Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using

CFD Analysis
AJAZ BASHIR JANJUA*, MUHAMMAD SHAHID KHALIL**, AND MUHAMMAD SAEED***
RECEIVED ON 26.07.2012 ACCEPTED ON 18.09.2012

ABSTRACT
Utilization of hydro-power as renewable energy source is of prime importance in the world now. Hydropower energy is available in abundant in form of falls, canals rivers, dams etc. It means, there are
various types of sites with different parameters like flow rate, heads, etc. Depending upon the sites,
water turbines are designed and manufactured to avail hydro-power energy. Low head turbines on runof-river are widely used for the purpose. Low head turbines are classified as reaction turbines. For runof river, depending upon the variety of site data, low head Kaplan turbines are selected, designed and
manufactured. For any given site requirement, it becomes very essential to design the turbine runner
blades through optimization of the CAD model of blades profile. This paper presents the optimization
technique carried out on a complex geometry of blade profile through static and dynamic computational
analysis. It is used through change of the blade profile geometry at five different angles in the 3D (Three
Dimensional) CAD model. Blade complex geometry and design have been developed by using the
coordinates point system on the blade in PRO-E /CREO software. Five different blade models are
developed for analysis purpose. Based on the flow rate and heads, blade profiles are analyzed using
ANSYS software to check and compare the output results for optimization of the blades for improved
results which show that by changing blade profile angle and its geometry, different blade sizes and
geometry can be optimized using the computational techniques with changes in CAD models.
Key Words:

1.

Low Head, Kaplan Turbine, Runner Blade, CFD, Optimization, Hydropower.

INTRODUCTION

emand for increasing the use of renewable

energy has risen over the last two decades due
to environmental issues. The high emissions
of greenhouse gases have led to serious changes in the
climate. Although the higher usage of renewable energy
would not solve the problems over night, it is an important
*
**
***

move in the right direction. Use of water power energy can

be very much effective in this regard.
Hydropower remained the most important source of the
renewable energies for electrical power production
worldwide, providing 19% of the planet's electricity. Small-

Ph.D. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila.
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila.
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MA Jinnah University Islamabad.
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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

scale hydro is in most cases "run-of-river", and is one of

the most cost-effective and environmentally benign
energy technologies to be considered both for rural
electrification in less developed countries and further
hydro-power development worldwide [1].
Although Pakistan is enrich in hydro-power potential which
is around 50,000 MW [2], but hydropower does not play
a significant role in energy production for the country.
Hydro power generation is the only solution to control
the severe energy crisis in Pakistan.
Waterpower as an energy source was used dates back
centuries. It was the first renewable source used for
electricity generation over 100 years ago. For this purpose,
simple water wheels were used. Over the years, this
equipment has been developed and become more and more
advanced. Hydro-power is an important source of
producing electrical energy; approximately 20% of the
world electricity is supplied by hydroelectric power plants
[3]. World's first hydroelectric power scheme was
developed in Northumberland, England by William
Armstrong in 1878.
Hydroelectric power plants can be equipped with a specific
turbine in order to get the highest efficiency, depending
on the head and discharge of the sites. Water turbine is a
water engine which converts the energy of water into
effective work in a rotating runner. It uses pressure energy
and kinetic energy of water to produce mechanical power
due to action of water on blades of runner. This exchange
of energy between water and rotating runner blades
creates changes in flow velocities and angles from inlet of
runner to outlet [4].
Water turbines are classified as impulse turbines and
reaction turbines. Impulse turbine converts only the kinetic
energy of the water (the kinetic energy = v2/2g). It means
that water with atmospheric pressure is directed onto a
set of blades placed circumferential around a shaft. Pelton
turbines are the most commonly used impulse turbine.
Reaction turbines convert both the potential energy of

