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A Guide to AS/NZS 1170.2: 2002

Wind Actions

John Holmes
Andrew King

Warreen Publishing

ii

Wind Actions

ISBN: 0-646-44705-X

Published in 2005 by:

Warreen Publishing
P.O.Box 269
Mentone
Victoria 3194
Australia
Telephone: +61 3 9584 5885
FAX: t61 3 9585 3815

Printed by:
Design and Print Services
University of Canterbury
Christchurch
New Zealand

Cover Design:
Justin Sharpe, Lucy Holmes and John Holmes

A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

1Chapter 5: Examples
5.1 Example 1 - Single-storey house in an urban area
Design wind loads are required for a single-storey house in the Sydney metropolitan area.
The relevant information is as follows :
Location: western suburbs of Sydney (Region A2).
Terrain: Suburban terrain for all directions.
Topography: ground slope less than 1 in 20 for greater than 5 kilometres in all directions.
Dimensions: average roof height : 4.35metres
Horizontal dimensions, including entrance porch on south side (Figure 5.1):
24 metres x 12 metres
Porch : 2.4 X 14.5 m
Gable roof with 15 degrees pitch. Hip on west end. 0.6 m eaves.
Building orientation: major axis is East-West.
Timber frame construction. Wall studs are spaced at 0.4m. Roof trusses are spaced at
1.2m.
The building walls are considered equally permeable.

8
9

'

Figure 5.1 Plan of single-storey house

This house is used as an example in the Guide to the Use of the Wind Load provisions of
ASCE 7-02[21]. Its use in the present Design Guide allows for a comparison of the two
Standards for this building.

Regional wind speed

According to the Building Code of Australia (BCA), the structure should be treated as
Importance Level 2. Hence take average recurrence interval, R, equal to 500 years.
From Table 3.1 in ASl"ZS1170.2,V,

= 45 m l s

(Region A)

Wind direction multipliers for Sydney (Region A2) are given in Table 3.2. Values range from
0.80(N, NE, E) to 1.0 (W).
~ h 4 . 3 m,
5 For Terrain Category 3, MZ,,,= M4,35,caU
= 0.83 (Table 4.1(A))

Shielding
Since the building is surrounded by suburban development, assume a Shielding Multiplier,

M ,of 0.85for all directions.

Topography
Topographic Multiplier, M, = M,

1 .O

Chapter 5

21

Site wind speed

Site wind speed for North direction, Vsit,N

= 45(0.80)(0.83)(0.85)(1.0)= 25.4 m/s
(Equation 2.2)

1
i

For all wind directions, site wind speeds are calculated in the following table.

NE
E
SE
S

sw

W
NW

45

0.80

45
45
45
45
45

0.80
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.95

45
45

1.00
0.95

I
I

0.83

0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83

0.83
0.83

I
I

0.85

0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85

1.0

1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o

1.o
1.0

25.4

25.4
25.4
30.2
28.6
30.2
31.7
30.2

Design wind speeds

In this case, the building is orientated exactly N-S and E-W, and the design wind speeds,
Vdes,B
can be obtained by inspection from VsitBin the above table, for the four wind directions
orthogonal to the building walls:

1
i

Vdes,N
= 30.2 m/s (largest from NW to NE sector)

j
j

Vdes,B
= 30.2 m/s (largest from NE to SE sector)
j

Vdes,S
= 30.2 m/s (largest from SE to SW sector)

Vdes,W
= 3 1.7 m/s (largest from SW to NW sector)

j
i

Aerodynamic shape factor

1
~

External pressures

Windward walls : +0.7 (Table 5.2(A))

I
j

Leeward walls :
(normal to long axis): -0.3 (Table 5.2(B))
(normal to short walls): -0.3

I!

/
j

Side walls
(first 4.35 m from windward edge): -0.65 (Table 5.2(C))
(4.35 m to 8.7 m): -0.5
(8.7 m to 13.05 m): -0.3
(beyond 13.05 m): -0.2

I
I
i
j

Roof
upwind slope (normal to long axis: h/d = 4.35/12=0.36): -0.59, -0.13 (Table 5.3(B))
downwind slope and hip end (normal to long axis: h/d = 4.35/12=0.36): -0.5 (Table 5.3(C))
upwind slope (normal to short walls: h/d = 4.35/24=0.18): -0.5,O.O (Table 5.3(B))
downwind slope (normal to short walls: h/d = 4.3Y244.18): -0.5 (Table 5.3(C))
crosswind slope, R (normal to short walls: first 4.35 m from w.e): -0.9,0.4 (Table 5.3(A))
crosswind slope, R (normal to short walls: 4.35 m to 8.7m from w.e): -0.5,O.O (Table 5.3(A))
crosswind slope, R (normal to short walls: 8.7 m to 13.05 m from w.e): -0.3, M.1 (Table 5.3(A))
crosswind slope, R (normal to short walls: beyond 13.05 m from w.e): -0.2, M.2 (Table 5.3(A))

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A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002
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1Area reduction factors (Table 5.4)

For wall studs (windward or leeward wall) Ka = 1.0 (Section 5.4.2)
For roof trusses: tributary areas 1.2 X 9.75 = 11.7 m2 , Hence K, = 0.99 =U(by interpolation)
For foundation loads : tributary area = 24 x 12 = 288 m2. Hence K, = 0.8

Local pressure factors (Table 5.6)

a = minimum of 0.2 X 12 m = 2.4 m, or 4.35 m. a =
limiting tributary areas for local pressure factors : 0.25a2= 1.44 m2
a2= 5.76 m2

Internal pressures (Section 5.3)

The building can be considered to have all walls equally permeable.
In this case, Cp,i= -0.3 or 0.0 (Table 5.I(A))

Action combination factors

Case (c) in Table 5.5 is applicable for positive pressures on roof with negative internal
pressures : K, = 0.8
Otherwise, K, = 1.O

Dynamic response factor

Cdyn= 1.O (natural frequency greater than 1.O Hertz) (Section 6. I )

Design wind pressure for major framing members

ultimate limit states:

North wall
As windward wall (north wind direction):
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1 .O) (1 .O) = 0.7
~ ~ ) CfigCdF= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2(0.7)(1.0) = 383 Pa = 0.38 kPa
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,i
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.3
pin,= (0.5 psi) Vdes,iCfigCdY,= (0.5)( 1.2) (30.2)2(-0.3)( 1.O) = -164 Pa = -0.16 kPa
Net pressure across windward wall surface = 0.38-(-0.16) = 0.54 kPa

As leeward wall (south wind direction):

Cfig(external) = -0.3 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.3
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,i
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2(-0.3)(1.0) = -164 P a = -0.16 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.16 kPa (acting outwards)
As side wall -west wind direction:
For length 0 to I h (0 to 4.35m)fi-om west edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.65
p,,, = (0.5 psi$ Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (3 1.7)* (-0.65)( 1.O) = -392 Pa = -0.39 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.39 kPa (acting outwards)
For length I h to 2h (4.35 m to 8.7 m)&m west edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 psi)Vdcs,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2(-0.5)(1.0) = -301 Pa = -0.30 kPa
pht= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.30 kPa (acting outwards)

Chapter 5

23

For length 2h to 3h (8.7 m to 13.05 m)from west edge:

CfiP(external) = -0.3 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.3
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~Vdes,i
~ ~ ) CfiPCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7) (-0.3)(1.0) = -181 Pa = -0.18 kPa
pin,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.18 kPa (acting outwards)

As side wall -east wind direction:

For length 0 to I h (0 to 4.35m)from east edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.65
p,,, = (0.5 psi$ Vdes,iCfiPCdyn= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (30.2) (-0.65)( 1.O) = -356 Pa = -0.36 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.36 kPa (acting outwards)

For length I h to 2h (4.35 m to 8.7 m)from east edge:

C,io(external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
p e l = (0.5 paiJVdes,iCfigCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (30.2) (-0.5)(1.O)
pen, = 0 kPa

= -274 Pa = -0.27 kPa

Net pressure across wall surface = -0.27 kPa (acting outwards)

For length 2h to 3h (8.7 m to 13.05 m) from east edge:
CfiP(external) = -0.3 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.3
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~Vdes,t
~ ~ ~CfiP
) Cdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2) (-0,3)(1,0) = -164 Pa = -0.16 kPa
P,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.16 kPa (same as leeward wall case)

East wall
As windward wall (east wind direction):
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1 .O) (1 .O) = 0.7
p,,, =. (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (30.2) (0.7)( 1.O) = 383 Pa = 0.38 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
p,,, = (0.5pal,>Vdes,: CfisCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2) (-0.3)(1.0) = -164 Pa = -0.16 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = 0.38-(-0.16) = 0.54 kPa

As side wall - north wind direction:

For length 0 to Ih (0 to 4.35m)from north edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1.O) = -0.65
p,,, = (0.5pa,$Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2) (-0.65)(1.0) = -356 Pa = -0.36 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
PI,, = 0
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.36 = -0.36 kPa (acting outwards)
For length Ih to 2h (4.35 m to 8.7 m)from north edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 pal,>
Vdes,: CfieCdyn
= (OS)( 1.2) (30.2) (-OS)( 1.O) = -274 Pa = -0.27 kPa
P,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.27 kPa (acting outwards)
As side wall - south wind direction:
For length 0 to I h (0 to 4.35m)from south edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.65
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>
Vdes,iCfigCdyn= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (30.2)* (-0.65)( 1.0) = -356 Pa = -0.36 kPa
P,,, = 0
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.36 kPa (acting outwards)

As leeward wall - west wind direction:

CfiP(external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
p,,, = (OSp,,,)Vdes,tCfigCdy,= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7) (-0,3)(1.0) = -181 Pa = -0.18 kPa
PI,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.18 kPa (ignore - side wall case governs)

West wall
As windward wall (west wind direction):
Cfig(external) = 44.7 (1.O) (1 .O) = 0.7
peXt= (0.5 paiJ
Vda,iCfiPCdyn
= (0.5)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2 (0.7)( 1.O) = 422 Pa = 0.42 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1.O) = -0.3
pint= (0.5pai$V;,
C, Cdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2(-0.3)(1.0) = -181 P a = -0.18 kPa
Net pressure across wah surface = 0.42-(-0.18) = 0.60 kPa
As side wall - northwind direction:
For 0 to Ih (0 to 4.35 m) from north edge - same as east wall: -0.36 kPa

For Ih to 2h (4.35m to 8.7m)from north edge of east wall

Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1.O) (1 .O) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,iCfigCdyn
= (0.5)( 1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.5)( 1.O) = -274 Pa = -0.27 &a
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.27 kPa (acting outwards)
As side wall - south wind direction:
For 0 to Ih (0 to 4.35 m) from south edge - same as east wall: -0.36 kPa.
South wall
As windward wall (south wind direction):
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1 .O) (1 .O) = 0.7
p,,, = (0.5pa,,) Vde,: CfigCdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2 (0.7)(1.0) = 383 Pa = 0.38 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.3
pin,= (0.5pai,) Vdes,: CfigCdy,,= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2(-0.3)(1.0) = -164 Pa = -0.16 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = 0.38-(-0.16) = 0.54 kPa
As leeward wall (north wind direction):
Cfig(external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ ~Vdes,:
~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -164 Pa = -0.16 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.16 kPa (acting outwards)
This case governs except for following side wall cases.

As side wall - west wind direction:

For length 0 to Ih (0 to 4.35) mfrom west edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (1.O) = -0.65
p,,, = (0.5 pa,>Vdcs,iC, CdP= (0.5)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2(-0.65)(1.O) = -392 Pa = -0.39 kPa
cfig
(internal) = 0.0 (1.o) = 0.0
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.39 kPa (acting outwards)

For length I h to 2h (4.35 m to 8.7 m)jPom west edge:

Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1.O) (1.O) = -0.5
p,,, = (OSp,,,)Vdcs,tCfipCdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2 (-OS)(l.O) = -301 Pa = -0.30 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.30 kPa (acting outwards)
For length 2h to 3h (8.7 m to 13.05 m ) h m west edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vde,iCfigCdyn
= (0.5)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2(-0.3)( 1.O) = - 18 1 Pa = -0.18 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.18 kPa (acting outwards)

As side wall - east wind direction

For 0 to 4.35 m+om east edge (i.e. gable end):
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.65
p,,, = (0.5 paiJVda,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.65)( 1.O)

= -356 Pa = -0.36 kPa

p,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.36 kPa (acting outwards)

1
l

1
1

For 4.35 m to 8.7 m from east edge:

Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 pa,$
Vdes,; CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2 (-OS)(l.O) = -274 Pa = -0.27 kPa
P,,, = 0
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.27 kPa (acting outwards)

'

I
I

Roof
north wind direction
north roof slope (surface 8).
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1.O) (1.O) = -0.59
p,,, = (0.5 pa,$Vdes,; CfigCdyn
= (0.5)( 1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.59)( 1.O) = -323 Pa = -0.32 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
P,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.32-(0.0) = -0.32 kPa
South roof slope (surface 9) and hip end (surface 7).
Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5pa,,>Vdes,; CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2 (-OS)(l.O) = -274 Pa = -0.27 kPa
P,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.27-(0.0) = -0.27 kPa
east wind direction
east roof slope (surface 10).
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1.O) (1.O) = -0.59
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,lCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.59)( 1.O) = -323 Pa = -0.32 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.O) = 0.0
p,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.32-(0.0) = -0.32 kPa
west roof slope (surface 11).
CfiU
(external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
P,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,; CfigCdyn
= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.5)( 1.O) = -274 Pa = -0.27 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.27-(0.0) = -0.27 kPa
south wind direction
south roof slope (surface 9).
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1.O) (1 .O) = -0.59
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>
Vdes,; CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.59)(1.0) = -323 Pa = -0.32 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.O) = 0.0
P,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.32-(0.0) = -0.32 kPa
north roof slope (surface 8) and hip end (surface 7).
Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1.O) (1 .O) = -0.5
p,, = (0.5 pa,$Vde,,; Cfi8Cdyn
= (0.5)( 1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.5)(1 .O) = -274 Pa = -0.27 kPa
p,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.27-(0.0) = -0.27 kPa
crosswind roof slopes (surfaces I O and 11).
For length 0 to l h (0 to 4.35 m) from windward edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1 .O) (1.O) = -0.9
p,,, = (0.5 pa,$Vdes,; CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (30.2)2(-0.9)( 1.O) = -493 Pa = -0.49 kPa
P,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.49-(0.0) = -0.49 kPa
For length l h to 2h (4.35m to 8.7m)from windward edge:
Cfiv(external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
p,,;= (0.5 pa,)Vdes,; CfigCdyn
= (0.5)( 1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.5)( 1.O) = -274 Pa = -0.27 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa

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A Guide to ASlNZS 1170.2: 2002

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Chapter 5

Net pressure across roof surface = -0.27-(0.0) = -0.27 kPa

For length 2h to 3h (8.7m to 13.05m)fiom windward edge:
C6-(external) = -0.3 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.3 (negative case)
p,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ ~Vdes,:
~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -164 Pa = -0.16 kPa
pin,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.16-(0.0) = -0.16 kPa
Cfig(external) = +O. 1 (1 .O) (1 .O) = +O. 1 (positive case)
~ ) CfigC,,,, = (0.5)( 1.2) (30.2)2 (+O. 1)(0.8) = +44 Pa = +0.04 W a
p,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ ~Vdes,l
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
p,, = (0.5pa,,>Vdes,: CfigCdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.3)(0.8) = -131 Pa = -0.13 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = +0.04-(-0.13) = t-0.17 kPa
(note use of K, equal to 0.8 in this case)
--c

west wind direction

west roof slopes (suifaces 7 and 11).
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1.O) (1.O) = -0.59
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2(-0.59)(1 .O) = -356 Pa = -0.36 kPa
P,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.36-(0.0) = -0.36 kPa
crosswind roof slopes (surfaces 8 and 9).
For length 0 to 4.35 m from windward edge:
Cfig (external) = -0.9 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.9
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2(-0.9)( 1.0) = -543 Pa = -0.54 kPa
PI,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.54-(0.0) = -0.54 kPa
For length 4.35 m to 8.7m from windward edge:
Cfiv(external) = -0.5 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (3 1.7)2(-0.5)(1 .O) = -301 Pa = -0.30 Wa
pin,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.30-(0.0) = -0.30 kPa
For length 8.7 m to 13.05 m from windward edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.3 (1 .O) (1.O) = -0.3 (negative case)
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ ~Vdes,t
~ ) CfigCdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -181 Pa = -0.18 kPa
PI,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.18-(0.0) = -0.18 kPa
Cfig(external) = +O. 1 (1 .O) (1.O) = +O. 1 (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5 pa,$Vdes,: C,. Cdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (3 1.7)2 (+0.1)(0.8) = +48 Pa = +0.05 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.O) = -0.3
p,,, = (0.5pa,,) Vdes,;C,. Cdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2 (-0.3)(0.8) = -145 Pa = -0.14 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = +0.05-(-0.14) = i-0.19 kPa
For length 13.05 m to 24 m fiom windward edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.2 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.2 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,)Vdes,: CfigC,, = (0.5)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2(-0.2)( 1.O) = -12 1 Pa = -0.12 kPa
PI,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.12-(0.0) = -0.12 kPa
Cfig(external) = +0.2 (1 -0) (1,O) = +0.2 (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5 p,,,) Vdes,:CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2(+0.2)(0.8) = +96 Pa = +O. 10 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
p,, = (0.5 pal) Vdes,;CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2(-0.3)(1.O) = -145 Pa = -0.14 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = +0.10-(-0.14) = M.24 kPa
east roof slopes (surface IO).
Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1.O) (1 .O) = -0.5
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ ~Vdes,t
~ ) CfigCdm=(0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -301 Pa = -0.30 kPa
PI,, = 0 @a
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.30-(0.0) = -0.30 kPa
..D

Note: under-eaves pressures are same as adjacent walls.

