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Notes1 PDF

Scalar refers to a quantity whose value may be represented by a single real number. Vector quantity has both magnitude and a direction in space. Both scalar fields and vector fields exist.

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122 views37 pages

Notes1 PDF

Scalar refers to a quantity whose value may be represented by a single real number. Vector quantity has both magnitude and a direction in space. Both scalar fields and vector fields exist.

Uploaded by

Bryan David
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REVIEW OF VECTOR ANALYSIS

Scalars and Vectors


Scalar refers to a quantity whose value may be
represented by a single (+ or -) real number.
Ex. length, area, volume, mass, pressure, & speed

Vector quantity has both magnitude and a


direction in space.
Ex. force, velocity, acceleration

Scalars and Vectors


Field - function that connects
arbitrary origin to a general point in
space.
Both scalar fields and vector fields
exist.
Ex. temperature throughout the
bowl of a soup and density at any
point in the earth are scalar fields.
Ex. gravitational & magnetic fields
of the earth, and the voltage
gradient in a cable are vector fields.

In the above two images,


the scalar field is in black
and white, black
representing higher values,
and its corresponding
gradient is represented by
blue arrows.

Vector Algebra
Finding the Resultant of Two or More Vectors:
Case 1:

When two or more vectors act parallel to each other


F2
F1

F3

R F1 F2 F3

Vector Algebra
Finding the Resultant of Two or More Vectors:
Case 2:
When two vectors are perpendicular to each other
F2
Force Triangle
F2
R
F1

F1

R F F
2
1

2
2

Vector Algebra
Finding the Resultant of Two or More Vectors:
Case 3:
When two or more vectors act at an angle other than 90:

Parallelogram Method

Vector Algebra
Finding the Resultant of Two or More Vectors:
Parallelogram Method

F1
By Co sin e Law :
R2 F12 F22 2F1F2 cos

F2

Vector Algebra
Vector addition follows the parallelogram law

Vector Algebra
Commutative law
A+B=B+A
Associative law
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
Distributive law (multiplication by scalars)
(r+s)(A+B)= r (A+B) + s(A+B) = rA + rB + sA + sB

Vector Algebra
Two vectors are equal if their difference is zero.
A = B if A B = 0

The Cartesian Coordinate System


In the cartesian coordinate system we set up
three coordinate axes mutually at right angles
to each other: x, y and z axes.
It is customary to choose the right-handed
coordinate system.

The Cartesian Coordinate System


A right-handed Cartesian coordinated system

The Cartesian Coordinate System


The locations of points P(1, 2, 3) and Q(2, -2, 1)

The Cartesian Coordinate System


If we visualize three planes intersecting at the
general point P, whose coordinates are x, y
and z, we may increase each coordinate value
by a differential amount and obtain three
slightly displaced planes intersecting at point
P, whose coordinate are x + dx , y + dy, and z
+ dz.

The Cartesian Coordinate System


Differential volume elements

The Cartesian Coordinate System


The six planes define a rectangular parallelepiped
whose volume is dv = dxdydz.
The surfaces have differential areas dS of dxdy,
dydz, and dzdx.
Distance dL from P to P is the diagonal of the
parallelepiped and has length.

(dx) (dy) (dz)


2

Note: point P is located at the only invisible corner.

Vector Components and Unit Vectors


Consider a vector r extending outward from
the origin.
The component vectors x, y and z of vector r.

Vector Components and Unit Vectors


The component vectors have magnitudes which
depend on the given vector(such as r ), but they each
have known and constant direction.
This suggests the use of unit vectors having unit
magnitude and directed along the coordinate axes in
the direction of the increasing coordinate values.

Vector Components and Unit Vectors


If the component vector y happens to be two units in
magnitude and directed toward increasing value of y:
y = 2ay
A vector, rP
pointing from
origin to P(1,2,3):
rP = ax + 2ay + 3az
rp is called the
position vector
from O to P.

Vector Components and Unit Vectors


The vector RPQ is equal to the vector
difference rQ rP .