the water (pressure, p/w) and the kinetic energy (velocity,

v2/2g) into useful work. Propeller/Kaplan Turbines and
Francis Turbines are the reaction turbines.
Kaplan turbines work in the lower head range, from only a
few meters up to around 30m [5]. Low head hydro sites
ranging from 2-10m have even larger potential for the
provision of electric power in rural areas of developing
countries, but on the other hand the harnessing of this
potential is severely hampered due to lack of an appropriate
turbine design. Fixed geometry propeller turbines are the
most cost-effective turbine design options for low head
hydropower. [6-7].
Francis turbine is a reaction turbine and likely the Kaplan
turbines, design and geometry of the Francis turbine
blades is also very important. Jose, et. al. [8], applied CFD
(Computational Fluid Dynamics) performance on the
runner blades design to improve their efficiency and costeffectiveness beyond the traditional redesign practices.
Helena, et. al. [9], carried research work on the hydraulic
machines with the aim of optimization and the selection of
adequate turbines of low power based on analyses of 3D
hydrodynamic flows have been carried out leading to the
best possible results by adopting different criteria. Peng,
et. al. [10], carried research work on the design optimization
of axial flow hydraulic turbine runner, in order to obtain a
better design plan with good performance. Research review
on the previous work indicates that attempt on the research
work on subject area is rare. In this study, it is being focused
to fill this gap and carry forward the latest research.
In the reviewed research work as referred in this section
[9-10], it is to be pointed that optimization work has been
carried on the axial turbine components on single
geometry/profile basis. Research on the single component
with multiple profiles for optimization is not addressed in
the previous work. To overcome this drawback, research
has been carried out in this paper by developing the
turbine blade with changes in the profile geometry for five
different cases.

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

2.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

RUNNER BLADE

Typical plan view of the turbine runner-blade assembly is

shown in Fig. 1.

Keeping in view the previous research on optimization in

For optimization of the turbine runner blades using the

water turbine runner blades, area of design and

latest computational techniques, it is essential to develop

development/optimization through geometrical changes

the complex 3D model of the blade. For this purpose,

in the blade runner profile was focused for new research.

actual blade sample is used to create the model in CAD.

The same is illustrated in the next sections. Water turbines

Blade geometry was then obtained through x-axis, y-

are the most important part for hydro-power generation in

axis and z-axis coordinates by assuming the test bed

the country. For different range of heads and flow rates,

level as the datum line reference. Based on this data,

different types of turbines are used. Kaplan turbines are

development of the complex blade geometry for initial

used for low head applications. The main characteristics

design, have been carried out using AutoCAD and Pro-

of design are the data on which the design of the runner is

E/Creo.

based.
In Table 1, coordinates for inner side and outer side of the
From the localization and topology of the power station in

blade geometry are shown and similarly in Table 2,

which the turbine is going to operate, the fundamental

coordinates for the development of right hand side and

design parameters for any turbine design can be

left hand side are shown. CMM machine and 3D scanner

determined. Head and the amount of water flow give not

are now-a-days commonly used for the development of

only information of how much energy that can be produced

complex CAD models in the industry as well as in the

but also to determine the type of turbine, the basic design

academic institutes. In this study, Pro-E/Creo have been

parameters.

utilized to develop CAD models of turbine runner blade

Material for turbine runners is generally cast iron, steel or

stainless steel. Mostly material ASTM A743 CA6NM
stainless steel is used [11].

with the help of coordinate points system. Through this

procedure, different CAD models of blade profiles with
required geometries were possible to be developed.

A selection criterion of this material is based on its better

strength, resistance ability to cavitations, easily cast-able
and to fabricate, weld-able and protection against erosion.
Mechanical properties and chemical composition of this
material are adequate for use in water turbines.
Turbine basic data was obtained from the Nandi-Pur Hydro
Power Plant near Gujranwala, Pakistan, and based on site
data like design flow rate of 3040 cusecs (86 m3/sec),
gross head of 6.7 meters and hydraulic efficiency of around
80%, technical characteristics of the turbine are:
Maximum power output=4.6 MW, Runner diameter=4.24m,
and Hub diameter=1.76m.

