ARTICLE XXII.

ELECTION OFFENSES
Sec. 261. Prohibited Acts. - The following shall be guilty of an election offense:
(a) Vote-buying and vote-selling. (1) Any person who gives, offers or promises money or anything of value, gives or
promises any office or employment, franchise or grant, public or private, or makes or
offers to make an expenditure, directly or indirectly, or cause an expenditure to be
made to any person, association, corporation, entity, or community in order to induce
anyone or the public in general to vote for or against any candidate or withhold his vote
in the election, or to vote for or against any aspirant for the nomination or choice of a
candidate in a convention or similar selection process of a political party.
(2) Any person, association, corporation, group or community who solicits or receives,
directly or indirectly, any expenditure or promise of any office or employment, public or
private, for any of the foregoing considerations.
(b) Conspiracy to bribe voters. - Two or more persons, whether candidates or not, who
come to an agreement concerning the commission of any violation of paragraph (a) of
this section and decide to commit it.
(c) Wagering upon result of election. - Any person who bets or wagers upon the
outcome of, or any contingency connected with an election. Any money or thing of
value or deposit of money or thing of value situated anywhere in the Philippines put as
such bet or wager shall be forfeited to the government.
(d) Coercion of subordinates. (1) Any public officer, or any officer of any public or private corporation or association,
or any head, superior, or administrator of any religious organization, or any employer or
land-owner who coerces or intimidates or compels, or in any manner influence, directly
or indirectly, any of his subordinates or members or parishioners or employees or
house helpers, tenants, overseers, farm helpers, tillers, or lease holders to aid,
campaign or vote for or against any candidate or any aspirant for the nomination or
selection of candidates.
(2) Any public officer or any officer of any commercial, industrial, agricultural, economic
or social enterprise or public or private corporation or association, or any head, superior
or administrator of any religious organization, or any employer or landowner who
dismisses or threatens to dismiss, punishes or threatens to punish be reducing his
salary, wage or compensation, or by demotion, transfer, suspension, separation,
excommunication, ejectment, or causing him annoyance in the performance of his job
or in his membership, any subordinate member or affiliate, parishioner, employee or
house helper, tenant, overseer, farm helper, tiller, or lease holder, for disobeying or not
complying with any of the acts ordered by the former to aid, campaign or vote for or
against any candidate, or any aspirant for the nomination or selection of candidates.
(e) Threats, intimidation, terrorism, use of fraudulent device or other forms of coercion. Any person who, directly or indirectly, threatens, intimidates or actually causes, inflicts
or produces any violence, injury, punishment, damage, loss or disadvantage upon any
person or persons or that of the immediate members of his family, his honor or
property, or uses any fraudulent device or scheme to compel or induce the registration
or refraining from registration of any voter, or the participation in a campaign or
refraining or desistance from any campaign, or the casting of any vote or omission to
vote, or any promise of such registration, campaign, vote, or omission therefrom.
(f) Coercion of election officials and employees. - Any person who, directly or indirectly,
threatens, intimidates, terrorizes or coerces any election official or employee in the
performance of his election functions or duties.
(g) Appointment of new employees, creation of new position, promotion, or giving
salary increases. - During the period of forty-five days before a regular election and
thirty days before a special election, (1) any head, official or appointing officer of a
government office, agency or instrumentality, whether national or local, including
government-owned or controlled corporations, who appoints or hires any new
employee, whether provisional, temporary or casual, or creates and fills any new
position, except upon prior authority of the Commission. The Commission shall not
grant the authority sought unless, it is satisfied that the position to be filled is essential
to the proper functioning of the office or agency concerned, and that the position shall
not be filled in a manner that may influence the election.

