DATA AND FORMULAE

Data
speed of light in free space, 3.oox1o3ms1
permeability of free space, 47rx107Hm1
permittivity of free space, 8.85x10-12Fm1
(1 / (36rr)) x10'gFmr
le
elementary charge, 1.60 x 10 c
the Planck constant, 6.63x1034Js
unified atomic mass constant, 1.66 x 10 'z7 kg
rest mass of electron, 9.11 x 10 31 kg
rest mass of proton, 1 .67 x 10-27 kg

molar gas constant, 8.31 JKlmol 1

the Avogadro con$tant, 6.02 x 1023 mol-1
the Boltzmann constant, 1.38 x 10 '?3 J Kr
gravitational consiant, 6.67 x 1o 11 N m2 kg-'
acceleration of free fall, 9.81 ms 2

Formulae
uniformly accelerated motion, ut+%a(
.2
u2 + 2as

work done on/by a gas, pav

hydrostatic pressure, pgh
Gm
gravitational potential, 0

displacement of particle in s.h.m., xo sin rdf

velocity of particle in s. h.m., vacosal
torJU; x'J
resistors in series, R R1 +R2+
resistors in parallel, 1lR1+ 1lR2+ .

electric potential, Q / 4ntor

alternatinq currenvvoltage, xasin.' t
transmission coefficient, T exp(-2kd)
8n'n(LJ - E)

radioactive decay, xa exp(-.lt)

0 693
decay constant, I
 Section A
Answer all questions
Six molecules are moving with the speeds and directions shown.

+--o Ct---' Ct_+ +-O O*

250 m s-r 250 m s-1 300 m s-l 450 m s-1 450 m s'r 500 m s'
What is the root mean square speed of these molecules?

359ms1 367ms1 381 m s1 400msr

2 A balloon with a volume of 4OOO cm3 contains helium at a pressure of 1 .20 x 105 Pa.
How many moles of helium are in the balloon if each helium atom has an average
kinetic energy of 3.6O x 10'22 J?

A 1.1',| B 1.44 c 2.22 D 332

3 A gas with molecular mass of M at a temperature f has a root-mean-square speed

of c/. Another gas with tvuice the molecular mass and at three times the temperature
has a root-mean-square speed of c2. What is lhe .atio c1/c2?

A E B c D
!6 "6
The graph below shows the variation of temperature with time for 1 kg of a
substance. The substance is initially a solid, and is heated at a constant rate until all
of it vapourises. At any point, any vapour formed is allowed to escape freely out of
the container.
oC
Temperature /

Tr
Time / min
10 12
 Which of the following statements is correct?

A The latent heat of fusion is greater than the latent heat of vapourisation.
B The amount of energy required to vapourise all of the substance at
temperature 12 is approximately twice the energy required to turn the
substance from a solid at 0 'C to a liquid and then to raise its temperature to
Tz.

C The specific heat capacity in the liquid state is higher than that in the solid
state.
D lf the substance is vapourised in a sealed container, it would require less
energy to vapourise everything.

5 An experiment is conducted to investigate the relationship between the volume yof

a fixed mass of an ideal gas and its pressure p, while keeping its temperature
conslant.

Which the graph shows the correct relationship at temperatures f7 and 12, where
Tr > Tt?

\\
\..--_
i:
-''--p
Four charges of equal magnitude are arranged along the circumference of a circle.

li the magnitude of the electic field strength at the centre of the circle due to each
charqe is E, what is the magnitude and direction of the resultant eleciric field
sirength at the centre of the circle?

A J2 E towards the left

B \i 2 E downwards

c (."E - 1) r towaros the tett

D ("E - t)e ao*n*aras

The equipotential lines of a positive charge are drawn as shown.

12V
--. o
a.

Calculate the amount of work that has to be done on an electron to move it to from
point P to point Q (e is the elementary charge).

A 8e B -2e C +2e D +8e

The diagram shows how the electric potential energy of a charged particle varies
along a straight line within an electric field.

Electric
potential
energy

Distance

At which point is the magnitude of electric force acting on the charged particle a
minimum?
BBCCDD

The force of attraction between 2 unlike charges is 2.0 N. lf the distance between
them is increased to 3 times the original value, what is the force of attraction
between them?

A 0.22 N
B 0.33 N
c 0.44 N
D 0.66 N
10 Two conducting metal plates are placed parallel to one another as shown in the
diagram. The potential ofone plate is +yand the other is +5y.

+V

+5V

The space bet\rveen the plates is divided equally by the dotted lines. P and Q are 2
points that lie on the lines as shown- Determine the expression for the amount of
work required to move a unit posiiive charge from pojnt P to point Q.

a4v B -2V c +2V D +4V

11 A wire P with resistivity, p, and length, /, has a resistance R. lf the wire is stretched
and its length is increased by 5% what would be the change in resistance of the
wire? (Assume the volume of the wire has not changed.)

