SEA - Practical Application of Science

Volume I, Issue 1 (1), 2013

tefan MATEI
Doctoral School of Economics and Business Administration,
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi
.

CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION OF
STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT AND THE WAY IT IS
IMPLEMENTED
Keywords
Management
Strategy
Human resource planning
Strategic thinking
Business

JEL Classification
M31, M37

Abstract
Strategic human resource management issue is treated by many authors, following this
paper we will try to clarify, to emphasize the role of this concept and how it should be
implemented in domestic comapniile. Defining the concept of strategic human resource
management, requires perfect understanding of human resource management, the concept
referring to the philosophies, policies, procedures and practices related with people management
in an organization. The main purpose of human resource management is to add value not only to
the process of obtaining, but also to the products and services themselves, together with
increasing the level of work quality and creating a better standard of living for the employees.
The human resources can be considered economical resources and thus a strategy
generating costs opprotunities is required. Even though it is very relevant for the huuman
resources positions, the HR departments do not welcome the concept of cost opportunity
probably because the individuals in managing positions consider themselves working with people
and not with money or maybe they are specialists regarding the job positions related to the
personnel and not regarding the decisions with direct impact on the business. The actual reality
proves that the human resource faults can largely generate cost opportunities within a
company.

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CONCEPT OVERVIEW
In order to define the concept of strategic human
resource management, we must fully understand
human resource management, a concept which
refers to the philosophies, politics, procedures
and practices related with the management of
people in an organization. This concept is vast
and includes several factors, such as strategies,
decisions, actions, functions and methods, with
the main purpose to contribute effectively to the
management of people in an organization. Over
the years, many authors have developed various
definitions, complementary to the concept of
human resource management. For example,
Michael Armstrong defines strategic human
resource management as a strategic approach to
gain, develop, motivate and get the commitment
of the most valuable asset in a company the
people working for it1. Also, John Storey
implies that human resource management is a
distinctive
approach
to
employment
management which seeks to achieve competitive
advantage through the strategic deployment of a
highly committed and capable workforce, using
an integrated array of Cultural, structural and
personal techniques2.
Analysis of these definitions will
conclude that strategic human resource
management is much more than just a set of
practices, and it cannot be localized just at
organization level, but throughout the entire
strategic and decisional process of the
organization.
The
concept
of
human
resource
management has gained the attention of several
theorists and practitioners over the last century,
especially during the last decades, being
subjected to extensive development, as follows:
1917-1918: the first personnel department is
created, to cope with the job market, riots, losses
and employee inefficiency;
1920: the concept of human resource is
used to gain the cooperation of employees, by
commitment from the company to offer safe jobs
and benefits;

1930-1950: human relations discover that

there are psychological and social factors which
influence the satisfaction, cooperation and
performance of employees;
1960: it is found that work projection is
much more efficient in increasing the motivation
of employees than communication and
cooperation. Small groups start working more
efficiently, thus creating a competitive advantage
for the company;
1970: the development of QWL quality of
work life emphasizing the values of human
resources;
1990 present: Total Quality Management
(TQM) is born. Great focus is given to strategies
related to human resource management by
tracking the degree of involvement and
commitment of employees and innovative
working practices.
The strategic management of human resources
focuses on the decisions which have a major and
long lasting effect on employees and the
connection between the management of the
organization and human resources. The main
purpose of human resource management is
capitalization of the style, structure, quality,
devotion and motivation of employees in order
to achieve the set objectives.
In order to be applied successfully in
everyday practice of companies, human resource
management requires strategic integration,
coherent and consistent development of a set of
policies regarding the employment and gaining
the devotion of the employees. Moreover,
decisions with a high degree of efficiency must
be adopted, requiring competency at all
managerial levels.3 Thus, we can identify two
distinctive
traits
of
human
resource
management:
1. The capacity to think strategically and to
have a clear perspective on the strategic
direction that needs to be followed.
2. Strategic integration and organizational
ability to integrate the issues of human
resource management in strategic plans
and to ensure the coherence of all

Analoui Farhad, Strategic Human Resource

Management, 2007, Thomson learning, pag. 3
2
Analoui Farhad, Strategic Human Resource
Management, 2007, Thomson learning, pag. 4