As an exception to the foregoing provisions, a new employee may be appointed in case

of urgent need: Provided, however, That notice of the appointment shall be given to the
Commission within three days from the date of the appointment. Any appointment or
hiring in violation of this provision shall be null and void.
(2) Any government official who promotes, or gives any increase of salary or
remuneration or privilege to any government official or employee, including those in
government-owned or controlled corporations.
(h) Transfer of officers and employees in the civil service. - Any public official who
makes or causes any transfer or detail whatever of any officer or employee in the civil
service including public school teachers, within the election period except upon prior
approval of the Commission.
(i) Intervention of public officers and employees. - Any officer or employee in the civil
service, except those holding political offices; any officer, employee, or member or the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, or any police force, special forces, home defense
forces, barangay self-defense units and all other para-military units that now exist or
which may hereafter be organized who, directly or indirectly, intervenes in any election
campaign or engages in any partisan political activity, except to vote or to preserve
public order, if he is a peace officer.
(j) Undue influence. - It is unlawful for any person to promise any office or employment,
public or private, or to make or offer to make an expenditure, directly or indirectly, or to
cause an expenditure to be made to any person, association, corporation or entity,
which may induce anyone or the public in general either to vote or withhold his vote, or
to vote for or against any candidate in any election or any aspirant for the nomination or
selection of an official candidate in a convention of a political party. It is likewise
unlawful for any person, association, corporation or community, to solicit or receive,
directly or indirectly, any expenditure or promise or any office, or employment, public or
private, for any of the foregoing considerations.
(k) Unlawful electioneering. - It is unlawful to solicit votes or undertake any propaganda
on the day of registration before the board of election inspectors and on the day of
election, for or against any candidate or any political party within the polling place and
with a radius of thirty meters thereof.
(l) Prohibition against dismissal of employees, laborers, or tenants. - No employee or
laborer shall be dismissed, nor a tenant be ejected from his landholdings for refusing or
failing to vote for any candidate of his employer or landowner. Any employee, laborer or
tenant so dismissed or ejected shall be reinstated and the salary or wage of the
employee or laborer, or the share of the harvest of the tenant, shall be restored to the
aggrieved party upon application to the proper court.
(m) Appointment or use of special policemen, special agents, confidential agents or the
like. - During the campaign period, on the day before and on election day, any
appointing authority who appoints or any person who utilizes the services of special
policemen, special agents, confidential agents or persons performing similar functions;
persons previously appointed as special policemen, special agents, confidential agents
or persons performing similar functions who continue acting as such, and those who fail
to turn over their firearms, uniforms, insignias and other badges of authority to the
proper officer who issued the same.
At the start of the aforementioned period, the barangay chairman, municipal mayor, city
mayor, provincial governor, or any appointing authority shall submit to the Commission
a complete list of all special policemen, special agents, confidential agents or persons
performing similar functions in the employ of their respective political subdivisions, with
such particulars as the Commission may require.
(n) Illegal release of prisoners before and after election. - The Director of the Bureau of
Prisons, any provincial warden, the keeper of the jail or the person or persons required
by law to keep prisoners in their custody who illegally orders or allows any prisoner
detained in the national penitentiary, or the provincial, city or municipal jail to leave the
premises thereof sixty days before and thirty days after the election. The municipal or
city warden, the provincial warden, the keeper of the jail or the person or persons
required by law to keep prisoners in their custody shall post in three conspicuous public
places a list of the prisoners or detention prisoners under their care. Detention
prisoners must be categorized as such.

(o) Use of public funds, money deposited in trust, equipment, facilities owned or
controlled by the government for an election campaign. - Any person who uses under
any guise whatsoever, directly or indirectly, (1) public funds or money deposited with, or
held in trust by, public financing institutions or by government offices, banks, or
agencies; (2) any printing press, radio, or television station or audio-visual equipment
operated by the Government or by its divisions, sub-divisions, agencies or
instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations, or by the
Armed Forces of the Philippines; or (3) any equipment, vehicle, facility, apparatus, or
paraphernalia owned by the government or by its political subdivisions, agencies
including government-owned or controlled corporations, or by the Armed Forces of the
Philippines for any election campaign or for any partisan political activity.

confiscate or order the confiscation of firearms of any member or members of the

Armed Forces of the Philippines, police forces, home defense forces, barangay selfdefense units, and all other para-military units that now exist, or which may hereafter be
organized, or any member or members of the security or police organization,
government ministries, commissions, councils, bureaus, offices, instrumentalities, or
government-owned or controlled corporations and other subsidiaries, or of any member
or members of privately owned or operated security, investigative, protective or
intelligence agencies performing identical or similar functions.

