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Curve Sketching With Second Derivative: Example

Here are the steps to find the absolute extrema of f(u) = u + 16/u on the interval u > 0: 1) Take the derivative: f'(u) = 1 - 16/u2 2) Set the derivative equal to 0 and solve for critical points: f'(u) = 0 when u = 4 3) Check the boundary of the interval: u = 0 is not in the domain. 4) Evaluate the function at the critical point and boundary: f(4) = 20, which is the absolute maximum Since the function is always positive on the interval, there is no absolute minimum. Therefore, the absolute maximum value of f(u) on the

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38 views

Curve Sketching With Second Derivative: Example

Here are the steps to find the absolute extrema of f(u) = u + 16/u on the interval u > 0: 1) Take the derivative: f'(u) = 1 - 16/u2 2) Set the derivative equal to 0 and solve for critical points: f'(u) = 0 when u = 4 3) Check the boundary of the interval: u = 0 is not in the domain. 4) Evaluate the function at the critical point and boundary: f(4) = 20, which is the absolute maximum Since the function is always positive on the interval, there is no absolute minimum. Therefore, the absolute maximum value of f(u) on the

Uploaded by

QwaAlmanlawi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Curve Sketching with the Second Derivative

Example
Determine where the function

r(x)

u2

_;*3

is increasing and decreasing, and where its graph is concave


up and concave down. Find all relative extrema and points of
inflection, and sketch the graph.

&^r*1 : 3qa[*"ns 3. I r 9.2'


_xl
{f>): x>+3
ry irnc vua^p/f,e ( *

\^ $ e^v */s

{yotle

d;r

i4

nlr r

+'rx\ =

(,.?t:)z:.---

6ar-:)2-

9zT" +'ffl
Crrr

=d .

bF: o
F:O F

r,.^) *>\ 4
L - ' ,IJ

Cnr{

i6Q p.r,,t$: (rt+ra)3 @,4


7
fucv\^$\
4g_

+(

s"[*

n
(PX

*L

{'(-r) =

-f

0+ f\^+",w +
alz

_
<o
{'ct)
G11213,p
6 Gt)

60) )o

(rt tr2-

q4tFt

C"wcaurfur

{'(*)=

-,c\
(Ktt3)L
fu)"ca)

+'(t0=

- (ar*)

a (x'*t

a,)

(nq*17

t$kJffii:f+e
U43Y3
- l,Kx]+[K

-Lt (olr)

(;.tt:)*

fu&ra)'

rLtq r^Q[*" h*r. I o ,a\* ,


Se-f +'t :s).S-,\\rQ, -[t(x]-D-o

?oss

Kz-[:

Cxtl)Cn-,):Q
)<= -( Ft

Cotlc.

p(c,ulu(

ntf

-\

+'tcl =

6tr)(3)
Ct ta)3

<o

Crr)e0
>o
l'r{r) = ------>
t)
(;

tt

lp

@, \'tP(..[-r* p-tV{r:

Ft/

t)

Gtt+c,),

(r, t)

ftt$ ;
il'v L>d
^l-"-{ ^$y "rtt
frKr
t(w ,*+3 rf== r.
fr

[l

*n A=

X -$o

)&f:

((, {cr))

#*n*avity nnd lntl*ct[*n

F*Er-rts

Example
The first derivative of a certain function f(x) is

f'(x):x2-2x-8.
(a) Find intervats on wnic@ increasing and decreasing.
(b) Find intervals on which the graph of f is concave up and
concave down.

(c) Find ,n. 9Aordinate of the relative extrema and inflection


points of f.

C) 5'rt 4l= o - S-\w ' /&tK-s


-l

+La=C-t)Gr)
d for = CaC-tt)

)e

+0
r+
ttiJeA

t\
+

r..-)-L

[s)= ta tl) >o

Q<t=Dk {)"- o

f,=-a X:4

^-?E-cPr -

A
-.

I"d-

t5

''.

t-.

ti

n\
\v'}J

: 22,<.-r--'
9a-+ +t\ :d - S-[*.
+tl (-x\

{tlfo)
f,
-ir

t{

=-\<o
G t/c

ltta=lzo

PoWN

rrl

r> ( c-

,j6 l''p{.

-0 I t.*&,,

(c) Lo. *\ r^rtotF o*


t[\I
Loc,q_\ l/A[tn 4{
t^P(e.[-,r,r

ln=L ^d

f,,*f

[,t/e cft^ dt^tp

Gzr7)

trt? )

it (r t7 )

?*+ X-co.,noL,*{es.

The Second Derivative Test


Suppose f't(x) exists on an open interval containing x
that f'(c) 0.

c and

However,if f"(c) 0 or af f"(c) does not exist, the test is


inconclusive and f may have a relative maximum, a relative
minimuffi, or no relative extremum at all at x c.

The Second Derivative Test


Example
Find the critical points of

f(x):x3 +3x2+1
and use the second derivative test to classify each critical point
as a relative maximum or minimum.

l;E

+tA

Co,r,

I
$t[A:
'tx3
v

cqvi[g

Sr{ -Pt( =o - S-\$Q:

+ t t-f
{"

$"6^1- lLxL

lzP- o
K=o ?

-l-+ ++

-L

+"c,): []>c

-Q"til

- lt
csel cq tr{.

WrfwtnJ,nt.

