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Mid Term Exam Solutions

1. The document derives an expression for the beam solid angle of an antenna pattern by integrating over the sphere. It evaluates the integral in three regions and obtains a final value of 1.750 steradians. 2. To maximize the array factor of a parasitic element functioning as a director or reflector, the phase difference between the element and main source should be an integral multiple of 2π. This leads to optimal spacing of 3λ/4 for a director and λ/4 for a reflector. 3. Source points are placed around a circle with radius a, spaced π/3 apart. Expressions are obtained for the distances from each source point to the observation point using trigonometric

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Ibra Nazla
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112 views

Mid Term Exam Solutions

1. The document derives an expression for the beam solid angle of an antenna pattern by integrating over the sphere. It evaluates the integral in three regions and obtains a final value of 1.750 steradians. 2. To maximize the array factor of a parasitic element functioning as a director or reflector, the phase difference between the element and main source should be an integral multiple of 2π. This leads to optimal spacing of 3λ/4 for a director and λ/4 for a reflector. 3. Source points are placed around a circle with radius a, spaced π/3 apart. Expressions are obtained for the distances from each source point to the observation point using trigonometric

Uploaded by

Ibra Nazla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

The general integral that gives the beam solid angle is equation (2-142)

F ( , )

! A =

d =

F ( , )

sin d d

!
!

sphere

0 0

There is no dependence to the given antenna pattern, so the integral can be done immediately, giving
a factor of 2. The integral is then split up, separating out the three non-zero regions.

/6

! A = 2

sin d +

2
2

1
1
sin

+
sin d
/3 3

2
5 /6

2 /3

!
!

Do the integration. The integral of sine is minus cosine. We can absorb the sign by swapping the limits.

! A = 2 cos 0 cos +

2 1
5

cos
cos cos + cos

9
3
3
4
6

!
!

Evaluating the cosine function.

! A = 2 1

5
3 1 1 1 1
3
3 1
+
+
+

+
1
=
2

1
+

2 9 2 2 4 2
2 9
4

Plugging in the numbers, we have


! A
The directivity is then
!D=

!
!
! 1.750
!

4
! 7.179
A

2. We can start from the expressions in the solution of 6.3-8. For the parasitic element to function as the
best possible director, we need to maximize the array factor magnitude in the forward direction

!
! maximize AF ( 0 ) = maximize I + I e
!
To reach this maximum, the two terms must have the same phase, modulo 2
!
j d

! arg I1e j d = arg ( I 0 ) + 2 n

Evaluating the argument function

arg ( I1 ) + arg ( e

) = arg ( I ) + 2 n
j
! arg + arg ( e ) = arg (1) + 2 n
2
j d

j d

+ d = 2 n
2
Solve for d and substitute the expression for

!
!

!d = n
The shortest (positive) distance is
!d =

but integral additions of also work. Similarly, for the parasitic element to function as the best possible
reflector, we need to maximize the array factor magnitude in the backward direction

! maximize AF ( ) = maximize I 0 + I1e j d

Following from above, we find


!

d = 2 n
2

Solving for d

n
4

!d =
and the shortest distance is

!d =

3. The source points we want lie on a circle of radius a in the x-y plane, spaced apart by an angle of /3.
Noting that the first point has an angle of /6, we subtract 1/2 from the index variable.

1
1

x + sin n y

2 3
2 3

! ! rn = a cos n

If this is not obvious, consider Eulers formula

! e j = cos + j sin

!
!
! r = sin cos x + sin sin y + cos z
!
We just need the dot product to compute the far-field approximate distances
!
The radial unit vector has the usual expansion in cartesian coordinates

1
1

cos

+
sin
n

sin

2 3
2 3

! Rn = r rn r = r asin cos n

!
!

The expression for the individual distances is also acceptable. Evaluating the trigonometric functions we
have

1
R1 = r asin
cos + sin
2
2

R2 = r asin {sin }
3

1
R3 = r asin
cos + sin
2
2

!
3

1
R4 = r asin
cos sin
2
2

R5 = r asin { sin }
3

1
R6 = r asin
cos sin
2
2

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