(q) Carrying firearms outside residence or place of business. - Any person who,
although possessing a permit to carry firearms, carries any firearms outside his
residence or place of business during the election period, unless authorized in writing
by the Commission: Provided, That a motor vehicle, water or air craft shall not be
considered a residence or place of business or extension hereof.

(t) Policemen and provincial guards acting as bodyguards or security guards. - During
the campaign period, on the day before and on election day, any member of the city or
municipal police force, any provincial or sub-provincial guard, any member of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, special forces, home defense forces, barangay selfdefense units and all other para-military units that now exist or which may hereafter be
organized who acts as bodyguard or security guard of any public official, candidate or
any other person, and any of the latter who utilizes the services of the former as
bodyguard or security guard: Provided, That, after due notice and hearing, when the life
and security of a candidate is in jeopardy, the Commission is empowered to assign at
the candidate's choice, any member of the Philippine Constabulary or the police force
of any municipality within the province to act as his bodyguard or security guard in a
number to be determined by the Commission but not to exceed three per candidate:
Provided, however, That when the circumstances require immediate action, the
Commission may issue a temporary order allowing the assignment of any member of
the Philippine Constabulary or the local police force to act as bodyguard or security
guard of the candidate, subject to confirmation or revocation.

This prohibition shall not apply to cashiers and disbursing officers while in the
performance of their duties or to persons who by nature of their official duties,
profession, business or occupation habitually carry large sums of money or valuables.

(u) Organization or maintenance of reaction forces, strike forces, or other similar forces.
- Any person who organizes or maintains a reaction force, strike force or similar force
during the election period.

(r) Use of armored land, water or air craft. - Any person who uses during the campaign
period, on the day before and on election day, any armored land, water or air craft,
provided with any temporary or permanent equipment or any other device or
contraption for the mounting or installation of cannons, machine guns and other similar
high caliber firearms, including military type tanks, half trucks, scout trucks, armored
trucks, of any make or model, whether new, reconditioned, rebuilt or remodelled:
Provided, That banking or financial institutions and all business firms may use not more
than two armored vehicles strictly for, and limited to, the purpose of transporting cash,
gold bullion or other valuables in connection with their business from and to their place
of business, upon previous authority of the Commission.

The heads of all reaction forces, strike forces, or similar forces shall, not later than
forty-five days before the election, submit to the Commission a complete list of all
members thereof with such particulars as the Commission may require.

(p) Deadly weapons. - Any person who carries any deadly weapon in the polling place
and within a radius of one hundred meters thereof during the days and hours fixed by
law for the registration of voters in the polling place, voting, counting of votes, or
preparation of the election returns. However, in cases of affray, turmoil, or disorder, any
peace officer or public officer authorized by the Commission to supervise the election is
entitled to carry firearms or any other weapon for the purpose of preserving order and
enforcing the law.

(v) Prohibition against release, disbursement or expenditure of public funds. - Any

public official or employee including barangay officials and those of government-owned
or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries, who, during forty-five days before a
regular election and thirty days before a special election, releases, disburses or
expends any public funds for:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(1) Any and all kinds of public works, except the following:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