3.3. Curve Sketching


Vertical Asymptotes
The vertical line x - c is a vertical asymptote of the graph of
f (x)

if either

lim f (x): *oo (or -

oc)

X---+C-

or

"U_

C\,u-rb

8): *oo (or - oo)

s# K u[1"4

Aeno4/.r tr^q

k^ -- O

i.@"a

Vertical Asymptotes
Example
Determine all vertical asymptotes of the graph of

g(x):##i
Vet,.

lF,C

^\W

tfns

K}-lr-L{ - o
Cx+1)G-'t) - e

K=-\

4l
I
\

It(o v

tr='t'

r---

C\nBcb v\q,rrun ,l-'*

- {d + o
act)z+z{*t) = }-3-- 0
?,(.{l

'1,

uqv^['
4Sy r,ttf ,

Wo{\i.

A\PoTA
vEraT-AsyKP,

(tt" t= {N qrrft' N)

t+) ('t)

Inn

*fLx

L+^-.-{ = h,

ax fr+r)

F--[ t+X-'( K){ trtfx=.t)


tsL
-5

-1(
{

\
(
I

\I
I

Horizontal Asymptotes
The horizontal line y
of f(x) if
or

b is a horizontar asymptote of the graph

"IT""f(x)-F
,IT." r(x) -

bL

lt

Horizontal Asymptotes
Example
Determine all horizontal asymptotes of the graph of

, \ 2x2*2x
glx):
*24*_4
Koo

>&-fx-{

XSoo

,\
lI

I
I

X= tf

General Procedure for sketching the Graph

1. Find the domain of f (x). /


Step 2. Find and plot all intercepts. ,./
Step 3. Determine all vertical and horizontal asymptotes and
Step

draw them.

step

4. Find

'(x) and determine the critical numbers and

intervals of increase and decrease.


Determine all relative extrema. plot qach relative
maximum with a "cap" and each relative minimum with
a "cup".

Step

5.

Step

6. Find f" (x) and determine intervals of concavity and

Step

7.

points of inflection. Plot inflection points with a "twist"


Complete the sketch by joining the ptotted points.

Curve Sketching
Example

:
#rF
,tf
Vqn h"q\ oty
X: il\
'n
t-+r" rlo^yr t-*! as y ur,tp of y
sketch the graph of r(x)

l-t*
I i{-c^,iJ':lu
IncNl-ss
sr(A

=
G

F =M I =.Q

[]-wrtru,
r))
=-

xt D't
@*fr{ttx+A-Erl ,- -rlx
(

(x+ t)H'3

-4 f x-r\
t

\'t

l)

(o+ ()3

L{

(x+ r)3

TvFEil

C"

f"

1t JIS

{-

+f+

f,= -t

|
,

+- 0 R ,- ^\

^a=
t-2)

[,
J*
n

f -

9'(>)

<o

tt)t
-_
f-t{)(r)

=!'/ \-1

Ccrv\Cct v

,,[).)
., tI

GO(*g)

__

-0

lro)

Loro[

rf -o- -{

(n-r)

GL\) (-l)

t\)3

"..nn

(^

5C>

*$ (l I t)

Ff)2)

pa

[xt

[xtt)s4

-tn-t

f Lzts -LL

(F+
& (x-D

[r+t)t

r)'1

bA-[t
Crt l)+

Pos*,U
lf
ltt

t\r.

[q \,n $tq.[1-* J 4 : /
R +

.-

-\

- ,-l

+t.f+

-O

+'fro)

{'rt3)-- Se>d
v
tq)(

_cnGt <O
( r)'(

l.wQtt"[t*,. forur{

qalrA)

Y:o
l"t+
lzto

q9'(*p,
n'2^

d,2cr

.o*

.t

E|4?{ I

Curve Sketching
Example
Sketch the graph of f (x)

- "l:
x-5

.glakltr

t.*

Curve Sketching
Example
Sketch the graph of f (x)

- : !-.
t\

-f/1

-T-

q|IrtF{I

3.4. Opti mization


Absolute Maxima and Minima of a function
Let f be a function defined on an interval / containing the
number c. Then

x in l.
in /.
Collectively, absolute maxima and minima are called absolute
extrema.

| 'E!IE

Absolute Extrema on a Closed interval

How to Find the Absolute Extrema of a Continuous


Function f on a::;, x ::;, b

1. Find all critical numbers of f in a < x < b.


Step 2. Compute f (x) at the critical numbers found in step
Step

Step

3.

and at the endpoints x


aand X b.
The largest and smallest values found in step 2 are,
respectively, the absolute maximum and absolute
minimum values of f(x) on a < x < b.

il't

nE

Absolute Extrema on a closed interval

Example,-*

7l
/

Find thggrg)maximur

a'

"n@inimum

(if any) of

f(x): x3 *3x2 + 1; -3< x{2.


{lCD = 3&+(aK

zx>+6r =O

3x(xt
X=

=Q

o'

+ + + o- +- -o++

{- +-

+ tz+ I o

}t rI7+
I +rzrt=Jt
I

.-3

Cn1f-

-p

-\

r -

loutk: L,t/

-\
s)

(" I t)
7

,, h/Qr

l",,,ib:

(j; t) (aral)

.Grr

Absolute Extrema on a crosed interval


Example
Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum (if any) of

f(f)

-ltsz'
- ::,
f-1' -.2:'

Absolute Extrema on a generat interval


Example
Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum (if any) of

f(u)

u+

16

u> o.

""G.il

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