Cristina Maria Stoica, Managementul strategic al

resurselor umane. Teorie i practic, 2004, Junimea,
Iai, pag. 22

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Volume I, Issue 1 (1), 2013

aspects relating to human resource

management.
Peter Drucker considers that the function of
human resources has become operational by its
cooperation with hierarchy, regarding the
conception of jobs, selection, planning. His
mission changes with the new conditions:
instead of looking for the lowest price in human
resources, he will have to gain the optimum
effectiveness, because the work of human
resources is now differentiated and specialized.4
The function of human resources can be
considered strategic if it follows provisions like
5
:
- It contributes to the elaboration and
application of strategy;
- General
management
takes
into
consideration the cost of this function in
respect to the gain and the quantity and
quality risks the organization is exposing
to.
- Human resources manage the resources
in tight connection with the global
strategy of the organization.
- There is a shift from the status of
expense to the concept of strategic
variable.
Planning and strategic thinking in human
resource management
Many of the concepts and techniques for
strategic management have been developed and
successfully applied within many companies. As
managers are trying to manage better and to face
the changes in economical climate, a company
develops over four phases of strategic actions
and management. These phases consist of basic
financial planning, prognosis-based planning,
external environment oriented planning and
strategic management. Moreover, strategic
management consists of four basic elements
which ensure a structured format for
examination of company strategies 6: scanning

P. Drucker, Good bye to Old Personnel, in Wall

Street Journal, 26 mai, 1986, p.16
5
Cristina Maria Stoica, Managementul strategic al
resurselor umane. Teorie i practic, 2004, Junimea,
Iai, p . 25
6
Analoui Farhad, Strategic Human Resource
Management, 2007, Thomson learning, pag. 35

184

the business environment, strategy formulation,

strategy implementation, evaluation and control.

STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITY

DOMAINS OF THE STRATEGIC
HUMAN RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
Human resources recruitment and selection
strategies
The recruitment of personnel involves searching,
localization, identification and attraction of the
candidates most suitable for the requirements of
the society. This process can be complicated and
involves large resource consumption, especially
if the process is not performed under adequate
conditions and must be repeated. If the
recruitment procedures prove to be inefficient,
the fluctuation rate is high and this leads to time
and energy losses and raised administrative
costs.
The recruitment strategies should
concentrate on the commitment and flexibility of
the possible employees, identifying the most
fitted recruitment methods in order to attract the
best candidates.
The commitment and flexibility are the most
important features of the competitive advantage.
Therefore, depending on the location of the
recruitment process, two different process types
can be identified:
in-house
recruiting

involves
reassignment of employees for other positions.
The benefits of this method are based on the fact
that the employees are aware of the
organizations strengths and weaknesses and the
managers already know the candidates. This
method can reduce staff fluctuation because the
main effect is the raise of employees motivation
and satisfaction. The issues that may occur while
using this method are related to the transparency
and equity of the advancement process.
external recruiting
involves
identification, localization and attraction of the
candidates outside the organization. This method
offers the advantage of a wide range of
candidates that can bring new perspectives to the
organization. The weaknesses of the method are
related to the level of difficulty in attracting,
contracting and evaluating the possible
employees. This is why different recruitment

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Volume I, Issue 1 (1), 2013

procedures have been developed in practice:

unscheduled submitting of resumes, employee
references, promotion, networking, professional
associations, educational and professional
agencies, recruitment via internet or due to
verbally transmitted information.
The strategy of recruiting and selecting a
certain person for a specific position is applied
when an employee leaves the current job
(relocation, promotion, retirement) or when
additional duties must be fulfilled due to the
companys
activity
development
or
reorganization for obtaining a competitive
advantage. The Labour marketing research of the
most suitable candidate in order to fulfil the
additional responsibilities starts with an analysis
of the job description, the required level of
qualification, remuneration and the hiring
period.
The human resource field literature identifies
eleven stages necessary for the implementation
of the personnel recruitment.
The recruitment requirement is issued by the
company manager or the head of the department
(depending on the company), and is most
frequently necessary because of some additional
duties or when an employee leaves the job due to
relocation,
retirement,
termination
of
employment, promotion, etc. This stage of the
recruitment strategy considers the following:
qualification, professional experience
and required seniority for the open
position
the due date for hiring a candidate
required skills: driving license, PC
knowledge, foreign languages, etc.
remuneration: salary, gratification and
social advantages.
The recruitment opportunity analysis identifies
possible solutions to raise labour productivity,
and generally the wages funds, the possibilities
related to salary payment, the increasing effects,
and the long-term impact of the recruitment
decision are analyzed.
The job description indicates the requirements
and criteria of the recruitment process. This
stage provides analysis of the jobs, level of
studies and experience.
Internal prospecting represents the strategy to
attract and identify candidates to fill job
vacancies. This strategy is usually applied for the