FIG. 1. PLAN VIEW OF RUNNER BLADE ASSEMBLY

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

TABLE 1. COORDINATE POINTS FOR BLADE DEVELOPMENT(FOR INNER AND OUTER SIDE)
INNER UPPER SIDE
X (mm)

643

600

500

400

300

200

100

-100

-200

-300

-400

-457

Y (mm)

-1519

-1476

-1396

-1336

-1293

-1263

-1246

-1240

-1246

-1263

-1293

-1336

-1368

Z (mm)

13

32

74

117

159

215

266

311

348

381

409

439

456

INNER LOWER SIDE

X (mm)

643

600

500

400

300

200

100

-100

-200

-300

-400

-457

Y (mm)

-1519

-1476

-1396

-1336

-1293

-1263

-1246

-1240

-1246

-1263

-1293

-1336

-1368

Z (mm)

21

36

50

68

94

131

178

238

310

383

425

OUTER SIDE UPPER

OUTER SIDE LOWER

X (mm)

Y (mm)

Z (mm)

X (mm)

Y (mm)

Z (mm)

-100

-2

287

-100

-2

215

-200

-10

284

-200

-10

217

-300

-21

281

-300

-21

218

-400

-38

280

-400

-38

222

-500

-60

280

-500

-60

224

-600

-87

282

-600

-87

226

-700

-119

287

-700

-119

236

-750

-140

290

-750

-140

245

-775

-158

292

-775

-158

249

-800

-185

296

-800

-185

261

-825

-229

301

-825

-229

271

291

223

100

-2

293

100

-2

221

200

-10

295

200

-10

224

300

-21

297

300

-21

232

400

-38

298

400

-38

236

500

-60

298

500

-60

240

600

-87

298

600

-87

244

700

-119

298

700

-119

247

800

-157

296

800

-157

249

900

-201

294

900

-201

253

1000

-251

290

1000

-251

254

1100

-308

283

1100

-308

253

1200

-379

275

1200

-379

247

1250

-447

269

1250

-447

243

1270

-497

265

1270

-497

242

1281

-569

257

1281

-569

241

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

Points were measured physically from the runner blade on

In this way, all the points/coordinates were measured and

test bench i.e. surface table by using the well calibrated

plotted on the drawing.

measuring instruments like height gauges to ensure the

Blade geometries are developed with utilization of the
point's coordinate system. Sequence of the working on
drawings to finally develop CAD 3D model is as shown in
Fig. 2.

accuracy of the measurements taken by qualified quality

personnel. True leveled surface of the test bench was
taken as reference for these measurements.
In this procedure, runner blade was placed and leveled on

CFD is becoming an increasingly reliable tool for the

the test bench/surface table. Blade upper and lower

design of water turbines. Using different CFD codes, it is

surfaces were properly cleaned before marking of points.

possible to find out and compare criteria for classifying

Outer periphery of the blade on upper and lower sides

runner blade geometry regarding the strengths of their

was measured by using calibrated measuring tape. At start,

characteristics. The final decision of runner geometry,

initial reference point was marked as coordinate (0,0,0)

always remains for the design engineer. To reach the

and from this reference point, next point was marked on

final result, designer have to compare the flow analysis

the periphery line at an interval of 100mm with the help of

results of a great number of different geometries. Liplej,

divider. This point was then measured with respect to

et. al. [12], carried research work on the optimization

initial point by measuring the dimensions along x-axis, y-

methods and techniques for the design of axial hydraulic

axis and z-axis.

turbines.

Dimensions along x and y-axis were measured with the

For the optimization and analysis purpose and to obtain

solutions for comparison of the results, blade model
was re-developed for five different angle positions as

help of calibrated vernier calipers, whereas dimension along

z-axis was measured by using the calibrated height gauge.