(s) Wearing of uniforms and bearing arms. - During the campaign period, on the day
before and on election day, any member of security or police organization of
government agencies, commissions, councils, bureaus, offices, or government-owned
or controlled corporations, or privately-owned or operated security, investigative,
protective or intelligence agencies, who wears his uniform or uses his insignia,
decorations or regalia, or bears arms outside the immediate vicinity of his place of
work: Provided, That this prohibition shall not apply when said member is in pursuit of a
person who has committed or is committing a crime in the premises he is guarding; or
when escorting or providing security for the transport of payrolls, deposits, or other
valuables; or when guarding the residence of private persons or when guarding private
residences, buildings or offices: Provided, further, That in the last case prior written
approval of the Commission shall be obtained. The Commission shall decide all
applications for authority under this paragraph within fifteen days from the date of the
filing of such application.
During the same period, and ending thirty days thereafter any member of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines, special, forces, home defense forces, barangay self-defense
units and all other para-military units that now exist or which may hereafter be
organized who wears his uniform or bears arms outside the camp, garrison or barracks
to which he is assigned or detailed or outside their homes, in case of members of paramilitary units, unless (1) the President of the Philippines shall have given previous
authority therefor, and the Commission notified thereof in writing, or (2) the Commission
authorizes him to do so, which authority it shall give only when necessary to assist it in
maintaining free, orderly and honest elections, and only after notice and hearing. All
personnel of the Armed Forces authorized by the President or the Commission to bear
arms or wear their uniforms outside their camps and all police and peace officers shall
bear their true name, rank and serial number, if any, stitched in block letters on a white
background on the left breast of their uniform, in letters and numbers of a clearly legible
design at least two centimeters tall, which shall at all times remain visible and
uncovered.
During the election period, whenever the Commission finds it necessary for the
promotion of free, orderly, honest and peaceful elections in a specific area, it shall

(a) Maintenance of existing and/or completed public works project: Provided, That not
more than the average number of laborers or employees already employed therein
during the six-month period immediately prior to the beginning of the forty-five day
period before election day shall be permitted to work during such time: Provided,
further, That no additional laborers shall be employed for maintenance work within the
said period of forty-five days;
(b) Work undertaken by contract through public bidding held, or by negotiated contract
awarded, before the forty-five day period before election: Provided, That work for the
purpose of this section undertaken under the so-called "takay" or "paquiao" system
shall not be considered as work by contract;
(c) Payment for the usual cost of preparation for working drawings, specifications, bills
of materials, estimates, and other procedures preparatory to actual construction
including the purchase of materials and equipment, and all incidental expenses for
wages of watchmen and other laborers employed for such work in the central office and
field storehouses before the beginning of such period: Provided, That the number of
such laborers shall not be increased over the number hired when the project or projects
were commenced; and
(d) Emergency work necessitated by the occurrence of a public calamity, but such work
shall be limited to the restoration of the damaged facility.
No payment shall be made within five days before the date of election to laborers who
have rendered services in projects or works except those falling under subparagraphs
(a), (b), (c), and (d), of this paragraph.
This prohibition shall not apply to ongoing public works projects commenced before the
campaign period or similar projects under foreign agreements. For purposes of this
provision, it shall be the duty of the government officials or agencies concerned to
report to the Commission the list of all such projects being undertaken by them.

(2) The Ministry of Social Services and Development and any other office in other
ministries of the government performing functions similar to said ministry, except for
salaries of personnel, and for such other routine and normal expenses, and for such
other expenses as the Commission may authorize after due notice and hearing. Should
a calamity or disaster occur, all releases normally or usually coursed through the said
ministries and offices of other ministries shall be turned over to, and administered and
disbursed by, the Philippine National Red Cross, subject to the supervision of the
Commission on Audit or its representatives, and no candidate or his or her spouse or
member of his family within the second civil degree of affinity or consanguinity shall
participate, directly or indirectly, in the distribution of any relief or other goods to the
victims of the calamity or disaster; and
(3) The Ministry of Human Settlements and any other office in any other ministry of the
government performing functions similar to said ministry, except for salaries of
personnel and for such other necessary administrative or other expenses as the
Commission may authorize after due notice and hearing.
(w) Prohibition against construction of public works, delivery of materials for public
works and issuance of treasury warrants and similar devices. - During the period of
forty-five days preceding a regular election and thirty days before a special election,
any person who (a) undertakes the construction of any public works, except for projects
or works exempted in the preceding paragraph; or (b) issues, uses or avails of treasury
warrants or any device undertaking future delivery of money, goods or other things of
value chargeable against public funds.
(x) Suspension of elective provincial, city, municipal or barangay officer. - The
provisions of law to the contrary notwithstanding during the election period, any public
official who suspends, without prior approval of the Commission, any elective
provincial, city, municipal or barangay officer, unless said suspension will be for
purposes of applying the "Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act" in relation to the
suspension and removal of elective officials; in which case the provisions of this section
shall be inapplicable.
(y) On Registration of Voters:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