management positions as the recruitment and

selection can be more difficult when searching
external sources. The employees are offered
equal opportunities to be advanced by
confirming their skills and knowledge acquired
within organization. One of the advantages of
internal sourcing is the fact the employees are
acquainted with the internal and external
environment.
External prospecting is the strategy of recruiting
and selecting candidates outside the company
involving different methods: advertising, using
appropriate media, job shops, online recruitment,
etc.
Screening and selection of candidates. The
strategy applies by screening the resumes
submitted by the candidates, their covering
letters and recommendations which consist the
basis of the interview.
The interviews and questionnaires represent
another stage of personnel recruitment and
selection implementation.
The actual selection includes a number of steps
and considers the performance assessments of
the aptitude and psychological testing.
Testing professional knowledge represents the
final stage of the recruitment and selection
process. This stage involves the testing of the
knowledge acquired due to their experience
within other companies.
The Appointment letter represents the final stage.
The organization manager and the person
responsible for human resources section assess
the strengths and weaknesses of the last
candidates. The decision is made due to an
impartial analysis of the aptitude, knowledge and
skills testing results.
Onboarding is the term which describes the new
employee integration, is the final stage of the
recruitment and selection strategy and is very
important in fulfilling the companys future
goals. There are two stages that provide full
integration of the new employee:
1. the new employee becomes acquainted
with the companys organizational and
activity regulation, internal regulation
policy, and occupational safety norms,
visits the company and is introduced
to the specific domain of activity and
administrative procedures;

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2. the new employee is integrated in the

department, is informed on the duties
and responsibilities to be fulfilled and
on the status of collaboration or
subordination relations (where need
may be).
Strategies for human resource development
The human resource development of a company
is closely related to the gratification process. The
development implies enhancing the performance
level which creates the basis of the internal
market and becomes the force that drives the
learning process within the organization. The
main target of the human resource strategic
development is to increase the companys
capacity of benefits resulted due to its resources
the human capital which is a major source for
competitive advantages.
The specific goals of the strategy involve the
development of the intellectual capacity and the
support of the organizational learning by
providing an adequate environment for
individual or team learning and due to a system
of knowledge management. This strategy is
applied in order to provide the individuals most
suitable for the companys short-term, mid-term
and long-term requirements. The personnel
professional development is very important both
for the employees and for the company
efficiency level.
Garavan has identified three theoretical
perspectives
on
the
human
resource
development7:
the perspective of human resource
development based on competences a
theoretical economical perspective upon the
human capital as a basis for reaching the
organizations goals;
the psychological contract perspective
it concentrates on the relation between
the employer and the employee
according to the contract terms;
the perspective of the collective learning
or of the organizations that teaches it
considers the organization as an entity
generating, improving and managing the
7

Prof. dr. Ioan CIOBANU, Asist. dr. Ruxandra

CIULU, Managementul Strategic al resurselor
umane, Suport de curs, 2009-2010, pg. 45

186

knowledge otherwise than the traditional

perspective based on individual learning.
At macroeconomic level, the human resource
development is related to investments and results
within the educational, health and population
sectors of the society assembly. At
microeconomic level the focus is on the
organizational activities that manage the
improvement of the employees qualifications
and competences, continuously motivating
individuals to develop their potential and to
enhance the companys capacity and competitive
level.
The human resource development can be
considered the process that provides to the
employees the necessary support for acquiring
and elaborating the competences required for
different current or future positions within
company. The main purpose is to develop
general and individual competences of
employees by determining them to discover their
own internal potential with an impact on the
organizations development. This is the setting
of the basis for an organizational culture
regarding the superior subordinate relations,
team working and collaboration between
subdivisions. Identifying the opportunities and
setting a certain climate, the employees are
helped to demonstrate hidden competences and
to contribute to fulfilling the companys targets.
The final purpose of an organization is
to provide its development and the professional
development of its employees. This is the effect
of its capacity to provide personnel of the
highest quality level and to develop the level of
learning within the company. In order to
elaborate a definition of the strategic
development of human resources, Garavan
underlines the base elements: the strategic
management of training, development and
intervention in education in order to fulfil the
organizational goals, simultaneously with an
integral use of the individual knowledge and
competences. The strategic development of
human resources involves the experience
acquired due to training, education and
development.
These
activities
enhance
qualifications, knowledge, general attitude and
working capacity expected from the employees
in the coming future or sometime in future and
lead to the learning process. The human resource

