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Earthing Grounding Transformer Voltages During A Ground Fault

Earthing

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180 views

Earthing Grounding Transformer Voltages During A Ground Fault

Earthing

Uploaded by

payolin77
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/earthing-grounding-transformer-voltages-during-a-ground-fault

Earthing (grounding) transformer Voltages during a ground


fault

Earthing (grounding) transformer Voltages during a ground fault (On photo: Neutral Grounding Transformers that offer protection from fault
current damaging transformer and generator systems; Photo credit: powermagneticsinc.com)

Protection from fault current


Earthing Transformer or grounding transformer is the neutral grounding transformer - star connected on the
primary and has an open delta on secondary. Open Delta has two terminals. A resistor is connected across these
two terminals.
Whenever a fault occurs, voltage will be induced in the open delta and there will be a voltage drop in the
resistor connected.
This voltage drop will be sensed by the earthing transformer connected across this resistor. At the secondary of
the earthing transformer we have the neutral displacement relay which will give a trip signal or an alarm whenever
its settings exceed a particular value.
Earthing transformer can also be called a large Potential transformer (Open delta PT).

Representation in SLD

Earthing transformer Single Line Diagram

Connection diagram
The best way to ground an ungrounded
delta system (existing or new) is to
derive a neutral point through
grounding transformers as shown in
figure above. The resistor inserted in the
broken delta leg is reflected to the
primary underground fault conditions and
limits the current to a nominal value as
dictated by its design.
Also, sensing the voltage drop across the
resistor (device 59G) can be used to
signal an alarm advising that a ground
fault has occurred.
The three lights across each individual
transformer will constitute a version of the
normal ground detection scheme
currently employed on ungrounded
systems.

Earthing Transformer Connection Diagram

The voltage across the broken delta is simply the sum of system phase to ground voltages, or
3V0.The Y side of the Y-ground/Broken delta VT can either be directly connected to the high
voltage terminals or to the secondary of a main step down VT.

It is common to place a resistor in the broken delta as shown in above figure. One rationale for the resistance is
that the resistance stabilizes the measured voltage.
It does this by:
1. Reducing the risk of ferroresonance

2. Act as a grounding bank/transformer.

Voltages during a ground fault


Referring to phaser diagram:
VAG = VAN + VNG = K<0 + 0 /Equation 1/
VBG = VBN + VNG = K<-120 + 0 /Equation 2/
VCG = VCN + VNG = K<120 + 0 /Equation 3/

For a phase A to ground fault, VAN = 0, and the voltage across the neutral resistor that is VNG is essentially the
negative of the Phase A to neutral voltage.
Mathematically:
VAG = 0 since Phase a is faulted
So: VAN + VNG = 0
VNG = -VAN = K<0 = 1<180 /Equation 4/
Substituting equation 4 in equation 2
VBG = VBN + VNG = K<-120 + K<180 = 1.732K<150 /Equation-5/
Similarly substituting equation 4 in equation -1
VCG = VCN + VNG = K<120 + K<180 = 1.732K<150 /Equation-6/
Equation 5 and 6 proves that voltage of healthy phase rises by 1.732 times during phase to ground fault in
one phase.
Sum of the three phase voltage will be:
= VAG + VBG + VCG = 0 + 1.732K<-150 + 1.732K<150 = 3K<180 /Equation-7/
Since broken/open delta sum up the three phase voltage so voltage of equation 7 will be transformed to open
delta secondary side from the Y grounded primary side.
V Broken Delta = V Primary / Turn ratio = (1/turn ratio) 3K<180 /Equation-8/
Equation 8 can be generalized as:
V Broken Delta =(1/Turn ratio) (3 V L-G System) < (Un faulted phase angle + 180)

Resistance Selection
To obtain the maximum capability of the resistor to dampen system transients and dampen ferroresonant circuits,
a typical approach to sizing the resistor is to utilize one that can handle all the power that the transformer can
supply during a full neutral offset.

Share with engineers //


About Author //
Asif Eqbal
Asif Eqbal - Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics engineering, from
Manipal University, (Karnataka), India in 2006. Presently involved in the design of EHV
outdoor substation and coal fired thermal power plants for more than seven years.
Motto of joining EEP as a contributor is to share my little engineering experience and
help the budding engineers in bridging the conspicuous gap between academics and
Industrial practice. If you have knowledge, let others light their candles with it, so that
people who are genuinely interested in helping one another develop new capacities for
action; it is about creating timeless learning processes".

RSS Feed for Comments

13 Comments
1.
Mahesh Wani
Dec 08, 2014
Dear Asif
Thank you for this article on earthing using star / open delta earthing transformer with resitor. Could you
please also inform me how to calculate the resistance value across the open delta. e.g. 11kV/415V, 100A
for 10 Sec, 250kVA continuous.
Please inform if you need any further information.
Thanks in advance
Best regards
(reply)
2.
Mahendra Rajput
Nov 14, 2014
advantage & disadvantages of it and its application also
(reply)
3.
Mahendra Rajput
Nov 14, 2014
What is the advantages and disadvantages of grounding transformer and its application also?
(reply)

4.
motheo
Nov 12, 2014
why do we earth the S2 or S1 of the current transformer?
(reply)

Peter
Nov 18, 2014
Because the current loop on the secondary circuit for a current transformer is isolated,
and is therefore prone to voltage rise due to capacitive coupling. The voltage levels could get to
levels above cable and equipment design rating
(reply)
5.
Frantz St. Phar
Sep 29, 2014
Nice article. Good fundamentals analysis.
(reply)
6.
karri.durga ram prasad
Aug 08, 2014
useful website
(reply)
7.
Kerry Williams
May 13, 2014
Why would you not use a zig-zag winding on the primary rather than a star connected
winding? Would this not further limit the level of fault current flowing? What effect would it have on the open
delta?
I also would like to understand more about the forces involved here as many earthing transformers fail due
to mechanical strength. Your comments eher would also be of help.
(reply)
8.
Roberto Martnez
May 10, 2014
There is a mistake:
where indicated: 1.732K<150 /Equation-5/
has to be: 1.732K<-150 /Equation-5/
(reply)

9.
Emmanuel Antwi Addo
May 06, 2014
wonderful and helpful site
(reply)
10.
guest
May 05, 2014
Where is the reference material listed?
What about the source of the photos?
Please list does things because then you could have serious troubles with copyright and intellectual
property.
(reply)

Asif Eqbal
May 06, 2014
No specific reference material list for this article. Photos have been picked to best suit
the topic, not any project or schematic generated by specific organisation. Mathematical equation
and result is what you learned in university no patent or new discovery over here.
(reply)

varunahuja
May 24, 2014
gratitude Mr asif,
can u explain If there is a YNd11 , 12 MVA , 45/15 KV power transformer having a NGT which
is 1730KVA, %z=92.7%, YNd1 transformer with no resistance across its secondary terminals
, what could be the maximum earth fault current of the power transformer on 15 KV side
(reply)
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