TABLE. 2 COORDINATE POINTS FOR BLADE DEVELOPMENT (FOR LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE)
LEFT HAND UPPER SIDE
X (mm)

-837

-825

-800

-775

-750

-700

-650

-600

-550

-500

Y (mm)

-295

-364

-452

-536

-616

-766

-905

-1035

-1158

-1274

Z (mm)

300

309

320

330

341

361

382

401

421

440

LEFT HAND LOWER SIDE

X (mm)

-837

-825

-800

-775

-750

-700

-650

-600

-550

-500

Y (mm)

-295

-364

-452

-536

-616

-766

-905

-1035

-1158

-1274

Z (mm)

268

276

287

298

308

329

349

369

388

407

RIGHT HAND UPPER SID

X (mm)

1270

1250

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

Y (mm)

-650

-700

-773

-907

-1041

-1175

-1308

-1442

Z (mm)

237

224

205

170

136

102

67

33

RIGHT HAND LOWER SIDE

X (mm)

1270

1250

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

Y (mm)

-650

-700

-773

-907

-1041

-1175

-1308

-1442

Z (mm)

223

211

191

157

123

88

54

20

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
FIG. 2. DEVELOPMENT OF DRAWING FOR BLADE MODEL

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

shown in Fig. 3. These five blade models are developed

at five different angles named as Case-A with angle
14.120o, Case-B with angle 16.120o, Case-C with angle
18.120o, Case-D with angle 12.120o and Case-E with angle
10.120o.
Now-a-days CFD compliments experimental and theoretical
approach by providing an alternate cost effective means
of simulating real flow. Prasad, et. al. [13-14] carried out
the numerical flow simulation in the axial turbines to study
the effect of operating conditions on the turbine using

Inc.[16]. CFD modules like ICEM-CFD and ANSYS-CFX

are used for meshing, pre-processing, solution and postprocessing. CFD work on the original geometry was
carried out and results obtained were validated with the
operational / experimental results of Kaplan turbine that
is installed at Nandi-Pur Hydro Power Plant near
Gujranwala, Pakistan. After validations of parameters of
turbine among experimental and obtained from CFD four
further models were analyzed as discussed in Section 2
and shown in Fig. 3.

CFX module.

3.1

CFD techniques have also been applied for various types

Mesh was generated using one of the best meshing

of hydro turbines. A computational fluid dynamics-based

software ICEM-CFD. ANSYS ICEM CFD is intuitive built-

design system enables a quick and efficient design

in geometry creation and highly automated functionality

optimization of turbine components. Jingchun, et, al. [15]

for modifying and repairing imported CAD data. It is

applied it to a Francis turbine runner, guide vanes, and

stay vanes using CFX.

3.

Mesh Generation

robust tools for creating all mesh types including

hexahedral, tetrahedral, prism, pyramid, quad, tri or bar

CFD OF TURBINE RUNNER

BLADE

elements. ICEM CFD is highly tolerant of imperfect/over

detailed CAD data containing sliver surfaces, gaps, holes
and overlaps (patch independence) and has smoothing,

This research presents the utilization of CFX

coarsening, refinement, element type conversion, linear

computational fluid dynamics to analyze the different

or quadratic element support. It has more than 100 CFD

runner blade profile models for optimization. CFD study

and CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) solver interface

is done using a commercial Software package ANSYS,

formats.

FIG. 3. DEVELOPMENT OF BLADE GEOMETRY AT DIFFERENT ANGLES

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

Geometry from Pro-E /Creo 2.0 was imported to ICEM CFD

where after performing geometry repairs and dividing into
different parts like Hub, Shroud, Periodic surfaces and
blades initial topology was built as shown in Fig. 4.

surfaces were generated to estimate the effect of other

three blades as shown in Fig. 6.