A 104/. B - 5v" 5% D 100/0

12 The diagram shows a circuit consisting of a cell, E, and a variable resistor, R.

lf the electromotive force of the cell is 10.0 V and the internal resistance of the cell
is 2.00 O calculate the maximum power that is delivered to R.

5.00 w 125W 250W 50.0 w

13 When 15.0 C of charge flows through a pariicular resistor 5.0 J of energy are
converted. What is the potential difference across the resistor?

0.33 V 30v 20v 75V

14 An electrical kettle requires 0.10 kwh of energy to bring its contents to a boil.

Express this amount of energy in terms ofjoules.

0.028 J 0.36 J 6x1o3J 3.6 x 105 J

15 The diagram below shows connected wires which carry cuffents of various values.
What is the value and direction of the current / in shown in the diaoram?

A I A away from X B 1 A towards X

c 11 A away from X D ll AtowardsX

16 ln the potentiometer above, a balance length of 0.70 m is obtained. The length of

the resistance wire XY is 1.0 m.
10 0 v

What is the resistance of XY?

A 6.0 0 B 6.3 0 c 8.3 c) D 10 ()

17 An e.m.f. source E of internal resistance r, is connected to an external resistor of
resistance R. Which of the following graphs represents how the current, 1, through
the external resistor, varies with the potential difference, y, across the resistor R?

'18 The circuit below consists of 10 identical resistors of resistance R.

What is the effective resistance across X and Y?

2R c17 6
3R
19 The graph above shows how the resistance Rr of the thermistor varies with
temperature f.

Rr/Q

BO

60

4.0

2.0

What is the potential difference y across the 8.0 O fixed resistor, when I is
20 "c?

A 1.2 V B 2.4V C 3.6V D 4.BV

20 A cuffent passing through a solenoid sets up a magnetic field around it. Which of
the following will result in a stronger magnetic field strength within the solenoid?
I increasing the current through the solenoid
ll using a shorter solenoid
lll inseriing a soft iron core into the solenoid

A land ll only
B land lll only
c ll and lll only
D I, ll and lll
 A loop of flexible wire lies in a loose, irregular shape on the surface of a smooth
horizontal table. A uniform steady magnetic field of flux density I is directed
vertrcally downwards tl^'ough the table.

to batiery

B into surface of table

lf the ends of the wire are connected to a battery such that there is a current in the
loop in the direction shown, which oi the following is likely to be observed?

A The loop of wire moves vertically above the surface of the table
B The loop ofwire moves horizontaliy on the surface of the table
c The loop ofwire expands into a circle.
D The loop ofwire collapses.

22 A length of cuffent-carrying wire PQRST is placed in a region of uniform magnetic

field as shown in the diagram.

B field

Determine which segment of the wire experiences the greatest magnetic force

APO QR CRS ST
23 A 2 kg mass is attached to a 5 kg mass by a light inextensible strino which runs
through a smooth pulley. smooth
oullev

lf the slope on which the 2 kg mass lies is frictionless, determine the acceleration of
the 2 masses.

B 1.40 m s-2 5.61 m s2 981 ms2

24 When a force, F, varying as shown below, is applied to a mass of 10 kg, the gain in
momentum in 5 s is 40 kg m s-1.

F/N

time / s

What is the value of x?

A B c '10 D 15

25 Two stars of equal mass M move with constant speed v in a circular orbit of radius
R about their common centre of mass as shown in the diagram below.

Which of the following is th e correct expresston tot v1

A Fn IGM D
!zn
 Section B
Answer all questions

A fixed mass of monatomic ideal gas is made to undergo the processes shown in the table
below. The initial state of the gas is denoted by A where the gas has a pressure of
4.0 x 105 Pa, volume of 7.5 x '10 3 m3 and a temperature of 450 K.

AtoB Gas is allowed 10 expand isothermally until its volume is 10.0 x 'l O 3 m3.

BtoC Gas is cooled at constant pressure to a temperature of 300 K.

CtoD Gas is compressed isothermally lo a pressure of 4.0 x 105 Pa.

DtoA Gas is allowed to expand at constanl pressure until it returns to its initial state at A.

plPa
40x'105-

Vc 7.5 x 10-3 10.0 x 103

(axi) Explain what is meanl by internal energy

.....111

(ii) For an ideal gas, explain why internal energy is dependent on its thermodynamic
temperature only.

I1l
(bxi) Calculate the number of moles of ideal gas in the sample.

number of moles = I1l

(ii) Using the ideal gas equation, or otherwise, determine pc and yc, the pressure and volume
respectively for the gas at C.

