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Research On Elt I: Rida Wahyuningrum

This document discusses hypotheses in research. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a tentative prediction or explanation about the relationship between two or more variables that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not yet been proven. The document notes there are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis, which represents a theory that has been proposed but not proven; and the alternative hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null hypothesis and what the hypothesis test is set up to establish. The document provides examples of null and alternative hypotheses for a study comparing the effectiveness of a new curriculum versus an existing one. It concludes by explaining that hypotheses must be testable, specific enough but not too general, and predictive of consequences in order to guide valid research.

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Rida Wahyuningrum Goeridno Darmanto
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392 views

Research On Elt I: Rida Wahyuningrum

This document discusses hypotheses in research. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a tentative prediction or explanation about the relationship between two or more variables that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not yet been proven. The document notes there are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis, which represents a theory that has been proposed but not proven; and the alternative hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null hypothesis and what the hypothesis test is set up to establish. The document provides examples of null and alternative hypotheses for a study comparing the effectiveness of a new curriculum versus an existing one. It concludes by explaining that hypotheses must be testable, specific enough but not too general, and predictive of consequences in order to guide valid research.

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Rida Wahyuningrum Goeridno Darmanto
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You are on page 1/ 24

RESEARCH ON ELT I

Lecture II

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

By the end of this course, you will be


able to :

mention the definition


and types of hypothesis

What is
Hypothesis?

Hypothesis

A research hypothesis
is the statement
created by researchers
when they speculate
upon the outcome of a
research or
experiment.

Hypothesis is a tentative
prediction about the nature
of the relationship between
two or more variables.

A research question is essentially


a hypothesis asked in the form of
a question.

Every true experimental design


must have this statement at the
core of its structure, as the
ultimate aim of any experiment.

DEFINITION
Hypotheses are single tentative
guesses, good hunchesassumed for
use in devising theory or planning
experiments intended to be given a
direct experimental test when possible
(Rogers, 1966)

DEFINITION
A hypothesis is a
conjectural statement of
the relation between two
or more variables
(Kerlinger, 1956)

DEFINITION
Hypothesis is a formal statement that
presents the expected relationship
between an independent and dependent
variable
(Creswell, 1994)

DEFINITION
A hypothesis can be defined as a
tentative explanation of the research
problem, a possible outcome of the
research, or an educated guess about
the research outcome
(Sarantakos, 1993)

DEFINITION
A hypothesis is a
statement or explanation
that is suggested by
knowledge or observation
but has not yet been
proved or disproved
(Clark & Hockey,1981)

NATURE
OF
HYPOTHESIS

1. It can be tested
verifiable or falsifiable
2. Hypotheses are not
moral or ethical
questions
3. It is neither too specific
nor too general
4. It is a prediction of
consequences
5. It is considered
valuable even if proven
false

EXAMPLE
You are an English teacher teaching students of
junior high school level. You would like to know what
motivates them to read. You know that students of
that age love some characters of motion pictures
and stories to be told.

So you will offer some kinds of reading to


them. You design an experiment to find
out which type of reading that attracts the
students most that they will take to read.

You can formulate


an experimental
hypothesis :

When offered all five types of


reading, the students will
preferentially take comics.

Incorrect hypothesis will be:


When offered all five
types of reading, the
students will
preferentially take the
type they like best.

TYPES OF
HYPOTHESES
NULL HYPOTHESES
It is designated by Ho or HN

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES
It is designated by H1 or HA

The Null Hypothesis represents a


theory that has been put forward,
either because it is believed to be
true or because it is to be used
as a basis for argument, but has
not yet been proved.
Note:
It has serious outcome if
incorrect decision is made.

The Alternative Hypothesis is a


statement of what a hypothesis
test is set up to establish.

- Opposite of Null Hypothesis


- Only reached if Ho is rejected
- Frequently alternative is actual
desired conclusion of the
researcher.

EXAMPLE
In a trial of new curriculum, the
NULL HYPOTHESIS might be that :
the new curriculum is no better, on
average, than the current
curriculum.

The ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS


might be that:
The new curriculum has a different
content, on average, compared to
that of the current curriculum.
We would write H1:
The two curriculums have different
contents, on average.

The ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS


might be that:
The new curriculum is better, on
average, than the current curriculum.
We would write H1:

The new curriculum is better than the


current curriculum, on average.

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

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