DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

Diaphragm wall with raker supports

(SI units)

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Software program: DeepEX 2015
Document version: 1.0
December 12, 2014
www.deepexcavation.com

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

A. Project description
In this example we will design a diaphragm wall with rakers, supporting a 6.1 m excavation. Figure
1 below presents the project model. Tables 1 and 2 present the soil properties and the stratigraphy
respectively. Table 3 presents the external loads. Tables 4 and 5 present the wall and support
properties respectively. The general ground surface is at El. +0m and the ground water table is at
El. -12 m.

Figure 1: Project model.

Soil Layer

Soil Type

F
S1
S2

Fill
Sand
Sand

Soil Layer
F
S1
S2

Load
Load 1

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Table 1: Soil properties.

Design parameter

dry
(deg) (kPa) (kN/m3) (kN/m3)
25
0Pa
19
19
32
0
20.5
20.5
34
10
21
21
Table 2: Stratigraphy.
Elevation (m)
-0
-2
-8

Table 3: External loads.

Load Type
Start Point
Strip Surcharge
(-15.5,0)

OCR
1
1
1

End Point
(-0.5,0)

ELOAD
(kPa)
15000
20000
60000

ERELOAD
(kPa)
45000
60000
180000

Ko
0.577
0.47
0.441

Load Magnitude
25 kPa

DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

Table 4: Wall parameters.
Diaphragm width
Concrete Fc
Number of Top bars
Top bars section
Number of bottom bars
Bottom bars section
Wall length

0.6 m
3 ksi
6
D 26
6
D 26
14 m

Table 5: Support parameters.

Raker 1
Raker elevation on wall
-2 m
Raker spacing
4.5 m
Angle
22 deg
Free length
12.372 m
Support section
PP 24x0.5

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

B. Modeling with DeepEX
B1. Use of DeepEX
-

Soil properties: The soil properties in DeepEX can be defined in the General tab of DeepEX
software. By pressing the button
, the soil properties form appears (Figure 2). Here we
can add, delete and modify available soils by changing their type, their general properties like
unit weights, strength parameters and permeability, modify the elastoplastic parameters or
the ultimate bond resistance for tiebacks. A soil can be used in a boring more than once. A
number of estimation tools that help estimate values are available.

Figure 2: Edit soil properties dialog.

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

Borings (Soil layers): The stratigraphy in DeepEX can be defined in the General tab of DeepEX
software. By pressing the button
, the soil layer dialog appears (Figure 3). In this dialog
we can edit the borings available for use in the project. In each boring the user can add soil layers.
To do this, we can type the new soil layers elevation, choose the soil type from the list of soil types
and define the new layers OCR and Ko. In addition, by clicking on Edit button, we can modify the
selected soils properties. The coordinates X and Y refer to the plan location of the boring and do
not affect analysis results.

Figure 3: Edit soil layers dialog.

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

- Wall sections: The wall sections in DeepEX can be defined in the General tab of DeepEX software.
By pressing the button
, the Edit wall properties dialog appears (Figure 4). Here we can
choose the wall type and dimensions, choose the wall sections and edit the rebar options for
concrete walls.

Figure 4: Edit wall properties dialog.

-

Walls: By double-clicking on the wall in the model area of DeepEX, the Edit wall data dialog
appears (Figure 5). Here we can define which wall section is used, the top of wall elevation,
the wall height and the number of wall nodes for the limit equilibrium analysis.

Figure 5: Wall data dialog

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

-

Supports: We can add supports in the model from the General tab of DeepEX. By selecting an
option from the drop down menu, a support or other related support entities can be drawn
on the model. The following options are available:

Figure 6: Support options.

After drawing the support on the model, the Edit support data dialog appears (i.e. for tieback
supports, Figure 7).

Figure 7: Edit support data dialog.

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

-

Loads: We can add loads in the model from the General tab of DeepEX. The drop down menu
contains tool buttons for adding external loads (surcharges) and some related surcharge
options. The load can be drawn directly on the model. The following options are available:

Figure 8: Load options.

After drawing the load on the model, the Edit surcharge dialog appears (i.e. for strip
surcharges, Figure 9).

Figure 9: Edit distributed load dialog.

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

- Surface options: We can modify the surface options in order to create inclined soil surfaces
in the General tab of DeepEX. By clicking on the button
we can edit the surface options.
These options are presented in Figure 10 below. In addition, we can change the elevation next
to the wall.

Figure 10: Surface options.

-

Water elevation: In this area we can define the water elevations next to the wall.

Figure 11: Water elevation settings.

-

With the draw custom water surface tool, we can draw a non-horizontal groundwater table.
To do this, select this option and then start clicking the left mouse button and drag to draw
the line. Drawing the line starts from left to right (press enter to complete). To delete the
custom water line, move on top in the model and press delete.
The draw a U line tool is used to draw a line of constant pore pressure in the model. This line
is only used in slope stability analysis.
The define user water pressures tool launches the dialog for defining custom values of water
pressures next to the walls. Please note that in the non-linear engine, two consecutive zero
values of water pressure still count in increasing the total vertical stress by w (see theory
manual).