27

Design loadings for foundations - ultimate limit states

Use roof pressures as above multiplied by 0.8 (Ka)

Design loadings for windows

- ultimate limit states

(note: for permissible stress design - divide loads by 1.5)

For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on north, east and south walls:
Cfig(external) = t0.7 (1.0) (1.25) = +0.875 (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5paiJVdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2(+0.875)(1.0) = +479 Pa = +0.48 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1.O) = -0.3
pin,= (0.5 pair)V,,,,, CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.3)( 1.O) = -164 Pa = -0.16 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.48-(-0.16) = +0.64 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on west wall:
Cfig(external) = -1-0.7 (1.0) (1.25) = +0.875 (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5p,J Vdes,: CfiPCdy,= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2 (+0.875)(1.0) = +528 Pa = +0.53 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1.O) = -0.3
pint= (0.5paiJ Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2 (-0,3)(1.0) = -181 Pa = -0.18 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.53-(-0.18) = +0.7 1 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on east and west walls within a distance of 1.2
m (0. Id) from south and north corners, or on north or south wall within 1.2 m from east
corners:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5paiJ Vdes,,CfigCdy,= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2 (-1.3)(1.0) = -711 Pa = -0.71 kPa
Pi,,, = 0
Net pressure across window = -0.71-(0.0) = -0.71 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on north and south walls within a distance of 1.2 m
from west corners:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
p,,, - (0.5 p,,) Vdcs,i
CfigCdyn
= (OS)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2(-1.3)(1 .O) = -784 Pa = -0.78 kPa
pi,,t = 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -0.78-(0.0) = -0.78 kPa
For windows (or doors) more than 1.44 m2 in area on north, east and south walls:
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1.O) (1.O) = +0.7 (positive case)
pext= (0.5 pair)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2 (+0.7)(1 .O) = +383 Pa = +0.38 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.3
pi,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ ~Vdes,:
~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -164 P a = -0.16 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.38-(-0.16) = +0.54 kPa

For windows (or doors) more than 1.44 m2 in area on west wall:
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1.O) (1.O) = +0.7 (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5 pa,)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2 (+0.7)( 1.O) = +422 Pa = +0.42 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pi,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ ~Vdcs,:
~ ) CfigCdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -181 P a = -0.18 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.42-(-0.18) = +0.60 kPa
For windows or doors up to 5.76 m2 in area on east and west walls within a distance of 2.4 m
from south and north corners, or on north or south wall within 2.4 m from east corners:
Cfiu(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (1.5) = -0.975 (negative case)
p,,p= ( 0 . 5 ~ ~
Vdes,i
~ ) CfigCdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2(-0.975)(1.0) = -534 Pa = -0.53 kPa
pin, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -0.53-(0.0) = -0.53 kPa

..

~,.,.

A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

For windows or doors up to 5.76 m2 in area on north and south walls within a distance of 2.4
m from west corners:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1.5) = -0.975 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5 psi) Vdes,: CfiPCdyn= (0.5)( I .2) (3 1.7)2(-0.975)(1.O) = -588 Pa = -0.59 H a
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -0.59-(0.0) = -0.59 kPa
For any other windows or doors, loads for major framing members apply.

Design loadings for roof cladding and battens

ultimate limit states

(note: for permissible stress design - divide loads by 1S )

For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 1.2 m
from east edge of roof, and on roof surfaces 10 and 11, up to 1.2 m from south edge of roof:
CfiP(external) = -0.9 (1 .O) (2.0) = -1.8
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,iCfigCdyn= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (30.2)*(-1 .8)(1.O) = -985 Pa = -0.99 kPa
pin,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.99-(0.0) = -0.99 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 1.2 m
from west edge of roof :
Cfi. (external) = -0.9 (1.O) (2.0) = -1.8
p,,,=(0.5pai,>Vde,,tCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2(-1.8)(1.0)= -1085 Pa= -1.09 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.09-(0.0) = -1.09 kFa
-.c

For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 2.4 m
from east edge of roof, and on roof surfaces 10 and 11, up to 2.4 m from south edge of roof:
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1.0) (1.5) = -1.35
p,, = (OSp,,,)Vdes,;CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)(-1,35)(1.0) = -739 Pa= -0.74 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.74-(0.0) = -0.74 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 2.4 m
from west edge of roof :
Cfig (external) = -0.9 (1.0) (1.5) = -1.35
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,:
~ ~ ) CfiPCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2(-1.35)(1.0) = -814 Pa = -0.81 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.81-(0.0) = -0.81 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8, 9,lO and 11, up to
1.2 m from windward edge of roof :
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1.O) (2.0) = -1.18 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5 paiJVdes,tCfigCdy,,= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2(-1. IS)( 1.O) = -646 Pa = -0.65 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.65-(0.0) = -0.65 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surface 7, up to 1.2 m from west
edge of roof:
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1 .O) (2.0) = - 1.18 (negative case)
p,,,=(0.5p,i,)Vdes,~CfisCdyn=
(0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2(-1.18)(1.0)=-711 Pa=-0.71 kPa
pin, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.71-(0.0) = -0.71 kPa

For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8, 9,lO and 11, up to
2.4 m from windward edge of roof:
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1.O) (1.5) = -0.89 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5 paiJVd,,i CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (30.2)2(-0.89)(1.O) = -487 Pa = -0.49 kPa
pint= 0 H a
Net pressure across element = -0.49-(0.0) = -0.49 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surface 7, up to 2.4 m from west
edge of roof :
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1.0) (1.5) = -0.89
p,,, = (O.5paiJVdes,tCfigCdYn
= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2(-0.89)(1.0) = -537 Pa = -0.54 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.54-(0.0) = -0.54 kPa
Loading on battens should be applied as moving 'patch' loads, with a tributary area equal to
the batten spacing times the truss rafter spacing, with the appropriate local pressure factor for
that area. For example, in this case, if the batten spacing is 0.6 m, the tributary area would be
1.2 X 0.6 = 0.72 mz. Since this area is less than 0.25a2,the local pressure factor would be 1.O,
1.5 or 2.0, depending on the distance of the centre of the 'patch' from the roof edge. Over the
remainder of the batten, K, should be taken as 1.O; i.e. the loading should be the same as used
for major structural members.

I
I

5.2 Example 2 - Single-storey house on a cliff top

overlooking the sea
The single-storey house in Example 1 is now assumed to be located on a cliff top at a coastal
location.
Location : coast of Victoria (Region Al)
Terrain : Open sea to south, Open country for all other directions.
Topography : building is located 10m from the edge of a cliff facing south
Dimensions : as for Example 1.
Building orientation : major axis is east-west
Construction: as for Example 1.

Regional wind speed

From Table 3. I in ASINZS 1170.2, V,, = 45 d s (Region A)
Wind direction multipliers for Region A1 are given in Table 3.2. Maximum value is 1.0 (W).
z=h=4.35 m, For Terrain Category 2, Mz,ca,= M4,35,ca:
= 0.91 (Table 4.1(A))

Shielding
Since there are no surrounding buildings, Ms = 1.O

Topography
Prohle through topography for the south, south-east and south-west directions are shown in
Figure 5.2 (a), (b) and (c) respectively.

.............

I ...I.
I

.,.,...

~.-.,
....

I I.....
I......._I..
I.
...lj

.....

A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

'

..I..

"...X..."..".I.~~

..-.,,..--. ................,.....
~

Chapter
Actions
5

N-s/
section

- wm
~ 6 0 m

/*m

section

36 m

NW-SE

section

Figure 5.2. Sections through site for three wind directions

Hill-shape multiplier Mhfor S winds

H=60m L u = 3 6 m

x = lOm

-=0.83
H

2-4,
The house is within the separation zone (Figure 4.4).
L, = greater of 0.36Lh or 0.4H = max{ 13.0 m, 24 m} = 24 m
L,= 10 x 2 4 m = 2 4 0 m
(Equation 4.4(3))

Hill-shape multiplier M,,for SW winds :

H=60m

Lu=45 x=16m.

-= 0.67
244

The house is within the separation zone (Figure 4.4).

L, = greater of 0.36Lhor 0.4H = max{ 16.2 m, 24 m} = 24 m
L,= 10 X 2 4 m = 2 4 0 m
(Equation 4.4(3))

Hill-shape multiplier Mhfor SE winds

H
-=0.35
2-44
L, = greater of 0.36Lhor 0.4H = max(30.6 m, 24 m} = 30.6 m
L, = 10 X 30.6 m = 306 m
H=60m L u = 8 5 m x = 1 5 m

60
3.5 (4.3 5 + 30.6)

(Equation 4.4(2))

Site wind speed

Site wind speed for North direction, Vsit,N
= 45(0.90)(0.91)(1.0)(1 .O)
(Equation 2.2)

= 36.9 m/s

31

Wind Actionq

32 /Chnpter5

For all wind directions, site wind speeds are calculated in the following table.

Design wind speeds

Again, the building is orientated exactly N-S and E-W, and the design wind speeds, Vdes,@
can be obtained by inspection from VsitBin the above table, for the four wind directions
orthogonal to the building walls:
Vdes,*= 38.9 m/s (largest from NW to NE sector)
Vdes,E
= 48.2 m/s (largest from NE to SE sector)
VdesSS
= 64.6 m/s (largest from SE to SW sector)

Vd,s,w= 64.6 m/s (largest from SW to NW sector)

(note the much higher design wind speeds compared with those in Example 1 for this very
exposed site)

Aerodynamic shape factor

As for Example 1

Dynamic response factor

Cdyn
= 1.O (natural frequency greater than 1.O Hertz) (Section 6.1)

Design wind pressure (major framing members) ultimate limit states:

North wall
As windward wall (north wind direction):
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1 .O) (1 .O) = 0.7
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,:
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2(0.7)(1.0) = 636 Pa = 0.64 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.O) = -0.3
pi,, = (0.5 pG) Vdes,: CfiPCdy,= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -272 Pa = -0.27 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = 0.64-(-0.27) = 0.91 kPa
As leeward wall (south wind direction):
Cog(external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
p,,, = (0.5 p,J Vdes,: CfigCdyn
= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (64.6)* (-0.3)( 1.O) = -75 1 Pa = -0.75 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.75 kPa (acting outwards)

~.-'..
A Guide to ASlNZS 1170.2: 2002

WindChapter
Actions
5

As side wall -west wind direction:

Forjrst 4.35 mfrom west edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (1 .O) = -0.65
p,, = (0.5 paiJVdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2(-0.65)(1.0) = -1628 Pa = -1.63 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -1.63 kPa (acting outwards)
For 4.35 m to 8.7 m from west edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
p,, = (0.5 paJ Vdes,iCfigCdyn=(0.5)(1.2) (64.6) (-0.5)(1.0) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -1.25 kPa (acting outwards)

For 8.7 m to 13.05 mfrom west edge:

Cfig(external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
p,,, = (0.5 pa,$Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6) (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.75 kPa (same as leeward wall case)
As side wall - east wind direction:
Forfirst 4.35 mfrom east edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.65
p,,, = (0.5 pai$Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2) (-0.65)( 1.O) = -906 Pa = -0.91 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.91 kPa (acting outwards)
For 4.35 m to 8.7 mfrom east edge:
Cfie
(external) = -0.5 (1.O) (1 .O) = -0.5
-.p,,, = (0.5 pa,>Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2) (-0.5)(1.0) = -697 Pa = -0.70 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.70 kPa (ignore - leeward wall case governs)
For 8.7 m to (24-13.05=)10.95 mfrom east edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
p,,, - (0.5 paiJVdes,i
CfigCdY,= (0.5)( 1.2) (48.2) (-0.3)( 1.O)

= -418

Pa = -0.42 kPa

pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.42 kPa (ignore - leeward wall case governs)

East wall
As windward wall (east wind direction):
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.0) = 0.7
p,, = (0.5 pai$Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2) (0.7)(1.0) = 976 Pa = 0.98 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint= ( 0 . 5 ~ ~
Vdes,i
~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2) (-0.3)(1.0) = -418 Pa = -0.42 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = 0.98-(-0.42) = 1.40 kPa
As side wall - north wind direction:
Forfirft 4.35 mfiorn north edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.65
p,,, = (0.5pai,) Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9) (-0.65)(1.0) = -590 Pa = -0.59 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.59 kPa (ignore - leeward wall case governs)

33

For 4.35 m to (9.75-4.35=)5.4 mfiom north edge of west wall:

Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 pair)Vdes,: C,. CdP = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2(-0.5)( 1.O) = -454 Pa = -0.45 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.45 kPa (ignore - leeward wall case governs)
As side wall - &wind direction:
Forjrst 4.35 mfiom south edges:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (1 .O) = -0.65
p,,, = (0.5 pair)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)2(-0.65)(1.O) = -1628 Pa = -1.63 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -1.63 kPa (acting outwards)
As leeward wall - west wind direction:
Cfig(external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,:CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)2(-0.3)( 1.O) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.75 kPa (acting outwards)

West wall
As windward wall (west wind direction):
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1 .O) (1 .O) = 0.7
p,,, = (0.5 pair)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)2(0.7)( 1.O) = 1753 Pa = 1.75 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.3
pi,, = (0.5 pair)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)2(-0.3)( 1.O) = -75 1 Pa = -0.75
Net pressure across wall surface = 1.75-(-0.75) = 2.50 kPa
j

wind direction:
As side wall Forjrst 4.35 m from north edge - same as east wall: -0.59 kPa.

For 4.35 m to (12.0-4.35=)7.65 mfiom north edge of east wall:

C,. (external) = -0.5 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,tCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2(-0.5)(1,0) = -454 Pa = -0.45 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.45 kPa (acting outwards)
As side wall - &wind direction:
Forjrst 4.35 mfiom south edge - same as east wall: -1.63 H a .

As leeward wall - east wind direction:

Cfio(external) = -0.3 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.3
p=
:,
(0.5pai$Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)*(-0.3)(1.0) = -418 P a = -0.42 kPa
pin,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.42 kPa (ignore - side wall case governs)

South wall
As windward wall (south wind direction):
C,. (external) = +0.7 (1.O) (1 .O) = 0.7
p,,, = (0.5 pair)Vdes,: CfigCdy,= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)2 (0.7)(1.O) = 1753 Pa = 1.75 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.3
pin,= (0.5 pair)Vdes,; CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)( 1.O) = -75 1 Pa = -0.75 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = 1.75-(-0.75) = 1.50 kPa

..~....
A Guide to ASlNZS 1170.2: 2002

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

As leeward wall (north wind direction):

Cfig(external) = -0.3 (1 .O) (1.0) = -0.3
p,,, = (0.5 psi) VdS,: C,&Cdy, = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2(-0.3)(1.0) = -272 Pa = -0.27 kPa
pin,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.27 kPa (ignore - side wall case governs)
As side wall - WeSt wind direction:
Forfirst 4.35 mfrom west edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.65
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,:
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.65)(1.0) = -1628 Pa = -1.63 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -1.63 kPa (acting outwards)
For 4.35 m to 8.7 mJi-Om west edge:
Cfi8(external) = -0.5 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.5
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ V,
~ ,,~
: ) C,&Cdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -1.25 kPa (acting outwards)
For 8.7 m to 13.05 mfrom west edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.3 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.3
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,:
~ ~ ) CfigCdy,,= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6) (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
pin,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.75 kPa (acting outwards)
For 13.05 rn to (24-8.7=)15.3 m from west edge:
Cfig(external) = -0.2 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.2
p,,, = (0.5 paiJVdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6) (-0.2)( 1.O) = -501 Pa = -0.50 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.50 kPa (acting outwards)

As side wall wind direction

Forjirst 4.35 m from east edge (i.e. gable end):
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.65
p,,, = (0.5 pa,>Vdes,:CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (48.2) (-0.65)(1.O) = -906 Pa = -0.91 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.91 kPa (acting outwards)
For 4.35 m to 8.7 m from east edge:
CfiP(external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 pa,>Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2) (-0.5)(1.0) = -697 Pa = -0.70 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.70 kPa (acting outwards)

Roof
north wind direction
north roof slope (surface 8).
C,. (external) = -0.59 (1.O) (1.O) = -0.59
p,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,:
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9) (-0.59)(1.0) = -536 Pa = -0.54 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.54-(0.0) = -0.54 kPa

1
/
j,
1j

1;

South roofslope (surface 9) and hip end (surface 7).

