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Accelerator Physics - Wilson

The document is a lecture overviewing the history and development of particle accelerators. It discusses early electrostatic accelerators developed by Cockcroft and Walton and Van de Graaf. It then covers linear accelerators and how they work, as well as examples like Wideroe's first linac and the Fermilab and SLAC linacs. The cyclotron is introduced, including its magnetic rigidity principle. Synchrotrons are then discussed, outlining their components, phase stability requirement, and use of weak focusing for stable particle orbits.

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Juan Antonio Valls Ferrer
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125 views

Accelerator Physics - Wilson

The document is a lecture overviewing the history and development of particle accelerators. It discusses early electrostatic accelerators developed by Cockcroft and Walton and Van de Graaf. It then covers linear accelerators and how they work, as well as examples like Wideroe's first linac and the Fermilab and SLAC linacs. The cyclotron is introduced, including its magnetic rigidity principle. Synchrotrons are then discussed, outlining their components, phase stability requirement, and use of weak focusing for stable particle orbits.

Uploaded by

Juan Antonio Valls Ferrer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1 - Overview of Accelerators I

ACCELERATOR PHYSICS

MT 2010

E. J. N. Wilson

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 1

Links

Authors e-mail: [email protected]

Engines of Discovery:
http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6272.html
http://www.enginesofdiscovery.com

Particle Accelerators
http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198508298

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 2

Lecture 1 Overview I- Contents

History

of accelerators
Need for accelerators
Linear accelerator
Acceleration on a wave
Magnetic rigidity
Cyclotron
Magnetic rigidity
Vertical focussing
Components of a synchrotron
Phase stability
Weak focusing synchrotrons
Weak focusing in a synchrotron

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 3

The history of accelerators

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 4

Need for Accelerators

Why do we need accelerators? (2)

Resolution of "Matter" Microscopes:


Wavelength of Particles (Photon, Electron, Proton, ...):

= h/p

(de Broglie, 1923)

= 1.2 fm / p [ GeV/c]

The higher the momentum, the shorter the wavelength, the better the
resolution

E = mc

Energy to Matter:

mo c 2
2

Einstein (1905):

v
c2

= mo c 2

Higher energy means we can produce more massive particles


When particles approach the speed of light, they get
not faster

33

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 5

more massive, but

The race to high energies

Rutherford

fired the starting pistol


At the Royal Society in 1928 he said
I have long hoped for a source of positive
particles more energetic than those emitted from
natural radioactive substances.

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 6

Cockcroft and Walton - Electrostatic

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 7

Van der Graaf

Van de Graaff was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford when he first thought


about electrostatic machines. This is very large accelerator built at
MIT's Round Hill Experiment Station in the early 1930s.
Under normal operation, because the electrodes were very smooth and
almost perfect spheres, Van de Graaff generators did not normally spark.
However, the installation at Round Hill was in an open-air hanger,
frequented by pigeons, and here we see the effect of pigeon droppings.

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 8

Linear accelerator

Particle

gains energy at each gap


Lengths of drift tubes follow increasing
velocity
Spacing becomes regular as v approaches c
Wideroes first linac:

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 9

Wideroes Linac

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 10

Fermilab linac (400MeV)

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 11

Inside the Fermilab linac

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 12

The Stanford Linear Accelerator

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 13

The International Linear Collider


(ILC)

TESLA technology: these


superconducting accelerator structures
are built of niobium, and are the crucial
components of the International Linear
Collider.
Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 14

Cyclotrons an inspired discovery

A picture of the 11-inch cyclotron built by


Lawrence and his graduate students, David
Sloan and M. Stanley Livingston, during
1931.
Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 15

Cyclotron

Magnetic rigidity

mv p
B =
=
e
e
Constant revolution frequency

f rev =

v
2

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 16

v eB
eB
=
2 mv 2 m

Magnetic Rigidity

dp
e vB =
dt

from resolution of momenta that:

d p ds
dp
=p
=
dt dt
dt

the magnitude of the force may be written:

ds
ev B = eB
dt

Equating the right hand sides of the two expressions above,


we find we can define a quantity known as magnetic rigidity:
A common convention in charged particle dynamics is to
quote pc in units of electronvolts. Whereupon:

pc[eV ]
( B )[T.m] =
= 3.3356( pc)
1
c[m.s ]
Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 17

Vertical Focusing

People just got on with the job of building them.


Then one day someone was experimenting
Figure shows the principle of vertical focusing in a cyclotron
In fact the shims did not do what they had been expected to do
Nevertheless the cyclotron began to accelerate much higher currents

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 18

Discovery of the Synchrotron


Marcus

Oliphant an
Aussie later to
become
Governor of
South Australia

The Arsenal Synchrotron- Late

in World
War II the Woolwich Arsenal Research
Laboratory in the UK had bought a
betatron to "X-ray" unexploded bombs in
the streets of London. Frank Goward
converted the betatron into the first proof
of principal

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 19

Components of a synchrotron

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 20

Phase stability

V = V0 sin(2 f a + s )

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 21

PHS.AD5

Cosmotron

COSMOTRON.PCT

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 22

Weak focusing in a synchrotron

The Cosmotron magnet

Vertical

focusing comes from the curvature


of the field lines when the field falls off with
radius ( positive n-value)
Horizontal focusing from the curvature of the
path
The negative field gradient defocuses
horizontally and must not be so strong as to
cancel the path curvature effect
Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 23

Summary
History

of accelerators
Need for accelerators
Linear accelerator
Acceleration on a wave
Magnetic rigidity
Cyclotron
Magnetic rigidity
Vertical focusing
Components of a synchrotron
Phase stability
Weak focusing synchrotrons
Weak focusing in a synchrotron

Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 14-Oct10 - Slide 24

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