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

By clicking on the button

, the Ground water table dialog shows up (Figure 12).

Figure 12: Ground water table.

In this dialog we can click on the option Maintain at subgrade so that the water elevation will
follow in Elevation the excavation surface.
- Structural code: In the Design tab of DeepEX, we can define the structural code by pressing on

the button
. Figure 13 bellow presents the available options. In this example we will use
Eurocode 2 and 3 settings with a safety factor of 1.5.

Figure 13: Design codes.

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

B2. Example simulation
In DeepEX 2015 we can design our projects using construction stages. After the model is designed,
the software calculates each construction stage, reassuring that the model is stable, since the last
stage is not always the critical one. Next, we provide the steps in each construction stage, in order
to simulate the project in DeepEX.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Stage 0 (Figure 14)

Define the soil properties
Define the soil layers (stratigraphy)
Define the wall section and wall properties
Apply the load on the left side of the wall

Figure 14: Model, Stage 0.

Stage 1 (Figure 15)
1. Excavate on the right side of the wall to El. -2.5 m.

Figure 15: Model, Stage 1.

In DeepEX we can design several design sections in the same model. We can add new design
sections as new or as copies of the existing ones, doing several modifications in the model, or just
defining different standards, calculation or analysis methods.

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

Stage 2 (Figure 16)
1. Define right slope surface with angle -20 deg.

Figure 16: Model, Stage 2.

Stage 3 (Figure 17)
1. Install the heelblock and connect it with the raker support.

Figure 17: Model, Stage 3.

Stage 4 (Figure 18)
1. Excavate on the right side of the wall to Elevation -6.1 m.

Figure 18: Model, Stage 4.

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

C. Results in DeepEX
Since the model is ready, we can choose to calculate the design section, pressing on the button
.
After the analysis is succeeded, the Summary table appears. Table 5 below includes some critical
checks and values for each construction stage. Figures 19 to 22 present some graphical results
from the results tab of DeepEX.

Table 6: DeepEX critical results/stage

Figure 19: Wall moment diagram, Stage 3.

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

Figure 20: Wall shear diagram, Stage 4.

Figure 21: Wall deflection, Stage 4.

Figure 22: Effective horizontal soil pressures, Stage 2.

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

D. Optimization in DeepEX Embedment safety factors Prestress calculation
Optimization:
DeepEX 2015 offers useful optimization tools that can help user optimize the model really fast. The
following options are available in the Optimize tab of DeepEX:
Optimization tool

Function
Optimizes all design section items (wall sections reinforcement,
support sections, geotechnical optimization of ground anchors
autodesign fixed length)
Structural optimization autodesign of a support (support sections)
Structural optimization autodesign of a wall (wall sections reinforcement)
Geotechnical optimization of a ground anchor autodesign of fixed
length

In order to optimize a model or a specific item with the optimization tools of DeepEX, the model
must be calculated. Either we select a tool from the toolbar in the Optimize tab of DeepEX and
next we click on a specific item, or we choose to optimize all design section items. The software
performs calculations and offers various options for structural sections to the user, also providing
the stress check for each section.
Wall embedment safety factors:
By clicking on the button
in the Results tab of DeepEX, we can see the wall
embedment safety factors (Figure 23). In the Limit-Equilibrium analysis, wall embedment safety
factors of 1.3 to 1.5 or greater are typically required when the wall is braced. For cantilever walls,
the wall embedment safety factor should generaly be greater than 1.5 when the free earth method
is used. The program computes three wall embedment safety factors, one on horizontal force
balance for wall embedment (FSpas), one on rotational moments taken about the lowest support
level (FSrot), and one based on the available wall embedment length (FSembed). FSembed is
determined by first finding the most critical value from FSpas and FSrot and then describing the
safety factor as the ratio of the available wall embedment by the required wall embedment for
FS=1.0. The wall length should be modified in order to achieve the required safety factors for each
model.

Figure 23: Safety factors.

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DeepEX 2015 Example: Diaphragm wall with raker supports

Prestress calculation:
In DeepEX we can easily estimate the prestress magnitude of groun anchors (tiebacks). We should
initially design the model and choose to analyze it with Limit Equilibrium method.
By taking the mouse over the tieback supports, we can see the support reaction for each
construction stage appearing right over the command line of DeepEX (Figure 24). By checking all
stages, we see that the maximum tieback tension for each support.
We usually deside to use a prestress for the tiebacks with a magnitude of 80% of the support
tension (see above). In this example we will use a prestress magnitude of 100 kips for each tieback.
The prestress is applied to each tieback ONLY in the tieback installation stage. To apply the
prestress load, we double-click on the tieback in the installation stage (Figure 25).

Figure 24: Tieback reaction.

Figure 25: Tieback Prestress.

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