RPQ rQ rP
RPQ (2 1)ax (2 2)ay (1 3)az
ax 4ay 2az

Vector Components and Unit Vectors


A force vector F, or any vector other than
displacement-type vector such as r, the
component scalars are, Fx, Fy and Fz.
Thus, F = Fxax + Fyay + Fzaz.
The component vectors are Fxax , Fyay , Fzaz.

Vector Components and Unit Vectors


For any vector B such that B = Bxax + Byay + Bzaz ,
the magnitude written as B is given by,

B Bx 2 By 2 Bz 2
A unit vector in the direction of vector B is

B
aB

2
2
2
B
Bx By Bz

Example 1.1
Specify the unit vector extending from the origin
toward the point P(2,-3, 4).

P
aP

2
2
2
P
Px Py Pz

Drill 1.1
Given the points M(-1, 2, 1), N(3, -3, 0) and
P(-2,-3,-4), find: (a) RMN; (b) RMN + RMP; (c) rM;
(d) aMP; (e) 2rP 3rN .

(a) 4ax 5ay az


(b) 3ax 10ay 6az
(c) rM 2.45
(d) aMP 0.14ax 0.70ay 0.70aZ
(e) 2rP 3rN 15.56

The Vector Field


If we represent the position vector as r, then
the vector field G can be expressed in
functional notation as G(r); a scalar field T is
written as T(r).

Drill 1.2
A vector field S is expressed in rectangular
coordinates as

S 125 (x 1)2 (y 2)2 (z 1)2

(x 1)a

(y 2)ay (z 1)az

(a) Evaluate S at P(2,4,3). (b) Determine a unit


vector that gives the direction of S at P. (c)
Specify the surface f(x,y,z) which S = 1.

The Dot Product


Given two vectors A and B, the dot product or
scalar product, is defined as the product of the
magnitude of A, the magnitude of B, and the
cosine of the smaller angle between them,

A B A B cos AB

The Dot Product


The dot product is a scalar and commutative:

A B B A

The most common application of dot product


is in mechanics, where a constant force F
applied over a straight displacement d does an
amount of work Fdcos, which is more easily
written F d .

The Dot Product


The dot product also obeys the distributive
law, and therefore A B yields the sum of nine
scalar terms, each involving the dot product of
two unit vectors. Since the angle between two
different unit vectors of the rectangular
coordinate system is 90, we then have
ax ay ay ax ax az az ax ay az az ay 0

The Dot Product


The remaining three terms involve the dot
product of s unit vector with itself:
ax ax ay ay az az 1

giving finally

A B = Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz

The Dot Product


A vector dotted with itself yields the
magnitude squared, or
AA A A
2

and any unit vector dotted with itself is unity,

aA aA 1

The Dot Product


We can obtain the component (scalar) of B in
the direction specified by the unit vector a as
B a B a cosBa B cosBa

The sign of component is positive if 0 Ba 90


and negative whenever 90 Ba 180.

The Dot Product

The scalar component of


B in the direction of the
unit vector a.

The vector component of B


in the direction of the unit
vector a.

Note: The geometrical term projection is also used with


the dot product. Thus Ba is the projection of B in the a
direction.

Example 1.2
Consider a vector field G = yax 2.5xay + 3az and
the point Q(4, 5, 2). Find (a) G at Q (b) the
scalar component of G at Q in the direction of
aN = (1/3)(2ax + ay 2az) (c) the vector
component of G at Q in the direction of aN
(d) find the angle Ga between G(rQ) and aN.

Answers
(a) G at Q :

GrQ 5ax 10ay 3az

(b) Scalar Product:

1
G aN 5ax 10ay 3az 2ax ay 2az
3
1
G aN 10 10 6 2
3

(c) Vector Product:

G aN aN 2 2ax ay 2az
3

G aN aN 1.33ax 0.67ay 1.33az


(d) Ga between G(rQ) and aN

G an
2
cosGA

2
2
2
G
5 10 3

GA 99.9

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