C,. (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
p,,, = (OSp,,,) Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)' (-OS)(l.O)= -454 Pa = -0.45 kPa
p,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.45-(0.0) = -0.45 kPa
east wind direction
east roof slope (surface IO).
CfiP(external) = -0.59 (1 .O) (1.O) = -0.59
p,,, = (0.5 pa,$Vdes,iCfiPCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)' (-0.59)(1.0) = -822 Pa = -0.82 @a
C,. (internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
PI,, = 0kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.82-(0.0) = -0.82 kPa

I
I

1
j

west roof slope (surface 11).

Cfin(external) = -0.5 (1.O) (1 .O) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,)Vdes,iCfiPCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (48.2)' ( - O S ) ( 1.O)
p;",= O kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.70-(0.0) = -0.70 kPa
..D

= -697 Pa = -0.70 kPa

south wind direction

south roofslope (surface 9).
C,. (external) = -0.59 (1.O) (1 .O) = -0.59
p,, = (0.5 paidVdes,iC,. Cdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.59)(1.O)
CfiP(internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
pint= 0 @a
Net pressure across roof surface = -1.48-(0.0) = -1.48 kPa

= -1477 Pa = -1.48 kPa

north roof slope (surface 8) and hip end (surface 7).

Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.5
pCxr
= ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdcs,:
~ ~ ) CfiPCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)' (-OS)(l.O) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
pin,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.27-(0.0) = -1.25 kPa

1
]
~

I
j

crosswind roof slopes (surfaces 10 and 11).

Forjrst 4.35 m
CfiE(external) = -0.9 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.9
pexy= (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,; CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)' (-0.9)(1.O)
p,,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -2.25-(0.0) = -2.25 kPa

= -2254 Pa = -2.25 H

1i
j

I
j
I

For 4.35 m to 8.7mfiom windward edge

C,. (external) = -0.5 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5pai,>Vdes,iCfiPCdyD= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)' (-0.5)(1.0) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
pint= 0 H a
Net pressure across roof surface = -1.25-(0.0) = -1.25 kPa

For 8.7 m to 12 mfiom windward edge

CfiP(external) = -0.3 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.3 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)' (-0.3)( 1.O) = -75 1 Pa = -0.75 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.16-(0.0) = -0.75 kPa
C., (external) = +O. 1 (1 .O) (1 .O) = +O. 1 (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,i(2,. Cdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)2 (+O. 1)(0.8) = +200 Pa = +0.20 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.3
pi,, = (0.5 pai)Vdes,: CfiPCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)' (-0.3)(0.8) = -601 Pa = -0.60 kPa

Chapter
Actions5 37

Net pressure across roof surface = M.20-(-0.60) = +OB0 kPa

(note use of K, equal to 0.8 in this case)
west wind direction
west roof slopes (sufaces 7 and 11).
C,. (external) = -0.59 (1-0) (1.O) = -0.59
p,,, = (0.5 psi$ Vdes,: C,. Cdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2(-0.59)(1.0) = -1477 Pa = -1.48 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -1.48-(0.0) = -1.48 kPa
crosswind roof slopes (surfaces 8 and 9).
Forfirst 4.35 m
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.9
p,,, = (O.5pa,,)Vdes,lCfigCdy, = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2(-0.9)(1.0) = -2253 Pa = -2.25 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -2.25-(0.0) = -2.25 kPa
For 4.35 m to 8.7m from windward edge
C,. (external) = -0.5 (1.O) (1.O) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 p,,,)Vdea,lCfigCdy, = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2(-OS)(l.O) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
P,,,,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -1.25-(0.0) = -1.25 kPa
For 8.7 m to 13.05 m from windward edge
C., (external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5 p,,,. Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6) (-0.3)(1.O) = -75 1 Pa = -0.75 kPa
P,,,,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.75-(0.0) = -0.75 kPa
Cfig(external) = +O. 1 (1 .O) (1 .O) = +O. 1 @ositive case)
p,,, =,(0.5 pa,,)Vdes,: CfisCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2(+0.1)(0.8) = +200 Pa = +0.20 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint= (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,:CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6) (-0.3)(0.8) = -601 Pa = -0.60 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = +0.20-(-0.60) = +0.80 kPa
For 13.05 m to 24 m from windward edge
C,. (external) = -0.2 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.2 (negative case)
= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6) (-0.2)(1 .O) = -501 Pa = -0.50 kPa
p,,, = (0.5 p,J Vdes,: C,. Cdyll
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.50-(0.0) = -0.50 kPa
C,. (external) = +0.2 (1 .O) (1 .O) = +0.2 (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5 psi$ Vdes,tC,. Cdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6) (+0.2)(0.8) = +401 Pa = +0.40 kPa
C,. (internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.3
pi,, = (0.5 pa,>Vdes,: C,. Cdy,= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2(-0.3)( 1.O) = -75 1 Pa = -0.75 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = +0.40-(-0.75) = +1.15 kPa
east roof slopes (surface IO).
Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
p,,, = (O.5palJ Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6) (-0.5)(1.0) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -1.25-(0.0) = -1.25 kPa
Note: under-eaves pressures are same as adjacent walls.

Design loadings for foundations

- ultimate limit states

Use roof pressures as above multiplied by 0.8 (K,)

Design loadings for windows - ultimate limit states

(note: for permissible stress design - divide loads by 1S)
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on north wall:
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.25) = +0.875 (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5 pair)Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2(+0.875)(1.0)= +794 Pa = +0.79 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.3
pint= (OSp,,) Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)' (-0.3)(1.0) = -272 Pa = -0.27 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.79-(-0.27)= +1.06 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 mz in area on east wall:
Cfig(external) = 10.7 (1 .O) (1.25) = +0.875 (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5 paiJVdes,; CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)' (+0.875)(1.0) = +I220 Pa = +1.22 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.3
pint= (0.5 paiJVdes,iCfigCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (48.2)2(-0.3)( 1.O) = -418 Pa = -0.42 kPa
Net pressure across window = +1.22-(-0.42) = +1.64 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on south and west walls:
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1 .O) (1.25) = +OX75 (positive case)
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,t
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)' (+0.875)(1.0) = +2191 Pa = +2.19 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1.O) = -0.3
pint= (O.5paiJ Vdes,82
CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
Net pressure across window = +2.19-(-0.75) = +2.94 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on east and west walls within a distance of 1.2 m from
north corners:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
pex,=(0.5paiJVdes,~CfigCdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2(-1.3)(1.0)=-1180Pa=-1.18kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -1.18-(0.0) = -1.18 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on north and south walls within a distance of 1.2 m
from east comers:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5pJ Vdcs,tCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2(-1.3)(1.0) = -1812 P a = -1.81 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -1.81-(0.0) = -1.81 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on east and west walls within a distance of 1.2 m from
south corners, and on north and south walls within a distance of 1.2 m from west comers:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,i
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-1.3)(1.0) = -3255 Pa = -3.26 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -3.26-(0.0) = -3.26 kPa
For windows (or doors) more than 1.44 m2 in area on north wall:
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1 .O) (1 .O) = +0.7 (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5 psi) Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)* (+0.7)(1.0) = +636 Pa = +0.64 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pi,, = (0.5 psi) Vdes,iC.figCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.3)( 1.O) = -272 Pa = -0.27 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.64-(-0.27) = +0.91 kPa

.........

.......,.,.........................."..l.l.*..."...........~...l.*-_,.

11, I/.

"

A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

r._......__

.,..,. ,......... ...,......

*
l
"
.
.
l
.
.
.

~,*

WindChapter
Actions5

For windows (or doors) more than 1.44 m2 in area on east wall:
C,. (external) = +0.7 (1.O) (1 .O) = +0.7 (positive case)
Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2(+0.7)( 1.O) = +976 Pa = M.98 kPa
p,,, = (0.5 paiJ
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1.O) = -0.3
pi,, = (0.5 pa,,)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2(-0.3)(1.0) = -418 Pa = -0.42 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.98-(-0.42) = +1.40 kPa
For windows (or doors) more than 1.44 m2 in area on south and west walls:
= +0.7 (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5 paiJVdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2(+0.7)(1.0) = +1753 Pa = +1.75 kPa
C,. (internal) = -0.3 (1.O) = -0.3
pint= ((0.5 pa,>Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)2(-0.3)( 1.O) = -75 1 Pa = -0.75 kPa
Net pressure across window = +1.75-(-0.75) = +2.50 kPa

C,. (external) = +0.7 (1.O) (1.O)

For windows up to 5.76 m2 in area on east and west walls within a distance of 2.4 m from
north corners:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (1.5) = -0.975 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2(-0.975)(1.0) = -885 Pa = -0.89 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -0.89-(0.0) = -0.89 kPa
For windows up to 5.76 m2 in area on north and south walls within a distance of 2.4 m from
east corners:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (1.5) = -0.975 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5 pa,$Vdes,iC,. Cdy, = (0.5)( 1.2) (48.2)2(-0.975)( 1.O) = -1359 Pa = -1.36 kPa
pin,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -1.36-(0.0) = -1.36 kPa
For windows up to 5.76 m2 in area on east and west walls within a distance of 2.4 m from
south comers, and on north and south walls within a distance of 2.4 m from west corners:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.5) = -0.975 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5 paJVdes,: CfigCdy, = (0.5)( 1.2) (64.6)2(-0.975)( 1.O) = -2441 Pa = -2.44 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -2.44-(0.0) = -2.44 kPa
For any other windows or doors, loads for major framing members apply.

Design loadings for roof cladding and battens ultimate limit states
(note: for permissible stress design - divide loads by 1.5)
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 1.2 m
from east edge of roof:
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1.O) (2.0) = -1.8
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2(-1.8)( 1.O) = -2509 Pa = -2.5 1 kPa
pint= 0 @a
Net pressure across element = -2.5 1-(0.0) = -2.5 1 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 1.2 m
from west edge of roof, and on roof surfaces 10 and 11, up to 1.2 m from south edge of roof :
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1 .O) (2.0) = -1.8
p,,, = (0.5 psi,) Vdes,: C,. Cdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2(-1.8)(1.O) = -4507 Pa = -4.5 1 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -4.5 1-(0.0) = -4.5 1 kPa

39

For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 2.4 m
from east edge of roof:
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1.0) (1.5) = -1.35
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~Vdes,t
~ ~ )CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2(-1.35)(1.0) = -1882 Pa = -1.88 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.88-(0.0) = -1.88 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 2.4 m
from west edge of roof, and on roof surfaces 10 and 11, up to 2.4 m from south edge of roof:
Cfis
(external) = -0.9 (1.0) (1.5) = -1.35
-.p,,, = (O.5pai) Vdes,;CfiPCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2(-1.35)(1.0) = -3380 Pa = -3.38 kPa
pTn,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.81-(0.0) = -3.38 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surface 8, up to 1.2 m from
north edge of roof :
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.18 (negative case)
p,,,= ( 0 . 5 ~Vdes,t
~ ~ )CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2(-1.18)(1.0) = -1071 P a = -1.07 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.07-(0.0) = -1.07 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surface 7, up to 1.2 m from west
edge of roof, and on roof surface 9, up to 1.2 m from south edge of roof :
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.18 (negative case)
p,,, = (O.5pai) Vdes,; CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2(-1.18)(1.0) = -2955 P a = -2.95 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -2.95-(0.0) = -2.95 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surface 8, up to 2.4 m from
north edge of roof :
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1.O) (1.5) = -0.89 (negative case)
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,t
~ ~ ) C,,, Cdy, = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2(-0.89)(1.0) = -808 Pa = -0.81 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.81-(0.0) = -0.81 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surface 7, up to 2.4 m from west
edge of roof, and on roof surface 9, up to 2.4 m from south edge of roof:
Cfig(external) = -0.59 (1.O) (1S ) = -0.89
p,,, = (0.5 pa,>Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2(-0.89)(1.O) = -2228 Pa = -2.23 E a
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -2.23-(0.0) = -2.23 kPa
Loading on battens should be applied as moving 'patch' loads with a tributary area equal to
the batten spacing times truss rafter spacing, with the appropriate local pressure factor for
that area. For example, in this case, if the batten spacing is 0.6 m, the tributary area would be
1.2 X 0.6 = 0.72 m2. Since this area is less than 0.25a2,the local pressure factor could be 1.O,
1.5 or 2.0, depending on the distance of the centre of the 'patch' from the roof edge. Over the
remainder of the batten, K, should be taken as 1.O; i.e. the loading should be the same as used
for major structural members.

A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

5.3 Example 3 A steel-framed warehouse on the edge

of an urban area
Design wind loads are required for a steel portal-framed warehouse in Manukau at the
southern edge of the Auckland metropolitan area. The relevant information is as follows:
Location: southern edge of Auckland (Region A6)
Terrain: Suburban terrain for westerly through northerly to south-easterly directions.
Open water to south and south-west.
Topography: ground slope less than 1 in 20 for greater than 5 kilometres in all directions.
Dimensions: eaves height : 5.85 m
Horizontal dimensions, (Figure 5.3) : 25 metres X 15 metres.
Gable roof with 5 degrees pitch.
average roof height = 5.85 + OS(7.5 tan 5") = 6.2 metres
Building orientation: major axis is North-west - South-east
Steel portal frame construction. Frames are spaced at 5 m.
The building has a large (4m wide by 3 m high) roller door on the south-west wall.
There are windows (1 m') near the south-east end, and a small (2.5 m') door near the
north-west end, of the north-east wall.

Figure 5.3

Framing of industrial warehouse

Regional wind speed

According to AS/NZSll70.0 Table 3.1, [8], the structure should be treated as Importance
Level 2. Hence take average recurrence interval, R, equal to 500 years (Table 3.2 in [4]).
From Table 3.1 in AS/NZS 1170.2, V,

= 45 m l s

(Region A)

Wind direction multipliers for Auckland (Region A6) are given in (Table 3.2). Values range
from 0.85 (N, S) to 1.O (E, W).

Terrain-height
z=h=6.2 m, for Terrain Category 3, MZ,,t= M6,2,aat3
= 0.83 (Table 4.1(A))
for Terrain Category 2, Mz,cat
= M6,Z,aa
= 0.93 (Table 4.1 (A), by interpolation)

41

Shielding
The building has other industrial development to the north and west, assume a Shielding
Multiplier, Ms, of 0.85 for N, W, NW directions. Take Ms =1.0 for other directions.

Topography
Topographic Multiplier, M, = M,

~ ~1
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW

m/s)
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45

1.O

~ ~1
0.85
0.95
1.oo
0.95
0.85
0.95
1.oo
0.95

0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.93
0.93
0.83
0.83

0.85
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
0.85
0.85

1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o

m/s)
27.0
35.5
37.4
35.5
35.6
39.8
31.7
30.2

Design wind speeds

In this case, the building is orientated NE-SW and NW-SE, and the design wind speeds,
Vdes,B
can be obtained by inspection from VsitSin the above table, for the four wind directions
orthogonal to the building walls:
Vdes,NE
= 37.4 m/s (largest from N to E sector)
Vdes,SE
= 37.4 m/s (largest from E to S sector)
Vdes,SW
= 39.8 m/s (largest from S to W sector)
Vdes.NW
= 3 1.7 m/s (largest from W to N sector)

Aerodynamic shape factor

External pressures
Windward walls : +0.7 taking z = h =6 m (Table 5.2(A))
Leeward walls (normal to long axis): -0.5 (Table 5.2(B))
Leeward walls (normal to short walls): -0.37 (Table 5.2(B) by interpolation for d b =1.67)
Side walls
(0 to 6.2 m from windward edge): -0.65 (Table 5.2(C))
(6.2 m to 12.4 m): -0.5
(12.4 m to 18.6 m): -0.3
(beyond 18.6 m): -0.2

A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

Roof
(0 to 6.2 m from windward edge): -0.9, -0.4 (Table 5.3(A))
(6.2 m to 12.4 m): -0.5
(12.4 m to 18.6 m): -0.3, +0.1
(beyond 18.6 m): -0.2, +0.2
Area reductionfactors (Table 5.4)
For wall loads on end frame columns (as side wall): tributary areas 5.85 X 2.5 = 14.6 m2
Ka = 0.97 (Table 5.4 by interpolation)
For wall loads on central frame columns (as side wall): tributary areas 5.85 X 5 = 29.25 m2
K, = 0.89
For roof loads on end frame rafters: tributary areas 15 x 2.5 = 37.5 m2.
K, = 0.88
For roof loads on central frame rafters: tributary areas 15 X 5 = 75 m2.
K, = 0.83
Local pressure factors (Table 5.6)
a = minimum of 0.2 X 15 m, 6.2 m = Min(3.0 m, 6.2 m} = &
limiting tributary areas for local pressure factors : 0.25a2=2.25 m2
a2= h2

Internal pressures (Section 5.3)