Topology (blocking) was associated with the geometry

and initial mesh was generated as shown in Fig. 5 (high
periodic is shown in the Fig. 5). Mesh was generated of
90o section containing one blade. After that periodic

Total pressure was imposed at inlet boundary while mass

flow condition was imposed at outlet boundary. Outer
casing (shroud) was given stationary wall boundary
conditions while blades and hub were given rotating wall

3.2

Boundary Conditions

FIG. 4. TOPOLOGY AND BLOCKING OF THE BLADE

FIG. 5. MESHING OF THE BLADE

FIG. 6. MESHING OF ALL BLADES

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

boundary condition. Periodic surfaces are given as periodic

boundary condition interface in CFX-Pre.

4.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1

Case A (Original Geometry)

As a first case analysis of original geometry were carried

out at different mass flow conditions. And CFD results
were compared with the experimental results of the turbine.
Operational data of the hydro turbine unit have been
obtained from the Nandi Pur, Hydro Power Plant, near
Gujranwala, Pakistan for experimental purposes.
Experimental/operational data is being compared with CFD
results to analyze the final results and to set a reference
line for optimization. Comparison of the results is shown
in Fig. 7. It indicates the trend that power output of
experimental data and CFD analysis are approximately at

same level at higher flow rates. It means high flow rates

play key role for the improvement in the turbines output
efficiency.
To check and validate the resulted power output from
CFD as an example, power was calculated for flow rate of
80.7 m3/sec, by using the formula of power i.e. P=wQH.
Power output of 4.24 MW was obtained after calculation.
Accordingly power output obtained from CFD was found
4.3 MW, so validating the results calculation.
Pressure contours and flow velocity vectors on the blade
surface and on hub are shown in Fig. 8. This pressure data
can be exported to ANSYS structural solver for structure
analysis. It can be seen clearly that pressure before the
blade is high while as water passes. Through the turbine
blades its pressure decrease as energy is delivered by the
water to turbines that make turbine blades to rotate.

FIG. 7. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CFD DATA

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

Pressure contours and flow velocity vectors on a 50%

span of the turbo surface of turbine assembly are shown
in Fig. 9.
Pressure contours and velocity vectors on 25, 50, 75 and
97% spans are shown in Figs. 10-13 respectively. These
pictures provide flow visualization obtained from CFD
results carried on the turbine blade assembly. This flow
visualization suggests that flow is streamline along the
blade at different spans. No major re-circulation and flow
dead zones could be seen in these figures that it-self proves
the validity and accuracy of CFD results.

4.2

Cases B-E (Developed Geometries)

In the previous section, original blade geometry i.e. CaseA was discussed. In this section, runner blades have been
geometrically developed at four angles on hub side for

optimization. Two blades named Case-B and Case-C are

at an angle position of 16.120o and 18.120o respectively as
shown in Fig. 3. Whereas other two blades named Case-D
and Case-E are at an angle position of 12.120o and 10.120o
respectively.
CFD analysis of the developed geometries for Case-B to
Case-E was carried out at different mass flow conditions.
Results obtained for these four cases and first Case-A,
were then compared with the experimental results of the
turbine.
Results obtained from the CFD analysis of blade for
different cases are plotted in Fig. 14. By taking CFD results
of Case-A as reference point, other results for the blade
optimization have been compared, which indicated the
improved power output in the system.

FIG. 8 PRESSURE CONTOURS ON TURBINE BLADES AND VELOCITY VECTORS

FIG. 9. PRESSURE AND VELOCITY CONTOURS ON 50% SPAN TURBO SURFACE

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

FIG. 10. PRESSURE CONTOURS AND VELOCITY VECTORS ON 25% SPAN

FIG. 11. PRESSURE CONTOURS AND VELOCITY VECTORS ON 50% SPAN

FIG. 12. PRESSURE CONTOURS AND VELOCITY VECTORS ON 75% SPAN

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

FIG. 13. PRESSURE CONTOURS AND VELOCITY VECTORS ON 97% SPAN

FIG. 14. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CFD DATA FOR FIVE DIFFERENT CASES
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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