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development literature concludes that the

process may cause stress for the employees: the
development element includes more types of
outcome results mostly in salary increase or
learning
activities:
Learning,
education,
decrease, compensation and promotion or
Development, Training.
dismissal, in the worst case scenario.
Performance evaluation and control strategies
Therefore a performance appraisal system shall
The performance evaluation and control is the
pursue two objectives:
process through which both past and present
correct evaluation of the employees
performances are assessed, compared and
work performance;
controlled by the superiors in terms of the
creation of two or more position
standards required by the company top
within the organization.
management. Moreover the standards required
In order to create competitive advantage in the
aim at the fulfilment of the goals of both the
market, the evaluation shall fulfil two roles also:
company and each individual. Since any
administrative and development-related role.
evaluation system is not deemed to be perfect,
The roles of the performance appraisal system
the subjectivity of the employees may affect the
must be pursued in order to acquire a balance
interpretation of the results. Besides, the
between the employee and employer benefits.
employees consider that the system may directly
affect their professional life. The appraisal
Benefits for employee
Benefits for employer
The appraisal is a necessity for improving Individual differences enhance organization
the individual performances
performance
Each employee merits are recognized
May be used as control tools in case of work
conflicts
The performance appraisal and classification
A well-done evaluation makes the reward
process aim at motivating the employees
and bonus scheme more effective
Contributes to the implementation of the
strategic objectives and may predict expected
results
Creates equity between the members of the
work teams
To ensure proper functioning of the evaluation
As I have already mentioned above the
system the above-mentioned faults must be
performance appraisal systems are not perfect,
remedied by establishing a methodology
therefore they are continuously being optimized
consisting of five stages:
by detecting and correcting the failure causes:
clear determination of the objectives to
the performance criteria are not clear
be fulfilled and their correlation to some
and their communication is poor;
standards;
the performance criteria clarification
measurement of performance by
tools are not efficient;
collecting the necessary information and
data analysis on which real performance
faulty superior-subordinate relationship;
is established;
the individual in charge with evaluation
selection and removal of incorrect
does not collect sufficient information
criteria that cause deviations from the
with regard to the individual being
real issue;
evaluated;
comparison of actual performance to the
lack of real-time feedback;
standards defined at the beginning of the
the individual in charge with
process;
implementation and evaluation of
communication of the evaluation results
systems is not competent.
to the employee;

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identification of actions to be carried out

to improve performances.

Motivation strategies
On-site personnel motivation may be defined as
a set of processes stimulating, directing and
maintaining the human behaviour in order to
reach the departments and company objectives.
Even though it differs from one company to
another the motivation is mainly influenced by
salary,
promotion
perspectives,
good
relationships with collaborators, comfort at the
place of work, etc. In order to exactly identify
the motivation needs within each company we
must be aware of the two types of motivation
fundamental theories:
Content motivation theories: hierarchy
of needs (Maslow), ERG theory
(Alderfer), motivation-hygiene theory
(Herzberg);
Process motivation theory: expectancy
theory, equity theory, needs-goals
theory.
The motivation theories on content focus on
what motivates the people and involve actions to
satisfy the employees needs and at the same
time identify the needs influencing the
behaviour. The most important theories in this
category are: the hierarchy of needs elaborated
by Maslow and the two-factor theory made by
Herzberg, which list and identify the personnel
needs as satisfaction factors.
The theory of needs ranks the needs in five
stages: basic or physiological need, safety and
security need, love and belonging need, need for
esteem and need to actualize the self. Maslow
supposes that higher-ranked needs occur only
after lower-ranked needs have been fulfilled.
This theory underlines the various needs
motivating the employees and the fact that once
being satisfied they no longer represent a
motivation factor.
The motivation-hygiene theory or the
two-factor theory of Herzberg states that the
professional satisfaction is influenced by two
categories of factors: intrinsic such as
achievement, knowledge, responsibility, selfrealization, etc, and extrinsic such as salary and
working conditions. Not only that the theory
identifies the employees fundamental needs and
shapes the need to self-realization, recognition