The roller door will be treated as a potential dominant opening (12 m2)for SW wind only.
The background permeability of the other walls is estimated as 0.3% of the wall area, giving
a total area of 5.85 x (25 + (2)(15)) X 0.003= 0.965 m2.
Then ratio of dominant opening area to total open area due to permeability = 12/0.965=12.4
In this case, for SW winds, Cp,i= +0.7 (Table 5.I@))
For other wind directions, the roller door will be assumed closed with the building
considered to have all walls equally permeable.
Cp,i= -0.3 or 0.0 (Table 5.1(A))

Action combination factors

Case (b) in Table 5.5 is applicable for NE and SW winds: K,

= 0.8

Case (c) is applicable, for all wind directions, to positive pressures on downwind end of roof
with negative internal pressures: Kc = 0.8
Case (d) in Table 5.5 is applicable to external negative roof and leeward wall pressures
and positive internal pressures, for SW winds: K, = 0.95. However, Kc= 0.8 from Case (b)
governs for external roof and leeward pressures.
Otherwise, Kc = 1.O

Dynamic response factor

CdY,= 1.O (natural frequencies greater than 1.O Hertz) (Section 6.1)

Design wind pressure for portal frames

- ultimate limit states

North-east wind direction (roller door closed Cp,i= 0.0)

All Frames
windward wall (north east wall):
Cfig(external) = Cp,,Ka Kc = +0.7 (1.0) (0.8) = 0.56
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,: CfigCdyn= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (37.4)2(+0.56)( 1.O)
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
Pi,, = (0'5 pa,,>d'es,:
'fig
'dyn = O'O
Net pressure across wall surface = +0.47-(0.0) = +0.47 kPa

= 470

Pa = +0.47 kPa

leeward wall (south west wall):

Cfig(external) = CP,,K, K, = -0.5 (1 .O) (0.8) = -0.40
p,,, = (0.5 pad Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)2(-0.40)(1.0) = -336 Pa = -0.34 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
Pint = (0'5 Pair) d'es,:
'fig 'dynn
= O'O
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.34-(0.0) = -0.34 kPa
I

j
j
I

Endframes

Roof(0 to 6.2 m from north east wall):

Cfig(external) = Cp,,Ka Kc = -0.9 (0.88) (0.8/0.88) = -0.72
(note that K, cannot be less than 0.8/Ka - Section 5.4.3)
p,,, = (O.5paJ Vdes,: CfigCdynn
= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)2(-0.72)(1.0) = -604 Pa =-0.60 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
Pin, = (0'5 pa,,> d'es,:
'fig
'dyn
= O'O kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.60-(0.0) = -0.60 kPa
Roof (6.2 m to 12.4 m from north east wall):
Cfig(external) = Cp,cKa Kc = -0.5 (0.88) (ON0.88) = -0.40
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (37.4)2(-0.40)(1.O)
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
Pint = (0'5 pa,> 'des,:
'fig
d' y,
= o*okPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.34-(0.0) = -0.34 kPa
Roof (12.4 m to 15 m p o m north east wall):
Cfig(external) = Cp,,Ka Kc = -0.3 (0.88) (0.8/0.88) = -0.24
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>
Vdes,: CfigCdy,= (OS)( 1.2) (37.4)2 (-0.24)(1.O)
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
Pint = (0'5 pa,> 'des,:
'fig
'dYn = o*o
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.20-(0.0) = -0.20 kPa

= -336 Pa

= -201

=-0.34 kPa

Pa =-0.20 kPa

Centralframes
Same as end frames (combined Ka K, for roof pressures is equal to 0.8)
-0.20 kPa

-0.34 kPa

-0.60 kPa

@
+0.47 kPa

-0.34 kPa
Figure 5.4 Load case I

A Guide to ASlNZS 1170.2: 2002

- NE wind

Chapter
Actions5

South-west wind direction (dominant windward opening on SW wall, Cp,i=+O,7)

All Frames
windward wall (south west wall):
Cfig(external) = Cp,,K, K, = +0.7 (1.0) (0.8) = 0.56
p,,, = (0.5pai,) Vdcs,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.56)(1.0) = 532 Pa = +0.53 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.7 (1 .O) = 0.7
pint= (0.5 paiJVdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.7)(1.0) = 665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = +0.53-(0.67) = -0.14 kPa
leeward wall (north east wall):
Cfig(external) = Cp,,Ka K, = -0.5 (1.O) (0.8) = -0.40
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,.>
Vdcs,iC,,, Cdyll= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8) (-0.40)(1 .O)
Cfig(internal) = 0.7 (0.95) = 0.67
pin= (0.5 pa,$Vdes,iCfigCdyn
= +0.64 @a
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.38-(0.64) = -1.02 kPa

= -380 Pa = -0.38 kPa

End frames

Roof first 6.2 m from south west wall):

Cfig(external) = Cp,,K, Kc = -0.9 (0.88) (0.8/0.88) = -0.72
p,,, = (O.5pa,,.)Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8) (-0.72)(1.0) = -684 Pa =-0.68 kPa
Cfig(internal) = Cp,,Kc = 0.7 (0.95) = 0.67
pint= (0.5 pa,,)Vdes,iCfigCdyll= (0.5)( 1.2) (39.8)* (0.67)( 1.O) = +637 Pa = +0.64 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.68-(0.64) = -1.32 kPa
Roof (6.2 m to 12.4 m from south west wall):
C,,, (external) = Cp,,Ka Kc = -0.5 (0.88) (0.8/0.88) = -0.40
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ ~Vdes,i
~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39@ (-0.40)(1.0)
Cfig(internal) = 0.7 (0.95) = 0.67
pint= (0.5 pair)Vdes,iCfigdyn = +0.64 @a
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.38-(0.64) = -1.02 kPa
Roof (12.4 m to 15 mfFom south west wall):
Cfig(external) = Cp,,Ka Kc = -0.3 (0.88) (0.8/0.88) = -0.24
p,,, = (0.5 pa,$Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (39.8) (-0.24)( 1.O)
Cfig(internal) = 0.7 (0.95) = 0.67
Pint= (05 P a i r ) V d e s , i fig dYn =
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.23-(0.64) = -0.87 kPa

= -380 Pa =-0.38

= -228 Pa

kPa

=-0.23 kPa

Centralframes
Same as end frames (combined KaKcfor roofpressures is equal to 0.8)
-1.32 kPa

-1.02 kPa

-0.87 kPa

-0.14 kPa

-1.02 kPa

Figure 5.5 Load case 2 - SW wind

45

North-west wind direction (roller door closed, Cp,i= 0.0)

End frame at NWend
side walls (south west and north east walls):
Cfig(external) = Cp,,Ka K, = -0.65 (0.97) (1.O) = -0.63
(note K, = 1.O in this case)
p,,, = (0.5 paiJVdes,;CfigCdyn= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (3 1.7)2(-0.63)(1.O) = -380 Pa = -0.38 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
Pint= (0.5 Pair)Vdes,; cfig
Cdyn= 0.0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.38-(0.0) = -0.38 kPa
roof
Cfig(external) = Cp,,Ka Kc = -0.9 (0.88) (1.O) = -0.79
p,,, = (0.5 pair)Vdes,; CfigCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2 (-0.79)(1.O) = -476 Pa = -0.48 E a
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.O) = 0.0
Pi,, = (0.5 pa&Vdes,;cfig
Cdyn
= 0.0 @a
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.48-(0.0) = -0.48 kPa
-0.48 kPa
b

-0.48 kPa
4

-0.38 kPa

-0.38 kPa

Figure 5.6 Load case 3 - NW wind - end frame

First inboard frame from SE end

(downward roof load case, roller door closed, Cp,i= -0.3)
The tributary areas for this frame are between 17.5 m and 22.5m from the windward end. i.e.
between 2.8h and 3.6h from the windward end.
Fraction of area in 2h to 3h zone (1.1/5) = 0.22
Fraction of area in >3h zone (3.96) = 0.78
side walls (south west and north east walls):
Cfig(external) = Cp,,K, Kc = (-0.222)(0.89)( 1.O) = -0.20
p,,, = (0.5pair)Vdes,;CfiPCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2(-0.20)(1.0) = -121 P a = -0.12 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1.O) = -0.30
pint= (0.5 paiJVdes,tC, Cdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (3 1.7)2 (-0.30)( 1.O) = -1 81 Pa = -0.18 kPa
Net pressure across wafl surface = -0.12-(-0.18) = +0.06 kPa
roo$
Cfig(external) = CP,,Ka Kc = (+0.178)(0.83)(0.8/0.83) = +0.14
p,,, = (0.5 pair)Vdes,;CfigCdyn= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (3 1.7)2(+O. 14)( 1.O) = +84 Pa = +0.08 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (0.8) = -0.24
pint= (0.5paiJ Vdes,; C, Cdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2 (-0.24)(1.0) = -145 Pa = -0.14 kPa
Net pressure across wafl surface = +0.08-(-0.14) = +0.22 kPa

+0.22 kPa

+0.22 kPa

Figure 5.7 Load case 4 - NW wind - inboard frame

.*.,.........n,.".ll..n ..._.__-_-_.

...I

....

-11__1I
.
"

A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

"

_..Y.Y.

*-Y."

-.-....--.>...,.=.
~

"rnl.

Wind Act

Chapter 5

South-east wind direction (roller door closed, Cp,i= 0.0)

End frame at SE end
side walls (south west and north east walls):
Cfig(external) = CP,,K, K, = -0.65 (0.97) (1.O) = -0.63
(note: K, = 1.O in this case)
p,,, = (0.5 pa,,>Vdes,iCfigC,,, = (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)2(-0.63)(1.0) = -529 Pa = -0.53 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
PI,, = (Oe5pal,>d'es:,
'fig
,'-jyn
= O'O kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.53-(0.0) = -0.53 kPa
roof
Cfig(external) = Cp,,K, Kc = -0.9 (0.88) (1.O) = -0.79
p,,, = (0.5 pad Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (37.4)' (-0.79)( 1.O)
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
Pint = (0'5 pa,,)d'es,:
'fig
'dy,
= O'O kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.66-(0.0) = -0.66 kPa
-0.66 kPa

4
-0.53 kPa

= -663

Pa = -0.66 kPa

-0.66 kPa

4
-0.53 kPa

Figure 5.8 Load case 5 - SE wind - end frame

First inboard frame from NWend (downward roof load case, roller door closed, Cp,i= -0.3)
The tributary areas for this frame are between 17.5 m and 22.5m from the windward end. i.e.
between 2.81 and 3.6h from the windward (SE) end.
Fraction of area in 2h to 3h zone (1.115) = 0.22
Fraction of area in >3h zone (3.915) = 0.78
side walls (south west and north east walls):
Cfig(external) = Cp,,K, K, = (-0.222)(0.89)(1.O) = -0.20
p,,, = (O.5paJ Vdes,iCfigC,,, = (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)' (-0.20)(1.0) = -168 Pa = -0.17 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.30
pin,= (0.5 pa,>Vdes,iCfigCdy,= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)' (-0.30)(1.0) = -252 Pa = -0.25 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.17-(-0.25) = +0.08 kPa
roof
Cfig(external) = Cp,,K, K, = (+0.178)(0.83)(0.8/0.83) = +0.14
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,i
~ ~ ) CfigCdY,= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)' (+0.14)(1.0) = +117 Pa = +0.12 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (0.8) = -0.24
pint= (0.5 paiJVdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (37.4)2 (-0.24)(1.O) = -201 Pa = -0.20 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = +0.12-(-0.20) = +0.32 kPa

ind Actions

48 /6,,ter5

+0.32kPa

+0.32kPa

+0.08kPa

+0.08kPa
Figure 5.9 Load case 6 - SE wind

- inboard frame

Design wind pressures for doors and windows ultimate limit states
(note: for permissible stress design - divide loads by 1.5)

For roller door (12 mz)on the south west wall:

positive case - SW wind 39.8 mhec
Cfig(external) = Cp,,(K,) (K,) = +0.7 (1 .O) (1 .O) = +0.7
(note: K,= 1.O, since A> a')
p,,, = (0.5 paiJVdes,zCfigCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.7)( 1.O) = +665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.3
pint= (0.5pai$Vdes,; CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -285 Pa = -0.29 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.67-(-0.29) = t-0.96 kPa
negative case - SE wind 3 7.4 Lsec
Cfig(external) = Cp,,(Ka) (K,) = -0.5 (1 .O) (1.O) = -0.5
(note: K,= 1.O, since A> 0.25a2)
p,,, = (0.Spai,>Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)' (-0.5)(1.O)
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
Pint = (0'5pa,> 'des,:
'fig
'dyn
= O'O kPa
Net pressure across window = -0.42-(0.0) = -0.42 kPa

= -420 Pa = -0.42 kPa

For small door (2.5 m2 in area) on north-east wall:

Positive case - NE wind 3 7.4 m/sec
Cfip(external) = +0.7 (1 .O) (1.0) = +0.7
p,,, = (0.5 pa,$
Vdes,tCfigCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (37.4)2 (+0.7)(1.O) = +587 Pa = +0.59 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.3 (1 .O) = -0.3
pint= (0.5 paiJVdes,iCfigCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (37.4)2 (-0.3)( 1.O) = -252 Pa = -0.25 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.59-(-0.25) = +0.84 kPa
Negative case - NW wind 31.7 mhec
Cfig(external) = Cp,,(Ka) (K,) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1S)= -0.975
p,,, = (0.5 padVdes,lCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (3 1.7)2(-0.975)(1.0) = -588 Pa = -0.59 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1 .O) = 0.0
kPa
Pint = (Oe5 p a k ) Vdes,82 'fig 'dyn =
Net pressure across door = -0.59-(0.0) = -0.59 kPa
Negative case - SW wind 39.8 mhec (with roller door open)
Cfig(external) = Cp,,(Ka) (K,) = -0.50 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.50
p,, = (0.5 paiJVdes,iCfigCdyn= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (39.8)2 (-0.50)(1.O) = -475 Pa = -0.48 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.7 (1.0) = +0.70
pint= (0.5 pa,>Vdes,lCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)' (+0.70)(1.0) = +665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Net pressure across door = -0.48-(0.67) = - 1.15 kPa

(SW wind case with positive internal pressure is clearly dominant)

-...,. ..-..

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1

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A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

-..._ IIIIP-P.IU""..."~..- .......,,...

Wind Act

Chapter 5

For windows (I mz in area) on north-east wall:

Positive case - NE wind 37.4 mhec
Cfig(external) = +0.7 (1.O) (1.25) = +0.875
p,,, = (0.5 p,) Vds,i CfigCdY,= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)*(+0.875)(1.0) = +734 Pa = +0.73 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint= (0.5 psi$ Vdes,tCogCdY,= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)2(-0.3)(1.0) = -252 Pa = -0.25 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.73-(-0.25) = W.98 kPa
Negative case - SE wind 3 7.4 mhec
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case - SE wind)
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,:
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)2(-1.3)(1.0) = -1091 Pa = -1.09 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.O) = 0.0
Pint = (05pa;,>des,:
pp
dyn=
Net pressure across window = -1.09-(0.0) = -1.09 kPa
Negative case - SW wind 39.8 mhec (with roller door open)
Cfig(external) = Cp,,(K,) (K,) = -0.50 (1.O) (1.O) = -0.50
p,, = (0.5 pJ Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2(-0.50)(1.0) = -475 Pa = -0.48 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.7 (1.0) = +0.70
pi,, = (0.5 p i , )Vdes,lCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2(+0.70)(1.0) = +665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Net pressure across window = -0.48-(0.67) = -1.15 kPa
(SW wind case with positive internal pressure is dominant)

Design wind pressures for wall and roof claddings and supporting
structure - ultimate limit states
(note: for permissible stress design - divide loads by 1.5)