Fig. 14 shows the results comparison of all five cases and

it is evident that changes made in the blade geometry
through orientation of blade have improved the turbine
blades efficiency in terms of power output through CFD
analysis. From results and comparison of all five cases, it
is clearly indicated that blades used for Case-E have
improved characteristics having 4.4% increases in the
power output.
In a turbine blade profile, there are two sides of blade. One
is pressure side and the other is suction side. Pressure
side is high pressure side whereas suction side is low
pressure side and due to this pressure difference, turbine
blade rotates from pressure to suction side. Pressure
difference of pressures between pressure and suction side
depends on the profile of the blade. Better the profile,

greater will be the pressure difference that will result higher

pressure and efficiency of turbine. In our study as shown
in Fig. 15, in Case-A pressure difference is comparatively
intermediate (as colours suggest red on high pressure
side while green and yellow on low pressure side) whereas
Case-C with low pressure difference (one side red and on
other side dominant yellow color) whereas case-E is with
highest pressure difference among all cases (one side red
other with dominant green color). This effect is further
explained in Section 4.3 at different spans with pressure
loading.

4.3

Pressure Loadings

Through CFD analysis, pressure loadings on the pressure

side and suction side of blades were obtained and plotted

FIG. 15. PRESSURE CONTOURS AT 50% SPAN FOR CASE-A, C AND E

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

for Cases-A-E. Pressure loading of blade on pressure side

and suction side for Case-A, Case-C and Case-E on 25, 50
and 75% span respectively are shown in Figs. 16-18.
Increase in pressure difference indicates the improvement
in the systems output. It is evident from the results shown

that pressure difference in Case-E is much higher than

compared to case-C with reference to original Case-A.
This pressure difference actually impinges the blade runner
to produce maximum power output. Pressure and suction
sides are shown in Fig. 16.

FIG. 16. PRESSURE LOADING ON BLADES AT 25% SPAN

FIG. 17. PRESSURE LOADING ON BLADES AT 50% SPAN

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

FIG. 18. PRESSURE LOADING ON BLADES AT 75% SPAN

5.

CONCLUSIONS

development of different types of hydro turbine

components by using CFD.

As CFD results clearly indicate that the blade

optimization through blade profile improvement can be

In future research, CFD results obtained for the optimum

achieved using the latest state of the art computational

blade profile can be used to compare with the same

techniques instead of utilization of expensive tools like

blade manufactured and experimentally tested.

model/prototype testing. It is very important to note that

Furthermore, study on the tip clearance for the

the blade designs vary with the site data and for each

improvement in hydro turbines efficiencies can be

new design, it is not worth to carry such expensive tools

carried out in future with the use of computational fluid

for model testing.

dynamics technique.

In our study, from results and comparison, it is clearly

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

indicated that blades used for Case-E have improved

characteristics with 4.4% increases in the power output.

The authors would like to thank University of Engineering

CFD results show that hydropower turbine unit parts like

& Technology, Taxila, Pakistan, for providing required

low head Kaplan turbine runner blades specially and other

resources to complete this project. Authors appreciate

types of turbines in general can be optimized through the

the guidance and support of Dr. Fahad Butt, Dr. Tariq

change of 3D geometries. Research optimization approach

Manzoor, and Mr. Atta-ur-Rehman, from HITEC University,

carried out can be utilized in future for the design and

Taxila, Pakistan.

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Blade Profile Optimization of Kaplan Turbine Using CFD Analysis

REFERENCES
[1]

Paish, O., "Small Gydro Power: Technology and Current

[9]

Helena, M.R., and Mariana, S., "Hydrodynamic and

Performance of Low Power Turbines: Conception,
Modeling and Experimental Tests", International Journal
of Energy and Environment, Volume 1, No. 3,
pp. 431-444, Lisbon, Portugal, 2010.

[10]

Peng, G., Cao, S., Ishizuka, M., and Hayama, S., "Design
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