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Assigment Jar Test

The document describes how to perform a jar test to determine the optimum dosage of alum solution added to water samples. It explains the process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation and how a jar test works. Key steps include adding varying amounts of alum to water samples and measuring parameters like turbidity to find the best coagulant dosages.

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Shoby Kesavan Pillai
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142 views

Assigment Jar Test

The document describes how to perform a jar test to determine the optimum dosage of alum solution added to water samples. It explains the process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation and how a jar test works. Key steps include adding varying amounts of alum to water samples and measuring parameters like turbidity to find the best coagulant dosages.

Uploaded by

Shoby Kesavan Pillai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

The jar test is a method of measuring the effect of coagulation, flocculation,


and sedimentation on turbidity. Although the procedure is not outlined in Standard
Methods, it is used in most water treatment plants to find the best coagulant dosages
under varying conditions.
Coagulation/flocculation is the process of binding small particles in the water
together into larger, heavier clumps which settle out relatively quickly. The larger
particles are known as floc. Properly formed floc will settle out of water quickly in the
sedimentation basin, removing the majority of the water's turbidity.
In this laboratory, we will perform the jar test on a lake water samples taken
from the Lake in Cheras Public Park. By adding varying amounts of alum and
measuring initial and final pH values, conductivity, temperature, and turbidity, we
were able to determine the optimum dosage of alum solution added to water sample
by looking at trends in the data what the most effective approach to the lake water
treatment.

OBJECTIVE

To visualize the coagulation-flocculation process in the laboratory.


To determine the optimum dosage of alum solution added to water sample.

APPARATUS

Volumetric flask (1,000 mL)


Analytical balance
Coagulants and coagulant aids
Magnetic stirrer (optional)
A stirring machine with six paddles capable of variable speeds from 0 to 100

revolutions per minute (RPM)


Beakers (1,000 mL)
Pipets (10 mL)
Watch or clock
Turbidometer and sample tubes

Jar test apparatus

THEORY

Beaker

Pipets

Raw water or wastewater must be treated to remove turbidity, colour and


bacteria. Colloidal particles are in the size range between dissolved substance
and suspended particles. The particles are too small to be removed by sediment
at ion or by normal filtration processes. Colloidal particles exhibit the Tyndall
effect; that is, when light passes through liquid containing colloidal particles, the
light is reflected by the particles. The degree to which colloidal suspension
reflects light at 90 angle to the entrance beamis measured by turbidity. The unit
of measure is a Turbidity Unit (TU) or Nephlometric Turbidity Unit (NTU). It is
determined by reference to a chemical mixture that produces are producible
refraction of light. Turbidity in excess of 5 TU are easily detectable in a glass of
water and are usually objectionable for aesthetic reasons. For a given particle
size, the higher the turbidity, the higher the concentration of colloidal particles.
Colour is a useful term that is used to describe a solution state. But it is
difficult to distinguish dissolved colour and colloidal colour. Some colour is
caused by colloidal iron or manganese complexes. Although, the most common
cause of colour is from complex organic compounds that originate from the
decomposition of organic matter. Most colour seems to be between 3.5 and
10m, which is colloidal. Colour is measured by the ability of the solution to
absorb light. Colour particles can be removed by the methods discussed
for dissolved or colloidal, depending upon the state of the colour.
Finely dispersed solid (colloids) suspended in wastewater are stabilized byne
gative electric charges on their surfaces, causing them to repel each other. Since
this prevents these charged particles from colliding to form larger masses, called
flocs, theydo not settle. To assists in the removal of colloidal particles form
suspension, chemical coagulations and flocculation are required. These
processes, usually done in sequence, are a combination of physical and chemical
procedures. Chemicals are mixed with wastewater to promote the aggregation of
the suspended solids into particles large enough to settle or be removed.
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by neutralizing the forces that keep
them apart. Cationic coagulants provide positive electric charges to reduce the
negative charge of the colloids. As a result, the particles collide to form
larger particles

(floc).

Rapid mixing

is required

to disperse

the coagulant

throughout the liquid. The coagulants overdose can cause a complete charge
reversal and destabilize the colloid complex.
A coagulant is the substance (chemical) that is added to the water to
accomplish coagulation. There are three key properties of a coagulant:
1. Trivalent cation: As indicated in the last section, the colloids most
commonly found in natural waters are negatively charged; hence a
cation is required to neutralize the charge. A trivalent cation is the most
efficient cation.
2. Nontoxic: This requirement is obvious for the production of safe water.
3. Insoluble in the neutral pH range. The coagulant that is added must
precipitate out of solution so that high concentrations of the ion are not
left in the water. Such precipitation greatly assists the colloid removal
process.
The two most commonly used coagulants are aluminium (Al 3+) and ferric
iron(Fe3+). Both meet above three requirements. Aluminium can be purchased
as either dry or liquid alum [Al2 (SO4)314H2O]. Commercial alum has an
average molecular weight of 594. When alum added to a water containing
alkalinity, the following reaction occurs:
Al2(SO4)314H2O + 6HCO-3 2Al(OH)3(s) + 6CO2+ 14H2O + 3SO42The above reaction shifts the carbonate equilibrium and decreases the pH. W
hensufficient alkalinity is not present to neutralize the sulfuric acid production,
the pH may be greatly reduced:
Al2(SO4)314H2O 2Al(OH)3(s) + 3H2SO4+ 8H2O
If the second reaction occurs, lime or sodium carbonate may be added to
neutralize the acid. The optimal pH range for alum is approximately 5.5 to 6.5
with coagulation possible between pH 5to pH 8 under some conditions.

In flocculation process, the flocculating agent is added by slow and


gentle mixing to allow for contact between the small flocs and to agglomerate
them into larger particles. The newly formed agglomerated particles are quite

fragile and can be broken apart by shear forces during mixing. Increasing the
dosage will increase the tendency of the floc to float and not settle. Once
suspended particles are flocculated into larger particles, they can usually be
removed from the liquid by sedimentation, provided that a sufficient density
difference exists between the suspended matter and liquid. When a filtering
process is used, the addition of a flocculants may not be required since the
particles formed by the coagulation reaction may be of sufficient size to allow
removal. The flocculation reaction not only increases the size of the floc
particles to settle them faster, but also affects the physicals nature of the floc,
making these particles less gelatinous and thereby easier to dewater.

REFFERENCES
http://www.scribd.com/doc/102483975/5-Jar-Test-Report#scribd

http://www.scribd.com/doc/131655380/Jar-Test-Lab-Report#scribd

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