Wall cladding
For cladding on north west or south east walls Area< 2.25 m2, between 0 and 1.5 m from the
north east comers: (NE Wind)
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.3
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,t
~ ~ ) CogCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)*(-1.3)(1.0) = -1091 Pa = -1.09 kPa
pin,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.09-(0.0) = -1.09 kPa
For cladding on north west or south east walls Area< 2.25 m2,between 0 and 1.5 m from the
north east corners: (SW Wind with roller door open)
Cfig(external) = -0.30 (1 .O) (1.O) = -0.3
p,,, = (0.5 paiJVdes,tCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)*(-0.3)(1.0) = -285 Pa = -0.29 kPa
pint= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.70)(1.O) = +665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.29-(+0.67) = -0.96 kPa
(NE wind case is dominant)
For cladding on north west or south east walls Area< 2.25 m2,between 0 and 1.5 m from the
south west comers: (SW Wind with roller door open)
Cog(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (2.0) = -1.3
peXt= (0.5paiJVdes,iCogCdy,= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2(-1.30)(1.0) = -1236Pa = -1.24 kPa
pint= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (39.8)2 (+O.70)(1.O) = +665 Pa = W.67 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.24-(W.67) = -1.91 kPa
For cladding on north west or south east walls Area< 9 m2,between 0 and 3.0 m from the
north east comers: (NE Wind)
Cog(external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.5) = -0.975
p,,, = (O.5pai) Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)2(-0.975)(1.0) = -818 Pa = -0.82 kPa

pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.82-(0.0) = -0.82 kPa
For cladding on north west or south east walls Area< 9 m', between 0 and 3.0 m from the
north east comers: (SW Wind with roller door open)
(same as cladding with Area <2.25 m2 calculated previously)
Net pressure across element = -0.29-(+0.67) = -0.96 kPa
(in this case, SW wind is dominant)
For cladding on north west or south east walls Area< 9 m2,between 0 and 3.0 m from the
south west comers: (SW Wind with roller door open)
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1.5) = -0.975
p,,, = (0.5 pai$
Vdes,: CfiPCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) ( 3 9 ~ 3(-0.975)(
)~
1.O) = -927 Pa = -0.93 kPa
pint= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.70)(1.0) = +665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.93-(+0.67) = -1.60 kPa
For cladding on south west walls Area< 2.25 m2 , between 0 and 1.5 m from the south east
comers: (SE Wind)
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (2.0) = -1.3
p,,, = (0.5pa,>Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)' (-1.3)(1.0) = -1091 P a = -1.09 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.09-(0.0) = -1.09 kPa
For cladding on south west walls Area <9 m2,between 0 and 3.0 m from the south east
comers: (SE Wind)
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (1.5) = -0.975
pa,, = (0.5 psi$ Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (37.4)' (-0.975)(1.0) = -818 Pa = -0.82 kPa
pi,,,= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.82-(0.0) = -0.82 kPa
For cladding on north east walls any area:
(SW Wind with roller door open)
CfiP(external) = -0.50 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 pa,$Vdcs,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)' (-OS)(l,O)
pint= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.70)(1.O) = +665 Pa = +0.67 Wa
Net pressure across element = -0.48-(0.67) = -1.15 Wa

= -475 Pa = -0.48 kPa

For cladding on north west or south east walls Area< 2.25 m2 ,between 0 and 1.5 m from the
south west comers: (SW Wind with roller door open)
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (2.0) = -1.3
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~Vdes,:
~ ~ )CfigCdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)' (-1.3)(1.0) = -1236 Pa = -1.24 kPa
pint= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.70)(1.0) = +665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.24-(0.67) = -1.91 kPa
For cladding on north west or south east walls Area< 9 m2,between 0 and 3.0 m from the
south west comers: (SW Wind with roller door open)
CfiP(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1.5) = -0.975
p,, = (0.5 p&) Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (39.8)2 (-0.975)(1.O) = -927 Pa = -0.93 kPa
pint= (OS)( 1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.70)(1.O) = +665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.93-(0.67) = -1.60 kPa
For cladding on south west walls Area< 2.25 m2between 0 and 1.5 m from the north west
comers: (NW Wind)
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.3
p,,, = (0.5 psi$ Vdes,iCfigCdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (3 1.7)2(-1.3)( 1.O) = -784 Pa = -0.78 kPa
pint= 0 P a
Net pressure across element = -0.78-(0.0) = -0.78 kPa
A Guide to ASlNZS 1170.2: 2002

Chapter
Actions
5 51

For cladding on south west walls Area< 9 m2 between 0 and 3.0 m from the north west
corners: (NW Wind)
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1.5) = -0.975
p,,, = (0.5 psi$ Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2(-0.975)(1.0) = -588 Pa = -0.59 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.59-(0.0) = -0.59 kPa
Roof cladding
For roof cladding elements area< 2.25 m2, on roof between 0 and 1.5 m from north east, or
south east, edges of roof: (NE or SE Wind)
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.8
peXt= ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,:
~ 3 CfipCdyn=(0.5)(1.2) (37.4)2(-1.8)(1.0) = -1511 P a = -1.51 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.51-(0.0) = -1.51 kPa
For roof cladding elements between 2.25 and 9 m2 in area, on roof between 0 and 3.0 m from
north east, or south east, edges of roof:
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1.0) (1.5) = -1.35
p,,,=(0.5pai,)Vdes,~
CfipCdyn=
(0.5)(1.2) (37.4)2(-1.35)(1.0)=-1133 Pa=-1.13 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = - 1.13-(0.0) = - 1.13 kPa
For roof cladding elements area< 2.25 m2, on roof between 0 and 1.5 m from south west edge
of roof: (SW Wind with roller door open)
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.8
pext=(0.5pai,)Vdes,~CfigCdyn=
(0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2(-1.8)(1.0)= -1711 Pa=-1.71 Wa
pint= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.70)(1.0) = +665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.71-(0.67) = -2.38 Wa
For roof cladding elements between 2.25 and 9 m2,on roof between 0 and 3.0 m from south
west edge of roof: (SW Wind with roller door open)
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1.0) (1.5) = -1.35
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,:
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2(-1.35)(1.0) = -1283 Pa = -1.28 kPa
pin,= (0.5)( 1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.70)(1.0) = +665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.28-(0.67) = -1.95 kPa
For roof cladding elements all areas, on roof between 3.0 and 6.2 m from south west edge of
roof: (SW Wind with roller door open)
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1 .O) (1.O) = -0.9
pext= (0.5 pair)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2(-0.9)(1.0) = -855 Pa = -0.86 kPa
pint= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.70)(1.0) = +665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.86-(0.67) = -1.53 kPa
For roof cladding elements all areas, on roof between 6.2 and 12.4 m from south west edge
of roof: (SW Wind with roller door open)
Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
p,,, = (0.5 pa;$Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2(-0.5)(1.0) = -475 Pa = -0.475 kPa
pint= (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.70)(1.0) = +665 Pa = +0.665 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.475-(0.665) = -1.14 kPa
For roof cladding elements all areas, on roof between 12.4 and 15 m from south west edge of
roof: (SW Wind with roller door open)
Cfig(external) = -0.5 (1.O) (1.O) = -0.3
p,,, = (0.5 pa,$Vdes,: CfigCdp = (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2(-0.3)(1.0) = -285 Pa = -0.29 kPa
p,,, = (0.5)(1.2) (39.8)2 (+0.70)(1.0) = +665 Pa = +0.67 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.29-(0.67) = -0.96 kPa (cases above govern for this zone)

For roof cladding elements area< 2.25 m2, on roof between 0 and 1.5 m from north west edge
of roof: (NW Wind)
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1.O) (2.0) = -1.8
p,,, = (OSp,,,) Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2(-1.8)(1.0) = -1085 Pa= -1.09 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.09-(0.0) = -1.09 kPa (cases above govern for this zone)
For roof cladding elements between 2.25 and 9 m2,on roof between 0 and 3.0 m from north
west edge of roof:
Cfig(external) = -0.9 (1.0) (1.5) = -1.35
p,,, = (O.5paJVdes,: CfiPCdyn=(0.5)(1.2) (31.7)2(-1.35)(1,0) = -814 Pa= -0.81 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.81-(0.0) = -0.81 kPa (cases above govern for this zone)
Governing design pressures for roof cladding elements, less than 2.25m2in area, are shown
in Figure 5.10
1.5 m

-1.1

,
;I.
I

South west wall

Figure 5. I O Design pressures for roof cladding (kPa)

For other wall and roof cladding elements, use loads for portal frames, with positive loads
multiplied by 1.25 (K,) for elements less than 2.25 m2 in area.
Loading on roof purlins should be applied as moving 'patch' loads with the appropriate local
pressure factor for that area. For example, in this case, if the purlin spacing is 0.6 m, the
tributary area for a patch 2.5 m long (equal to one half the frame spacing) would be 2.5 X 0.6
= 1.5 mz. Since this area is less than 0.25a2,the local pressure factor could be 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0,
depending on the distance of the centre of the 'patch' from the roof edge. Over the remainder
of the purlin, Kpshould be taken as 1.0 for that load case; i.e. the loading should be the same
as that used for major structural members.

...I..I

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.j......

1
.
1
.
1
,
,
/
.
~

j
~
.
*
l
.
,
l
.
~
I
.
l
.

.....

A Guide to ASlNZS 1170.2: 2002

~I.... I__I,."..YY..I.~*L...~..~,~~.~,

................,,..
/~

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

5.4 Example 4 - A medium-height office building in a

tropical city
Design wind loads are required for a proposed office building in the Darwin C.B.D. The
relevant information is as follows :
Location : CBD Darwin (Region C)
Terrain : Suburban terrain for all directions.
Topography : ground slope less than 1 in 20 for greater than 5 kilometres in all directions.
Dimensions : average roof height : 48 metres
Horizontal dimensions: 30 metres X 60 metres (rectangular cross-section).
Reinforced concrete frame construction.
Mullions for glazing panels are spaced at 1.5 m.
Roof is flat with a 0.9m high parapet.
Sway frequencies are greater than 1 Hertz.

/
Figure 5.11

48-metre high office building

This building was used as an example in the Guide to ASCE 7-02 [21]. Its use in the present
Design Guide allows for a comparison of the two Standards for this building.

Regional wind speed

According to the Building Code of Australia (BCA), the structure should be treated as Level
2. Hence take average recurrence interval, R, for loading and overall structural response
equal to 500 years.
From Table 3.I in AS/NZS1170.2, V,,,

=
=

F,. 66 d s (Region C)
(1.05)(66) = 69.3 m / s

Wind direction multiplier

For Region B, M,
(Section 3.3.2).

= 0.95

for overturning forces and major structural system for all directions

For cladding design, M, =1 .O

Terrain-heig h t multiplier
z=h=48 m, For Terrain Category 3, Mz,cat
= M48,cat3
= 1.28 (Table 4.I(B) by interpolation)

Shielding
There are no other buildings of greater height in any direction. Take Ms, equal to 1.O for all
directions.

Topography
Topographic Multiplier, M, = M,

= 1.O

Site wind speed

Site wind speed for all directions for overall loads and structural design of main supporting
members,
VsitS= 69.3(0.95)( 1.28)(1.O)( 1.0) = 84.3 d s (Equation 2.2)
For cladding design,
VsitB= 69.3( 1.O)( 1.28)(1.O)( 1.O) = 88.7 d s (Equation 2.2)

Design wind speeds

For all wind directions, the design wind speeds,

Vdes,B
= VsitB= 84.3 d s (for overall loads and main structure design)
= 88.7 d

s (for cladding)

Aerodynamic shape factor

External pressures
Windward walls : +0.8 for varying z (Table 5.2(A))
Leeward walls (normal to 60m walls): -0.5 (Table 5.2(B))
Leeward walls (normal to 30m walls): -0.3 (Table 5.2(B))
Side walls: -0.65 (Table 5.2(C))
Roof:
-1.3 for first 24m from windward edge
-0.7 for 24 to 48 m from windward edge
-0.9 beyond 48 m from windward edge (Table 5.3(A))

Area reduction factors (Section 5.4.,2)

For elements greater than 100 m2in area on roof or side walls, Ka = 0.8
For small elements < 10m2 in area, Ka = 1.O

Local pressure factors (Table 5.6)

a = minimum of 0.2 X 30 m = 6 m, or 48 m. a = 6.0 m
limiting tributary areas for local pressure factors : 0.25a2= 9 m2
a2= 36 mz

Reduction factor due to parapet (Table 5.7)

Height of parapet, h,, is 0.9m = 0.03 w, where w is the shortest horizontal dimension (30 m).
K,= 0.8 for roof cladding areas RA1 and RA2. For all other areas, Kr = 1.O.

Internal pressures (Section 5.3)

The building is air-conditionedand can be considered to be effectively sealed.
In this case, Cp,i= -0.2 or 0.0 (Table 5. I (A))

AGuide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

1Action combination factor

Kc= 1.0

Dynamic response factor

CdP= 1.0 (Section 6.1)

Calculation of base moment

Calculations were carried out by spreadsheet. Summaries of the results are given in the
following tables.

Wind normal to 60 m wall :

Height

M,t3

of
sector
(m)
44
35
25
15
5

1.266
1.20
1.10
0.95
0.80

windward
qz.C,
(kPap

leeward
qh,Cfig
(kPa)

windward
q,.C,g.Cdyn.A
(kN)

3.337
2.998
2.519
1.879
1.332

-2.132
-2.132
-2.132
-2.132
-2.132

1601.7
1798.8
1511.5
1127.4
799.5

Note - q, denotes : 0.6

leeward
moment
qZ.Cfig.Cdyn.Acontribution
(kN)
(MN.m)

- 1023.3
-1279.2
-1279.2
- 1279.2
- 1279.2

115.5
107.7
69.8
36.1
10.4

Vdes,i

Total along-wind base bending moment obtained by summing contributions from last column
of table = 340 MN.m
Wind normal to 30 m wall
Height

Mz,&3

of
sector
(m)
44
35
25
15
5

windward
qz.c,
(kPa!

1.266
1.20
1.10
0.95
0.80

3.337
2.998
2.519
1.879
1.332

leeward
windward
qh.CRg qZ.C,g.Cdy,.A
(kPa)
(kN)

- 1.279
-1.279
-1.279
- 1.279
-1.279

800.9
899.4
755.8
563.7
399.7

leeward
moment
qZ.Cfig.Cdyn.Acontribution
(kN)
(MN.m)

-307.0
-383.8
-383.8
-383.8
-383.8

48.7
44.9
28.5
14.2
3.9

Roof structure loads

For,first 24 m fiom leading edges (any orthogonal wind direction) - tributary areas greater
than 100m2:
Cfig(external) = -1.3 (0.8) (1 .O) = -1.04
peXt
= (0.5 pair)
Vdes,tCfigCdW= (O.q(l.2) (84.3)* (-1.04)( 1.O) = -4434 Pa = -4.43 kPa
CfiP(internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -4.43-(0.0) = -4.43 kPa

Chapter 5 55

For 24 m to 48 m from leading edges (any orthogonal wind direction) - tributary areas
greater than 1OOm2:
Cfig(external) = -0.7 (0.8) (1.0) = -0.56
p,,, = (0.5paiJ Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (84.3)2(-0.56)(1.0) = -2388 Pa = -2.39 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -2.39-(0.0) = -2.39 kPa
For 48 m to 60 m from leading edges (wind directions normal to 30m walls) - tributaly areas
greater than 1OOm2:
Cfig(external) = -0.5 (0.8) (1.O) = -0.40
p,,, = (0.5pair)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (84.3)2 (-0.40)(1.0) = -1706 Pa = -1.71 kPa
Cfig(internal) = 0.0 (1.O) = 0.0
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -1.7 1-(O.O) = - 1.7 1 kPa

Cladding pressures
(note: for permissible stress design - divide loads by 1S )
Wall elements
For elements (WA1) less than 9 m2 in area on walls at height z:
Cfip(external) = +0.8 (1.O) (1.25) = +1 .O (positive case)
p,,, = (0.5 pa,>Vdes,: CfigCdy, = (0.5)(1.2) (88.7)2(MZ,ca,3/1.28)2
(+lW.O)
= +4721(MZ,cao/l
.28)2 Pa = +4.72(,Z,cat3/1
.28)2 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.2 (1.O) = -0.2
pint= (0.5pair)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (88.7)2 (-0.2)(1.0) = -944 Pa = -0.94 kPa
Net pressure across element = 4.72(Mz,cat3/1
.28)2+ 0.94 kPa
For elements (SA5) less than 9 m2 in area on walls within a distance of 3 m from corners:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (3.0) = -1.95 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5pa,,>Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (88.7)2 (-1.95)(1.0) = -9205 P a = -9.21 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -9.21-(0.0) = -9.21 kPa
For elements (SA4) less than 36 m2 in area on walls within a distance of 6 m from comers:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
p,,, = (OSp,,,) Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (88.7)2 (-1.3)(1.0) = -6137 Pa = -6.14 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -6.14-(0.0) = -6.14 kPa
For elements (SA3) less than 9 m2in area on walls greater than a distance of 6 m ikom my comer:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (1S)= -0.975 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5 pair)Vdes,: CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (88.7)2(-0.975)(1.0) = -4603 Pa = -4.60 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -4.60-(0.0) = -4.60 kPa
For elements greater than 9 m2 in area on walls greater than a distance of 6 m from any corner:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.O) (1.O) = -0.65 (negative case)
p,,, = (0.5 pair)
Vdes,;CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (88.7)2 (-0.65)(1.0) = -3068 Pa = -3.07 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -3.07-(0.0) = -3.07 H a

Roof elements
For elements (RA2) less than 9 m2 in area on roof, less than a distance of 3 m from edges:
Cfig(external) = -1.3 (1.0) (2.0)(0.8) = -1.6
(negative case; K, of 0.8 included; note limit of -2.0 on K,.Cp,)
A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,t
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (88.7)2(-1.6)(1.0) = -7553 P a = -7.55 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -7,55-(0.0) = -7.55 kPa
For elements (RA1) less than 36 mz in area on roof, less than a distance of 6 m from edges:
Cfig(external) = -1.3 (1.0) (1.5)(0.8) = -1.56 (Ka<l.O canbeusedforA> 10 m)
p,,, = (0.5 psi$ Vdes,; CfigCdy, = (0.5)(1.2) (88.7)2 (-1.56)(1.0) = -7364 Pa = -7.36 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -7.36-(0.0) = -7.36 kPa
Other roof elements, less than a distance of 24 m from edges:
Cfig(external) = -1.3 (1.0) (l.O)(l.O) = -1.3
(Ka 4 . 0 can be used for A> 10 m2;no reduction due to parapet in this case)
~ ~ ) CfigCdY,= (0.5)(1.2) (88.7) (-1.3)(1.0) = -6137 Pa = -6.14 kPa
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,i
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -6.14-(0.0) = -6.14 kPa

5.5 Example 5 - A tall building 183 m high in a city

centre
Design wind loads are required for a tall office building in the Brisbane metropolitan area.
The relevant information is as follows :
Location : CBD Brisbane (Region B)
Terrain : Suburban terrain for all directions.
Topography : ground slope less than 1 in 20 for greater than 5 kilometres in all directions.
Dimensions : average roof height : 183 metres
Horizontal dimensions: 46 metres X 30 metres (rectangular cross-section).
Building orientation : major axis is East-West
Reinforced concrete construction. Curtain wall faqade on all four faces
Sway frequencies, na = nc = 0.2 Hertz. Mode shapes are linear (k = 1.O).
Average building density: 160 Kg/m3.

