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Multivariable Calculus Worked Solutions Chapter 1, Part 1: Derivatives and Differentials

1. The document provides worked solutions to problems in multivariable calculus involving derivatives and differentials. It derives formulas for the derivatives of sums, products, and compositions of functions of multiple variables. 2. It shows how to find the points where two parametric curves intersect by setting their parametrizations equal and solving the resulting system of equations. It also checks whether the curves are orthogonal at the points of intersection. 3. It parametrizes a circle with a given radius and center, and finds the tangent vector to the circle at a given point on the circle. The document covers techniques for computing derivatives and differentials of multivariable functions, finding intersections of parametric curves,

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mohammed
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© © All Rights Reserved
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29 views

Multivariable Calculus Worked Solutions Chapter 1, Part 1: Derivatives and Differentials

1. The document provides worked solutions to problems in multivariable calculus involving derivatives and differentials. It derives formulas for the derivatives of sums, products, and compositions of functions of multiple variables. 2. It shows how to find the points where two parametric curves intersect by setting their parametrizations equal and solving the resulting system of equations. It also checks whether the curves are orthogonal at the points of intersection. 3. It parametrizes a circle with a given radius and center, and finds the tangent vector to the circle at a given point on the circle. The document covers techniques for computing derivatives and differentials of multivariable functions, finding intersections of parametric curves,

Uploaded by

mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multivariable Calculus Worked Solutions

Chapter 1, Part 1: Derivatives and Differentials


1. (a)
0 (t) =

g(x)

x1 x1 =t

f (x)

x1 x1 =t

and

0 (t) =

f
x1

and

0 (t)|x1 =

(b) From (a), we have


0 (t)|x1 =

g
.
x1

Thus
(a0 + b 0 )|x1 = a

g
f
+b
.
x1
x1

Now
(a + b)0 |x1 =

(af + bg)
,
x1

so
(af + bg)
g
f
= (a + b)0 |x1 = a0 |x1 + b 0 |x1 = a
+b
.
x1
x1
x1
(c)
(0 + 0 )|x1 = g

f
g
+f
x1
x1

and
()0 |x1 =

(f g)
.
x1

Thus
(f g)
f
g
= ()0 |x1 = (0 + 0 )|x1 = g
+f
.
x1
x1
x1
1

2. (a) y = x2 can be parametrized by r(t) =

parametrized by s( ) =

i.e. when

t2

t2

and x = y 2 can be

These curves intersect when r(t) = s( ),

, which is the same as t = 2 and = t2 . So

we need t = t4 or t(t3 1) = 0 which gives t = 0 and t = 1. Substituting back into the simultaneous equations, we get t = 0 corresponding to
= 0 and t = 1 corresponding to = 1.

Now r0 (t) =

2t

and s0 ( ) =

r0 (t)|0 s0 ( )|0 =

so

0
1

=0

0
1

so the curves are orthogonal at r(0) = s(0) =

and

2
1

=4

2
1

r0 (t)|1 s0 ( )|1 =

so the curves are not orthogonal at r(1) = s(1) =

(b) y = x2 we parametrize as before by r(t) =

t2

t2

and y =

1
2

x2

by s( ) =

1
2

These curves intersect when r(t) = s( ), i.e.

=
1
2
2
t2 = 41 ,

deduce that
see that t =

that r0 (t) =

which gives t = and t2 + 2 = 12 , from which we

so t = 21 . Substituting back into the equations we


1
2

corresponds to =

2t

and t = 21 to = 12 . Observe

and s0 ( ) =

so the curves are prthogonal at

1
1


=0


1
1

1
2
1
4

Also,

r0 (t)|1/2 s0 ( )|1/2 =

so the curves are orthogonal at

1
1

=0

1
1

21
1
4

3. The circle radius 5 centre (0,0) is parametrized by

r0 (t)|1/2 s0 ( )|1/2 =

so

5 cos t

, thus, translat
5 sin t

ing by

by r(t) =

we get that the circle of radius 5, centre (8,-3) is parametrized

5 cos t

, t [0, 2). The point (5,1) corresponds to

5 sin t

5 cos t0
8

5 sin t0
3

i.e. to cos t0 = 53 and sin t0 =

4
5

(from

which you could determine t0 uniquely, but theres no need here). r0 (t) =

5 sin t

5 cos t

so a tangent vector to the curve at (5,1) is r0 (t0 ) =

4. f 0 (x) = (x2 sin x1 , cos x1 ) so f 0 (2, 7) = (7 sin 2, cos 2) and

df [(2, 7); h] = f 0 (2, 7)h = (7 sin 2, cos 2)

h1

h2

= 7h1 sin 2 + h2 cos 2.