registered voters, the application of any fictitious voter or any application that has not
been approved; or removes from, or otherwise takes out of the book of voters or the
provincial or national central files of registered voters any duly approved voter's
application, except upon lawful order of the Commission, or of a competent court or
after proper cancellation as provided in Sections 122, 123, 124 and 125 hereof.
(12) Any person who transfers or causes the transfer of the registration record of a
voter to the book of voters of another polling place, unless said transfer was due to a
change of address of the voter and the voter was duly notified of his new polling place.
(13) Any person who asks, demands, takes, accepts or possesses, directly or indirectly,
the voter's affidavit of another, in order to induce the latter to withhold his vote, or to
vote for or against any candidate in an election or any issue in a plebiscite or
referendum. It shall be presumed prima facie that the asking, demanding, taking,
accepting, or possessing is with such intent if done within the period beginning ten days
before election day and ending ten days after election day, unless the voter's affidavit of
another and the latter are both members of the same family.
(14) Any person who delivers, hands over, entrusts, gives, directly or indirectly his
voter's affidavit to another in consideration of money or other benefit or promises
thereof, or takes or accepts such voter's affidavit directly or indirectly, by giving or
causing the giving of money or other benefit or making or causing the making of a
promise thereof.
(15) Any person who alters in any manner, tears, defaces, removes or destroys any
certified list of voters.
(16) Any person who takes, carries or possesses any blank or unused registration form
already issued to a city or municipality outside of said city or municipality except as
otherwise provided in this Code or when directed by express order of the court or of the
Commission.
(17) Any person who maliciously omits, tampers or transfers to another list the name of
a registered voter from the official list of voters posted outside the polling place.

(1) Any person who, having all the qualifications and none of the disqualifications of a
voter, fails without justifiable excuse to register as a voter in an election, plebiscite or
referendum in which he is qualified to vote.

(z) On voting:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

(2) Any person who knowingly makes any false or untruthful statement relative to any of
the data or information required in the application for registration.

(2) Any person who votes more than once in the same election, or who, not being a
registered voter, votes in an election.

(3) Any person who deliberately imprints or causes the imprinting of blurred or indistinct
fingerprints on any of the copies of the application for registration or on the voter's
affidavit; or any person in charge of the registration of voters who deliberately or
through negligence, causes or allows the imprinting of blurred or indistinct fingerprints
on any of the aforementioned registration forms, or any person who tampers with the
fingerprints in said registration records.

(3) Any person who votes in substitution for another whether with or without the latter's
knowledge and/or consent.

(4) Any member of the board of election inspectors who approves any application which
on its face shows that the applicant does not possess all the qualifications prescribed
by law for a voter; or who disapproves any application which on its face shows that the
applicant possesses all such qualifications.

(5) Any person who avails himself of any means of scheme to discover the contents of
the ballot of a voter who is preparing or casting his vote or who has just voted.

(5) Any person who, being a registered voter, registers anew without filing an
application for cancellation of his previous registration.
(6) Any person who registers in substitution for another whether with or without the
latter's knowledge or consent.
(7) Any person who tampers with or changes without authority any data or entry in any
voter's application for registration.
(8) Any person who delays, hinders or obstruct another from registering.
(9) Any person who falsely certifies or identifies another as a bona fide resident of a
particular place or locality for the purpose of securing the latter's registration as a voter.
(10) Any person who uses the voter's affidavit of another for the purpose of voting,
whether or not he actually succeeds in voting.
(11) Any person who places, inserts or otherwise includes, as approved application for
registration in the book of voters or in the provincial or national central files of

(1) Any person who fails to cast his vote without justifiable excuse.

(4) Any person who, not being illiterate or physically disabled, allows his ballot to be
prepared by another, or any person who prepares the ballot of another who is not
illiterate or physically disabled, with or without the latter's knowledge and/or consent.