3P57&

46 m
This building (known as the CAARC building)
was used as an example in the Commentary to
AS1170.2-1989 [4]. Its use in the present Design
Guide allows for a comparison of the two Standards
for this building.

183 m

Regional wind speed

According to the Building Code of Australia (BCA),
the structure should be treated as Level 3. Hence
take average recurrence interval, R, for loading and
overall structural response equal to 1000 years.
From Table 3.1 in AS/NZS 1170.2, V,,
(Region B)

= 60 d s

For calculation of accelerations, use a 5-year return

period, then V, = 28 d s

Figure 5.12 183-m tall building

Wind direction multiplier

For Region B, M, = 0.95 for overturning forces and major structural system for all directions
(Section 3.3.2). For cladding design, M, =1.0 .

Terrain-height multiplier
z=h=183 m, For Terrain Category 3, Mz,cat
= M,83,ca0
= 1.23 (Table 4.I(A) by interpolation)

Shielding
There are no other buildings of greater height in any direction. Take Ms, equal to 1.0 for all
directions.

Topography
Topographic Multiplier, M, = M,

1.O

Site wind speed

Site wind speed for all directions for overall loads and main structural design,
Vsitp= 60(0.95)( 1.23)(1.O)( 1.O)

= 70.1

m/s (Equation 2.2)

For acceleration calculations (serviceability),

VsitB= 28( 1.O)( 1.23)(1.O)( 1.O) = 34.4 m/s (Equation 2.2)

For cladding design,

VsitB
= 60( 1.O)( 1.23)(1.0)(1.O)

= 73.8 m/s

(Equation 2.2)

Design wind speeds

For all wind directions, the design wind speeds,
-

Vdes,B
- Vsitp

= 70.1 m/s

(for overall loads and main structure design)

= 34.4 d s

(for accelerations)

= 73.8 m/s

(for cladding)

Aerodynamic shape factor

External pressures
Windward walls : +0.8 for varying z (Table 5.2(A))
Leeward walls (normal to 46m wall): -0.5 (Table 5.2(B))
Leeward walls (normal to 30m walls): -0.39 (Table 5.2(B) by interpolation)
Side walls: -0.65 (Table 5.2(C))
Roof: -1.3 (Table 5.3(A))

Area reductionfactors (Section 5.4.2)

For elements greater than 100 mz in area on roof or side walls, K, = 0.8
For small elements < 10m2 in area (e.g. glazed curtain wall elements) K, = 1.O

Local pressure factors (Table 5.6)

a=minimumof0.2 x 3 0 m = 6 m , o r 1 8 3 m . a=limiting tributary areas for local pressure factors : 0.25a2= bz
a2=

am2

AGuide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

wind Actions
Chapter 5

Internal pressures (Section 5.3)

The building can be considered to be effectively sealed.
In this case, Cp,i= -0.2 or 0.0 (Table 5.1(A))

Action combinationfactor

K,= 1.0

Dynamic response factor

Cdynto be obtained from Section 6.2.2 for along-wind response
Cfig.Cdynto be obtained as a product from Section 6.3.2 for cross-wind response

Calculation of along-wind Cdyn

Turbulence intensity at z = h, I,, = 0.143 (Table 6.1 by interpolation)
Background factor,
I
(Equation 6.2(2))
B, =
J0.26(h
-s)' +0.46b,,,2
1+ _
_
_
_
.
~
_
~
-

Lh

Forb = 46 m, s = 0 (for base bending moment),

1
= 0.641
B, =
\j[O.26(183iZ + 0.46(46)2]

I+

I76

Forb = 30 m, s = 0 (for base bending moment),

1
B, =
= 0.648
0.26(183)2 + 0 ~ 6 ( 3 O ) ~ ]
I+
176
Hs=1.0

\j[

gR = ~ ~ = ~ 2 1 ~ g , ( 6 0 0 ( 0 . =3.OY
2 0 ) )

Size reduction factor, S =

3..5nah(I 4- g v I h )] [ I + 4nabOh(1+gvihl]

[I+

vdes,8

vdes ,8

Forb = 46 m,
I
3.j(0.2) ( 183)( 1+ (3.7)( 0.143)) I
"[I,
70.1
1
=0.146
[3.794][1.8031

li

4(0.2)( 46)( I + (3.7)(0.143))

70.1

Wind Actions

6o Chapter 5

Forb = 30 m,
1
3.5(0.2)(183)(1+(3.7)(0.143))
s=[l+
70.1
1
=0.173
[3.794][1.524]

4(0.2)(30)(1+(3.7)(0.143))
70.1

XN

Et =

( 1+ 70.8N2

),"

~(0.768)
5/6

(Equation 6.2(4))

=0.106

( 1+ 70.8(0.768)2)

5 (ratio of structural damping to critical) :

take as 0.05 (Table 6.2)

Forb = 46 m,
(1.0)(3.09)' (0.146)(0.106)
0.05

1L

1
J

( I f 2(3.7)(0.143))

cdyn =

- 1 fO.2864-

2.058

=m

Forb = 30 m,

(1.0)(3.09)2(0.1 73)(0.106)
0.05
J

(1 + 2(3.7)(0.143))

Cdyn =

1 + 0.286,/-

AGuide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

2.058

=m

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

Calculation of base moment

Calculations were carried out by spreadsheet. Summaries of the results are given in the
following tables.

Height of
sector
(m)
171.5
150
130
110
90
70
50
30
10

windward

Mz,ca,3

leeward

%Cfi

1.223
1.210
1.190
1.170
1.144
1.110
1.070
1.ooo
0.830

(kPay
2.332
2.283
2.208
2.135
2.041
1.921
1.785
1.560
1.074

windward

(kPap
-1.474
- 1.474
- 1,474
- 1.474
- 1.474
-1.474
-1.474
-1.474
-1.474

leeward

qz.CRg.Cdyn.Aqz.Cfig.C .A
(kN)dyn
(kN)

q,.C,

2374
202 1
1955
1889
1806
1701
1580
1380
95 1

-1500
-1305
-1305
-1305
-1305
-1305
-1305
-1305
-1305

moment
contribution
(MN.m)
664
499
424
35 1
280
210
144
81
23

Total along-wind base bending moment obtained by summing contributions from last column
= 2680 MN.m

Height of
sector

windward

Mz,ca,3

(m)

171.5
150
130
110
90
70
50
30
10

1.223
1.210
1.190
1.170
1.144
1.110
1.070
1.000
0.830

leeward

qz,c,

qh.Cfig

(kPa!
2.332
2.283
2.208
2.135
2.041
1.921
1.785
1.560
1.074

(kPa)
-1.150
-1.150
-1.150
-1.150
-1.150
-1.150
-1.150
-1.150
-1.150

windward

leeward

moment

qz.Cfig.Cdyn.A qZ.Cfig.Cdy,.Acontribution

(kN)

1569
1335
1292
1248
1194
1124
1044
912
628

(kN)
-773
-672
-672
-672
-672
-672
-672
-672
-672

(MN.m)
402
301
255
211
168
126
86
48
13

(The values of base bending moment obtained here are slightly lower than those in [4],
calculated using AS1 170.2-1989. The reason for this is the inclusion of the wind direction
multiplier, M,, of 0.95 in the new calculations.)

Cross-wind response
Turbulence intensity at z= 2W3 (122 m) = 0.159

Wind normal to 46 m face

For wind normal to 46 m face ( b 4 6 m), reduced velocity,
Vdes,9
70.1
=
= 4.98
ncb(l+g,Ih)
(0.2).46.(1+(3.7)0.143)

v,

Building dimensions are 6 : 1.5 : 1

For 6 : 1 : 1 and I,,, = 0.12 from Equation 6.3(7),
10g,,Cfi = 0.000406V: - 0.0165V: + 0.201 V," - 0.603 Vn -2.76 = -2.566
For 6 : 1 : 1 and I,, = 0.20 from Equation 6.3(8),
10g,,Cfi=0.000334V~-0.0125Vn3+0.141P'~
- 0.384Vn-2.36=-2.114
By interpolation for 6 : 1 : 1 and I,,,,,
For 6 : 2 : 1 and I,,

logloCfi= -2.346

= 0.12 from Equation 6.3(9),

cji =

&IO

= 0.159,

For 6 : 2 : 1 and I,,

-3.2+0.0683Vn2 -0.000394Vn4 - -1.748

= -3.016
0.580
1-0.02Vn2 +0.000123Vn4

= 0.20

from Equation 6.3(10),

-3.0+0.0637Vn2 -0.00037Vn4 -1.648

= -= -2.840
l-O.O2V,2 +O.O00124V/
0.580

loglo" =

By interpolation for 6 : 2 : 1 and I,,

= 0.159,

logloCfi= -2.930

= 0.159, log,,Cfi = -2.638 hence, cfiUN.2.Z

By interpolation for 6 : 1.5 : 1 and IZM3

(Equation 6.3(2))

= 1.5(3.09)(

")

(4)

30 ( I + (3.7)(0.1 43))2 183

(Equation 6.3(1))

W e , ( 4 = 0.5p,,(Vdes,,8)2.d.(C/igCdy")
= 0.6(70.1)230.(.0.00631z)=558

= 0.006312

z N/m = 0.558 z (kN/m)

v"""

Note : this is an inertial force distribution, proportional to the mode shape

Height of
sector, z

Forcehnit
height

(m)
171.5
150
130
110
90
70
50
30
10

(kN/m)
95.70
83.70
72.54
61.38
50.22
39.06
27.90
16.74
5.58

Sector
height
(m)
23

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

contribution

2201
1674
1451
1228
1004
78 1
558
335
112

(MN.m)
377.5
251.1
188.6
135.0
90.4
54.1
27.9
10.0
1.1

Chapter 5
lNind

Alternatively, using Equation 6.3(3)

M, = 0.5gRb

"'f]

h2

o:puir

(3
)Km q.?

I+gvIh)

k+2

= 0,5(3.0911163[ ( 0.6( 70.

2]1832(I)(l),/-N.m
1 3.7(0.143))
0.05

Wnd normal to 30 m face

For wind normal to 46 m face ( b 4 6 m), reduced velocity,
Vn =

Vdes,O

neb( 1+ gvIh )

70.I
= 7.64
(0.2).30.( I + (3.7)O.143)

Building dimensions are 6 : 1 : 1.5

For 6 : 1 : 2 and I,,, = 0.12 from Equation 6.3(11),

lOg,,C' = 0.000475V: - O.O226V:+ 0.396V, -4.093 = -2.183
For 6 : 1 : 2 and I,, = 0.20 from Equation 6.3(12),
10gloCfi= 0.00038V: - 0.0197V:f
0.363Vn-3.82 = -2.027
By interpolation for 6 : 1 : 2 and I,, = 0.159, log,,Cfi = -2.107

For 6 : 1 : 1 and I,, = 0.12 from Equation 6.3(7),

10g,,Cfi = 0.000406V: - 0.0165V: + 0.201 V:

- 0.603 V, -2.76 = -1.609

For 6 : 1 : 1 and I,, = 0.20 from Equation 6.3(8),

lOg,,C' = 0.000334V2 - O.O125V;+ 0.141 V: - 0.384Vn-2.36 = -1.500
By interpolation for 6 : 1 : 1 and 12,,

= 0.159,

By interpolation for 6 : 1 : 1.5 and I,,,,

= 1.5(3.09)(

E)

log,,Cfi = -1.556

= 0.159,

log,,Cfi = -1.832 hence, C'= 0.0147

,/-

I
(1)
46 ( I + (3.7)(0.I 43))2

= 0.006792

6.3(1))
w,(4 = 0.5 P , , r < V ~ ~ ~ , ~ > z . d . ( c ~ ~ c ~(Equation
~)
=0.6(70.1), X 46 X (O.O0679z)= 920 z N/m = 0.920 z (kN/m)

63

Equivalent cross-wind load per unit height is evaluated in the following table

1j

10

9.2

20

184

I .8

Total cross-wind base bending moment obtained by summing contributions from last column
= 1870MN.m
Alternatively, using Equation 6.3(3)

Calculation of accelerations
To calculate accelerations for assessment of serviceability of the building, Appendix G is used.
Mass per unit height, mo = 160 x 46

30 Kglm = 2.21

lo5Kglm

h1.3I mo = 183l.' l(2.21 x lo5)= 0.00395. Since this exceeds 0.0016, cross-wind
accelerations may be excessive (Equation G1) and should be checked.

Along-wind acceleration calculation

Size reduction factor. S =

Forb=46m,

I
3.5(0.2)(183)(1+(3.7)(0.143)) I + 4(0.2)(46)(1+(3.7)(0.143))
34.4
34.4

A Guide to ASlNZS 1170.2: 2002

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

Forb = 30 m,
1
3.5(0.2)(183)(1+(3.7)(0.143)) I
s = [l+
34.4
1
= 0.0723
[6.694][2.067]

4(0.2)(30)(1+ (3.7)(0.143))
34.4

Reduced frequency,
(O.2)( 1 7 6 )[1 + ( 3 . W .W ]
) __
= 1.565

N = naLh ( I + g,I

34.4

vdes .Q

Et =

(Equation 6.2(4))

( 1+ 70.8N2 ),I6
z (1.565)

5/6

= 0.0666

( 1+ 70.8(1.565)2)

5 (ratio of structural damping to critical) : take as 0.01 (Table 6.2)

Calculate dynamic response factor - for resonant response only:
lr

(derived from Equation 6.2(1))

cdyn,res -

(1+2gvI h )

For b = 46 m,
(1.0)( 3.09)2 (0.0567)(0.0666)
- 2(0.143)/[
0.01
Cdyn,res

( 1+ 2(3.7)(0.143))

0.286$3.606]
2.058

==

Forb = 30 m,
2(0.143)

cdyn,res -

0.286J[4.5981
-

2.058

I L

(1.0)(3.09)2 (0.0723)(0.0666)
0.01

( I + 2(3.7)(0.143))

= 0.298

Calculation of resonant base moments:

These are most easily obtained from previous calculations of peak base bending moments, by
adjusting for changes in Vdes,e
and Cdp.

...,.- ...-........ .,.....,.......'.."~._...__'..'"

....~',.,......,..,.,......,..,. .'.,........." ..........
'

I..._
~

'

'

..Y..