Pa

mt [3]

(iii) Calculate the work done on the gas during the process B to C.

work done on gas = J l2l

 (iv) By considerinq the change in temperature, calculate the change in infernal energy of the
gas as it goes from siate B to siate C.

change in internalenergy = J I2I

(v) Hence, detennine the amount of heat which the gas exchanges wilh its surroundings during
lhe process from B to C. State clearly if heat flows into or out of the gas.

amount of heat exchanged = .................-......... J

direction of heat flow = .............................. I2l

(c) For the overall cyclic process ABCDA, state if the net heat flow is into or out of the gas.
Without making detailed calculations, explain your answer.
2 (al

+40 v 20v

(D

V 11]

(ii)

loss in linelic energy = J 12]

(;iD Determine the approxrmate value of the eleclric field strength ai C.

electric field strenqth = v m' [3]

(iv) Sketch, on Fig.2.2, the variation ofthe eleckic potenlialalong AB. I2l
Eleclric
potential

Dislance
(b) An electron is released from rest at the position shown in Fig. 2.3. Two stationary protons
are in the vicinity ofthe electron.

Fig.2.3
(i) Describe the subsequent motion ofthe electron.

t2l

(ii) Determine the maximum kinetic energy which the electron attains during ils motion.
Leave your answer in terms of e and r, where e is lhe elementary charge.

maximum kinetic energy= ..............................t31

{iii) At the position where the electron has maximum KE, sketch the eleclric field pattern
due to the interaction of the 3 charges. 121
3 (a) Define the volf and use energy considerations to distinguish bet\reen electromotive force ot
a cell and potential differerce behreen its terminals.

t3l

(b) A battery of e.m.f. 12.0 V and intemal resistance 0.50 O is connected to a resistor of
resistance 7.50 Q as shown in Fig 3.'1.

= 12.O V
R=7.50O
= 0.50 c)

B
Fig 3.1
(i) Mark with an X, on Fig 3.1, the position of a switch so that the voltmeter may be used
to measure either the e.m.f. Eof thecell ortheterminal potential difference V. ill

Determine

(ii) the cuffent in the circuit,

cUrrent = A [2]
 (iii) the potential difierence across the 7.50 O resistor,

potenlial difference = V 12]

(iv) the potential at poinls A and B in the circuit,

potential at A = V 111

potential at B = v [1]

(v) the power supplied to the 7.50 O resistor.

power = .............................. w I21

(c) Explain why the potential difference across the terminals of the cell is normally lower than
the cell's e.m.f. Under what condition is the potential difference across a cell's terminals
equalto its e.m.f.?
4(a) Fig. 4.1 shows a circuit containing a 10.0 V battery with a non negligible internal resistance
r, and 6 external resistors.

Fig.4.1

The potential differences across some ofthe resistors are given in Table 4.1 below.

Potential Difference / V

B 4A

c 3.0

10

Table 4.1

(D Conp ete -able 4.1 lo show ll.e polen|al difference across each lesislor. I3l

(i0 Write down the values of the electric potential at positions V and Y.

polential at V = v t1l

potential at Y = V 11]
(b) The potentiometer in Fiq. 4.2 consists of a non-ideal driver cell of e.m.f. 12.0 V with internal
resistance of 2.5 O, a standard cell of e.m.f. E, and a 1-metre resistance wire XY. The total
resistance of XY is 8.0 O. Switch B is connected to part of lhe resistance wire at points K
and Y usinq connecting wires, such that length l(Y along the resistance wire is 20.0 cm.

200cm

Swilch A
Fig.4.2
(i) When Switch A is closed, and Switch B is opened, the balanced length is 60.0 cm,

'1. What is the potential difference belween length XJ?

potential difference = V 12]

Calculate the e.m.f. E of the slandard cell.

V 13]
(ii) When Swiich B is closed, and Switch A is opened, calculate the new balanced
lenqth.

balanced length =.............................. m [3]

(iii) With both Switch A and B both opened, state and explain one factor which can
increase the balanced length XJ.

t11
5 (a) A narrow beam of coherent light of wavelength 589 nm is normally incident on a diffraction
grating with 5.00 x 105 lines per melre.

(i) Find the total number of bright fringes that are visible on a screen placed at distance

number of bright fringes = ......................... . m [3]

(ii) Stale 2 ways 10 increase the number of brighl fringes observed on the screen.

...121

(b) Fig. 5.1 consists of a conducting rod XY which is placed on 2 horizontal parallel aluminium
rails AB and CD. The mass of rod XY is 12.0 g.

Fiq.5.1

A uniform magnetic field of strength 0.200 T acts perpendicularly to the plane of the page,
such thal when lhe switch is closed, rod XY moves to lhe left.

(i) State the direction of the current flow within rod XY when the switch is closed.

direciion of current = Ill

(ii) State the direction ofthe uniform magnetic field-

direction ofmagneticfield= ... . .. [1]

(iii) When the switch is closed, a current of 2.50 A flows in the circuit.
Calculate the magnetic force acting on rod XY if it has length 8.00 cm.

magnetic force = N 12]

(iv) To stop rod XY from moving to the left, the aluminium rails can be lilted. At this
equilibrium position where rod XY is stationary, draw lhe free bodv diaqram of rod
XY, indicating allthe forces acting on it.
(Hint: draw the cross-section of rod XY.) I2l

(v) Determine the angle to the horizontal which the aluminium rods must be tilted lo
keep rod XY stationary.

angle to horizontal = ............................." t4l