(6) Any voter who, in the course of voting, uses a ballot other than the one given by the
board of election inspectors or has in his possession more than one official ballot.
(7) Any person who places under arrest or detains a voter without lawful cause, or
molests him in such a manner as to obstruct or prevent him from going to the polling
place to cast his vote or from returning home after casting his vote, or to compel him to
reveal how he voted.
(8) Any member of the board of election inspectors charged with the duty of reading the
ballot during the counting of votes who deliberately omits to read the vote duly written
on the ballot, or misreads the vote actually written thereon or reads the name of a
candidate where no name is written on the ballot.
(9) Any member of the board of election inspectors charged with the duty of tallying the
votes in the tally board or sheet, election returns or other prescribed form who
deliberately fails to record a vote therein or records erroneously the votes as read, or
records a vote where no such vote has been read by the chairman.
(10) Any member of a board of election inspectors who has made possible the casting
of more votes than there are registered voters.

(11) Any person who, for the purpose of disrupting or obstructing the election process
or causing confusion among the voters, propagates false and alarming reports or
information or transmits or circulates false orders, directives or messages regarding
any matter relating to the printing of official ballots, the postponement of the election,
the transfer of polling place or the general conduct of the election.
(12) Any person who, without legal authority, destroys, substitutes or takes away from
the possession of those having legal custody thereof, or from the place where they are
legally deposited, any election form or document or ballot box which contains official
ballots or other documents used in the election.
(13) Any person having legal custody of the ballot box containing the official ballots
used in the election who opens or destroys said box or removes or destroys its
contents without or against the order of the Commission or who, through his
negligence, enables any person to commit any of the aforementioned acts, or takes
away said ballot box from his custody.
(14) Any member of the board of election inspectors who knowingly uses ballots other
than the official ballots, except in those cases where the use of emergency ballots is
authorized.
(15) Any public official who neglects or fails to properly preserve or account for any
ballot box, documents and forms received by him and kept under his custody.
(16) Any person who reveals the contents of the ballot of an illiterate or disabled voter
whom he assisted in preparing a ballot.
(17) Any person who, without authority, transfers the location of a polling place.
(18) Any person who, without authority, prints or causes the printing of any ballot or
election returns that appears as official ballots or election returns or who distributes or
causes the same to be distributed for use in the election, whether or not they are
actually used.
(19) Any person who, without authority, keeps, uses or carries out or causes to be kept,
used or carried out, any official ballot or election returns or printed proof thereof, typeform mould, electro-type printing plates and any other plate, numbering machines and
other printing paraphernalia being used in connection with the printing of official ballots
or election returns.
(20) Any official or employee of any printing establishment or of the Commission or any
member of the committee in charge of the printing of official ballots or election returns
who causes official ballots or election returns to be printed in quantities exceeding
those authorized by the Commission or who distributes, delivers, or in any manner
disposes of or causes to be distributed, delivered, or disposed of, any official ballot or
election returns to any person or persons not authorized by law or by the Commission
to receive or keep official ballots or election returns or who sends or causes them to be
sent to any place not designated by law or by the Commission.

notice of the date, time and place of the meeting of the board to the candidates,
political parties, and/or other members of the board.
(4) Any member of the board of canvassers who, without authority of the Commission,
uses in the canvass of votes and/or proclamation of any candidate any document other
than the official copy of the election returns.
(bb) Common to all boards of
canvassers:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

election

inspectors

and

boards

of

(1) Any member of any board of election inspectors or board of canvassers who
deliberately absents himself from the meetings of said body for the purpose of
obstructing or delaying the performance of its duties or functions.
(2) Any member of any board of election inspectors or board of canvassers who,
without justifiable reason, refuses to sign and certify any election form required by this
Code or prescribed by the Commission although he was present during the meeting of
the said body.
(3) Any person who, being ineligible for appointment as member of any board of
election inspectors or board of canvassers, accepts an appointment to said body,
assumes office, and actually serves as a member thereof, or any of public officer or any
person acting in his behalf who appoints such ineligible person knowing him to be
ineligible.
(4) Any person who, in the presence or within the hearing of any board of election
inspectors or board of canvassers during any of its meetings, conducts himself in such
a disorderly manner as to interrupt or disrupt the work or proceedings to the end of
preventing said body from performing its functions, either partly or totally.
(5) Any public official or person acting in his behalf who relieves any member of any
board of election inspectors or board of canvassers or who changes or causes the
change of the assignments of any member of said board of election inspectors or board
of canvassers without authority of the Commission.
(cc) On candidacy and campaign:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(1) Any political party which holds political conventions or meetings to nominate its
official candidates earlier that the period fixed in this Code.
(2) Any person who abstracts, destroys or cancels any certificate of candidacy duly filed
and which has not been cancelled upon order of the Commission.
(3) Any person who misleads the board of election inspectors by submitting any false or
spurious certificate of candidacy or document to the prejudice of a candidate.

