSEPR assumes all electron pairs repel each other and take
positions as far apart from each other as possible.
a.

Repulsion order for 90 interactions:


l.p. l.p. >> l.p. b.p. > b.p. b.p.
(Structures with 90 l.p. l.p. interactions dont exist.)

b.

Structure with minimum no. of 90 l.p.-b.p. interactions is most stable.

c.

Final structure is determined by secondary effects:


1.

Lone pairs occupy more space than bonding pairs.

2.

Double bonds occupy more space than single bonds.

3.

Know the atomic hybridizations that correspond to VSEPR shapes and the
correspondence between the two theories.

4.

Know that a molecular orbital is a sum of atomic or hybrid orbitals contributed by


each atom.
a.
b, the positive combination, is a bonding orbital; it is ascribed to
the in phase combination of the atomic orbitals and, if occupied, lowers
the energy of the molecule.
b.

a, the negative combination is an antibonding orbital; it is ascribed to


the out of phase combination of the atomic orbitals and, if occupied, raises
the energy of the molecule higher than that of the two separated atoms.
This orbital has a nodal plane between the two nuclei.

c.

n, the zero combination, is a nonbonding orbital and it contributes


nothing to the stabilization or destabilization of the molecule.

d.

N atomic orbitals generate N molecular orbitals; maximum of two paired


electrons () per M.O. Bond order is defined by the (# of bonding
electrons) (# of antibonding electrons)/2 for a two atom bond.

5.

Know that orbitals have cylindrical symmetry around the inernuclear (z) axis;
orbitals have one, and two, nodal planes coincident with the internuclear axis.
Be able to sketch:
orbitals: s + s, s + pz, pz + pz, s + dz2, pz + dz2
* orbitals: s - s, s - pz, pz - pz
orbitals: px + px, py + py, px + dxz, py + dyz, dxz + dxz, dyz + dyz
* orbitals: px - px, py - py
orbitals: dxy + dxy, dx2-y2 + dx2 -y2

6.

Know that overlap is stronger than overlap which is stronger than


overlap.

7.

Know that the effective nuclear charge of an atom determines the relative energy
of the valence orbitals in a M.O. diagram and that it also affects the energy
separation of the s and p levels. These effects show up in the differences in the
M.O. diagrams of diatomic molecules, A2, of the second row elements. (Mixing
versus no mixing of the s and p overlap.)

8.

Know how to sketch overlap patterns for various s and p combinations for
diatomic and triatomic molecules as we did in lecture and how to sketch a
qualitative M.O. diagram for these simple cases.

9.

Know how the occupation of the highest energy M.O. in a molecule affects its
reactivity (occupation of a bonding versus an antibonding level.)

10.

Know that Bond Order in a simple diatomic molecule is defined as the


(# of Bonding Electrons - # of Antibonding electrons)/2.

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