188

and promotion, but it also defines the job and

provides tasks in order to achieve greater
productivity.
When implementing the personnel
motivation strategy the process motivation
theories (expectancy, equity and needs-goals)
must also be taken into consideration.
The expectancy theory has been developed by
Porter and Lawler in 1968 as a model embracing
Vrooms ideas and states that there are two
factors that determine how much effort the
employees invest to fulfil tasks:
the value of compensation for the
individual that enable him to satisfy the
safety, esteem, autonomy and selfrealization needs;
awareness of the connection between
compensations to be received and effort
invested.
To optimize work and achieve required
performance, the authors have also identified
two additional variables influencing the
achievement of tasks:
capacity employee skills and
knowledge to perform work under
efficient conditions;
perception of role connection between
the availability of the individual to do
what he/ she is requested to and what the
organization considers that he/she
should do.
The theory of needs-goals states that the
performance and motivation of an employee is
closely connected to the determination of
specific objectives. The objectives must be
established together with the employees, and the
difficult ones require normative guidance and
advice from behalf of the superiors. The
objectives must be accepted and assumed by the
entire personnel, and the feedback is a tool of
continuously maintaining the motivation
especially for achievement of higher objectives.
The theory of equity analyzes the perception
of the employees on how they consider they
should be treated in comparison with their coworkers. The theory accentuates that the
organization should provide fair and correct
treatment depending on performances. Two
forms of equity are identified in the speciality
literature: equity of distribution correctness
and fairness the employees consider they are

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rewarded for their work in comparison with their

co-workers, and equity of procedure
perception of the personnel on the correctness
and fairness of the performance, promotion and
discipline evaluation process. Five factors
contributing to the formation of the procedural
perception have been identified:
acceptance of the employees point of
view;
suppression of personal inequality
towards an employee;
fair application of the performance
criteria for all employees;
communication of the consequences of
decisions to the employees;
argumentation of the decisions taken.
The motivation strategies aim at
stimulating the personnel to work efficiently in
order to successfully fulfil the company
objectives. Therefore the company top
management and the human resources officer
shall elaborate such strategies as: authority,
participation, team work, retaining and reward.
Authority is the process of conferring the
employees the right to set their own objectives,
make decisions by themselves in this respect and
solve the problems in their activity. Authority
releases the employee from under the pressure of
expensive controls, and raises awareness for own
ideas and decisions. This contributes to creating
a competitive environment for fulfilling the
objectives and at the same time provides
realization of the individuals involved.
Participation confers the employee the right to
participate into the company decision-making
process and gives him/her the opportunity to be
recognized and add value to the company.
Team work balances the company human
resources and determines enhancement of
innovation, performance and work productivity
and improvement of organizational environment.
Team work raises awareness for the entire team
to fulfil tasks and achieve expected results. In
order to implement the team-work strategy
Tuckman identifies four stages to be pursued and
verified8:

forming phases are set, objectives to

be fulfilled are elaborated while
analyzing the resources available, tasks
are assigned and rules are established
on-site;
storming the team begins its proper
activity;
norming rules and norms are
established to regulate activities;
performing outcome and its
verification.
Retaining strategy aims at keeping the best and
rare human resources. It is generally applied to
line managers and pursues optimization of
retaining models on compensation, performance,
engagement and team-building.
Reward strategy refers to the monetary and nonmonetary compensation within an organization.
The reward policy is the main determiner of the
relationship employee employer.
The salary system used within a company is
considered to be a modification, correction and
perfection mechanism of both attitude (work
satisfaction) and behaviour of the employees as
follows:

Prof. dr. Ioan CIOBANU, Asist. dr. Ruxandra

CIULU, Managementul Strategic al resurselor
umane, Suport de curs, 2009-2010, pg. 69

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Attitudes
Behaviours
the level of job satisfaction is being modified the reward influences positively or negatively
depending on the value the employee receives
the personnel fluctuations;
or that he/she considers he/she is entitled to it influences absenteeism;
receive;
the performance-based rewards modify the
the level of satisfaction varies depending on
work activity, especially when it is adequately
the reward of other co-workers and is generally
measured, and a correlation between them
misinterpreted
exists;
the reward level has direct influences on
motivation.

CONCLUSIONS
We can assess that the personnel of a
company becomes a valuable resource, thus the
procedures for selecting, developing, training,
motivating, keeping and devoting of personnel
needs special attention, especially in the global
economic context, where competitiveness is
necessary to survive. Human resource
management is no longer regarded as an
administrative function, but as a strategic task,
with long term political overview, as a separate
part in the entire value system of a company.
The strategic management of human resources
focuses on the unification of the link between
economic and social through economic and
social achievement, by developing people to
develop the organization, competence and
motivation of employees, customer satisfaction,
organization
results,
development
of
competitiveness.
The human resources can be considered
economical resources and thus a strategy
generating costs opprotunities is required. Even
though it is very relevant for the huuman
resources positions, the HR departments do not
welcome the concept of cost opportunity
probably because the individuals in managing
positions consider themselves working with
people and not with money or maybe they are
specialists regarding the job positions related to
the personnel and not regarding the decisions
with direct impact on the business. The actual
reality proves that the human resource faults
can largely generate cost opportunities within a
company.

190

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