(21) Any person who, through any act, means or device, violates the integrity of any
official ballot or election returns before or after they are used in the election.

(4) Any person who, being authorized to receive certificates of candidacy, receives any
certificate of candidacy outside the period for filing the same and makes it appear that
said certificate of candidacy was filed on time; or any person who, by means of fraud,
threat, intimidation, terrorism or coercion, causes or compels the commission of said
act.

(22) Any person who removes, tears, defaces or destroys any certified list of
candidates posted inside the voting booths during the hours of voting.

(5) Any person who, by any device or means, jams, obstructs or interferes with a radio
or television broadcast of any lawful political program.

(23) Any person who holds or causes the holding of an election on any other day than
that fixed by law or by the Commission, or stops any election being legally held.

(6) Any person who solicits votes or undertakes any propaganda, on the day of
election, for or against any candidate or any political party within the polling place or
within a radius of thirty meters thereof.

(24) Any person who deliberately blurs his fingerprint in the voting record.
(aa) On Canvassing:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

(dd) Other prohibitions:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

(2) Any member of the board of canvassers who proceeds with the canvass of the
votes and/or proclamation of any candidate which was suspended or annulled by the
Commission.

(1) Any person who sells, furnishes, offers, buys, serves or takes intoxicating liquor on
the days fixed by law for the registration of voters in the polling place, or on the day
before the election or on election day: Provided, That hotels and other establishments
duly certified by the Ministry of Tourism as tourist oriented and habitually in the
business of catering to foreign tourists may be exempted for justifiable reasons upon
prior authority of the Commission: Provided, further, That foreign tourists taking
intoxicating liquor in said authorized hotels or establishments are exempted from the
provisions of this subparagraph.

(3) Any member of the board of canvassers who proceeds with the canvass of votes
and/or proclamation of any candidate in the absence of quorum, or without giving due

(2) Any person who opens in any polling place or within a radius of thirty meters thereof
on election day and during the counting of votes, booths or stalls of any kind for the

(1) Any chairman of the board of canvassers who fails to give due notice of the date,
time and place of the meeting of said board to the candidates, political parties and/or
members of the board.

sale, dispensing or display of wares, merchandise or refreshments, whether solid or

liquid, or for any other purposes.
(3) Any person who holds on election day, fairs, cockfights, boxing, horse races, jai-alai
or any other similar sports.
(4) Refusal to carry election mail matter. - Any operator or employee of a public utility or
transportation company operating under a certificate of public convenience, including
government-owned or controlled postal service or its employees or deputized agents
who refuse to carry official election mail matters free of charge during the election
period. In addition to the penalty prescribed herein, such refusal shall constitute a
ground for cancellation or revocation of certificate of public convenience or franchise.
(5) Prohibition against discrimination in the sale of air time. - Any person who operates
a radio or television station who without justifiable cause discriminates against any
political party, coalition or aggroupment of parties or any candidate in the sale of air
time. In addition to the penalty prescribed herein, such refusal shall constitute a ground
for cancellation or revocation of the franchise.
Sec. 262. Other election offenses. - Violation of the provisions, or pertinent portions, of
the following sections of this Code shall constitute election offenses: Sections 9, 18, 74,
75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 122, 123, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134, 135,
145, 148, 150, 152, 172, 173, 174, 178, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 189, 190, 191, 192,
194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,
214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 239 and
240.
Sec. 263. Persons criminally liable. - The principals, accomplices, and accessories, as
defined in the Revised Penal Code, shall be criminally liable for election offenses. If the
one responsible be a political party or an entity, its president or head, the officials and
employees of the same, performing duties connected with the offense committed and
its members who may be principals, accomplices, or accessories shall be liable, in
addition to the liability of such party or entity.
Sec. 264. Penalties. - Any person found guilty of any election offense under this Code
shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than one year but not more than six
years and shall not be subject to probation. In addition, the guilty party shall be
sentenced to suffer disqualification to hold public office and deprivation of the right of
suffrage. If he is a foreigner, he shall be sentenced to deportation which shall be
enforced after the prison term has been served. Any political party found guilty shall be
sentenced to pay a fine of not less than ten thousand pesos, which shall be imposed
upon such party after criminal action has been instituted in which their corresponding
officials have been found guilty.
In case of prisoner or prisoners illegally released from any penitentiary or jail during the
prohibited period as provided in Section 261, paragraph (n) of this Code, the director of
prisons, provincial warden, keeper of the jail or prison, or persons who are required by
law to keep said prisoner in their custody shall, if convicted by a competent court, be
sentenced to suffer the penalty of prision mayor in its maximum period if the prisoner or
prisoners so illegally released commit any act of intimidation, terrorism of interference
in the election.