Forb = 46 m,
Resonant base moment = 2680.
Forb = 30 m,
Resonant base moment = 1610.
Peak along-wind accelerations:
Forb = 46 m,
3
3
x 177.1x106m/s2
x,, = -x resonant peak base moment =
moh2
2.21~1~
0 ~1 8 3 ~

(liy

= 0.0718 m / s 2 = 0 . 0 7 1 8 ~-)mg = 7.3 mg

Forb = 30 m,

,,x

=- 3

x resonant peak base moment =

m,h2

3
2.21~1X
0~

XI
I

18.5x106m/s2
~

= 0.0480 m / s 2 = 0 . 0 4 8 0 ~F ) m g = 4.9 mg

(these accelerations are well within accepted comfort criteria e.g.[4])

Cross-wind acceleration calculation

Wind normal to 46 m face
For wind normal to 46 m face (b=46 m), reduced velocity,
34.4
v, = Vdes,e -= 2.45
n,b(l + g,Ih ) (0.2).46. (1+ (3.7)O. 143)
Building dimensions are 6 : 1.5 : I
For 6 : 2 : 1 and I , ,
10glOcfs =
For 6 : 2 : 1 and I,,
10giocfi =

= 0.12

from Equation 6.3(9),

-3.2+0.0683Vn2 -0.000394Vn4 - -1.748

- -= -3.171
1-0.02V,2 +O.O00123V,4
0.580
= 0.20

from Equation 6.3(10),

-3.0+ 0.0637Vn2-0.00037Vn4
1-O.02Vn2 +0.000124Vn4

By interpolation for 6 : 2 : 1 and I,,

= 0.159,

-1.648
= -= -2.975
0.580

log,, Cfi= -3.075

For 6 : 1 : 1 and I,,,,, = 0.12 from Equation 6.3(7),

10g,,Cfi = 0.000406V: - 0.0165 V,'+ 0.201 V', - 0.603Vn -2.76 = -3.259
For 6 : 1 : 1 and I,,,,3 = 0.20 from Equation 6.3(8),
10g,,Cfi = 0.000334V: - 0.0125V,' + 0.141 V', - 0.384Vn-2.36 = -2.626
By interpolation for 6 : 1 : 1 and I,, = 0.159, log,, Cfi= -2.950
By interpolation for 6 : 1.5 : 1 and I,,
r

-1

0.159, log,, Cfi -3.013

=

hence, Cfi= 0.00097

(Equation G3(1))

A Guide to ASlNZS 1170.2: 2002

ionsl

WindChapter
Act 5

0.6(34.4)2

(1 + (3.7)(0. 143))2

](l)/T
~(0.00097) m/s2

(i;)

= 0.162 m/s2 = 0.162. - mg = 16.5 mg

W n d normal to 30 m face
For wind normal to 30 m face (b=30 m), reduced velocity,
Building dimensions are 6 :1 : 1.5
For 6 : 1 : 2 and I,, = 0.12 from Equation 6.3(11),
10gloC = 0.000475 V,- 0.0226V: + 0.396V0- 4.093 = . 9a
For 6 : 1 : 2 and I,,, = 0.20 from Equation 6.3(12),
10g,,Cfi = O.O0038V,- 0.0197V: + 0.363Vn- 3.82 = -2.716
By interpolation for 6 : 1 : 2 and I,, = 0.159, log,, Cfi= -2.811
For 6 : 1 : 1 and I,, = 0.12 from Equation 6.3(7),
10gloCfi= 0.000406V: - 0.0165Vn3+0.201 V, - 0.6O3yr -2.76 = -2.985
For 6 : 1 : 1 and I,,,, = 0.20 from Equation 6.3(8),
lOg,,C = 0.000334Vi - O.O125V;+ 0.141 V, - 0.384Vn -2.36 = -2.410
By interpolation for 6 : 1 : 1 and I,,, = 0.159, logloCfi= -2.705
By interpolation for 6 : 1.5 : 1 and I,,

= 0.159,

log,, Ch = -2.758 hence, Cfi= 0.00175

(Equation G3(1))

- 1.5(30)(3.09)
2.21 X lo5

0.6(34.4)2 2](1)/----1+ (3.7)(0.143))

~(0.00175)m/s2
0.01

= 0.142 m/s2 = 0.142.(I;)- mg =14.5 mg

The peak cross-wind accelerations are considerably greater than the along-wind accelerations,
but are within accepted human comfort criteria, at the natural frequency of 0.2 Hertz [4].

Cladding pressures
(note: for permissible stress design - divide loads by 1.5)
For elements less than 9 m2 in area on walls at height z:
Cfig(external) = +0.8 (1 .O) (1.25) = + I .O (positive case)
fig
dy,
= (05)(1*2)(738)2(M~,@3/123)2
(+l*o)(lo)
p,,,, = (O Pair)
= +3268(M5c,,/1.23)2 Pa = +3.27(MZ,c,/1.23)2 kPa
Cfig(internal) = -0.2 (1.0) = -0.2
pint= (OSp,,) Vdm,iCfigC,,,,, = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8), (-0.2)(1.0) = -654 Pa = -0.65 k P a
Net pressure across element = 3.27(MzcaJ1.23)2+ 0.65 kPa
For elements less than 9 m2 in area on walls within a distance of 3 m from comers:

67

j
~

Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (3.0) = -1.95 (negative case)

p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~Vdes,:
~ ~ )CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2(-1.95)(1.0) = -6372 Pa = -6.37 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -6.37-(0.0) = -6.37 kPa
For elements less than 36 m2 in area on walls within a distance of 6 m from comers:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,i
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2(-1.3)(1.0) = -4248 Pa = -4.25 kPa
P,,, = 0 @a
Net pressure across element = -4,25-(0.0) = -4.25 kPa
For elements less than 9 m2 in area on walls greater than a distance of 6 m from corners:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1.5) = -0.975 (negative case)
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,:
~ ~ ) CfigCdw = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2 (-0.975)(1.0) = -3186 Pa = -3.19 kPa
pi,, = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -3.19-(0.0) = -3.19 kPa
For elements greater than 9 m2 in area on walls greater than a distance of 6 m from comers:
Cfig(external) = -0.65 (1 .O) (1 .O) = -0.65 (negative case)
p,,, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,:
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2 (-0.65)(1.0) = -2124 Pa = -2.12 kPa
pint= 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -2.12-(0.0) = -2.12 kPa

5.6 Example 6 A lattice steel tower IOOm high in a

rural terrain
Design wind loads are required for a tapered steel lattice broadcasting and communications
tower in rural NSW. The relevant information is as follows :
Location : western NSW (Region A)
Terrain : Rural terrain for all directions.
Topography : ground slope less than 1 in 20 for greater than 5 kilometres in all directions.
Dimensions : height : 100 metres
Horizontal dimensions: 20 metres x 20 metres (square cross-section at base).
Tapering to 4 metres at 80 m height
Tower orientation : major axes are NE-SW and NW-SE
Bolted steel with angle (flat-sided) members. Solidities vary for various sections as
follows:
0-20 m solidity, 6 = 0.17
20-40 m 6 = 0.25
40-60 m 6 = 0.35
60-80 m 6 = 0.5
Sway frequencies, na = nc = 0.7 Hertz. Mode shapes exponent k = 2.0.
Antennas: the top 20m of the tower consists of a UHF antenna (Type 2 in Figure E3);
dimensions b, and b, are 1.6 m and 2.0 m respectively.
There are two non-porous dish antennas of 2 m diameter - one on the centre of the northeast face at 48 m height, and a similar one at 35 m height on the south-west corner

A Guide to AS/NZS 1170.2: 2002

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

Figure 5.13

Steel lattice communications tower

Regional wind speed

This type of structure is not covered in the Building Code of Australia; however, some
guidance can be obtained from AS1 170.0:2002. As an isolated tower in a rural situation, the
structure can be treated as Level 1. Hence take average recurrence interval, R, for loading
and overall structural response equal to 100 years.
From Table 3.1 in AS/NZS 1170.2, VI,,

= 41

m/s (Region A)

For calculation of serviceability deflections for broadcasting antennas, a gust wind speed that
is exceeded for 0.1% of the time is used [12, Appendix E]. For most locations in Australia a
value of 20 m/s is appropriate [ 121.
Hence, take V,

= 20

m/s

Wind direction multiplier

Wind direction multipliers for Region A1 are given in (Table 3.2). Values range from 0.80
(NE, E, SE) to 1.0 (W).

Terrain-height multiplier
Mz,catis adjusted according to the height of each tower section.
For z=h=100 m, For Terrain Category 2, Mz,cat
= M1m,caQ
= 1.24 (Table 4.1(A))

Shielding
There are no other structures of greater height in any direction. Take M , equal to 1.O for all
directions.

Topography
Topographic Multiplier, M, = M,

1.O

Site wind speed

Site wind speed for z= h =lo0 m for North direction,
Vsit,N
= 41(0.90)(1.24)(1.0)(1.0)

= 45.8 m / s

(Equation2.2)

For all wind directions, site wind speeds at ~ 1 0 m0 are calculated in the following table.

1
I

41

0.95

1.24

1.o

1.o

48.3

Design windspeeds
The largest value Vdes,B
at z equal to 100 metres for a wind normal to any face, and the largest
along any diagonal can be obtained by inspection from VsitBin the above table,:

For normal winds

Vdes,SW
= 50.8 m/s (largest from S to W sector)
= 50.8 m/s (largest from W to N sector)
or Vdes,NW
For diagonal winds
Vdes,w
= 50.8 m/s

Height range

Wind on to face

(m)

C,

0-20m
20 -40 m
40-60m
60-80111
j

.m
Wind on to corner

3.01
2.65
2.30
1.80

3.41
3.05
2.75
2.30

Dynamic response factor

Cdynto be obtained from Section 6.2.2 for along-wind response

1i

Cross-wind response is not significant for lattice towers. Significant cross-wind excitation for
the UHF antenna is a possibility, but is not covered for unusual sections in AS/NZS 1170.2;
specialist advice should be sought.

Calculation of along-wind Cd,.

Cdynwill be calculated for s = 0,40 and 80 m on the tower.

iI

1
II

Turbulence intensity at z = h = 100 m, Ih = 0.13 1 (Table 6.1)

1

Background factor, BS =

J[0.26(100 - '
)
0

i
,............

I....I..

151

.............. .... ........-.....,..........

L
.

I
.
I
.
.

+ 0.46(10)']

I.
I
.
.
.
,

A Guide to ASlNZS 1170.2: 2002

...

............... ......,. .......

I
_
.
_
I
.
.
I
.

Y~

= 0.746

(Equation 6.2(2))

For bsh= 10 m, s = 0 (for base bending moment),

1

Bs =

+ 0.46(10)2]

d[0.26(100-0)2
1+

= 0.746

151

H s = 1.0

Size reduction factor, S =

For bo, = 10 m,
1
1+ (3.7)(0.131))
s=[ I + 3.5(0.7)(1OO)(50.8

[8.1601[1.8181

Et =

4(0.7)( IO)( I + (3.7)(0.131))

50.8

= 0.0674

ZN
( I + 70.8N 2

5/6

~(3.089)
5/6

(Equation 6.2(4))

= 0.0425

( I + 70.8(3.089)2)

5 (ratio of structural damping to critical) :

take as 0.05 (Table 6.2)

Fors = 0 m,

Cdyn =

I + 2(0.131) (3.7)2(0.746) +tVL

(1.0)(3.48f (0.0674)(0.0425)
0.05
J

(1+2(3.7)(0.131))

I + 0.262,/[10.21 3 + 0.6941
I . 969

==

..., ...,........,,.,.,.....,...,l..... ......I....'..,.I......... .............,..... ..".......-"...-'."..... ....

"

'

r . ~

'"

.*.

I....

Forb,

= 6 m,

s = 40 m (for bending moment at s = 40m),

B, =

= 0.830

,/[0.26(100-40)2 +0.46(6j2]

i
j

I+

IS1

i
1

~~

( I .I 6)(3.48)2(0.0674)(0.0425)
0.os
C+n =
-

(I+2(3.7)(0.131))

I +0.262,/-

=m

I . 969

Forbs, = 2 m, s = 80 m (for bending moment at s = 80m),

B, =

I+

,/[0.26(100 -

+ 0.46(2)2

= 0.936

I51

(1.64)(3.48)2 (0.0674)(0.0425)

0.05
cdyn =

( I i-2(3.7)(0.131))

j1
j
~

j
j

I + 0 . 2 6 2 d m

1.969

= 1.005

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

95
85

2
2

1.90
1.90

1.236
1.228

2.923
2.885

55.4
54.7

5.26
4.65

25
15
5

15
17
19

2.65
3.01
3.01

1.10
1.05
0.91

3.229
3.342
2.510

114.9
91.6
76.9

2.87
1.37
0.38

1.90
1.90

1.236
1.228

2.885

44.3
43.7

Wind along diagonal:

85

1.6

5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19

75
65
55
45
35
25
15
5

2.30
2.30
2.75
2.75
3.05
3.05
3.41
3.41

I
I

1.22
1.204
1.188
1.17
1.14
1.10
1.05
0.91

3.447
3.358
3.908
3.791
3.992
3.716
3.786
2.844

81.6
111.3
116.6
138.2
122.9
132.0
103.6
87.0

(MN.m)
4.2 1
3.72
6.12
7.23
6.4 1
6.22
4.30
3.30
1.55
0.43

Egects of dish antennas

The effect of the dish antennas can be determined by using Section E4.2.2.
Equation E4(1) gives an effective drag coefficient for the section of tower to which the
ancillary (i.e. the dish antenna) is attached :
Cde= C,

+ AC, = C, = Cd,.KaiKi,.(A8/A)

C, can be obtained from Table F l (hemispherical bowl), or from Table F4 inAS3995-1994 [12].
Thus:
for wind blowing towards the bowl of the dish, Cda= 1.4
for wind blowing towards the rear of the dish, Cda= 0.4
for wind blowing obliquely to the dish, C, = 1.O

For ancillaries attached to the face of a tower,

Kin= interference factor = [ 11 X exp[-l.2(C,.~3)~](Equation E4(3))
Thus, for the antenna at 48m on the north-east face for a south-west wind :
Cde= 2.30 +{0.4.exp [-1.2

45
35

11
13

Height of
section
(m)
45

b
(m)

35

Height of
section
(m)
95
85

75
65
55
45

2.315
2.730

d
'e

x (2.3x0.35)2]}(n.22/ 4(10x 11x0.35))=2.315

1.17
1.14

Mz,cat*

3.171
3.468

qz%J

(kW

11
13

2.790
3.122

1.17
1.14

3.852
4.092

b
(m)

Cd*

Mz,cat2

%Cfi
( k 4

2
2
5
7
9
11

1.90
1.90
1.80
1.80
2.30
2.315

1.236
1.228
1.22
1.204
1.188
1.17

2.928
2.890
2.702
2.632
3.274
3.196

115.8
106.9

5.24
3.85

qZ.Cfig.CdY,.A moment
contribution
(kN)
(MN.m)

140.5
126.0

6.32
4.41

moment
qz'Cfig'Cdyn*A
contribution
(kN)
(MN.m)

56.9
56.2
65.7
89.5
100.2
119.6

5.41
4.77
4.92
5.82
5.51
5.38

Total bending moment at s 4 0 m obtained by summing contributions from last column

= 12.3 MN.m

m n d alona diaaonal:

55
45

9
11

2.75
2.790

1.188
1.17

3.915
3.852

119.8
144.2

6.59
6.49

Note: in this case, Cdyn= 1.005

Total bending moment at s 4 0 m obtained by summing contributions from last column
= 12.8 MN.m

Heightof
section
(m)
95
85

Cd

Mz,cat*

q z G

1.90
1.90

1.236
1.228

2.928
2.890

(m)
2
2

qZ.Cflg.Cdy,.A moment
contribution
(kN)
(MN.m)
0.88
58.8
0.29
58.1

5.7 Example 7 - A steel chimney stack 50m high

Design wind loads are required for a steel chimney stack of circular cross section at Port
Augusta, S.A.. The relevant information is as follows :
Location : South Australia (Region Al)
Terrain : Urban terrain for all directions,
except the S - W quadrant which is open
water.
Topography : ground slope less than 1
in 20 for greater than 5 kilometres in all
directions.
There are no surrounding structures of
comparable height.
Dimensions : height : 50 metres
Constant diameter of 1 metre from 10
metres to 50 metres height.
Flared below 10 metres to a diameter of
2.4 metres at the base.
Exterior surface is painted.
Structure is welded with base plate bolted
to foundation.
Mass per unit height over top third of
chimney: 200 Kg/m.
Sway frequencies, na = nc = 0.6 Hertz.
Figure 5.14
....................

50-m chimney stack

"... ..,.."...........
"

............- ... ...-.............. ..........

'

"'_

" Y 1..,..l.-..'......*

..I..

,...--.-

Regional wind speed

This type of structure is not covered in the Building Code of Australia; however, some
guidance can be obtained from AS1 170.0:2002.The structure can be treated as a normal
structure - treat as Level 2. Hence take average recurrence interval, R, for loading and
overall structural response equal to 500 years.
From Table 3.I in AS/NZS 1170.2, V,, = 45 m / s (Region A)

Wind direction multiplier

Wind direction multipliers for Region A1 are given in (Table 3.2). Values range from 0.80
(NE, E, SE) to 1.0 (W).

Terrain-height multiplier
Mz,cat
is adjusted according to the height of each section.
= M50,catZ
= 1.18
For z=h=50 m, For Terrain Category 2, Mz,cat
For Terrain Category 3, Mz,cat
= MSO,caO
= 1.07 (Table 4. I@))

Shielding
There are no other structures of greater height in any direction. Take Ms, equal to 1.O for all
directions.

Topography
j

Topographic Multiplier, M, = M,

Site wind speed

1j
j

Site wind speed or z= h =50 m for North direction,

Vsit,N
= 45(0.90)(1.07)(1.O)( 1.O) = 43.3 m / s (Equation 2.2)

For all wind directions, site wind speeds at z=50 m are calculated in the following table.

S
SW

W
NW

45
45
45
45

1.O

0.85
0.95
1.oo
0.95

1.18
1.18
1.18
1.07

1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o

1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o

45.1
50.4
53.1
45.7

Design wind speeds

The largest value Vdes,o
at z equal to 50 metres can be obtained by inspection from Vsitain the
above table,:
Vdes*W
= 53.1 m / s
This is for the west wind direction - Terrain Category 2.