5. f 0 (x, y, z) = [ey , (x 2z)ey , 2ey ], so

df [(x, y, z); h] = ey [1, x 2z,

2]

h1

h2

= ey (h1 + h2 (x 2z) 2h3 ).

h3

6. (a)

F0 (x1 , x2 ) =

1
x1

2x2 e2x1

e2x1

x22 sin x1 2x2 cos x1

and thus

dF[a; h] =

1
a1

2a2 e
a22

0
2a1

2a1

sin a1 2a2 cos a1

h1

h2

h1
a1

2a2 h1 e2a1 + h2 e2a1


a22 h1 sin a1 + 2a2 h2 cos a1

Hold that thought.

Now v is tangent to r(t) =

at r(t), so v is of the form

v = kr0 (t) = k

for some k IR . Substitute a = r and h = v in our expression for


dF[a; h] above to get

dF[r(t); v] =

ke2
2tk cos 1

We wish to show that this is tangent


to F(r(t)),
so we find a tangent to

this curve directly. F(r(t)) =

0
te2
t2 cos 1

so all tangent vectors to this

curve at F(r(t)) are of the form

s(F(r(t)))0 =

0
e2
2t cos 1

for some s IR . Taking s = k, we see that k(F(r(t)))0 = dF[r(t); v].


(b) This is pretty similar to part (a).

y
1+z 2

x
1+z 2

2xyz
(1+z 2 )2

F0 (x, y, z) =

and

h1

dF[x; h] =

h1 y+h2 x
1+z 2

2h3 xyz
(1+z 2 )2

Tangent vectors to the curve r(t) at r(t) are of the form

v = kr (t) =

2t
0

Also,

F(r(t)) =

so

(F(r(t)))0 =

2t

So

dF[r(t); v] =

22tk
1+12

= k

2t

= k(F(r(t)))0

7. (b) is trivial.
(c)
0

(gF)0 =

(gF1 )
x1

gF1

..
.
gFm

..

(gF )
m
x1

(gF1 )
xn

..

(gFm )
xn

1
F
x1

.
g
..

F1
xn

Fm
xn

g
F1 x
1

..
.

Fm
x1

F1 x
n

..
.

..
.

g
g
Fm x
Fm x
n
1

= gF0 + Fg 0 .

8. (a) 0 = [2, 2x2 x3 , x22 ] and

2x1

F0 =

2e

5x53

25x2 x43

cos x3

(b)
(F)0 = F0 + F0

(x3 x22

2x1 )

2e2x1 5x53 25x2 x43

cos x3

2x1

5x2 x53

x2 2x1 + sin x3

[2,

2x2 x3 , x22 ]

9.
dF(a; h + k] = F0 (a)(h + k)
= F0 (a)h + F0 (a)k
= dF[a; h] + dF[a; k].

10.
d(gF)[a; h] = (gF)0 (a)h = [gF0 (a) + Fg 0 (a)]h
= gF0 (a)h + Fg 0 (a)h = g(a)dF[a; h] + F(a)dg[a; h].
11. (a)
0

(u v)

n
X

!0

ui vi

n
X

(u0i vi + vi0 ui )

i=1

n
X

u0i vi +

i=1

i=1
n
X

ui vi0

i=1

= u0 v + u v0 .
(b) We are given v p0 (t) = 0 t IR and v p(0) = 0 (and v0 = 0 since v
is constant). Now
(v p)0 = v0 p + v p0 = v p0 = 0,
so v p is constant, i.e. v p(t) = vp(0) = 0 t IR .
12. (a)

F0 (r, , z) =

z cos rz sin r cos

z sin

rz cos

r sin

(b) det F0 = rz 2 .

13. (a) Velocity is r (t) =

4t
2t 4
3

00

Acceleration is r (t) =

2
0

(b) The component of acceleration in the direction of travel is


16t + 4t 8
20t 8
r00 (t) r0 (t)

= 2
=
0
kr (t)k
16t + 4t2 16t + 16 + 9
20t2 16t + 25
14. (a) and (b): Straight forward.

(c)

Note that

sin t
cos t

cos t
sin t

0 and

cos t
sin t

=1=


sin t


cos t

(so they are orthogonal unit vectors), so kr0 k2 = (0 )2 + 2 .


15. r r = R2 so 0 = 2r r0 and, differentiating again, 0 = r0 r0 + r r00 , giving
kr0 k2 = r r00 so krk =

r r00 .

16. 0 = r0 r0 + r r00 = r r00 since r0 is parallel to r0 , which makes r0 r0 = 0.


17. (a)
f
f (x1 + t + s, x2 ) f (x1 + t, x2 )
=
(x1 + t, x2 ).
s0
s
x1

h0 (t) = lim
(b) As

f
x1

= 0 x IR 2 we have h0 (t) = 0 for all t so h(t) is constant. In

particular, h(0) = h(x1 ) giving f (x1 , x2 ) = f (0, x2 ).


18. F F = 1 so 0 = FT F0 giving [F0 (x)]T F(x) = 0. Let A = [F0 (x)]T and
X = F(x). Then A is an nn matrix and X is a nonzero vector (as kXk = 1).
Also, AX = 0 so det A = 0, i.e. det F0 (x) = 0.

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