Any person found guilty of the offense of failure to register or failure to vote shall, upon
conviction, be fined one hundred pesos. In addition, he shall suffer disqualification to
run for public office in the next succeeding election following his conviction or be
appointed to a public office for a period of one year following his conviction.
Sec. 265. Prosecution. - The Commission shall, through its duly authorized legal
officers, have the exclusive power to conduct preliminary investigation of all election
offenses punishable under this Code, and to prosecute the same. The Commission
may avail of the assistance of other prosecuting arms of the government: Provided,
however, That in the event that the Commission fails to act on any complaint within four
months from his filing, the complainant may file the complaint with the office of the
fiscal or with the Ministry of Justice for proper investigation and prosecution, if
warranted.
Sec. 266. Arrest in connection with the election campaign. - No person shall be
arrested and/or detained at any time for any alleged offense committed during and in
connection with any election through any act or language tending to support or oppose
any candidate, political party or coalition of political parties under or pursuant to any
order of whatever name or nature and by whomsoever issued except only upon a
warrant of arrest issued by a competent judge after all the requirements of the
Constitution shall have been strictly complied with.
If the offense charged is punishable under a presidential decree whether originally or by
amendment of a previous law, the death penalty shall not be imposed upon the
offender except where murder, rape or arson is involved. In all cases, the penalty shall
not be higher than reclusion perpetua and the offender shall be entitled to reasonable
bail upon sufficient sureties to be granted speedily by the competent court. Moreover,
loss of the right of citizenship and confiscation of property shall not be imposed.
Any officer or a person who shall violate any provision of this section shall be punished
by imprisonment of not less than six (6) years and one (1) day nor more than twelve
(12) years, with the accessory penalties for election offenses. The provision of Section
267 of this Code shall not apply to prosecution under this section.
Sec. 267. Prescription. - Election offenses shall prescribe after five years from the date
of their commission. If the discovery of the offense be made in an election contest
proceedings, the period of prescription shall commence on the date on which the
judgment in such proceedings becomes final and executory.
Sec. 268. Jurisdiction of courts. - The regional trial court shall have the exclusive
original jurisdiction to try and decide any criminal action or proceedings for violation of
this Code, except those relating to the offense of failure to register or failure to vote
which shall be under the jurisdiction of the metropolitan or municipal trial courts. From
the decision of the courts, appeal will lie as in other criminal cases.
Sec. 269. Preferential disposition of election offenses. - The investigation and
prosecution of cases involving violations of the election laws shall be given preference
and priority by the Commission on Elections and prosecuting officials. Their
investigation shall be commenced without delay, and shall be resolved by the
investigating officer within five days from its submission for resolution. The courts shall
likewise give preference to election offenses over all other cases, except petitions for
writ of habeas corpus. Their trial shall likewise be commenced without delay, and shall
be conducted continuously until terminated, and the case shall be decided within thirty
days from its submission for decision.