Aerodynamic shape factor

Drag force coefficients for circular cylindrical shapes are obtained from Table E3.
For a painted surface, average height of surface roughness, hr = 0.01 mm
A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

Hence (hjd) = (0.00001/1.O) = 0.00001 for top 40 metres of the chimney

to (0.00001/2.4)= 0.0000042 at base
This is less than 0.00002.
Hence C, = 0.5

Dynamic response factor

C,,,, to be obtained from Section 6.2.2 for along-wind response

Calculation of along-wind Cdyn

CdY,will be calculated for s = 0, and 25 m on the chimney.
Turbulence intensity at z = h = 50 m, I, = 0.15 1 (Table 6.1)
Background factor, B,

1
1+

(Equation 6.2(2))

,/0.26(h - s ) +~ 0.46bsh2

For b = 1.14 in, s = 0 (for base bending moment),

1
= 0.833
B, =
J[o.26(50-0)2 +0.46(1.14)~]
1+
127
Hs = 1.0
gR =,/-=,/210g~(600(0.60))

~3.43

Size reduction factor, S =

3.5nah(l + g , I h )
l/bes,e

For bo, = 1.14 m,

][

4n0boh (1 + gvlh i ]
Vdes,O

s=[l+ 3.5(0.6)(50)(1+ (3.7)(0.15 1))

53.1
1
= 0.227
[4.082][1.080]
Reduced frequency,

N=

4(0.6)(1.14)(1+ (3.7)(0.15 1))

53.1

naLh (1 + gvI h ) - (0.6)(127) [I + (3.7) (0.151)]

Vdes,O

53.1

ZN
E, =

(1+ 70.8N2 ),I6

7c(2237)

5/6

(Equation 6.2(4))

= 0.0526

(1+70.8(2.237)2)

5 (ratio of structural damping to critical) : take as 0.02 (Table 6.2)

= 2.237

Fors=Om,

,d

(3.7)2 (0.833) +

1+ 2(0.15 1)

IL

c4n=

1+0.302,/-

=m

2.117

1.0 m, s = 25 m (for bending moment at s = 25m),

1
B,=
= 0.909
/[0.26(50-25)2 +0.46(1.0)2]
1+
127

Forb,

i
I

II
1I

(1 -I-2(3.7)(0.15 1))

I =
1

(1 .0)(3.43)2 (0.227)(0.0526)
0.02

(1 .25)(3.43)2 (0.227)(0.0526)
0.02

C+n=

(1+ 2(3.7)(0.15 1))

1+ 0.302,/[12.444+ 8.781

2.117

I
Calculation of along-wind bending moment at s = 0
Summaries of the calculations are given in the following table.

1
1

Height of
section
(m)
47.5
42.5
37.5
32.5
27.5
22.5
17.5
12.5
7.5
2.5

b
(m)

1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.0
1.o
1.o
1.35
2.05

Note: q, denotes : 0.6

%at2

qz.cfi
(kPaP

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

1.176
1.168
1.150
1.130
1.110
1.090
1.065
1.025
0.955
0.910

0.840
0.829
0.803
0.776
0.749
0.722
0.689
0.638
0.554
0.503

Vds,i

...................,. ......................... .....- _l_l__--..-.....,.*......................,.,

.
*..r

A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

I
I

moment
qZ.Cfig.Cdy,.A
contribution
(kN)
(MN.m)

I
1

4.56
4.49
4.36
4.21
4.06
3.91
3.74
3.46
4.06
5.59

216.4
191.0
163.4
136.7
111.6
88.1
65.4
43.3
30.4
14.0

Total along-wind base bending moment obtained by summing contributions from last column
= 1060 kN.m

Mz,cat*

qzJ%
(kPaP

qZ.Cfig.C.A

1.o

0.5

1.176

0.840

4.74

moment
contribution
(MN.m)
106.7

1.o
1.o
1.0

0.5
0.5
0.5

1.150
1.130
1.110

0.803
0.776
0.749

4.54
4.38
4.23

56.7
32.8
10.6

(m)

~~

37.5
32.5
27.5

Cd

Height of
section
(m)
47.5

(kNy

Note: in this case, Cdyn= 1.129

Total bending moment at s=25m obtained by summing contributions from last column
= 288.7 kN.m

Calculation of cross-wind response

An approximate indication of the maximum cross-wind dynamic response due to vortex
shedding can be obtained by applying Section 6.3.3.1.
Average mass per unit height over the top third of the structure, m, = 200 Kglm
Average diameter over top third, b, = 1.O m
Scruton Number,

4nm < 4nx200x0.02

sc= 2
=
= 41.89
Pad

1.20x1.02

Kb, - 0.50x1.0
= 0.012m
41.89

=x-

This occurs at an average wind speed of about 5.nc.b,= 5 XO.6X 1.0= 3.0 d s
The maximum deflection of 12 mm is very small and will produce negligible stresses
in comparison to those produced by the along-wind response. Therefore no remedial
action is necessary.

- Cricket sightscreen

5.8 Example 8

A cricket sightscreen has been proposed for a cricket ground in Rockhampton, Queensland
(Region C). Design wind loads are required to be determined.

Figure 5.15 Cricket sightscreen

The structure has a nominal solidity of 0.90.

Regional wind speed

The sightscreen will be exposed to winds for 40 days a year for 20 years. Then the estimated
total exposure time is (401365)X 20 = 2.2 years.
With possible occupancy of 5,000-10,000 people in the ground: treat structure as Level 3
(AS/NZS1170.0 Table Fl). Hence take average recurrence interval, R, equal to 500 years
(AS/NZS 1170.0 Table F2).
From Table 3.1 in AS/NZS 1170.2, V,

= Fc.66 = (1.05).66 = 69.3 m/s

(Region C)

Wind direction multiplier M, = 0.95 (Section 3.3.2)

(Sightscreen can be at any orientation to wind)

Terrain-height multiplier
z=h=6.1m, For Terrain Category 3, Mz,cat
= M6,,,cat3
= 0.82 (Table 4.1(B))

Shielding
Structure is shielded by the grandstand for all directions.
For this case take Ms= 0.80

Topographic Multiplier
M, = 1.0
Site wind speed, VsitB= 69.3(0.95)(0.82)(0.8)(1.0)= 43.2 m/s for all@(Equation 2.2)

Design wind speed

VdesSB
= Vsits= 45.8 m l s

Aerodynamic shape factor

Treat structure as freestanding hoardinglwall.
h = 6 . 1 m , c = 5 m , b = 6 m . (FigureDI)
CAI = Y6.1 = 0.82
blc = 615 = 1.20
For normal winds (0 =O deg),
A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

ionSI

WindChapter
Act 5

C = 1.3 + OS(0.3 + log,, 1.2) (0.8 - 0.82) = 1.30 (Table D2(A))

p,n
Eccentricity of load, e = 0
For oblique winds (0 =45 deg),
CP,,= 1.3 + OS(0.3 + log,, 1.2) (0.8 - 0.82) = 1.30 (Table D2(B))
Eccentricity of load, e = 0.2b = 1.2 m from vertical centerline
Net porosity factor, KP= 1- (1-0.9)2= 0.99 (Equation 0 1 )
Then CfiP= (1.3)(0.99) = 1.29 (Equation 0 2 )

Dynamic response factor

Take CdYn
= 1.O (natural frequency greater than 1.O Hertz) (Section 6.I)

Design wind pressure

p = (0.5 pa,$Vdcs,tCfiPCdY,= (0.5)(1.2) (43.2)2(1.29)(1.0) = 1444 Pa = 1.44 kPa

Design loadings for overturning - ultimate limit states

U
1.44kPa

Q
1.44 kPa

Figure 5.16 Design loads - cricket sightscreen

Serviceability limit states

The sightscreen is required to operable at more common wind speeds. For this calculation take
average recurrence interval R to be equal to 20 years (consistent with AS1 170.0, Appendix C)
Then Regional wind speed = V,,

= Fc.45 = 45

m/s

(Note that Fc = 1.O, for serviceability limit states - Section 3.4)

For serviceability limit states, terrain-height multiplier is obtained from Table 4.1 (A) not
Table 4.1(B).
-

MZ@t- M6.l.cat3 = 0.83

Vdes,B
= 45(0.95)(0.83)(0.80)(1.O)

= 28.4

m/s

Ultimate limit states loads can then be factored by (28.4/43.2)*= 0.43

Net load across sightscreen for serviceability limit states = 1.44 X 0.43 = 0.62 kPa

81

I
~

5.9

Example 9 - A pitched-free roof

'

Design wind loads are required for a pitched-free roof over a minerals storage area near
Hobart, Tasmania. The relevant information is as follows :
Location: Tasmania (Region A3)
Upwind terrain: Suburban-industrial terrain for 1 km in all directions, except for 300 metres
of open water starting at 200 metres from the site for the southwest to northwest quadrant.
Topography: ground slope less than 1 in 20 for greater than 5 kilometres in all directions.
Dimensions: average roof height : 15 metres
Horizontal dimensions: 20 metres x 40 metres (rectangular planform).
Roof pitch: 10 degrees.
Orientation: the main axis of the structure is orientated NNW-SSE

Figure 5.17 Pitched-free roof over a storage area

Regional wind speed

According to the Building Code of Australia (BCA), the structure should be treated as Level
2. Hence take average recurrence interval, R, for loading and overall structural response
equal to 500 years.
From Table 3.1 inASfNZS1170.2, V,,

= 45

m l s (Region A)

Wind direction multiplier

Wind direction multipliers for Hobart (Region A3) are given in (Table 3.2). Values range
from 0.80 (NE to S) to 1.O (NW).

Terrain-height multiplier
z=h=l5 m, Assume full Terrain Category 3 multipliers for west through north to south,
M W = M15,m3= 0.89
For south through west directions, account should be taken of the open water terrain, using
Section 4.2.3. Since structure height is 15 metres, the terrain-height multipliers should be
averaged from a distance xi to (lOOO+xJ upwind of the structure (see Figure 4. I ) .
By Equation (4.2), the lag distance, xi
1.25

0.3) (0.2)

= 198.8 m = 200 metres

The terrain for lOOOm beyond 20Om upwind for SW, W, NW consists of 300m of Terrain
Category 2 followed by 700 metres of Terrain Category 3,
Mz,cat =

A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

(1.05) (300) + (0.89)(700)

1000

= 0.938 (for south-west, west and north-west directions)

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

Shielding
There are no other buildings of greater height in any direction. Take M , equal to 1 .O for all
directions.

Topography
Topographic Multiplier, M, = M,

1.O

Site wind speed

Site wind speed for North direction, Vsit,N
= 45(0.85)(0.89)(1 .O)( 1 .O)

= 34.0 m/s

(Equation 2.2)

For all wind directions, site wind speeds are calculated in the following table.

Design wind speeds

Vdes,@
can be obtained from VsitBfrom the following graph, for the four wind directions
orthogonal to the main axes of the structure:

e4
45.0

40.0

s5 35.0
0

30.0
-0

c 25.0

i5

20.0
NW

NE

SE

SW

NW

Vdes,ENE
= 33.0 m/s (largest from NNE to ESE sector)
Vdes,SSE
= 34.0 m / s (largest from ESE to SSW sector)
Vdcs,WSW
= 40.1 m/s (largest from SSW to WNW sector)
Vdes,NNW
= 42.2 m/s (largest from WNW to NNE sector)

Aerodynamic shape factor

Net pressure coefficients for pitched free roofs for wind normal to the ridge line are obtained
from Table D5.
For empty under case :
Cp,w= -0.3, or M.4 CP,!= -0.4, or 0.0
For blocked under case :
Cp,w=-1.2 Cp,,=-0.9

83

For wind parallel to the ridge, pressure coefficients are obtained from Table D4(B)
For blocked under case :
Cp,,= -1.0 for first 15m from leading edge; -0.8 for 15-30m from leading edge;
Cp,,= -0.4 for 30-40m from leading edge.

Area reductionfactors (Section 01.2 and Table 5.4)

Tributary area of each roof half = 40 x 10 = 400 m2
Ka = 0.8 (Table 5.4)
Local netpressure factors (Section 0 1 . 3 and Table D l )
Cases 1 and 2 apply
a = 22= 4 m2; 0.25a2= 1 m2
For areas between lm and 4m within a distance of 2 m from a roof edge or the ridge,
K, = 1.5
For areas of lm or less within a distance of 1 m from a roof edge, or the ridge,
K, = 2.0

Dynamic response factor

Cdyn= 1.O (natural frequency greater than 1.O Hertz) (Section 6.1)

Design wind pressure for major framing members and columns

- ultimate limit states
For WSW wind (normal to ridge line)

Load case I (to give maximum drag - empty under)

Net normal pressure on windward roof slope:
Ceg= Cp,,K,= +0.4 (0.8) (1.O) = 0.32
p, = (0.5 paiJVdes,tCfigCdyn= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (40.1) (0.32)( 1.O) = 309 Pa
Net pressure across roof surface = 0.3 1 kPa
Net normal pressure on leeward roof slope:
CfiP= Cp,,K,= -0.4 (0.8) (1.O) = -0.32
p, = (0.5 psi$ Vdes,; CRgCdyn
= ( O S ) ( 1.2) (40. 1) (-0.32)( 1.O) = -309 Pa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.3 1 kPa
Load case 2 (to give maximum downwards force - empty under)
Net normal pressure on windward roof slope:
Net pressure across roof surface = 0.3 1 kPa
Net normal pressure on leeward roof slope:
Cfig= Cp,,Ka = 0.0 (0.8) = 0.0
Net pressure across roof surface = 0.0 kPa
Load case 3 (to give maximum uplift - blocked under)
Net normal pressure on windward roof slope:
Ceg= Cp,,K, = -1.2 (0.8) = -0.96
p, = (0.5 pa,>Vdes,tCegCdyn= (OS)( 1.2) (40.1) (-0.96)( 1.O)
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.93 kPa
Net normal pressure on leeward roof slope:
CeP= Cp,,Ka = -0.9 (0.8) = -0.72
p, = (0.5 pa,$Vdes,tCegCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (40. 1) (-0.72)( 1.O)
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.69 kPa

A Guide to ASINZS 1170.2: 2002

= -926 Pa

= -695

Pa

Wind Actions

Chapter 5

For NNW wind (parallel to ridge line)

Negative pressure case (assume blocked under)
For first h (15m) from NNW end of roof:
Cfig= Cp,,Ka -1.0 (0.8) = -0.80
p, = (0.5 pa,,)Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (42.2)2(-0.80)(1.O) = -855 Pa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.85 kPa
For 15-30m from NNW end of roof:
Cfig= C K, -0.8 (0.8) = -0.64
pn = (O.ypai,)
Vdes,iCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (42.2)*(-0.64)(1.0) = -684 Pa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.68 kPa
For 30-40m from NNW end of roof:
Cfig = Cp,n Ka = -0.4 (0.8) = -0.32
pn = (0.5 pa,)Vdes,lCfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (42.2) (-0.32)( 1.O)
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.34 kPa

= -342 Pa

Positive pressure case (assume blocked under)

For first 30m from NNW end of roof:
Cfig= CP,,K, = +0.4 (0.8) = +0.32
p, = (0.5 p,,,) Vdes,;CfipCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (42.2)2(+0.32)(1.0) = +342 Pa
Net pressure across roof surface = +0.3 1 kPa
For 30-40m from NNW end of roof:
Cfig= Cp,,Ka = +0.2 (0.8) = t-0.16
p, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,l
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn
= (0.5)(1.2) (40.1) (+0.16)(1.0) = +171 Pa
Net pressure across roof surface = +O. 17 kPa
For 30-40m from NNW end of roof:
Cfig = C K, = -0.4 (0.8) -0.32
p, = (O.?pai,)Vdcs,lCfigCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (40.1) (-0.32)( 1.0) = -342 Pa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.34 kPa

For SSE winds,factor above loads by (34.0/42,2)2 = 0.65

This may be the dominant load case for some parts of the structure (e.g. columns at SSE end).

Design wind pressure for cladding elements and purlins ultimate limit states
For areas between lm2 and 4m2within a distance of 2 m from WSW roof edge or the ridge.
Cfig= Cp,,Ka K,= +0.4 (1.O) (1.5) = 0.6
p, = ( 0 . 5 ~ Vdes,i
~ ~ ) CfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (40.1)2 (0.6)(1.0) = 579 Pa
Net downward pressure across cladding = 0.58 kPa
Cfig=Cp,,KaK,=-1.2(1.0)(1.5)=-1.8
p, = (0.5pai,)Vdes,iCfigCdy,= (0.5)(1.2) (40.1) (-1.8)(1.0) = -1737 Pa
Net upward pressure across cladding = - 1.74 H a
For areas of lmZor less within a distance of 1 m from WSW roof edge, or the ridge.
Cfig= Cp,,K, K,= +0.4 (1.0) (2.0) = 0.80
p, = (0.5 paiJVdes,iCfiPCdyn= (0.5)( 1.2) (40. 1) (0.80)(1.0) = 772 Pa
Net downward pressure across cladding = 0.62 kPa
Cfig= Cp,,K, K,= -1.2 (1.O) (2.0) = -2.4
p, = (0.5p,,) Vdes,tCfigCdyn= (0.5)(1.2) (40.1)2(-2.4)(1.0) = -2316 Pa
Net upward pressure across cladding = -2.32 kPa

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